Substrates for printing and packaging - Koenig & Bauer

Substrates for printing and packagingProduct enhancement – a glossar y for print providers

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Substrates for printing and packagingProduct enhancement – a glossar y for print providers

Print pr oviders raise their pr ofiles either by br oadening the spec trum ofmaterials they c an pr ocess or by specialising in selec ted ma terials and/orformats. However, substrates ar e oft en the c ause of v ociferous complaintsfrom cust omers. This supplement t o KBA R eport provides an o verview of

offset-related materials, applications, issues, trends, characteristics, proper-ties and standar ds along with pr ocedures for testing workability and print-ability. A list of web addresses where further information can be obtained isalso provided.

Abrasion/rub resistanceThe mechanical ability of the substrate sur-face to withstand abrasion.Abrasion/rub resistance testUsed t o t est the �adhesion of ink t o thesubstrate; the prin ted image is rubbedagainst the unprin ted substr ates for 48hours (DIN 53109: abrasion wheel t est,wet/dry; DIN 6723, Prüfbau abrasion test);evaluation with image analysis.ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneThermoplastic c opolymer; an ABS film canbe printed with UV or waterless offset inks.AbsorbencyThe ability of a substr ate to accept ink andfount solution thr ough its sur face andensure ink �adhesion; depends on the vol-ume of �sizing in the substr ate; if foun tsolution is adsorbed and r emains on thesurface, during wet-on-wet offset this ma yresult in ink r epulsion in the final prin tingunits; test: volume of sizing (DIN 53126,�Zellcheming V/15/60), capillary rise (DINISO 8787, DIN 53106).Acclimatisation, acclimationIntroducing a ma terial into the pr oductionclimate well in adv ance, primarily to allowmoisture lev els t o equalise . �equilibriummoisture content,�conditioning.Additional substrate handling packagesOptions available with KBA sheetfed offsetpresses t o enable special substr ates t o beprinted; the packages can be cust om-con-figured for specific pr ess formats and types(table 1).AdhesionThe phenomenon that keeps inks and coat-ings on the substrate sur face; indirect test:the dr ying speed of inks and c oatings thatdry by penetration and oxidation, the cross-linking speed of r adiation-cured and sol-vent inks and c oatings; no standar disedtests; fast: nail test (more reliable than thesticky tape t est), wipe test; testing devicesfor UV syst ems: �Fogra UV curing t ester,SID UV tester.AgeingThe deterioration of substrates and packag-ing o ver time , eg �yellowing, embrittle-ment. BS ISO 9706 r elates t o permanenc e,BS 6388 and ISO 5630 t o the simula tion ofaccelerated ageing.Air conditionerSystem used to create a �standard atmos-phere in a prin tshop warehouse, press halland finishing department.Air permeability, air permeanceProperty of par ticular relevance in packag-

ing materials and r anging from freely per-meable to hermetically sealed;resistance tothe passage of air [in µm/(Pa·s)] as perBendtsen (DIN 53120, ISO 5636-1/-3, TAPPI460m-46).Airmail paperThin, lightweight w ood-free writing andenvelope paper.Alabaster paper/boardA popular choice for business cards; the sur-face pattern resembles alabaster.Allowance, overcount, oversheets, plussheetsAdditional paper r equired t o c ompensatefor sheets inevitably spoiled during mak e-ready, start-up and production (�waste).AluminiumA metal e xtracted fr om bauxit e or e; alongwith �tin the primar y packaging ma terialused in �metal dec orating; often used inflexible packaging as a r einforcement (onthe inside) or mirrored surface (on the out-side), most c ommonly in the form of�metallised p aper ( also u sed t o g reateffect in promotional products) and �lam-inated boar d for drinks car tons; when e x-posed to air, aluminium instantly forms anoxide layer; when metallised paper is print-ed, the ink adheres to the aluminium oxide.

AnisotropyThe property of being directionally depend-ent. With r eference t o paper , propertiesinfluenced by the direction of the �grain.Antique finish paperWhite, wood-free �uncoated stock with arough, minimally calendered surface.Antistatic agents, anti-electrostaticagentsSeparating or anti-friction agents occasion-ally inc orporated in �polymer films t ocounteract elec trostatic char ge; however,they r educe ink �adhesion, so �staticeliminators are a better choice.APCO II/IIArt paper developed by Scheufelen for test-ing c ompliance with DIN 16519-2. Free ofmechanical pulp and �whiteners, it is usedas a reference for various standards.Art paperWood-free paper c oated on both sides;uniform gloss or semi-ma tt c oating (min.20g/m2 per side) with lo w absorbenc y;outstanding prin tability and w orkability;ideal for photorealistic offset litho.Ash contentThe percentage by mass remaining when asample of paper (100%) is ignit ed at 900°C(ISO 2144, �Zellcheming IV/40/77); the

ash comprises the inor ganic residue of thefiller.Banknote paperHigh-grade �security paper inc orporating�watermarks, metal strips and a high pr o-portion of �rags for added str ength; UV-and age-resistant.Base paperPaper manufactured specifically for �coat-ing or for pr ocessing in to �corrugatedboard.Basis weightUS term defining paper weights: the weight(in pounds) of a ream (500 sheets) of papercut to the basic size for a particular grade ofpaper. The metric equiv alent is �gram-mage (grams per square metre).Beermat board, coaster board, softboardSoft, thick and highly absorben t board; canbe per fect prin ted in c olour on an offsetlitho pr ess (cheaper if ganged) or digitalpress.Bending stiffness, flexural strength,rigidityResistance of a substr ate to bending paral-lel or perpendicular t o the �grain (ISO5628; three-point beam method; TAPPIT 489 om-92: Taber test); crucial for worka-bility and sheet travel.

2 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

In the value-added chain and the life cycle of printing and packaging substrates, printing plants function as specialised materials buyers and processors


Table 1: Substrate-related options available for KBA sheetfed offset presses

Option

CX package**

Microflute package**

Film/plastic printing package

Lightweight packageSheeterSlitter

Application

Heavier, thicker board

Rigid, single-ply fine corrugatedNon-absorbent surfaces(gloss-coated cartons, film orlaminates with carton-likerigidity)

Paper from 0.05 mm thick

Cheaper web stockSlits large sheets in half

Infeed/feeder*

Nonstop facility, guide rollers, capacitive double-sheetcontrol, higher pile load capacity, lifting sucker tiltingSpecial sheet-guide rollers, polished cover lays

Static eliminator, roller coatings (eg chrome), hold-downshaft with rollers, rollers above cover lays, timed guidebars with rollers, air blasts

Special sheet-guide rollers

Web unwinder and rotary cutter prior to feeder—

Printing units/coaters*

Mechanical sheet guides with air blasts, sheet travelmonitoringSpecial blankets

Mechanical board guides with air blasts, sheet-travelmonitoring, modified grippers, static eliminator,UV conditioner (ink agitator, rollers, washing device,interdeck UV dryer, coating feed)

—

——

Delivery*

Height-adjustable nonstop roller,higher pile load capacity—

Guide plates with controlled airflow,convertible suction/blowing, suction roller,static eliminator, air extractor system,extended delivery with end-of-press UV dryerSuction roller

—Rotating blade prior to delivery

* Features vary according to press type, format and customer specs. ** For thicker substrates additional options are available, eg press plinth, pile logistics.

Bible paper25 to 60g/m2 lightweight paper with a highproportion of �filler and , possibly, �ragsfor gr eater �opacity (unlik e man y ligh t-weight papers); commonly used for books ,but also suitable for direct mail.BlisteringMore specifically , of the c oating on w ebstock in the hot-air dryer due to the evapo-ration of foun t solution, most pr obably a tnot less than 160° C; bonding strength canbe tested using the Scott method, evapora-tive tendencies using a �Fogra Hex device.BlockingA phenomenon where sheets stick togetherin the deliv ery pile; can be r emedied b yapplying powder, improving ink drying, andin UV offset b y reducing the applica tion ofheat (“ cold” lamps r educe pile t empera-ture).Bonding strength, split resistanceThe in ternal str ength of a paper , board or�laminate; the abilit y of the fibr es t oadhere t o one another . Good bondingstrength prevents fibres from coming loose(picking) when the substrate is subjected toperpendicular stress (TAPPI T 541) or shear-ing stress (Scott bond test: TAPPI T 403 andT 569, Brecht-Knittweis split resistance: DIN54516).Book(-printing) paperSoft- or hard-sized �uncoated stock madefrom high-gr ade pulp and with a highmechanical resilience.Breaking lengthThe amoun t b y which a paper strip ofpredefined width lengthens beforebreaking under its own weight (DIN 53112,ISO 1924-2).Braille printingThe production on folding cartons of tactiletexts for the blind en tails the use of r otaryembossing t ools in offset pr esses or die-cutting machines, or of relief coatings inscreen p rinting. Spelling a nd e mbossingheight can be check ed with a �PTSBrailleTester.Bristol boardA boar d c omprising a minimum of thr eeglued layers with wood-free calendered lin-ers; available in differ ent gr ades (inde x,wedding, cover, postcard; coated or uncoat-ed).

Building material classFor the purposes of fire prevention and withrespect to their st orage, printing and utili-sation,�polymer films are classified underBS EN 13501 as non-c ombustible (A1, A2),flame-retardant (B, C) or normally flamma-ble (D, E2).Bulking thickness, apparent bulk density, apparent sheet densityThis is calcula ted b y dividing the pileheight by the number of sheets , and is notnecessarily the same as the thickness or�calliper of the individual sheets (BS/EN20534).Bulky paperHigh-volume paper made fr om long fibres,eg esparto grass (esparto paper).Burst(ing) strengthPressure (in kP a) at which a substr ate rup-tures; used to asc ertain burst fac tor (burststrength divided b y gr ammage); can betested using the Mullen method (ISO 2758for paper, ISO 2759 for boar d, BS 3137 forboth), or the Schopper method (DIN 53113,expired); ISO 3689 and FEFC O 4 apply t opaper and boar d follo wing immersion inwater.CalenderRoller syst em used in papermaking t o

smooth the paper web and sometimes alsothe paper c oating; production err ors:�cockling, greying.Calendered/glazed paperSmooth, glossy �uncoated stock.CalenderingThe use of �calender rollers to smooth thedry or coated paper surface.CalliperThickness (in µm;USA in mil = 25.4µm) of asingle s heet ( paper a nd b oard: DIN E N20534, ISO 534; corrugated: FEFCO 3).Carbonless copy paper, self-copy paperPaper with a microcapsule coating, com-monly used for business forms, 50 -175g/m2; various t ypes: CB (c oated back),CFB (c oated fr ont and back), CF (c oatedfront), SC (self-c ontained, ink applica torsand r eceptors both on fr ont), SC-CB (self-contained, coated back).CardsRapidly growing group of prin ted productsbased on car ton (carpark tick ets) and�polymer films (cust omer/bank/tele-phone car ds, tags, plant labels); can beprinted economically in waterless UV offseton KBA-Metronic’s OC 100/200 (direct off-set in car d format), KBA-Metronic’s Genius52UV or KBA’s Rapida 74G UV (dir ect offset

on thin sheet stock that can be glued in lay-ers to create “sandwich” cards).Carrier bagBag with a handle and oft en a base; offset-printed carrier bags made of �chromopaper or boar d are generally the pr eferredchoice for luxury goods.Cartonboard, paperboardA substr ate c omprising one or mor e(couched or glued) la yers of w ood-pulp orwood-free material, and thicker (>0.3mm)or hea vier (150 - 600g/m 2) than �paper;surface-coated or -struc tured; preferredapplications ar e as packaging ( �foldingcartons, �laminated drinks cartons), dis-plays, cups, paperback covers etc; the pack-aging ma terial most fr equently pr ocessedin offset litho.Cast-coated paper/boardPaper or board with a white coating cast onone side . The sur face can be either high-gloss (not calender ed) or r eflective (hotchrome-cylinder calender ed); cast-coatedpaper has the maximum possible c oatingvolume (over 24 g/m2); has high bulk at 70- 400g/m 2 and is used for high-qualit ylabels, covers and folding cartons.Catalogue paperThin yet tear-resistant wood-pulp paper forweb offset or gr avure, may be c oated(�LWC, �ULWC) or unc oated ( �SC-A,improved �newsprint).Chalk-surfaced paperIllustration paper c oated on one side andused for prin ting stamps and dust jack ets(up to 300g/m2).China clay, kaolinWhite clay used as a filler and c oating pig-ment.China paper, India paperThin,absorbent,yellowish paper made frombleached abaca (Manila hemp), rice leavesor linters (short hairs on c otton seeds aft erginning); used for artistic prints.Chromo(lux)Paper or boar d tha t is c oated on one sideand used for qualit y labels, folding cartons,displays, promos etc (table 2); differences inthe c oating pr ocess (blade , cast), coatingvolume (12 - 24g/m 2),�bulk (1.3 t o morethan 1.45cm 2/g) and boar d struc ture(wood-free top liner, number of intermedi-ate and base la yers c ontaining r ecycled

