Pesticidal Effect of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) leaves extract against Dog

Fleas (Ctenocephalides canis)

Researchers:

Mizraim B. Tirol

Sheena Mae Bermejo

Mary Knoll Peῇalosa

David Vincent B. Descalzo

Adviser:

Mrs. Armida A. Dela Cruz

Cabugcabug National High School

Feb. ,2013

Table of Contents

Abstract

I. Introduction

Background of the Study

II. Statement of the Objectives

General Objectives

Specific Objectives

III. Hypothesis

IV. Significance of the Study

V. Scope and Limitations of the Study

VI. Review of Related Literature

VII. Definition of Terms

VIII. Methodology

Research Design

Materials and Tools

Procedural design

IX. Results and Discussion

X. Conclusions

XI. Recommendations

XII. Bibliography

XIII. Acknowledgment

List of Figures

Figure 1. Procedural design

Figure 2: Gathering Of Materials

Figure 3:Gathering Of Leaves

Figure 4:Pounding of Madre De Cacao Leaves

Figure 5: Extracting of Madre De Cacao Leaves

Figure 6: Distribution of Dog Fleas

Figure 7: Treatment A- 100% concentration

is sprayed to 3 bags of dog fleas containing

10 dog fleas per bag.

Figure 8: Treatment B - 50% pure concentration

and 50% water is sprayed to 3 bags of dog fleas

containing 10 dog fleas per bag.

Figure 9:Treatment C - 25% pure concentration

and 75 % water is sprayed to 3 bags of dog

fleas containing 10 dog fleas per bag.

List of Tables

Table 1:

Table 2:

ABSTRACT

The dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis) is a species of flea (Siphonaptera) that

lives primarily on the blody of dogs. The dog flea is troublesome because it can spread

Dipilidium caninum.

Although they feed on the blood of dogs and cats, they sometimes bite humans.

They can live without food for several months, but females must have a blood meal

before they can produce eggs. They can deliver about 4000 eggs on the host fur.

The researchers conducted this study entitled Pesticidal Effect of Madre de

Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Leaves Extract against Dog Fleas (Ctenocephalides canis).

In the conductance of the study, the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) Leaves

were cleaned thoroughly, individualy air dry, and pounded to extract the juice. Different

concentration of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Leaves Extract were made and

three (3) treatments were prepared.

1. Treatment A with 100% pure extracts, Treatment B with 50% water and 50%

pure extracts, and Treatment C 75% water and 25% pure extracts.

2. The result of the sudy presented that the treatment A with 100% pure extract has

the hihest mean of mortality followed by Treatment B with 50% water and 50%

pure extracts, and Treatment C 75% water and 25% pure extracts.

3. The researchers discovered that based on the experiment conducted that the

higher the concentration the greater the number of mortality of the dog fleas.

4. Based on the result gathered, Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Leaves

Extract is efficient in exterminating dog fleas.

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study:

According to “Robin Tierney (November 29, 2011) “Fleas, Ticks, Mosquitoes –

Prevention and Treatment”, Fleas feed on animal blood and can trigger problems

including skin irritation, allergic reactions, anemia and in rare cases, death. They can

also carry tapeworms, which can infest your pet. If you see small rice-like particles

around the dog's anus or in his feces, he probably has tapeworms.

This is the reason why the researchers conducted the study. To resolve this

unwanted effect of dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) . The researcher obtained a

chemical substance from Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) as asource of pesticide.

This is done through the process of pounding the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) to

get the juice. As seen in the present situation of the people concerning to the high cost

of commercial pesticide being sold in the marketplace is unaffordable to the people.

Moreover, dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) pesticide is made from Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia Sepium) Leaves Extract that is rich in Tanins acts as a substitute for the

commercialy prepared pesticides to minimize the expenditure of peaople.

STATEMENTS OF THE OBJECTIVE

General Objectives:

This study aspires to discover if Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves can

be a potent source of pesticide for dog fleas.

Specific Objectives:

To discover the pesticidal effectivity of the different concentration of Madre de

Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) leaves extract on dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis).

What is the mortality of dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) after exposure to the

different concentrations of the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves

extract at the same period of time?

HYPOTHESIS

The 100% Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract is a suitable

substitute to the costly sold commercialy prepared pesticide in the market. It is very

effective upon exterminating dog fleas

(Ctenocephalides canis).

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to determine the pesticideal effect of Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract on dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis). The result of

this study would be: (1) cheaper, it lessens the expenditure of the people; (2) eco-

friendly, it is not harmful to the environment; (3) easy to produce, because of its

abundance in the environment.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The extraction of the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract is limitted only

to the use of leaves. the stems and barks are not included in the study.

There were three (3) different concentrations p. Treatment A—100% pure

extracts with 10 dog fleas; Treatment B--- 50% water & 50% pure extract with 10

dog fleas; and Treatment C--- 75% water and 25% pure extract with 10 dog fleas.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to  Elevitch, Craig R. (2004). The Overstory Book: Connections with

Trees. Permanent Agriculture Resources. pp. 152. ISBN 0-9702544-3-1. Retrieved

2008-09-26, G. sepium is also used for its medicinal and insect repellent properties.

Farmers in Latin America often wash their livestock with a paste made of crushed G.

sepium leaves to ward off torsalos. In the Philippines, the extract obtained from its

leaves is used to remove external parasites.

