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1
ri uqiqjl jgmsgdj
Wmkkao fudfydÜá
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yeoskaùu fudkrd., osia;%slalfha m%Odk wdr®Ól fNda.h f,i;a m%Odk wdodhï
udr®.h f,i;a osia;%slalh mqrd jHma; j mj;sk Wla Ydlh ms<sn|j yd
wOhdmksl jákdlulska hqla; mr®fhaIkd;aul wOHhkhla fuu .%ka:h
uÕska bosrsm;a lsrsug Wmkkao fudfydÜÜ uy;d W;aidy f.k we;
úfYaIfhka Wla Ydlh ms<sn|j yd iSks ksIamdokh ms<sn|j;a úoH;aul
j meyeos,s lsrsula" fï uÕska is¥ flfr® fï ms<sn|j wOHhkfha
fhfok isiq orejkag;a fï ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk jeâysá whg;a
õHdmdrsl m%cdjg;a" f.dú ck;djg;a tlfia jeo.;a iSks ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh úia;r lrkqfha Wla Ydlfha WoaNso úoH;aul kdufha isg h'
iSks ksIamdok l%shdj,sh b;d ixlSr®K jQjls' th wdOqkslfhl=g myiqfjka
f;areï .; yels whqrska meyeos<s lsrsu w.h l< hq;a;ls'
fï l=vd .%ka:h uÕskaa iSks lr®udka; Yd,dfõ l%shdldrs;ajh tlska tl
õia;r lsrsu wOHdmkh ,nk isiq orejkag uy;a m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
fi!kaor®hd;aul jia;=jla mdGl is;a .kakd whqrska j“kd lsrsu uy;a
wisre lreKls' lr®udka; Yd,djl wNHka;rsl l%shdldrs;ajh úia;r
lsrsu Bg;a wisre lreKls' Wmkkao fudfydÜÜ uy;d tu wisre;dj
ch .ksñka ieug m%fhdackj;a whqrska fuu l=vd .%ka:h mdGl w;g
m;a lsrsug lghq;= lsrsu m%YxikSh lghqq;=hs'
fldÜGdYh Ndr wOHmk wOHCI
isrsjr®Ok osidkdhl
fldÜGdY wOHdmk ldr®hd,h
nq;a;,
3
lr®;Df.ka'''''''''''''''''
mdi,a orejka ;=< o" úoHdj yd ;dCIKsl õIhhka yodrk
wdOqkslhkaf.a o" ;dCIK l=i,;d jeâoshqKq lr .ekSu i|yd"
wjYH oekqu ,nd.ekSug iajNdIdfjka ,shù we;s fmd; m; w,am
h' fuys myiqfjka f;areï.; yels mrsos woshfrka wÈhr ir,
úia;rhla wvx.= lr we; tu ksid th hï ;rñka fyda
uÕyrjd,Su i|yd ud úiska ilia lrk ,o fï lD;sh bjy,a
fõ h hs woyia lrñ'
4
m%Kduh
mdi,a wOHmkfhka ud fmdaIKh l< w;=r,sh uy õÿy,a uEKshkag"
f;da,x.uqj ueos uy õÿy,a uEKshkag iy me,aj;a; iSks
lrudka;dh;khg''''
ia;+;sh fldgfkˆfõ m[a[r;k .re iajdóka jykafiag'''''(
l<uKdldr md,s; fm%au;=x. ue;s;=udg'''
m%ikak fm%aur;ak" ta nd,iQœrsh" uyskao chisxy" fldai, .uf.a" Wmq,a
lrekdr;ak" bkaosl lgq.y " ysrdka" .dñKSs f.dvf.a hk uy;ajrekag'''
iy
fidaÿm;a lshùfuka ud yg iyh jQ reyqKq úYajúµ,fha udkj Ydia;%
yd iudÔh ú» mSGfha isxy, úfYaIfõ§ fo jk mx;s f.!rj Wmdèhla
,o tÉ' tï' ,laud,s m%shx.sld fyar;a fukúhg iy fi!kaor®h
úYajúµ,fha ^f;jk jir& tï' B' iqfndaOd ueKsfla fukúhg;a udf.a
úfYaI ia;=;sh msßkuñ'
5
Wla Ydlh Sugar cane
ielarï T*siskdreï Sacrum officinarum
hk WoaNso úoH;aul kdufhka yÿkajkq ,nk WlaYdlh ksjr®;k
l,dmfhys jefvk .%eñfka fyj;a ;DK l=,hg wh;a tal îc m;%S