3

Table 2: Gloss-coated paper and board

Coating quality and volume

Blade-coated on one side,> 12 g/m2




Blade-coated on one side,ca. 18 g/m2



Cast-coated on one side,> 24 g/m2



Roller-coated on both sides,5 - 20 g/m2

Roller-coated on both sides,5 - 20 g/m2

Substrate type

Chromo duplex board, from 1.45 cm3/g (GD1)

Chromo duplex board, 1.3 -1.45 cm3/g (GD2)

Chromo duplex board, - 1.3 cm3/g (GD3)

Chromo triplex board (GT1, GT2, GT3)

Chromo board (GC1, GC2, GC3)

Chromo paper

Coated pulp board (GZ)

Cast-coated chromo board (GG1, GG2)

Uncalendered high-gloss paper

Cast-coated pulp board (GGZ)

Illustration printing paper

Art paper

Application

Folding cartons/displaysFolding cartons/displaysFolding cartons/displaysFolding cartons/displaysFolding cartons/dis-plays, commercialsCommercials, labels

Folding cartons/displaysFolding cartons/displaysCommercials, labels

Folding cartons/displaysCommercials,picture booksCommercials,picture books


Datacolor Elrepho 450X CAD schematic of a folding carton from FEFCO’s catalogue

fibres); the range includes coated paper andboard (GC), duplex boar d (GD) and triple xboard (GT); an alternative is uncoated imi-tation chr omo boar d (UC) c overed withwood-free liners on one or both sides.Clouds, mottling1. Non-uniform paper surface and structure(�formation), eg poor sizing. 2. mottling infull or scr een solids in offset litho can ha vevarious causes: a) see 1; b) ink resplitting oncoated paper; c) inadequa te �waterabsorption b y c oated paper in the firstprinting unit; d) inc orrect r oller setting orprinting pressure.Coated paper/boardPaper or board, finished on one (�chromo)or both sides (�illustration paper and �artpaper) with a sur face applica tion (5 - 25g/m2) of white �coating slip;distinguishedaccording t o gloss (ma tt, semi-matt, glossor high gloss , with or without subsequen tglazing),workflow (coated inside or outsidethe papermaking machine), �coatingprocess and number of c oats (single , dou-ble, triple).CoatingThe inline or offline applica tion of �coat-ing slip b y any one of v arious methods: viapigmentation (up t o 5g/m 2), dipping (ofthe w eb in a v at) or casting (a t o ver24g/m2), with a brush, air-knife (with noz-zles), roller (from roller nip) or blade (fr omdoctored dip roller or gravure cylinder); alsoextrusion coating (application of a separatepolymer emulsion as a w ater and gr easebarrier.Coating slip/colour/slurryAqueous solution made fr om calcium car-bonate, pigments (chalk, kaolin), starch,casein and synthetic resins and used to coatpaper and board.Cobb test/methodMethod for det ermining the w aterabsorbency of paper, solid board and corru-gated board (EN 20535, ISO 535, FEFCO 7);the C obb number c orresponds t o theamount of water (in g) absorbed b y 1m2 ofsubstrate in a pr especified time; the Cobb-Unger method performs the same func tionfor �oil absorbency.Cockling, creasing, wavinessA defec t primarily seen in thick, adhesive-bound heatset products caused by disre-garding the �grain, too high a dr yer tem-perature, excessive or no r emoistening; insheetfed stock caused b y moisture seepingin from the edges.Coextruded film, co-ex filmBonded film created through the �extru-sion of two similar or different molten poly-mers.Cold (stamping) foilMaterial used t o inline finish prin ts insheetfed offset (KBA CF for Rapida presses);the metallic pigmen ts (for gold , silver,bronze effects) are transferred from the car-rier to the substrate by the adhesive force ofthe prin t v arnish; much finer detail r epro-duction is possible (offset qualit y) than

with �hot stamping foils, but cold foils arealso a more economic alternative to �met-allised paper, with its printability issues.Colour cast, off shadeDeviation from �paper white (DIN 55980:absolute; DIN 55981: relative; ISO 11475:determination of CIE whiteness).Colour densitometryMeasurement of the optical densit y of acolour by shining light on it and measuringits transmission.Colour guide/swatch/chartAn aid to colour selection; invaluable whenreproducing colours on different substrates,eg newsprint, uncoated/coated/continuousstock. Examples are HKS and Pantone.Colour tone, shade, hue, tintColorimetric values for tinted substrates, egCIE L*a*b* or colour difference DeltaE* (ISO7724, DIN 5033 or 53140,or DIN 53145 with�Elrepho), diffuse r adiance/reflectancefactor (ISO 2469; for C/2 degr ees ISO 5631:diffuse reflectance method).Coloured paperBeater- or sur face-dyed w ood-pulp orwood-free paper, eg �sign paper; ideal forflyers.ConditioningPreparing a substr ate for the pr oductionenvironment t o enhanc e prin tability andworkability; it can include acclimatisation(to balance the moistur e content), heatingor c ooling (t o align the t emperature), anantistatic charge (to eliminate �static elec-tricity), relaxation (t o ensur e �flatness)and �adhesive priming (preprinting).Continuous stationeryWood-free or w ood-pulp unc oated r ollpaper for computer print-outs (DIN 6723-1,-2)Convertibility, finishabilityThe ability of printed sheets and sections tobe mechanically finished with no loss ofquality once the ink has dried; can be accel-erated by applying a quick-dry top coating.Corona surface treatmentAn electric charge applied to the sur face ofnon-absorbent metallic foil and polymerfilm to increase the �surface tension (table12) and thus impr ove ink �adhesion; evenwhere substr ates ha ve been pr etreated b ythe manufac turer, it ma y be advisable t oconfigure the press with a corona unit (KBArecommends Ahlbrandt) because the effectdiminishes over time.

Corrugated boardPackaging ma terial c ontaining sec ondaryfibres (DIN 6735) and c omprising one ormore la yers of paper c orrugated bet weentwo knurled r ollers and glued t o a liner ofsmooth paper, the topmost one of which isusually made of kr aft paper . Available asopen- or single-fac e corrugated (with lineron just one side of the c orrugated layer), orsingle-, double- or triple-w all c orrugated(with liner on both sides of one , two orthree layers of corrugated). Only single wallcorrugated can be prin ted in dir ect offset ,on KBA pr esses only e xtra-fine and micr o-flute; the requisite properties are defined inDIN 55468.Cracked coatingA fla w associa ted with inc orrect folding(paper), folding without prior creasing (car-tonboard) or weakened coating as a resultof a chemical r eaction and hea t input dur-ing UV curing.Cracked foldThe result of substrate brittleness caused bythe excessive extraction of moistur e in thehot-air dr yers on w eb offset pr esses, andmost noticeable during folding; cracks dur-ing folding occur most fr equently on paperand boar d w eighing o ver 170g/m 2 if theyhave n ot b een cr eased b eforehand: DIN55437,�Fogra fold tester.CreasabilityThe ability of board to be creased to form ahinge without tearing its surface coating orfibrous structure (DIN 55437-2: crease-test-ing device; DIN 55437-3: folding behaviourof creased samples).Crush resistanceThere are various standards for t esting thecrush resistance of board packaging;stacked boxes: BCT (ISO 2234,EN ISO 12048,EN 24180-1/-2, FEFCO 50, EN 22874); axial-

ly loaded str aight strips of ma terial: SCT(ISO 9895, DIN 54518), circular strips ofmaterial: RCT (DIN 53134); flat corrugated:FCT (EN ISO 7263, DIN EN 23035, FEFCO 6);corrugated base paper : CMT (DIN EN ISO7263); corrugated board edges: ECT (DIN ENISO 3037, FEFCO 8); top liner and corrugatedpaper: CCT ( TAPPI T 824 om-93); crushresistance index: STFI (in kNm/kg).CSWO, coldset wet offsetTerm applied in the paper industr y to webstock prin ted on c onventional w et offsetnewspaper presses.Curling, sheet curlCaused b y changes in humidit y or shrink-age through polymerisation of the printedUV inks and c oatings (ISO 14968: curl in apack of sheets; DIN 6723: paper for use inoptical character recognition systems.Cutting/trimming qualityEdge qualit y (BS/ISO 22414), eg r oundingfor concave fore-edge.De-inking, deinkingProcess for r emoving the ink fr om �recy-cled paper; various chemicals ar e addedduring flotation to dissolve both water- andoil-based inks.DensitySubstrate density is defined by DIN 53105(in g/cm3) and EN ISO 534 (in kg/m3); print-ing paper averages 800kg/m3; relative den-sity is the ratio of the weight of one type ofpaper to another.Diffuse reflectance/radiance factorOptical pr operty of substr ates; it is meas-ured i n a ccordance w ith I SO 2 469, DIN53145-1/-2.Dimensional stabilityThe abilit y of a substr ate to resist changesin its dimensions under the impact of mois-ture (ISO 18903); following c ontrolledimmersion in water (ISO 5635) it is possibleto det ermine the per centage change inlength, width and thickness (�swelling).Directory paperThin, �uncoated w eb offset w ood-pulpstock (approx. 35g/m2) used for t elephonedirectories and address books.Document paperWood-free, hard-sized, writable/printableand age-r esistant paper w eighing 60 t o120g/m2.Dot gainA t ypical offset phenomenon wher e eachdot of ink spreads when printed. Influencedby various factors such as the substrate


Table 3: Corrugated board flutes

Type

ONGFE*

D*

B*

C*

A*

K

Description

Graphics fluteGraphics fluteGraphics fluteExtra-fine fluteMicrofluteMidi-fluteFine fluteMedium fluteCoarse fluteMaxi-flute

Flute pitch

1.3 - 1.4 mm1.6 - 1.8 mmmax. 1.8 mm1.9 - 2.6 mm3.0 - 3.5 mm3.8 - 4.8 mm5.5 - 6.5 mm6.8 - 7.9 mm8.0 - 9.5 mmmin. 10.0 mm

Flute frequency

714 - 769/m555 - 625/mmin. 555/m384 - 526/m283 - 333/m208 - 263/m153 - 182/m126 - 147/m125 - 105/mmax. 100/m