According to Robin Tierney (November 29, 2011) “Fleas, Ticks, Mosquitoes –

Prevention and Treatment”, Fleas feed on animal blood and can trigger problems

including skin irritation, allergic reactions, anemia and in rare cases, death.

DIFINITION OF TERMS

*Exterminate: to kill or destroy somebody or something completely

*Mortality: the number of deaths that occur at a specific time, in a specific group,

or from a specific cause.

*Pesticide: are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.[1]

* Asphyxiate- to kill or to deprive of life.

Methodology

Research Design

The Completely Randomize Design (CRD) undergo in a specific examination in

the compilation of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) leaves extract and dog fleas

(Ctenocephalides canis).

Table 1:

Materials and Tools

90 Dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis)

Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) Leaves Extract

Water

4 pieces of 10 mL graduated cylinder

50 mL beaker

2 pieces mortar and pestle

2 pairs of gloves

3 pieces of masks

3 bottle sprayer

9 improvised net

Treatment Replicates

Treatment- A 100% concentration (10mL

extract)

R1

10

R2

10

R3

10

Treatment- B 50% concentration(5 mL

extract, 5ml water)

R1

10

R2

10

R3

10

Treatment- C 25% concentration (2.5 mL

extract, 2.5ml water)

R1

10

R2

10

R3

10

Figure 1. Procedural design

Gathering of materials needed

Collection of Dog fleas

Madre de Cacao collection and extraction

Preparation of treatments’ concentrations

Randomly distribution of dog fleas

Exposure of Dog fleas with the different treatment

Observation of mortality of Dog fleas

Recording of data

Analysis of data

Figure 2: Gathering Of Materials Figure 3:Gathering Of Leaves

Figure 4:Pounding of Madre De Cacao Figure 5: Extracting of Madre De Leaves Cacao Leaves

Figure 6: Distribution of Dog Fleas

Figure 7: Treatment A- 100% concentration is sprayed to 3 bags of dog fleas

containing 10 dog fleas per bag.

Figure 8: Treatment B - 50% pure concentration and 50% water is sprayed to 3

bags of dog fleas containing 10 dog fleas per bag.

Figure 9:Treatment C - 25% pure concentration and 75 % water is sprayed to 3

bags of dog fleas containing 10 dog fleas per bag.

Result and Disscussion

Treatment Replicates Total Mean

Treatment -A 100% concentration (10mL

extract)

R1

8

R2

10

R3

9

27 9

Treatment -B 50% concentration(5 mL

extract, 5ml water)

R1

6

R2

4

R3

5

15 5

Treatment -C 25% concentration (2.5 mL

extract, 2.5ml water)

R1

1

R2

3

R3

2

5 1.33

Table 2:

As shown in data above, it was observed that the treatment A with 100%

concentration asphyxiate more dog fleas compare to the other treetment with only 50 %

and 25% concentration.

Conclusion

Based on the experiments conducted and data gathered on this research, the

researchers therefore conclude the following:

a) Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves is a suitable source of pesticide for

dog fleas. It is because of the great number of mortality of dog fleas that has

been exposed to the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract

b) The pesticidal effectivity of the different concentration of Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract on dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) is very

effective depending on the concentration; Treatment A-100% pure extract, 10 out

of 10 dogfleas died; Treatment B-50% water and 50% pure extract, 7 out of 10

dog fleas died; and Treatment C- 75%water and 25% pure extract, 5 out of 10

dogfleas died.

c) Finally, the 100% c is a potent substitute to the costly sold commercialy

prepared pesticide in the market. It is very effective upon exterminating dog fleas

(Ctenocephalides canis). Because of the chemical substance contained in the

plant Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) called tannins. Tannins

Recomendations

Based on the results and observations of the researchers the recomendations are made:

a) It is recomended that the Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) Leaves Extract be

brought to a more equiped institution for better experimentation.

b) Furthur studies to extend the notion and to distinguish the chemical substance

and other uses in making pesticides from Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium)

flower in other insects or pests other than Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium)

Leaves Extract.

c) Lastly, the researchers recommends the observation of Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia Sepium) Leaves Extract in other pests like termites, fly or mosquito in a

long period of time.

Bibliography

Elevitch, Craig R. (2004). Overstory Book: Connections with

Trees. Permanent Agriculture Resources. pp. 152. ISBN 0-9702544-3-1. Retrieved

2008-09-26

Robin Tierney (November 29, 2011) “Fleas, Ticks, Mosquitoes - Prevention and

Treatment”

www.Wikipedia.com

Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved

Acknoledgement

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the omnipotent God for

his gracious blessing and divine guidance in the making of this successful study.

The fulfillment of this work, were all owned through the cooperation of many

people who unselfishly gave their valuable support to the realization of this study. The

researchers, therefore, wish to express their heartfelt gatitude and appreciation to the

following persons:

Miss Concepcion A. dela Cruz, Principal IV of Cabugcabug National High School.

Mrs. Narvilla C. Dejesa, Head Teacher III of the Science and Technology

Department, for her guidance and insights given to the researchers.

Mrs. Armida A. Dela Cruz, Research Adviser, for patiently editing the manuscript

and for kind words of hope and understanding that led to a presentable and satisfactory

of the study;

Miss Victoria Billanes, for her brilliant examples that gave the researchers great

inspiration in making this study successful.

Likewise, deep gratitude and appreciation to their friends, classmates and family

who are always with them to lighten their burdens, in times of needs and difficulties,

their support and understanding during the conduct of the study.