Ydlhls' ;ka;= uq,a moaO;shlska iukaú; jk w;r m÷rla f,i
j¾Okh fõ' LKavkh fkdfyd;a mqrela f,i fjka jQ l|ka 20 isg 30
muK tl m÷rl oel .; yelsh' mqrela folla w;r msysgd we;s
.egh u.ska kj Ydlhla m%frdayKh lr .; yelsh' Wla j.dj" ol=Kq
wdishdfõ nqreuh" Ökh" bkaoshdj" Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, jHdma; j
we;' uq,a ld,j, oS fuu Ydlh fl£ iy hqI ,nd .ekSu i|yd
m%fhdackhg f.k we;s w;r óg Y; jr®I 400 lg muK fmr o
Ökfha j.djla f,i ;sî we;s nj i|yka fõ' tfy;a f,dalfha fuh
j.djla f,i jHdma; jQfha b;d fiñka h'
óg jir 5000 g fmr W;=re bkaoshdj iy mlsia;dkh hk rgj, iSks
iaMál yuq jS we;s njg idlaIs we;' wdos ñksid úiska fuu Ydlfhka
hqI ,nd .ekSu msKsi jxf.ä fuda,a.ia Ndú; l< o wo jk úg th
ñksia Y%uh u.ska" i;=kaf.a Y%uh u.ska" i;=kaf.a Wmldrfhka c,
Yla;sh u.ska" ,Sjr l%u u.ska" wdoS f,ig l%ufhka úldYkh ù wo
jk úg c, jdIam n,fhkaa l%shdlrk weUreï hka;%h olajd meñK
we;'
1868 jr®Ifha oS m%:u jdIam weUreï hka;%h cefuhsld rfÜ oS ia:dms;
lrk,oS'
wUrd .kakd ,o Wla hqIj, c,h bj;a lsrSu i|yd uq,ald,j, oS ueá
;dÉÑ Ndú; l, njg idlaIs we;' tfy;a fuh l%ufhka oshqKq ú f,day
;dÉÑ" jdIamSlrK Wªka" ßla;l Wªka" iy oaú;aj ldr®h jdIamSlrk
Wªka njg wo jk úg úldYkh ù we;'
6
Wla Ydl jr®. Varieties Wiia fouqyqï w;ayod ne,sïj,ska wk;=re j f,dalh jfÜ fouqyqï
wdh;k msysgqjk ,os' tu rgj,a f,i Java, Indiya, Babado, fvurdrd
i|ykaj we;'
fuu rgj,ska y¥kajd oS we;s Ydl úfYaI kdulrKh i|yd tu rgj,a
y¥kajk kfuys uq,a wl=re fhdod f.k we;' WodyrK f,i my;
i|yka úfYaI .; yel'
B – Babados Co – Coimbatore CB – Campos , Brazil CP – Canal Point Florida NCO – Bred in Coimbatore, selected in Natal
kj Ydl ìyslr .ekSu wNsckkh uOHia:dk yryd isÿ fõ fuys oS
WlaYdlj, mqIam yg .ekSug i,iajd tuÕska ,efnk îc m%frdayKh
lr tys f;dr;=re reia lr .kq ,efí' fuu Ydlj, ,CIK uõYdlhg
fnfyúka wiudkh' fufia ,efnk Ydl w,sx.sl m%ckk l%uhla jk
jr®Ol m%pdrK l%uh u.ska wjqreÿ wgla muK kej; kej; m%frdayKh
lrñka tys f;dr;=re reialr .kq ,efí' fuys oS wmg WÑ; ,CIK
f,i iSks iy ;ka;= wvx.= m%udKh" wiajkq fk,Sfï yelshdj" f,v
frda.j,g iy kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj" lDñ m%;sfrdaë;djh"
iS;, iy WKqiqu i|yd olajk m%;spdr" Ydl NCIl i;=ka jk w,shd"
W!rd" óhd wdoS i;=kaf.ka jk ydksh hk lreKqj,ska wju ydksh we;s
WÑ; Ydl muKla f;dard kj Ydlhla f,i jHdma; flfr®'
Co 775 K7130 My 5565 Co997 Co527
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8
Wla j.dj The Sugar Cane Plant Wla j.dj fj<| fNda.hla f,i rgj,a 75 l muK jHdma; j we;'
fuu.ska ksmojd .kakd ,o iSks udkjhdf.a Yla;s Pkkh i|yd
wdydrhla f,i Ndú;hg .efka'