Flute height

0.3 mm0.4 - 0.6 mmmax. 0.55 mm0.6 - 0.9 mm1.0 - 1.8 mm1.9 - 2.1 mm2.2 - 3.0 mm3.1 - 3.9 mm4.0 - 4.9 mmmin. 5.0 mm

* DIN 55468


Kersten Elektrostatik static eliminators at the feeder and infeed on a KBA Rapida

Table 4: Proofing substrates as per FograCert

Quality

GlossSemi-mattMattTolerance

CIELAB

L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0L* u. a* ± 2; b* +2/– 4

Gloss

min. 60%21 - 59%max. 20%—

Gloss measurement as per ISO 8254-1/TAPPI 75

(�ISO paper types), halftone screen (l/cm,�light-trapping effect), screen modulation(autotypical, FM) and ink (offset litho, heat-set, coldset, UV, waterless); the c ompensa-tion cur ves for differ ent c ombinations offactors are specified in �Fogra characteri-sation tables.Double-coated paperWood-free paper with a double c oating onone or both sides c omprising a primer plusmatt or gloss t op c oat; allows ultr afinescreens in offset and high-qualit y digitalprints.Duplex and triplex paperboardBoard made fr om t wo or thr ee la yers of�waste paper; also the base for �chromoboard.Duplex paperPaper comprising two layers with their wiresides glued t ogether; usually la yers of dif-ferent �colour t ones or r eactivity (in ten-tional �two-sidedness).Dusting, powdering, whitening, lintingThe detachmen t of poorly bonded fibr esand filler par ticles fr om the sur face of�uncoated st ock and their deposit onblankets and formes.Dynox treatmentProcess developed by Klöckner (www.kpfilms.com) to improve the UV printabilityof har d �PVC film b y incr easing the�surface tension to more than 45mN/m;unlike a �corona sur face tr eatment theeffect i s u nimpaired b y l engthy s torage(over one year) and processing.ECMA codeCAD catalogue (www.ecma.org) of folding-carton designs, comparable to the �FEFCO-ESBO codes.Edge curlIf the ambien t climate is t oo humid, rollersand paper will absorb moistur e and curl a tthe edges.Edge shrinkageIf the ambient climate is too dry, rollers andpaper will shrink and become tight-edged.Edge tearing resistanceThe r esistance offer ed b y a substr ate t otearing where a cut has been made parallelor perpendicular t o the �grain; thermo-plastic flexible film: ISO 11897.Elasticity/Young’s modulus, elasticity, ERise (in N/mm 2) in the cur ve showing thequotient of changes in t ension r elative t oelongation (ISO 1924); can be det erminedfrom the �breaking load; allows inferencesto be made as to �dimensional stability

and �bending stiffness.Electrical propertiesPrimarily relevant for film, more specificallywith reference to its volume resistivity (DIN53482, DIN IEC 93), surface resistance (DIN53482), relative permittivit y (DIN 53483)and punc ture str ength (DIN 53481);�static electricity.Elrepho 450XDatacolor’s (www.datacolor.ch) dual-beamspectrophotometer with measur ementgeometry, diffuse illumination and 0° view-ing; a r eference measuring devic e used inISO standar ds 2469 ( �diffuse r adiance/reflectance fac tor) and 2470 ( �bright-ness).Embossed paperPaper that has been giv en a thr ee-dimen-sional sur face, eg hammer ed, imitationlinenweave, by an embossing calenderroller.Envelope paperThis can be white, unbleached or coloured,and made fr om w ood pulp or w ood-freepulp; opaque, writable and prin table, rela-tively stiff.Equilibrium moisture content�moisture c ontent (in %) of paper orboard after acclimatisation (�ZellchemingV/30/9).ExtrusionA pr ocess wher eby a ma terial is ejec tedunder pr essure fr om a no zzle or die withthe desir ed cr oss-section. Used t o cr eate�polymer film from �molten polymer.FC paper, film-coated paper,size-press coated paperIn papermaking , offset paper tha t hasreceived a thin pigmen ted coating on bothsides in an integrated size press.FEFCO-ESBO CodesCodes published by European associationsFEFCO (www .fefco.org) and ESBO (www .esbo.nl) for folding-car ton and displa ysamples made of c orrugated and solidboard; CAD files a vailable as a CD-ROMcatalogue;�ECMA Code.

Felt side, top sideThe side of a sheet or web of paper that hadno c ontact with the forming wir e; usually,but not always, the better side for printing;�two-sidedness.Fibre liftingThermal dr ying can cause fibr es t o lift onthe surface of the paper, impairing gloss.FibresThreadlike cellulose structures whose abili-ty to bond together (fibre-to-fibre bond) isexploited t o mak e paper and boar d; soft-wood fibres are two to three times as longas har dwood fibr es, bast fibr es ar e thelongest.Fillers, loading materialFine particles of inorganic materials such asclay, blanc fixe, talcum or titanium dio xidethat settle among the �fibres in paperand modify properties such as �opacity,�brightness and �smoothness; the higherthe filler content, the cheaper the paper.Film homogeneityThe uniformit y of �polymer films whenprinted, stretched or deep drawn.Fine boardHardboard or fibr eboard (rigid, split-resist-ant, surface-hardened, eg with polymeremulsions) with sur face finishing (calen-dered, coated or embossed); not usuallyprinted, it is used as bookbinder’s board.Fine paperWood-free (max. 10% w ood pulp) r agpaper whose sur face can be c oated oruncoated, white or c oloured, embossed,matt, calendered; 80 - 400g/m 2; for high-quality prints.FlatnessA desirable property of paper and film,bothas a single sheet or in the pile; opposite:curling, buckling, edge curl, cockling.FograForschungsgesellschaft Druck, Munich(www.fogra.org). Activities: the dev elop-ment of t esting devic es, the managemen tof char acterisation tables for �ISO papertypes and prin ting pr ocesses, appraisal

reports on faulty production processes (egan online ca talogue of paper and prin t fin-ishing err ors), standardised t ests on sub-strates, including plastic ID cards and proof-ing media (�FograCert).FograCertCertification by �Fogra of pr oofing mediaas per ISO 12647-7:2007 (table 4).(Folding) boxboardSingle- or multilayer board made from pri-mary or secondary fibres, sometimes with awood-free or c oated t op liner tha t can beeasily cr eased and sc ored; printed onsheetfed or narrow-web offset presses.Folding endurance/strengthThe number of times a strip of paper orboard can be folded backw ards and for-wards under t ension before it br eaks; test:ISO 5626: Köhler-Molin, Lhomargy, MIT andSchopper testers,TAPPI T 423cm-07.FormationThe alignment and structure of the fibres ina sheet of paper , visible when held againstthe light; a distinction is made betweenwell-closed and cloudy or wild.GhostingA fain t replica of a prin ted image; may bedue to lack of ink r eplenishment followingan ink-in tensive applica tion. Mechanicalghosting is the appearance of a secondary,“phantom” image on the printed side of thesheet and is usually tr aceable to conditionson the printing press and/or layout of theforme. Chemical, or gloss , ghosting canoccur when inks c ontaining dr ying oils ar eused in production: vapours from drying inkon one side of a sheet ma y interact chemi-cally with the ink prin ted on the r everseside or on the sheet above, creating a phan-tom image . Usually tak es the form of achange in gloss or sligh t yellowing; not thesame as �set-off or �show-through.GlossOptical phenomenon cr eated b y dir ectedreflection on the sur face of film and c oatedsubstrates; gloss levels (in % or with no unitof measurement) are determined by meas-uring the in tensity of the r eflected ligh twhere the angle of incidenc e equals theangle of r eflection; customary geometries:20°/20° (for high gloss), 85°/85° (mattgloss), 60°/60° (medium gloss), 75°/75° or45°/45° (prints, substrates and packagingmaterials); various standar ds (ISO 8254,DIN 54502, TAPPI 75°; reflectometry as perISO 2813, ASTM D523, DIN 67530,�Zellcheming V 22/72).

5

How grain (M) may be indicatedon packs ofsheets


Table 5: The five paper types for the processes defined in ISO 12647-2, with their reference values and uses

Type

PT1PT2

PT3PT4

PT5—

CIELAB values: D50/2°, no polish; white measuring underlay for profile generation, black for production print

Examples (irrespective of grammage) and uses

Illustration, rarely MWC, HWC (sheetfed offset, heatset, gravure)Illustration, matt, rarely MWC, HWC (sheetfed offset,continuous, heatset, gravure)FC, LWC, ULWC, MWC, HWC (heatset, gravure)Wood-free, wood-pulp, SC-A (sheetfed offset, heatset,coldset, hybrid h/c, continuous, gravure)SC-A, SC-B, NP, improved NP (coldset, heatset, hybrid, gravure)—

Quality

Illustration, gloss-coated, 115 g/m2

Illustration, matt-coated, 115 g/m2

LWC web offset, lightly coated, 70 g/m2

Offset, uncoated white, 115 g/m2

Offset, uncoated yellowish, 115 g/m2

Tolerance

Paper white (CIELAB)

L* = 93; a* = 0; b* = –3L* = 92; a* = 0; b* = –3

L* = 87; a* = –1; b* = 3L* = 92; a* = 0; b* = –3

L* = 88; a* = 0; b* = 6L* ± 3; a* ± 2; b* ± 2

Whiteness

85% ISO83% ISO

70% ISO85% ISO

85% ISO—

Gloss

65%38%

55%6%

6%± 5%

GluabilityMore specifically of c orrugated boar d, inkN/m (TAPPI T821 pm).Grain, machine papermaking directionThe direction in which most of the �fibresin a piece of paper are oriented and the axisalong which the paper t ears and fle xesmost easily; determined by the direction inwhich the forming paper web moves on theforming wire in a papermaking machine . Itcan be established by moistening (tends toswell acr oss the width), tearing or folding(neatest parallel to the papermaking direc-tion) and fle xing (easiest acr oss). �longgrain,�short grain.GrammageThe area-related weight (in g/m2) of a sub-strate aft er c ontrolled �conditioning, iewith a �moisture c ontent as per EN ISO536, ISO 12625-6 (tissue paper); ISO 5638(single layers of fibreboard); ISO 3039 (cor-rugated fibreboard), EN 22286;the �densi-ty can be calcula ted fr om the gr ammageand �thickness;�basis weight.Gravure paper, rotogravure paperLightly s ized a nd t hus h ighly a bsorbentpaper with a soft sur face and large propor-tion of filler; there are both coated (�LWC,�ULWC) and unc oated (�SC-A/-B) t ypeswith good ink tak e-up and str ength a tmaximum web speeds.Grease permeabilityThe length of time that paper and boardrepel gr ease and oil (ISO 16532-1); TAPPIUM 557 (KIT Test) also includes resistance towax.Grey boardBoard that is rough on both sides or smoothon one side and made of �recycled fibres;used eg for calendar backingHandmade paperPaper with a regular mesh impressed uponit b y the dandy r oller in a papermakingmachine. Produced in a similar w ay t o a�watermark; used for qualit y businessforms.HardboardSolid board made of c ouched fibrous layersthat ar e par ticularly �rigid; 0.9 - 3.5mmthick, suitable for embossing; cover materi-al for office files.HardnessA pr operty influencing prin tability, impor-tant with thick elastic film; testing process:ball inden tation har dness (in MP a orN/mm2, EN ISO 2039-1, DIN 53456); Shorehardness (DIN 53505, DIN EN ISO 868: ShoreA for soft elastomers, Shore D for hard elas-tomers).Hot (stamping) foilMaterial used in prin t finishing; pigments(gold/silver effec t, opaque inks) ar e tr ans-ferred on a carrier t o the substrate by a hotembossing t ool (in tandem with die-stamping in folding car ton pr oduction)along with a hea t-reactive film of glue;�cold foil.HSWO, heatset wet offsetAbbreviation used in the paper industr y for

wet offset w eb st ock used on c ommercialand narrow-web presses fitted with hot-airdryers.HTR, PHEMA, hard tissue replacementPolyhydroxyl ethyl methacrylate; extremelytear- and UV-resistant film for flexo and off-set printing; suitable for deep-drawing andlaminating.HumidityAmbient humidit y affec ts the �moisturecontent of paper;�acclimatisation,�equi-librium moisture content.Hybrid printingA t echnology dev eloped and signallyadvanced by KBA; in sheetfed offset, print-ing with h ybrid inks which can be driedconventionally or cur ed b y UV r adiationthen UV-coated without a primer t o createunusual gloss effec ts on gloss- or ma tt-coated substrates; in newspaper offset, theproduction of newspapers and supple-ments using the same ink, either a) b yprinting supplements using the same paperas for newspapers and with waterless cold-set inks but with a hea tset dr yer (KBACortina), whereby dot gain r emains thesame, or b) by printing supplements on dif-ferent (impr oved) paper with c oldset inksand no hea tset dr yer, but in an FM scr eenand with a different dot gain.Hygroexpansion, wet expansionPartially reversible dimensional change (in%) caused b y water penetrating the bond-ed fibres in paper or board, eg during faultyacclimatisation or travel through the print-ing units (ISO 8226).HygroscopicityThe a bility o f p aper t o a bsorb m oisturefrom the air.Hysteresis�Hygroscopicity c ycle associa ted with�swelling a nd c ross-�grain �hygroex-pansivity, where a residual expansion orswelling r emains ev en if the �moisturecontent dr ops back t o the original or t o aminimum; depicted graphically as a hys-teresis loop.Illustration printing paperPerfect-coated paper for high-qualit yprints in sheetfed (grades:�ISO paper type1, standard, consumer) a nd w eb o ffset(�MWC/HWC); gloss, matt or silk-ma ttcoating, max. 20g/m2 per side; the basepaper is w ood-free, wood-pulp or lamina t-ed; 80 to 250g/m2.IML, in-mould labelsLabels predominantly made of dr awn mul-

tilayered �polypropylene film, which afterbeing printed are inser ted in a mould in towhich the host material (eg for deep-drawncontainers/lids, drinks cr ates, blow-mould-ed bottles) is injected and cured; printablewith conventional inks in sheetfed offset(trend) or photopolymer letterpress and UVinks in sheetfed and narr ow-web offset ,gravure, flexo and lett erpress; distortion-free in-mould labels with a ma tt t exturedsurface are known as soft touch labels.Improved stockCalendered, �uncoated w eb offset st ockwith defined �brightness.Inert UV/gas curing technologyA method for curing UV inks in a pr otectivenitrogen atmosphere, displacing the ambi-ent oxygen which impedes cross-linking; asa r esult as much as 80% less hea t isrequired to cure the inks, and the pile t em-perature is up t o 50% c ooler. Benefits:enables hea t-sensitive �polymer films tobe prin ted and allo ws higher pr oductionspeeds; developed for narrow-web offset, itwas first used on a sheetfed pr ess – a KBARapida 105 a t Belgian plastics prin ter Crea– in 2002.Initial tearing strengthThe resistance to tearing offered by a sub-strate when tension is applied to the edges(flap, laminating film); tensile str ength asdetermined by Bekk.Ink absorbency/receptivityA substr ate char acteristic tha t det ermineshow much ink will penetr ate its sur face.�oil absorbency.Ink penetration timeInk absorption b y substrates can be t estedstatically using a t est pr ess (IGT, Prüfbau)and dynamically using an ultr asounddevice (emc oDPM), which measur es thedepth penetrated in a specific unit of time.(Ink) trappingIn pr ocess c olour prin ting, the ac tion ofprinting one ink film on top of another, sothat the �adhesion of the first film on thesubstrate ensur es adhesion of subsequen tfilms.ISO paper typesAs defined in ISO norm 12647-2, five papertypes whose �paper white, �brightnessand �gloss, but not nec essarily �gram-mage (table 5) correspond to the average ofthe t ypes most c ommonly used for prin t-ing; developed t o calcula te univ ersallyavailable IC C standar d pr ofiles for v ariousparameters (dot gain, screen width, toler-

ances) in sheetfed, web and continuous off-set printing; they support the standardisedreproduction of colours in print and alsotheir faithful simulation in digital proofs;the tar geted CIELAB chr omaticity c oordi-nates of the ISO c olour scales ar e clearlydefined (with recommended full-solid den-sities); in practice, paper properties tend tovary enormously from those defined by theISO, so for qualit y assur ance purposes theclassifications ar e t oo gener al and ar etherefore often superseded b y much mor erigorous criteria.Ivory boardStiff boar d (240 - 320g/m 2) super calen-dered with waxed rollers and with a yellow-ish or greyish tinge; used for greetings andbusiness cards.Japanese vellum, Chinese vellumLong-fibred paper impor ted from Japan orChina, usually handmade of bast fibres; canbe exceptionally thin, absorbent, burst- andtear-resistant; in offset litho it is good forprinting sophistica ted, upmarket pr oductswith enhanced tactile appeal.Kraft linerPaper w eighing 120g/m 2 or mor e andmade from sulphate pulp; used as liner forcorrugated board.Kraft/sulphate paperA par ticularly t ear-resistant, easily prin tedpaper made fr om soft wood sulpha te pulpand used for sacks and carrier bags.Label paperUsed for prin ting labels on sheetfed andnarrow w eb offset , gravure and digitalpresses; well-sized, coated or lamina ted onone side , water- and alkali-r esistant (buteasily r emoved in bottle-rinsing machinesand bottling plan ts), can be easily c oated,bronzed and die-cut.Laid paperMachine-finished paper with par allel linesformed in a �watermark process to simu-late the wir e struc ture of �handmadepaper; printed laid is used as gift-wr appingpaper, unprinted as endpaper.LaminabilityThe ability of a substrate to accept a full-solid application of adhesiv e followed by aliner (eg tr ansparent �polymer film forgloss/protection, or printed paper eg oncorrugated boar d); one crit erion whenselecting substrates and inks.LaminatePrinting or packaging substrate in whichidentical or differ ent layers of ma terial are



Table 6: Lenticular film thickness

ResolutionThicknessResolutionThickness

140 lpi255 µm3D 100 lpi580 µm

100 lpi 75 lpi 60 lpi355 µm 475 µm 508 µm

3D 62 lpi 3D 40 lpi687 µm 832 µm

Source: DPLenticular.com

glued or welded together with the aim ofcreating op timum, �split-resistant s ub-strates with the printability, strength, barri-er functions, colouring or gloss of the c om-ponent ma terials; options: polymer/poly-mer (food st orage bags), paper/polymer(eg gr easeproof micr owave bags),board/aluminium/polymer (drinks car-tons), paper/aluminium (metallised paper),paper/paper (corrugated board), fibrepulp/paper (solid boar d, duplex/triplexcarton).Laminated board for drinks cartonsA composite of wood-free board (75%,withantibacterial �PE c oating, printable onflexo and narr ow-web pr esses), 6µm alu-minium foil (5%, acts as barrier againstlight, heat, air and migr ation) and �poly-mer film (20%, sterile seal).LaminationThe process whereby two or more layers arebonded t ogether t o form a c omposite, orwhere a la yer of substr ate is sealedbetween two layers of plastic. �laminatedboard for drinks cartons.Lenticular film�PET film which is smooth on one side andhas an arr ay of len ticules on the other; thesmooth side can be printed in conventionalUV offset (KBA Rapida 74 to 205), waterlessoffset (KBA Rapida 74G, 46 and 74 Karat) orwaterless UV offset (KBA-Metr onic Genius52UV, KBA Rapida 74G UV), and registrationmust be absolutely precise; special softwareis used to split the multiple images into finestrips and in terleave them in the r elevantorder. Each image strip is then positionedbeneath a len ticule, eg 12 strips for 12-phase images; the more phases ther e are,the higher the r esolution must be and thefiner the gauge of the len ticule ( table 6 );effects possible: flip-flop images, animatedsequences, morphing, zoom, 3D views; fast-growing market.Light-fastnessHere, the ability of white and coloured sub-strates t o r esist y ellowing or bleachingwhen exposed to UV radiation; the compar-ative scale established us ing eigh t bluestrands of w ool (EN ISO 105-B02, XenotestAlpha) ranges from 8 (high r esistance) to 1(very low resistance).Light-trapping effectA pr operty of prin ted paper wher eby dif-fuse ligh t penetr ating the upper la yers isprevented fr om escaping because it isabsorbed by the layers of ink.Lightweight paperThin paper w eighing 40g/m 2 or less andwith l ow �opacity; commonly u sed f orhigh-pagination books; KBA offers remote-ly adjustable suc tion rings for optimumsheet travel.LigninComponent of wood which is removed dur-ing the pulping process in order to enhance�whiteness and prevent �yellowing.LLWC�ULWC

Loan paperHigh-grade w ood-free, writable paper(often r ag paper) used for c ertain securit ydocuments such as loans and bonds.Long grain, MD, machine directionWhere the paper �grain runs par allel t othe longer side; opposite:�short grain.Low-grade paperBase stock for various types of �corrugatedboard, made from unsorted waste paper.LWC paper, lightweight coated paperLightweight (approx. 50 - 70g/m2) paperthinly c oated on both sides and used forlong print runs in w eb offset and gr avure;for high-qualit y magazines , newspapersupplements and catalogues.Machine coated paper, MC paperPaper that has been coated on both sides inthe papermaking machine.Machine-finished/-glazed paper,unglazed paper, MF/UG paperMachine-smooth, ie r ough, uncalendered,�uncoated st ock for lo w-quality prin tedproducts.Machine-glazed paper/boardPaper or board with a high-gloss finish pro-duced b y allo wing the w et w eb t o dr yagainst a highly-polished metal c ylinder,also called a yankee dryer.Magazine paperWeb stock, usually �LWC,�MWC or �SC.Map/chart paperA �dimensionally stable, moisture-resist-ant or moistur e-proof paper used t o prin tland maps and nautical char ts (sheetfedspeciality); good �folding endurance.Marbled paperPaper with a pa ttern cr eated b y addingdarker fibres.Mechanical paper, wood-pulp paperPaper that contains more than 5% mechan-ical wood pulp; there is currently a strongdemand for medium-fine litho paper alongwith improved �newsprint and �SC-A.Metal decoratingSpecialist offset applica tion for c onvertingmetal sheets bet ween 0.12 and 0.5mmthick into �metal packaging; KBA-Metal-Print, the market leader, offers a c ompleterange of syst ems that can handle both UVinks and c oatings and c onventional onesthat are baked in inline o vens; one to eightcolours; Metalstar 2 (1,000 x 1,200mm),Sprint (1,000 x 1,220mm), Mailänder 120A(970 x 1,145mm) and Metalwing 2 (modi-fied KBA R apida, 965 x 1,200 or 1,000 x1,400mm); offline (Sprin t, Mailänder) orinline (F lexocoat) c oating syst ems, sheetand plate handling, exhaust air filtration.Metal packagingDrums, jugs, canisters and hobbocks madeof steel plate (>0.5mm thick) for industrialand consumer goods, or cans and boxes (forfood and drinks , household chemicals andcosmetics), screw caps, vacuum caps, crowncorks, decorations, promotional pr oductsand t oys made of fine sheet metal(<0.5mm), �tin pla te or �aluminium;�metal decorating.