r;= ¥Uqre mi Wla j.dj i|yd b;d WÑ; jqj;a ;rul je,sf,dau mfia
isg ;o ueá mi olajdu Wla Ydlh fydÈka jr®Okh lr .; yel'
ridhksl jYfhka WodiSk jQ mi j.dj i|yd b;du fhda.Hh jqj;a
;rul wdï,sl mil fyda ;rul NdIañl mi o Wla j.dj i|yd
fhda.Hh fõ'
je,s wOÞl mi;a" ueá wÈl mi;a" iy ,jK wÈl mi o fuu j.dj
i|yd fhda.H fkd fõ'
Lksc ,jKj,ska wkQk jQ r;= ¥Uqre mi iy weÆúh,a mi fuu j.dj
i|yd b;du WÑ; fõ' weÆúh,a mi my;a ìï m%foaYj, § muKla
±lsh yels ksid tys § fyd¢ka P, jykh is¥ fkd jk ksid;a .egˆ
u;= úh yel'
jdr®Isl jr®Idm;kh ñ'ó 1500 muK jk úh<s l,dmfha fuu j.dj
b;d idr®:l j l< yels h'
úh<s l,dmfha m<d;a lsysmhlska ,nd.;a jdr®Isl jr®Id m;kj, idudkHh w.h my; ±lafõ
idudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajdidudkHh jr®Id m;kh ñ ó ld,h 1975 isg 1986 olajd
udi lka;f,a ysÕ=rdk fijk., me,aj;a; ckjdß 100100100100''''1111 120120120120''''9999 38383838''''3333 108108108108''''4444 fmnrjdß 47474747''''4444 74747474''''9999 80808080''''8888 94949494''''91919191 udr®;= 10101010''''6666 69696969''''3333 157157157157''''5555 180180180180'67676767 wfma%,a 115115115115''''5555 70707070''''4444 143143143143''''5555 190190190190'13131313 uehs 103103103103''''5555 71717171''''6666 138138138138''''0000 75757575'55555555 cqks 41414141''''0000 26262626''''4444 39393939''''9999 18181818'86868686 cQ,s 124124124124''''9999 45454545''''7777 20202020''''3333 43434343'61616161 wf.daia;= 73737373''''3333 30303030''''0000 33333333''''8888 41414141''''84848484 iema;eïnr® 159159159159''''4444 78787878''''0000 63636363''''0000 69696969'7777 Ulaf;daïnr® 256256256256''''3333 128128128128''''3333 207207207207''''3333 227227227227'6666 fkdjeïnr® 357357357357''''5555 235235235235''''7777 33333333''''25252525 360360360360'05050505 foieïnr® 268268268268''''0000 365365365365''''8888 16161616''''81818181 165165165165'54545454
jdr®Isl 1748174817481748''''5555 1317131713171317''''0000 1423142314231423''''0000 1568156815681568
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ìïilia lsrSu Land preparation
le,Ej bj;a lrk ,o bvï Wla j.dj i|yd iqÿiq h' fuys oS
m<uqfjka u fikaá ógr® 50 muK .eUqrg nqre,a lrk kÕ=, uÕska
mi nqre,a lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí' fuys oS mi hg ;sfnk .,a iy uq,a
u;=msgg meñfKa' bka wk;=re j ;eá k.=, Ndú;fhka mi fmr,Su;a
l+re kÕ=, uÕska leg fmdä lsrSu;a isÿ lr .kq ,efí wk;=re j
bvu fldgiaj,g fjka lsrSu i|yd iy fidaodmdˆj j<lajd .ekSu
i|yd ifudaÉp fr®Ldj,g wkqrEm j mia jeá iy ldKq moaO;sh o
m%jdyKh i|yd udr®. o ilia lrkq ,efí' wjidk jYfhka ifudaÉp
fr®Ldj,g wkql+, j fikaá ógr® 50 muK .eUqrg V wlaIrfha