Metal-laminated paperPaper on which a silv er- or gold-c olouredmatt, gloss or structured aluminium foil hasbeen glued ( �laminate), usually on oneside; can be printed with UV and IR inks; forlabels, sweet wr appers, coffee packaging ,decorations and c onspicuous pr omotionalproducts (primarily reflective cartons).Metallised paperPaper tha t has been c oated on one sidewith hot aluminium vapour at over 1,000°Cin a v acuum chamber t o cr eate a fine ,opaque, mirrored sur face; can be prin tedwith UV inks; used for e xclusive labels ,wrappers and decorations.MilkingThe gr adual build-up of c oating or fillermaterial from the paper on the non-imageareas of the blank et. Over time this can beabrasive to the lithogr aphic plate, and cansensitize the non-image ar eas of the pla teresulting in �scumming. Milking can resultfrom the soft ening of a c oated papersurface b y the foun t solution in the firstprinting unit(s), and only bec ome eviden tin later or the last printing unit(s). �dust-ing. Severe milking or dusting is calledpiling.MillboardMultilayered ma terial made of w ood orrecycled fibr es, the solid v ersion of which(�solid board) is thicker (>1.5mm) and/orheavier (>600g/m 2) than �cartonboard;�corrugated boar d can be thinner andlighter.Mirror paperboard�metal-laminated paper.Moisture contentDetermined by oven-drying paper or boardat 105°C and c omparing this with the c on-ditioned state (EN 20287, ISO 287).MonofilmPolymer film c omposed of just one t ype of�polymer; opposite:�coextruded film.Mottled paperPaper pa tterned with finely distribut edcoloured �fibres; used for prin ting bank-notes and security documents.Mottling testA t est based on image analysis (eg OnlySolutions’ Mottling Viewer) for assessing�mottling in paper , full solids and scr eensolids.MWC/HWC paper, medium-/heavyweight coated paperWood-pulp paper w eighing 70 - 130g/m 2

and coated on both sides.Newsprint, NP�uncoated stock entirely or par tially com-prising recycled fibres, available in standardand impr oved qualit y (higher degr ee of�brightness, �smoothness and �opaci-ty); 40 - 55g/m2.Nominal weightIn the US, the w eight a t which paper isbilled. A plus or minus tolerance relative toits basis w eight is permitt ed unless otherarrangements ha ve been made bet weenthe mill and the customer.

Notched impact strengthTemperature-dependent r esistance (inkJ/m2) of �polymer films t o a la teral flex-ural impact (ISO 179: Charpy; ISO 180: Izod);a distinction is made between brittle, semi-impact-resistant, impact-resistant andextremely impact-resistant; the higher thenotched impac t str ength, the bett er theprintability in offset litho.Number of foldsThe number of times a substr ate can befolded mechanically without impairingproductivity. Depends on substrate �thick-ness and �bending stiffness (ISO 5628/9).Office paper, copy/copier/copying paperWood-free �uncoated stock used for mak-ing copies in copiers, laser and inkjet prin t-ers; may be whit e or c oloured; 70 t o150g/m2.Oil absorbencyA paper’s receptivity to ink can be deter-mined using the �Cobb-Unger method fortesting oil absorbency.One-side coated paperOften used for jobs wher e the paper willonly be printed on one side. One example is�chromo(lux) paper.OpacityA substrate’s impermeability to light; oppo-site of �transparency; the percentage ratioof the r eflectance fac tors of a single sheetabove a black underla y and of a pile of a tleast twenty sheets (DIN 53146, ISO 2471),radiation i mpermeability i n t he U V VISrange (DIN 10050-9); opacity can beincreased by using more fillers and a thick-er coating slip.Optical densityIndirect measure of the thickness of an inkfilm; when measuring densit y, �paperwhite density must be calibrated as zero.PA, polyamideThermoplastic, a hard version of which canbe formed into film suitable for offset print-ing; often c ombined with �PE in a c om-pound film for food bags; PA 6.6 fibr es areused in �synthetic paper.Packaging materialsMaterials for primar y packaging (out ercasing for packaged goods), secondarypackaging (visually appealing , stackabledisplay packaging), transport packaging(eg c orrugated car tons) and padding; themost c ommon ar e stiff paper , solid/corru-gated board, film and rigid lamina tes withthe necessary chemical resistance andphysical durability.Packaging, flexiblePackaging ma terial with poor �crushresistance and relatively soft walls that maybe made of a �laminate; it is possible t oprint the base ma terial (sheetfed offset:

7


Table. 7: ISO and USA sheet formats (in mm)

No.

4A02A0A0A1A2A3A4long

A5A6A7A8

A9

A10

A series

1682 x 23781189 x 1682841 x 1189594 x 841420 x 594297 x 420210 x 297210 x 99

148 x 210105 x 14874 x 10552 x 74

37 x 52

26 x 37

B series

——1000 x 1414707 x 1000500 x 707353 x 500250 x 353—

176 x 250125 x 17688 x 12562 x 88

44 x 62

31 x 44

C series

——917 x 1297648 x 917458 x 648324 x 458229 x 324229 x 115

162 x 229114 x 16281 x 11457 x 81

40 x 57

28 x 40

USA traditional formats

——508 x 635 L = royal431,8 x 558.8 L = broadsheet394 x 489 L = post381 x 508 L = crown304.8 x 228.6 P = 12 b y 9279.4 x 431.8 L= ledger,P = tabloid215.9 x 355.6 L = legal215.9 x 279.4 L = letter184.2 x 268.0 L = executive76.2 x 177.8 L = $ bill,P = origami139.7 x 215.9 L = invoice,half letter108 x 139.7 L = quar ter letter

ANSI

E 864 x 1118D 559 x 864—C 432 x 559———B 279 x 432

—A 216 x 279——

—

—

Tolerance: ±1.5mm up to 150mm edge length, ±2mm from150 to 600mm, ±3mm over 600mm

D series

——771 x 1091545 x 771385 x 545272 x 385192 x 272—

136 x 19296 x 13668 x 96—

—

—

L = landscape P = portrait

Natural-Print packing paper (90 g/m2), printed on the compact KBA Commander CT newspaper press at the Main-Post in Würzburg

Offset-printed presentation folder with a slip case made of Priplak, a polypropylene film(photo: Papier Union)

plastic boxes, luxury paper carrier bags andgift packaging; flexo, narrow web, gravure:drinks car tons, bags, sacks, gift wr apping),the final product (pad/screen printing:plas-tic bottles and tubes) or labels.Packaging, rigidPackaging ma terial with good �crushresistance and r elatively stiff w alls; it ispossible to print the base ma terial (sheet-fed offset: cartonboard, microflute bo xesand displa ys, metal bo xes; narrow w eb:folding cartons; flexo: pre-printed corrugat-ed [lamina ted] or post-prin ted c orrugated[direct offset]), the final pr oduct (pad/screen prin ting: caps, seals, glass bottles ,wooden crates) or labels.PaperA non-woven material with a lar ge surfacearea and made of cellulose and/or synthet-ic �fibres along with �fillers, bindingagents and, in some cases, �whiteners ordyes; maximum t hickness 0 .3mm, maxi-mum �grammage 150g/m 2; the mostcommon print substrate.Paper sizes, paper formatsISO 216 (which is based on DIN 476-2,(table 7 ) defines the standar d metric siz esof sheet stock for printing; the length divid-ed by the width of all forma ts is the squareroot of two, with the surface area of formatA0 being 1m2.The USA has its own standardsizes.Paper white1. In �colour densit ometry, calibrationvalue 0 for measuring c olour densit y inprinted images; 2. White point in the r ela-tive c olorimetric gamut map when digitalproofs are adapted to production stock.Papermaking, paper productionA mechanical pr ocess for making �paperand board in the sequence pulp prepara-tion, wire sec tion, press sec tion, dryingsection (possibly with siz e pr ess), surfacetreatment (sizing , coating) and finishing(calendering, sheeting).

Paperonline.orgEducational website and portal link provid-ed by the Confederation or European PaperIndustries.PC, polycarbonateThermoplastic from which colourless trans-parent films can be made; can be used as asubstrate in sheetfed offset.PE, polyethyleneThermoplastic with a soft, wax-like surface;the hardness and chemical resistance ofpure white low-density PE (LDPE) make itan ideal ma terial for carrier bags (narr owweb, flexo) and self-adhesiv e film (also foroffset litho), while high-densit y PE (HDPE)is used as fibr e stock for �synthetic paper(eg DuPont’s Tyvek).PEEK, polyetheretherketoneThermoplastic, films of which can be prin t-ed in UV flexo and used as food packaging.PET, PETP, polyethylene terephthalatePolyester thermoplastic fr om which it ispossible t o mak e fine film with a highdegree of t ear r esistance (fla vourseal foodstorage bags) or drinks bottles with a w allcalliper of 500µm ; in sheetf ed offset itmainly takes the form of �lenticular filmand film with differ ent lev els of �glossfront and back; modifications: transparentPET (inkjet/laser prin ting film, debit/creditcard l aminating f ilm, deep-drawn f ilm),PETG (poly ethylene t erephthalate gly col:shrink labels), APET (amorphous polyethyl-ene t erephthalate: in barrier c ompounds),GAG-PET (gly col amorphous gly col poly-ester: blister packaging).pH valueNegative c ommon logarithm of OH(hydroxyl) ion c oncentration; pH <7 =acidic/sour, pH 7 = neutr al, pH >7 = alka-line/basic (max. 14); the pH value of paper,board and pulp can be det ermined usingaqueous e xtracts (DIN 53124: hot; DIN53124, ISO 6588: cold); paper sur faces foroffset printing should be slightly alkaline.

Photo paperInkjet or laser paper used t o prin t phot os;depending on the manufac ture and appli-cation, it is c oated, hard-sized har d paperwith a clear tr ansparent �PE micr o-poretop layer (wipe-resistant, protects againstscratches and fingerprin ts) or bar yta c oat-ing (for monochrome prints).Not to be con-fused with phot ographic paper , which iscoated with ligh t-sensitive chemicals andused for making photographic prints.Pick(ing) resistancePerpendicular resistance of the paper orboard to surface rupturing or deforma tion,depends on the size in the paper or ink tack;good c orrelation bet ween IGT (ISO 3783)and Prüfbau testers.PigmentInorganic or or ganic c oloured solid tha timparts colour to paper etc.Pile, stackTechnologically the best way to store sheetsor sec tions prior t o (infeed pile) and aft er(delivery p ile) p rinting o r f inishing; thesheets are piled on standar dised pallets ortrolleys; the use of auxiliar y piles allo wspresses to run continuously.Pile-logistics systemSystem tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr omstrenuous logistical tasks (KBA par tner:www.krifft-zipsner.de); at its most ad-vanced level it encompasses the delivery of

pallets of substr ate t o the pr ess b y r ollerconveyor, a manual nonst op facilit y a t thefeeder, a heigh t-adjustable nonst op r ollerfacility a t the deliv ery and r emoval of theprinted piles by roller conveyor; on straight-on presses pile turners facilitate verso print-ing.PilingSevere build-up of paper dust or �coatingslip on the rubber blank et; �milking,�dustingPinholesSmall holes in the paper or car ton sur facewhich may result in missing dots. In a w ebproduct, the holes made b y the foldingpins.PLA, polylactic acidCompostable biopoly ester obtained fr omrenewable r esources; can be made in tohard, high-gloss, high-strength films; canalso be printed in offset litho.Plasma surface treatmentThe ion bombar dment of non-absorben tmetal foils and polymer films in order toincrease �surface t ension a nd th us in k�adhesion; substrates can be pretreated bythe manufacturer and remain stable over along period of time; an alt ernative t o�corona surface treatment.PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate,acrylic glassA clear transparent or coloured thermoplas-



Table 9: Most cost-effective production of poster formats with large-format KBA Rapidas

Poster name

Mini QuadMediumDouble Crown, British Half Sheet1 SheetQuad CrownQuad DemyBritish 1 SheetQuad Royal4 Sheet, Single Sheet, Double Quad Crown, Subway6 Sheet Decaux, City Light Poster, Abribus6 Sheet More O Ferrall, Adshel,TDI, Superlite/Primesite12 Sheet16 Sheet Viacom16 Sheet32 Sheet48 Sheet Viacom48 Sheet96 Sheet Viacom96 Sheet

Format

31 x 41 cm45.7 x 58.4 cm50.8–56 x 76.2 cm68.5 x 104.1 cm76.2 x 101.6 cm88.9 x 114.3 cm74 x 151 cm102 x 127 cm101.6 x 152.4 cm118.5 x 175 cm120 x 180 cm152.4 x 304.8 cm196.7 x 298.3 cm203.2 x 304.8 cm304.8 x 406.4 cm298.3 x 603.1 cm304.8 x 609.6 cm298.3 x 1212.7 cm304.8 x 1219.2 cm

Rapida 130a

8-up4-up——1-up1-up———in 2 sectionsin 2 sections————in 12 sectionsin 12 sections——

Rapida 142

———————1-up—————in 4 sections———in 24 sectionsin 24 sections

Rapida 162a

——2-up2-up2-up—1-up—1-up——in 2 sections——in 6 sections————

Rapida 185

—————4-up———1-up1-up——in 2 sections—in 6 sectionsin 6 sections——

When printing multi-sheet posters an overlap of up to 3cm should be allowed.

Rapida 205

——––––2-up2-up––––in 2 sections–in 4 sections––in 10 sectionsin 10 sections

tic tha t can be formed in to rigid sheets(Perspex, Plexiglas) and e xtruded in to athick film; printable in sheetfed offset.PolyesterA ca tegory of thermoplastic �polymerscontaining esters, the most c ommon being�PET (poly ethylene t erephthalate). Theyinclude PB T (polybut ylene t erephthalate,often used as an insulator against heat andchemicals), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate,used for beer bottles and sailcloth) and�PLA (polylactic acid).Polymer film, transparent filmPolymer webs formed b y injec tion mould-ing or �extrusion; 20 - 150µm or (mor etypically) 50 - 100µm thick; sold as r olls orsheets; may be tr ansparent or opaque ,white or c oloured; surface can be high-gloss, semi-matt or ma tt, structured, pat-terned or �lenticular; printable with UVinks, in offset with conventional and water-less inks, in flexo and gravure with solvent-and w ater-based inks; primary applica-

tions: folding car tons, flexible packaging ,�cards and �promotional products.PolymersOrganic macr omolecules based on simplehydrocarbon molecules (monomers) tha tdevelop useful pr operties, including a highdegree of rigidit y, following ca tenation,branching or cr oss-linking; homopolymers(made fr om one t ype of monomer): �PE,�PP,�PVC; copolymers (made from differ-ent monomers):�ABS,�polyester.PorosityDesirable or undesir able pr operty of sub-strates tha t allo ws air , water or oil t openetrate thr ough sur face holes; affects�absorbency and �setting time.Postcard boardMachine-finished, glazed or c oated boar dweighing 150 - 190g/m2.Poster paperMonochrome paper c oated on one side ,with good �light-fastness and �wettensile str ength when in c ontact with

aqueous glues; poster formats: (table 9).PP, polypropyleneThermoplastic, weldable syn thetic with ahigh degree of har dness, rigidity and hea tresistance; following corona treatment it issuitable for printing in conventional and UVoffset (eg ArjoW iggins P riplak, overheadprojector film); oriented polypr opylene(OPP) and biaxially orien ted polypropylene(BOPP) ar e used for in-mould labels(�IML), banknotes for tr opical climates or,as solid c ompounds (also moulded or cast:CPP), for food storage bags.Press format, machine sizeMaximum format that can be prin ted on asheetfed press (table 8).Pressure foldsA mor e adv anced method for t esting�tensile strength, routinely at folds cr eat-ed under a specific pressure.Primary fibres, virgin fibres�Fibres tha t ha ve not pr eviously beenprocessed or used.

PrimerA suitable primer c oating or opaque whit eapplied t o the sur face of a syn thetic ormetallic substrate prior t o printing (offset,screen, flexo printing, metal decorating); analternative to �corona surface treatment.Print qualityImage r eproduction influenc ed b y thehomogeneity and �brightness of thesubstrate surface.PrintabilitySuitability of a substr ate for prin ting: uni-form ink adhesion and an acceptable visualquality are two key criteria.Printing inkColorant containing substances for creatingoptical c ontrasts on the substr ate; keyproperties ar e �adhesion and dr ying,which can be influenc ed b y the �ab-sorbency of the sur face, and is initia tedaccording t o differ ent principles: penetra-tion, solvent ev aporation, polymerisation/condensation (UV and IR r adiation), oxida-tion, cooling (skin formation, phase-switch-ing), precipitation (moistur e-set inks) andsintering/melting (ceramic inks, toner).Printing paperAny t ype of paper manufac tured for pr o-cessing in the prin ting industry; representsa rising pr oportion of global paper c on-sumption; current trends: more �uncoatedpaper, new haptic pr operties, increased�bulk yet lower �grammage, continuousimprovements in prin tability and w ork-ability, eg for use on faster presses.Printing substrate/material, stock,print carrierTerm applied t o an y ma terial tha t can beprinted (paper, corrugated board, solidboard, metals, synthetics, glass, textiles);direct printing onto objects is commonlycalled decorating.Print-through, strike-throughPartial penetration by the ink in to the sub-strate d ue t o e xcessive s ubstrate �ab-

9

Table 8: Substrates handled by KBA sheetfed offset presses

Format (ISO)

B3 (380 x 520 mm), 2-up

SRA2 (450 x 640 mm)B2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-upB2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-upB2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-upB2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-up

B1 (707 x 1000 mm), 8-upB1 (707 x 1000 mm), 8-up5 (920 x 1300 mm)

5B (920 x 1300 mm)

6B (102 x 1400 mm), 16-up

7 (1100 x 1600 mm)

7B (1200 x 1600 mm)

8 (1300 x 1850 mm)9 (1500 x 2050 mm), 32-up

KBA

Genius 52UV

Performa 66Performa 74Rapida 74/75Rapida 74G74 Karat

Ra 105/105uRapida 106Rapida 130

Rapida 130a

Rapida 142

Rapida 162

Rapida 162a

Rapida 185Rapida 205

max. format

360 x 520 mm

485 x 660 mm520 x 740 mm520 x 740/750 mm520 x 740 mm520 x 740 mm

720-740 x 1050 mm740 x 1060 mm910 x 1300 mm

965 x 1300 mm

1020 x 1420 mm

1120 x 1620 mm

1200 x 1620 mm;P 1120 x 1620 mm1300 x 1850 mm1510 x 2050 mm

Standard substrates

Paper/board/film ca. 0.1 - 0.8 mm (substrate-dependent)Paper/board 0.05 - 0.45 mmPaper/board/film 0.05 - 0.6 mmPaper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mmPaper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mmPaper/board 0.06 - 0.3 mm

Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mmPaper/board 60 - 350 g/m2

Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm





Paper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mmPaper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mm

Optional substrates

—

——Board/film up to 1.0 mmBoard/film up to 1.0 mmPaper/board/ABS, PC, PET, PS, PVC film up to 0.5 mm

Heavy board/microflute/film up to 1.2 mmHeavy board/film up to 1.2 mmLightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmLightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmLightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmLightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmLightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmHeavy board up to 1.2 mm, microflute up to 1.6 mm; filmHeavy board up to 1.2 mm, microflute up to 1.6 mm; film

Ink

WLUV

Oil-basedOil-based, UVOil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUVWL,WLUV WL; film with Zeller+Gmelin Toracard TFOil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUVOil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUVOil-based, UV, hybrid,WL

Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL




Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WLOil-based, UV, hybrid,WL

Coating options

UV

AqueousAqueous, UVAqueous, UV, doubleAqueous, UVAqueous, film with Tipadur P-1203 B3Aqueous, UV, doubleAqueous, UV, doubleAqueous, UV, double

Aqueous, UV, double

Aqueous, UV, double

Aqueous, UV, double

Aqueous., UV, double

Aqueous, UVAqueous, UV

P = shortened format for perfecting; WL = waterless


sorbency or too thin an ink.Promotional items, give-awaysPrinted products and print-decoratedobjects typically comprising multiple mate-rials.PS, polystyreneAmorphous or semi-cr ystalline, fully r ecy-clable thermoplastic; a tr ansparent, whiteor coloured high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)film has high �notched impac t str ength,good �dimensional stability, optimum inkuptake (following �corona treatment) andgood cutting and die-cutting properties.PTS, Papiertechnische StiftungResearch founda tion (Munich, Heidenau,www.ptspaper.de) pr oviding c onsulting,training and t esting ser vices for the paperindustry; affiliated with the FPT(Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnik, acommunications pla tform) and the FPS(Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnischeStiftung, which pr omotes PT S ac tivities);developed the P aperBaleSensor for fast ,on-site determination of the moisture,polymer, fibre and ash c ontent of w astepaper bales.Puncture resistanceFor packaging materials, this is determinedin kJ (ISO 3036).PVC, polyvinyl chlorideAmorphous thermoplastic , the most c om-mon synthetic; softening and �antistatictreatment can impair adhesion, which iswhy only har d PV C (HPV C) film 0.15 to0.5mm thick is prin table in UV offset; itrequires pr e-treatment t o enhanc e �sur-face tension; printable in all UV and digitalprinting processes (toner and inkjet, evensolvent-based syst ems); film can betranslucent or tr ansparent, white orcoloured, have different surface gloss levelsfront and back; splinter-free cutting anddie-cutting, easy t o lamina te and glue , egfor PVC folding cartons; often modified intoPVDF (poly vinylidene fluoride) for packag-ing film.PVOH polyvinyl alcoholAntistatic, weldable, water-soluble, bio-degradable, durable packaging film withstrong barrier pr operties against gases ,organic solvents and fats.Quality controlA series of inspec tions usually under takenupon r eception of prin ting substr ates orpackaging materials with the aim of ensur-ing problem-free processing.Rag paperHigh-grade paper in which a t least 10%of the fibr e content is c omposed of t extilewaste (pr emium qualit y, �banknotepaper), cotton, hemp or flax fibr es; rags arealso in �Bible paper,�document paper.Raw formatUntrimmed sheet size.ReamUnit of quan tity for paper ( table 10 ), 480or 500 sheets (max. 30kg).Recycled paper, recycled content paperPaper (eg for newspapers , packaging,