yevhg ldKq ilia lr;s' fuu ldKq folla w;r mr;rh ógr® 1'5
muK fõ'
îc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .eîc Wla.ia ,nd .ekkkkSuSuSuSu Seed CaneSeed CaneSeed CaneSeed Cane udi yhla wgla muK jhie;s ksfrda.S iqÿiq m%fNaohla f;dard f.k th
mqrela ;=k ne.ska isák f,ig lmd fjka lr.kq ,efí fuu len,s
os,SrkdYlhl .s,ajd wk;=re j fikaá f.%aÜ wxYl 50 WIaK;ajhla
hgf;a meh folla muK msrsisÿ c,fha .s,ajd ;ïnd.kq ,efí' bka
wk;=re j m%d:ñl ;jdkl fuh isgqjkq ,efí fuu ;jdkg udi wgla
muK jhi .sh miq tu j.dj lmd oaú;Sl ;jdkl m%frdayKh lrKq
,efí
oaú;Sl ;jdkg jhi udi wgla .;jQjhska miq jdKsc j.djka i|yd
îc ksl=;a lsÍu l< yel'
îc Wla.ia isgqúu Seed Cane Plantation
îc Ydl mqrela ;=k ne.ska isák f,i lmd os,Sr kdYl ødjKhl
.s,ajd isgq ùu i|yd .kq ,efí fuu îc len,s fo fma,s l%uhg fydaa
tlyudr l%uhg V wlaIr ldKq ;=< w;=rd ksr®foaYs; fmdfydr jk
Urea, Triple Super Phosphate, M.O.P wjYHh ud;%djg fhdod fikaá
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ógr® 5 muK jefik f,ig miaj,ska jikq ,efí' jeisiuh wdrïNh;a
iu. isgqùu fyda jdrs l%u u.ska c, iïmdokh lsÍfuka osk ody;rla
we;=<; kj Ydl m%frdayKh lr .; yel'
fmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Sufmdfydr fhosu" mia ±óu iy j,a fk<Su fertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weedingfertilization and Weeding
� isgqùfïaos � isgqjd udi ;=kla .sh miq � isgqjd udi yhla .sh miq
j.djg je<fok frda. iy m<sfndaOlhska Diesease and Pests
1 Sugar Cane Mosaic Virus
ffjria frda.hla jk fuh iS;, ld,.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a jHma; fõ'
m;%j, wjr®K fr®Ld jeks ,CIK oelsh yel' m%Ndixiaf,aIKh wvqùu
ksid iSks m%;sY;h wvq fõ'
2 Ratoon Stunting Disease
nelaàrshd frda.hla jk fuh úh<s ld,.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a jHma; fõ'
isgqjk îc Wkqj;=r m%;sldrl l%uj,g fhduq lsrSu uÕska frda.h
j<lajd .; yel
3 Sugar Cane rust
4 Sugar Cane Smut os,Sr frda.hla jk fuh j.djg úYd, ydks f.k fokakls' frda.h
wdidokh jq Ydlfha w.%ia:fhka l+rla wdldrhg fldgila my,g keñ
jr®Okh fõ' fuys lˆmdg iqnq,a jeks frda.s îcdkaY+ka úYd, m%udKhla
;sfnKq ±lsh yel' tajd iq<Õ iuÕ me;sÍ f.dia fjk;a Ydl u;
m;s; ú frda.h jHdma; fõ' frda.S Ydl ;DK m÷rl wdldrhg ñáù
úkdY ù hhs
5 Leaf Scald
6 Downy Mildew
11
7 Red Rot
8 Sugar Cane Grasse Shot Disease
lDñ iy m<sfndaOlhska Insect and Pests 9 l|ka úosk mKqjka 10 l=reñkshdf.a tla wjia:djla 11 fõhd
12 Pyrilla 13 ;DK iy m<,a m;%
jr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.djjr®Okh iy j.dj Growth and CultureGrowth and CultureGrowth and CultureGrowth and Culture
WlaYdlh" uq,a l| iy m;% jYfhka fldgia ;=klska iukaú; h' ;ka;=