hygiene ar ticles), cartons and car dboardmanufactured en tirely or lar gely fr om�de-inked paper waste; the drawbacks are�colour cast , deviations in �colour tone,and faster �ageing.RecyclingRecovery and r eprocessing of paper andsynthetic w aste for r euse as prin ting andpackaging substrates.Reel (UK), roll (US)The form of substr ate r equired for w ebprinting; specifications include e xternal,internal and core diameter, mass, width andlength (which is calculated from these).Reel-logistics systemSystem tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr omstrenuous logistical tasks; at its mostadvanced lev el KBA ’s P atras r eel-logisticssystem enc ompasses the en tire paperworkflow: ordering, storage and manage-ment of the delivered reels, stripping, splicepreparation (Easy Splic e) and loading onthe KBA reelstand, and disposal of expiredreels; reels ar e tr ansported on in-floortracks and turn tables, supported b yunmanned guided vehicles (KBA partner:Rocla).Relative humidityFor an y giv en ambien t t emperature, theratio (as a per centage) of the ac tual mois-ture c ontent of the air t o the pot entialmoisture c ontent; the r elative humidit y ofthe micr oclimate in the deliv ery pile or arell of paper can differ substan tially fr omthe room humidity; optimum: 45 to 55%.Residual strengthThe str ength of w eb offs et pa per aft erbeing p rinted, dried a nd f olded; targetvalue with the �Fogra method:>0.67kN/m.RheologyThe study of the deforma tion and flo w ofmatter; influences wetting and �adhesionof ink to the substrate.RoughnessGeometric devia tion fr om a per fectly fla tsurface; opposite of �smoothness ( qv fortesting methods).RunabilityThe abilit y of sheets (separ ability, rigidity,flatness etc) and w ebs (breaking propensi-ty) to run thr ough a pr ess without causingproblems.Sample book, swatch bookCollection of paper samples.SamplingThe method for obtaining a r epresentative

sample of paper and boar d t o det erminethe average quality is defined in EN ISO 186,their pre-test treatment in SN EN 20187, ENISO 2233, ISO 2233 and ENV 12625-2(�standard ).SC paper, supercalendered paperUncoated web offset wood-pulp paper thathas been �calendered, ie hea vily c om-pressed in �thickness, and has a highproportion of filler ( �opacity); used formagazines, supplements a nd c atalogues;grades: SC-B (inline calender ed using asoft-nip calender , eg impr oved �news-print), SC-A (inline gloss-calender ed) andSC-A Plus (offline gloss-calender ed withJanus MK2 calender).Scanning electron microscopyUsed t o e xamine the sur face of paper fordefects, coating cracks and blisters, and across sec tion for filler distribution, coatingthickness and deposits.ScorabilityThe abilit y of boar d t o be sc ored withoutbreaking; unlike cr easing, scoring destr oysthe sur face c oating and super ficial fibr ousstructure.Scumming, toningThe take-up of ink, from any cause, in non-image ar eas of the pla te; when this star tsto occur in offset lithogr aphy it is said tha tthe plate is “catching up”.Security/safety paperPaper with c oncealed for gery-proof fea-tures, eg w atermark, metallic thr ead,applied or integrated taggants.Self-adhesive paperPaper with a self-adhesiv e coating on oneside tha t is pr otected b y silic on-coatedbacking paper when the fr ont is beingprinted and un til it is used; for labels ,stamps, coupons in direct mail.Set-off, marking, smearingIn sheetfed offset , the transfer of fr esh inkfrom one sheet onto the back of the follow-ing one in the deliv ery pile; in web offset,smearing of poorly dried ink on to theguide, turning or nip rollers.Sheet sizeThe maximum ( table 8 ) and minimumsheet dimensions of printable substrates.SheeterRotating cutting devic e tha t can be posi-tioned before the feeder on sheetfed press-es to allow the press to accept cheaper webstock.Short grain, CD, cross directionWhere the paper �grain runs acr oss the

width, ie perpendicular t o the machinedirection; opposite:�long grain.Show-throughWhere the image printed on one side is vis-ible on the other , due t o inadequa te sub-strate �opacity.ShrinkageLoss of substr ate v olume and dimensionscaused by moisture evaporation or cooling;a property exploited in �PET sleeves.Sign paperPaper for prin ting simple signs , bannersand fly ers; generally c ontains w ood pulpand is heavily sized.Silicon paper, silicon treated/releasepaper�self-adhesive paperSingle-coated paperPaper with a single applica tion of c oatingslip; the most common form of coating.Sized paperPaper tha t has been made mor e r esistantto moisture by adding starch, resin and waxto the pulp (bea ter-sized paper) or b y size-press coating (�FC paper), which improvesthe bond bet ween �fibres and �fillers;well-sized paper can be prin ted easily anddoes not suffer fr om �dusting or �pick-ing.Skin packagingPackaging, eg an offset prin ted �foldingcarton, with a clear, unprinted, deep-drawnplastic skin shrunk onto it; the skin and car-ton are bonded with a hea t-sealed coating(blister coating).SlurA faint, out of register duplicate of a printedimage, resulting fr om the tr ansfer of theimage onto the blanket cylinder in the nextprinting unit. Caused b y fault y pr ess set-tings or paper with the wrong �grain.SmoothnessHaptic pr operty of substr ates with a lo wfriction coefficient, created by the calender-ing, smoothing and chrome cylinders in thepapermaking or coating machine; oppositeof �roughness and thus an indica tion ofthe prin tability (less �adhesion); inprocesses wher e the air flo w is subjec t t odefined pr essure, the measur ement ofsmoothness and r oughness is iden tical, egthe Bekk method (in sec , ISO 5627), theParker prin t-surf method (in µm, DIN ISO8791-4), the B endtsen method (in mP a s ,ISO 5636-3, DIN 53108), the Gurley method(in ml/min, ISO 5636-5) and the Sheffieldmethod (in ml/min, ISO 8791-3); opticallaser measur ement eg with UBM micr ofo-cus (DIN 4768).Solid board�Board made fr om iden tical la yers ofpaper couched together (millboard) or dif-ferent layers glued together and faced witha high-gr ade liner (mechanical boar d);most common material used for book c ov-ers.Specific volume, specific bulkAbsolute r atio (in cm 3/g) bet ween a sub-strate’s �thickness and �grammage (EN


Table 10: Units of quantity for paper

Printing paper

SheetQuireReam, long ream

Printers ream, perfect reamBundle

Bale

Current

Basic unit25 sheets20 quires = 500 sheets

2 reams = 1,000 sheets

5 bundles = 5,000 sheets

Previous

Basic unit24 sheets20 quires = 480 sheets (now referred to as short ream)211/2 quires = 516 sheets2 reams = 960 sheets (now referred to as short bundle)5 bundles = 4,800 sheets (now referred to as short bale)


Polyethylene fibres in DuPont’s synthetic paper Tyvek under a scanning electron microscope(photo: www.IRFIP.fr)

Table 11: Processes and standards for measuring brightness/whiteness and yellowness

Brightness/ whiteness

ISO brightness

ISO brightnessCIE brightnessDegree of colour deviation Hunter whitenessStensby whitenessBerger whiteness *

Taube whiteness *

ASTM whitenessYellowness

Standard

ISO 2470,

ISO 3688ISO 11475ISO 11475————ASTM E313DIN 6167

Measuring geometry

Diffuse/0°(Elrepho 450X)Diffuse radiance factor45°/0° or 0°/45°45°/0° or 0°/45°45°/0° or 0°/45°45°/0° or 0°/45°Reflectometer 45°/0°45°/0° or 0°/45°45°/0° or 0°/45°45°/0° or 0°/45°

Illuminant/observer

C/2°, D65/10° with and without UV cut filterBlue light (457 nm)D50/2°D50/2°D65/2°D65/2°D65/2°D65/2°C/2°, D50/2°C/2°, D50/2°

Basis

CIE xyY (1931)

IR3 reflection standardCIE xyY (1931)CIE xyY (1931)CIE XYZ, HunterLab (1958)HunterLab (1958)RY, RZ, RX = f {CIE XYZ}CIE XYZ (1931)CIE XYZ (1931)CIE XYZ (1931)

Parameter

W (with illuminant/observer)

W (blue light)WCIE = Y + 800 (xn – x) + 1700 (yn – y)TW = 900 (xn – x) – 650 (yn – y)WH = L – 3 bL = 19.29 [(Z – 11 Y) / Y1/2]WS = L + 3 (aL – bL)WB = Y + 3 (1.1333 Z – 1.2985 X)WT = 3.6734 Z – 3 YWIE313 = 3 (1.242 Z – Y) with C/2°G1925 (corresponds to ASTM D 1925)

Interpretation

Ideal value 100%; with whitener > 100%

Ideal value 100%Values 90 - 120; the higher the brighterColour cast, yellowingIdeal value 100Ideal value 100Ideal value 100Ideal value 100Ideal value 100Yellowing: G > 0 yellowish, G < 0 bluish

* Outdated process

ISO 534); there is a shift t owards a lar gervolume with the same grammage (cheaperthan t hicker, heavier p aper) o r a l owergrammage with the same v olume (t oreduce postage costs for direct mail andmail-order catalogues).SpectroscopyInfrared m ethod f or i dentifying o rganiccompounds: FTIR (Fourier transforminfrared) for r esins, glues, binding agentsand additiv es, and NIR (near infr ared) forfillers, sizes and coating binders.SpliceIn web printing, the join between the expir-ing web and the new one; KBA offers auto-matic splice preparation with Easy Splice.SplittingAn e xtreme form of picking in which thepull of a thick, tacky ink tears off large por-tions of a paper ’s or a boar d liner’s surface,which then adhere to the offset blanket andmay cause damage.Standard atmosphereRelative air humidit y 50% ± 5% at a presshall t emperature of 23° C (EN 20187, ISO187).Static electricityAn electrical charge tha t builds up on thesurface of poorly or non-c onductive paperand film, due to a dear th (+) or e xcess (–)of elec trons; causes the sheets t o sticktogether, making it difficult to separate andstack them.Static eliminator, antistatic systemSystem of heads , nozzles, electrodes and

arrays for dischar ging �static elec tricityduring sheet or web travel; primarily usedwith s ynthetic s ubstrates; KBA s upplier:Kersten Elektrostatik (www.kersten.de).StationeryGeneral name giv en t o paper and offic esupplies such as envelopes, notepads, pens,pencils, erasers, greeting cards, paper clips,drawing pins etc.StretchDimensional change caused by the applica-tion of for ce, heat or moistur e par allel orperpendicular t o the �grain in paper orboard, or differences in the preferred orien-tation of polymer molecules (tac ticity);the stability of isotactic polymers (eg �PP)can be enhanced by stretching.Stretch at breakPercentage b y which a substr ate str etchesprior to breaking (�breaking length), rela-tive to its unstretched length (EN ISO 1924-2: stress-strain cur ve:�elasticity modulus,fracture toughness (in J/m), fracture tough-ness index (in Jm/kg).Surface strengthProperty of offset paper that influences siz-ing, picking and dusting.Surface tensionHere: atomic interaction of the ink with thesubstrate sur face in an air or �inert gasenvironment; metal and polymer films(table 12) may have too low a sur face ten-sion, causing ink t o bead and r oll off ; it can be remedied by applying an �adhesiveprimer or �corona surface treatment; test-ing ink: spreading, contact angle measur e-ment (Fogra,TAPPI 558).Surface/tub/top/vat sized paper�uncoated stock that has had its str engthand water resistance enhanced by dippingit in a gelatine and starch solution.

SwellIn bookbinding, the increased thickness ofa text block along its spine edge after beingstitched.SwellingAn incr ease in the v olume of paper andboard through moisture absorption and ofsynthetics thr ough hea t and/or solv entabsorption.Swell paperPaper on which dark-prin ted areas form atangible profile when subjec ted to heat;printable in offset litho.Synthetic fibre paperPaper impr egnated or c oated on one orboth sides with syn thetic fibr es, or withsynthetic fibres added to the pulp.Synthetic paperHighly t ear- and w ater-resistant, dimen-sionally stable paper made fr om w eldedpolymer fibres or e xtruded film; polymers:BOPP (biaxially oriented polypropylene), PA(polyamide), PE (poly ethylene, DuPont’sTyvek), polyester, viscose fibr e. Also sheetmaterial, resembling pa per, made fr omsynthetic filaments by other means, eg spinbonding. Plastic ma terial in sheet form,surface-treated t o mak e it suitable forcommercial printing.Synthetics, plasticsCommon term for syn thetic and semi-syn-thetic �polymers; a distinc tion is madebetween thermoplastics (malleable whenwarm, eg PVC, PP), thermoset plastics (onceset, they cannot be r emoulded, eg pheno-plasts, PUR, hardened epo xides) and elas-tomers (all t ypes of rubber tha t ar e mal-leable when cold); thermoplastic film is theonly syn thetic suitable for prin ting; it canalso be blo w-moulded in to hollo w beadsfor use as a packing material.

TAPPI, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper IndustryAmerican-based global r esearch associa-tion (www.tappi.org) whose test specifica-tions and specialist publica tions ar erespected the world over.Tear resistance/strengthResistance (in N) t o t ensile for ce; deriva-tions: tear inde x (in mNm 2/g), stretch a tbreak (in %); plastic and film: ISO 6383-2,paper: ISO 1974, BS EN 21974: �gram-mage-specific det ermination of t earingresistance in mNm 2/g using the Elmendor fmethod).Tensile strengthDetermined in acc ordance with DIN EN ISO1924: the quotient (in kN/m) of the br eak-ing load and the width of a paper strip, andthus b y deriv ation the t ensile modulus orstiffness (in N/m); tensile stiffness inde x(in Nm/k g) is the quotien t of the t ensilestiffness and the �grammage.Tensile strength, breaking loadThe maximum str ess a substr ate can standwhen pulled at both ends (EN ISO 1924-2).Test linerLiner made of sec ondary fibr es (125 t o180g/m2) and used to make corrugated andsolid boar d; coated (suitable for prin tingcorrugated in direct offset) or uncoated.Testing devices, testersIndispensable syst ems or sensors for t est-ing the quality and properties of substrates;main suppliers: www.emco-leipzig.com,www.fogra.org, www.igt.nl, www.pruef-bau.de, www.ptspaper.de, www.tappi.org.Textile/cloth printingThe printing of lengths of cloth, articles ofclothing and o utdoor adv ertising media(flags, banners, cladding) on scr een anddigital presses.Thermal propertiesKey threshold values when using and print-ing �polymer films. They include thetemperature a t which they ar e w orkable,at which they will sha tter with c old ordecompose, and their c oefficients of ther-mal e xpansion (DIN 53453) and thermalconductivity.Tin plateSteel r olled in to thin sheets (<0.5mmthick) and c oated elec trolytically with alayer of white tin; along with �aluminiumthe most c ommon packaging ma terialused in �metal decorating.

11

Table 12: Film surface tension

Polymer film

ABS copolymerPA 6PBT**

PE**/**

PEEKPEN**

PETPC**

PLA (bioplastic)PMMA (Perspex)PP**/**

PSPVC**

Surface tension*

35 - 42 mN/m34 - 57 mN/m30 mN/m31 - 36 mN/m44 - 46 mN/m30 - 39 mN/m43 - 47 mN/m33 - 47 mN/m50 mN/m33 - 49 mN/m29 mN/m43 - 44 mN/m36 - 39 mN/m

* The substantial deviations arise from non-standardised testing conditions and the use ofdifferent additives. ** Corona surface treatmentessential. *** Except for UV, only printable withspecial inks for polyolefines.


Measuring CIE whiteness and ASTM yellowness with Techkon’s SpectroDensPremium (0°/45°)

Totally chlorine-free paper, TCF paperEnvironmentally friendly �uncoated st ockproduced fr om pulp bleached without theuse of chlorine (TCF label).TranslucencyThe sta te of permitting ligh t t o passthrough par tially or diffusely ; semi-trans-parency (cf �transparency). A property offilms and low-filler paper.TransparencyThe property of a substrate that allows lightto pass thr ough; the opposite of �opacity;ratio in % (DIN 53147) of the r adiancefactors of a single sheet of the substr ateover a black underla y (RS) and a whit eunderlay (RW ), and of the whit e underla y(RWU): T = (RW – RS) [(10000 / RWU) –RS]; objects behind a tr ansparent substratecan be seen mor e clearly than behind a�translucent one.Transparent paperPaper with a high lev el of �transparencyand a low level of absorbency; in offset lithothick, stiff (also coloured) transparent paperis a popular alternative to �polymer films.Two-sidednessProperty of paper r eflecting the differ encein texture (�smoothness), appearance andprintability bet ween the side of the paperin contact with the papermaking machine’sforming wire (wire side) and the side a wayfrom the forming wire (felt side).UG paper, unglazed/unfinished paper�machine-finished paperULWC/LLWC paper, ultra/light lightweight coated paperWeb offset or gravure paper coated on bothsides and w eighing less than 45g/m 2; pri-marily used to print mail-order catalogues.Uncoated paper/stockPaper with or without a sur face treatment,pigmentation (up t o 5g/m2) or c olour (DIN19300: wood-pulp, dyed); its manifold tac-tile properties make it a popular substr atein offset litho.Units of paper quantityThe cust omary units used in the paperindustry can be found in table 10.UV radiationUltraviolet r ange of th e e lectromagneticspectrum (approx. 100 - 370nm, invisible);uses include curing specially sensitised inksand coatings on non-absorben t substrates,bleaching substr ates ( �whiteners) andinks (fluorescent inks).Waste disposal technologyPeripheral systems used in print productionand finishing for the r emoval, collectionand/or bundling of paper w aste, usedmaterials et al (eg baling pr esses, crushers)and the e xtraction and/or r ecovery of air-borne emissions.

Waste paperUsed paper prior to recycling or disposal.Waste, reject sheets, spoilage, misprintsUnsellable prin ted sheets or sec tions ofweb.Water absorbency�Cobb test/methodWater resistanceResistance of a substr ate over time to pen-etration b y w ater. ISO 15106 det erminesthe w ater v apour tr ansmission r ate usingfour different methods, ISO 3038 and FEFCO9 apply t o the glue bond in c orrugatedfibreboard.WatermarkA genuine w atermark is a design stampedin the wet paper pulp as it is forming in thepapermaking machine , either with a wir emould in the vat or by running the wet webunder a dandy r oller. This c ompresses thepaper, decreasing its opacit y in the imagearea of the design, which bec omes visiblewhen the dried paper is held up to the light.Semi-genuine w atermarks ar e made withan engr aved r oller in the dr ying sec tion,fake ones with a transparent overprint.Waterproof paperPaper with a waterproof coating (DIN54515); difficult to print.Weather resistanceThe degree to which �polymer films (out-door adv ertising, compost bags) and�poster paper ar e r esistant t o ligh t(�light-fastness), water (�hygrostability)and �ageing.

Web tensionThis must be c ontrolled in or der t o a voidweb breaks.Web-breaking propensityInability of a paper web to withstand vibra-tion or start-up tension.Wet pickingSudden r eduction in �picking r esistance;caused b y o vermoistening in offset prin tproduction.Wet strengthProperty of paper tha t can be enhanc ed bymixing alkali-r esistant additiv es in thepulp.Wet tensile strengthThe abilit y of paper t o r esist spr eading orelongation when subjec ted t o moistur e;important for �poster paper (applicationof glue) and w eb stock (fan-out potential);can be measur ed with �emcoDDPMexpansion module . ISO 3781: tensilestrength after immersion in water.WettabilityControlled b y adjusting the �surface t en-sion of non-absorben t substr ates; aids:wetting angle measur ement with w ater oroil ( �Fogra pr ojector, �PTS-PP:103/85),run-off test inks.Whitener, brightener, fluorescentwhitening agent, FWAA colorant added t o paper and fluor escentinks tha t mak es the in visible �UV-A r ays(<380nm) in da ylight turn blue , causingmore visible light to be r eflected than isincidental.Whiteness (index), brightnessMeasure of the brightness and achromatic-ity of paper and boar d; various definitionsand measuring procedures are in use (table11) for factoring in the phenomenon that abluish tone imparts a whiter impression(�whiteners).Winding tensionThe uniformit y of the t ension a t which apaper web was wound on the c ore affec tsthe quality of the prin ted image when theweb runs thr ough the pr ess, and can betested by tapping the web at various pointsacross its width. The mor e uniform thesound, the more uniform the tension.Wire-side, underside, wrong sideThe side fr om which w ater dr ains fr omthe pulp in the wir e; normally, but notnecessarily, the side tha t prin ts less w ell;�two-sidedness.Wood-free paper, groundwood-freepaperIn theory, paper that contains no mechani-cal wood pulp. In practice, paper that con-tains less than 5% mechanical w ood pulp;uncoated paper has seen the str ongestgrowth, primarily on the back of spir alling

demand for �office paper and bulky�book-printing paper; the most populartypes of c oated paper ar e �art and �car-bonless copy paper,while demand is declin-ing for �LWC paper.Wrinkles, creasesQuality fla w in papermaking; in prin ting,the result of uneven tension on the w eb atthe rollers in the superstruc ture, the c ylin-ders in the printing unit etc.Writing paperWell-sized and calender ed �uncoatedstock or �handmade paper that is suitablefor writing on both sides; 60 - 90g/m2.Yellowing, yellow discolorationYellow t o br ownish disc oloration (DIN6167) of paper, board or coatings caused bychemical reactions within the fibrous struc-ture ( �lignin) o r w ith i nk c omponents(�ghosting); atmospheric o xygen, heatand daylight are all conducive to yellowing.ZellchemingThe Association of Pulp and Paper Chemistsand Engineers (www .zellcheming.de) inGermany; publishes r eference pamphletson paper manufac ture (PMAK), paper test-ing (TEST), paper finishing and car ton con-version (CONV), carton and board manufac-ture (PBTC) and paper recycling (RECO).Dieter Kleeberg

Registered trademarks, copyrighted and patented pr oducts are not specified assuch in the above feature. This does not mean that they are, or may be treatedas, public domain. The figures quoted date fr om November 2007. Er rors andomissions excepted.This publication contains illustrations fr om Datacolor , FEFCO, IRFIP , KBA ,Kersten Elektrostatik, Papier Union and TECHKON.

Dieter Kleeberg Dresdener Ring 6061130 Nidderau, GermanyTel: (+49) 6187 3153 [email protected]

Supplement to KBA Report No. 33 • 9/2008 (English edition)

Translated by Christina Degens-Kupp

Koenig & Bauer AktiengesellschaftWürzburg Facility97010 Würzburg, GermanyTel: (+49) 931 909-0Fax: (+49) 931 [email protected]

Radebeul Facility01439 Radebeul, GermanyTel: (+49) 351 833-0Fax: (+49) 351 [email protected]

KBA-Metronic AGBenzstraße 1197209 Veitshöchheim, GermanyTel: (+49) 931 9085-0Fax: (+49) 931 [email protected]


Useful web addresses

Metal decorating: mpma.org.uk, empac.euPrint/media: pira.co.uk, gain.net, cpia-aci.ca,printnet.com.au, printmedia.org.zaFlexible packaging: flexpack.org,flexpack-europe.org, eurosac.orgFolding cartons and corrugated: ecma.org,procarton.com, fefco.orgPaper industry: cepi.org,prima-papernetwork.orgPaper, board and plastic processing industries: citpa-europe.orgPackaging institutes: worldpackaging.orgSolid board: esbo.nl,Corrugated board: fefco.org


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Substrates for printing and packaging - Koenig & Bauer

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