jYfhka me;sfrk uQ, uKav,h l| uq,a lr f.k is¥fõ' fuh fikaá
ñgr® 50 isg fikaá ógr® 150 olajd m%foaYhl úys oS ;sfnkq ±lsh
yel' mfia ;;a;ajhka jk ueá wvx.= m%udKh" fndrˆ wvx.= m%udKh"
fmdaIH modr®: iy c,h wvx.= ia:dk wkqj fuh ;SrKh fõ' mqrela
moAO;shlska hq;a taldldr isyska os. l| ógr® 2 la muK Wi fõ'
mqrella fjkaúu .eg u.ska isÿfõ' l| jfÜ iú Yla;sfhka jeä bá
ia:rhlska wdjrKh jQ fmd;a;la msysghs' lf|a jg m%udKh ñ,s ógr®
80 muK jk w;r' idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a w;= fnoSula olakg fkd
yelsh' uD¥ia;r ffi, jeâ m%uKhlska iEoS we;s mQrl mglhlska l|
ksr®udKh ù we;' Ydlfha by<ska we;s w.%ia: úNdclfhka w¨;ska
ffi, tlafjñka l| Wiska jeâjk kuq;a leïìhula fkd msysàu
fya;=fjka uy;ska jeâùula is¥ fkd fú' tl mqrellg tl m;%h ne.ska
msysghs' lf|a by<ska w¨;ska fld<mdg m;% tl;= jk w;r my<ska we;s
¥Uqre meye .ekajqKq úh<s m;% bfíu .e,ù bj;a fõ' kj Ydl ìysùu
Ydlfha uq,ska yg .kakd fudfrhshkaf.ka u is¥ jk w;r th jeis
,efnk ´kEu ld,hl is¥úh yel' fijk fyda wèl P,h we;s
ia:dkj, fuu Ydlh fyd£ka jr®Okh fkd fõ' nyq jdr®Isl Ydlhla jk
fuys tl m÷rl õõO jhia iSudj, Ydl ;sfnkQ oelsh yels h' wêl
úh<s ld<.=K ;;a;aj hgf;a oS Ydlfha m;%j,ska c,h jdIam f,i
12
msgùhdu fyj;a W;aiafõokh wju lsrSug m;%
,enqK jydu mdr®Yaõl wxl=r jr®Okh
iqlafriqlafriqlafriqlafrdadadadaiiiia kïka y÷kajk iSks jr®.h Ydlfhks' Y%S ,xldfõ ´kEu m%foaYhl j.dl< yelss fuu Ydlh jr®Idm;k
ógr® 1500 ;a 2000 ;a w;r jQ fudKrd.," w
wkqrdOmqrh hk õh<s foaY.=Khla mj;sk oSia;%slalj, fyd
l< yels h' oekg lr®udka;Yd,d msys
msysá lka;f,aa" wïmdr osia;%slalfha
osia;%slalfha msysá fijk., iy me,aj;a; hk ia:dk
fïjdhska me,aj;a; iy fijk., muKla
oekg ksIamdok lghq;= lrf.k hk w;r wfkla lr®udka;Yd,d
jk õg ksIamdok lghq;= is¥ fkd fõ
Wla j.dìul or®YKhla
okh wju lsrSug m;% õh<Sh hss' kej;;a jeis
l wxl=r jr®Okh ù w;= fnÿk iajrEmhla .kS'
.h fjka lr .kq ,nkafka fuu Wla
aYhl j.dl< yelss fuu Ydlh jr®Idm;kh ñ,s
jQ fudKrd.," wïmdr" ;%sl=Kdu,h" iy
h<s foaY.=Khla mj;sk oSia;%slalj, fyd£ka j.d
h' oekg lr®udka;Yd,d msysgqjd we;af;a ;%sl=Kdu, osia;%slalfha
osia;%slalfha msysá ysÕ=rdfkaa" fudKrd.,
fijk., iy me,aj;a; hk ia:dkj,;a muKs'
jdhska me,aj;a; iy fijk., muKla
lrf.k hk w;r wfkla lr®udka;Yd,dj, fï
õ'
Wla j.dìul or®YKhla
13
14
f.dnh
uq¥k
m;%
.egh iy m;% le<, m;% ;,h
mqrel
m;% fldmqj
l|
uõ Ydlh
uQ, uKav,h
WlaYdlh
Ydl l|
wei msysgd ;sfnk we,sh
15
.a,Qfldaia iy mDlafgdaia iSks Glucose and fructose
iQr®hdf,dalfhys wvx.= Yla;sh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka jdhqf.da,Sh
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ^Co2& iy mfika ,nd .kakd c,h Ydl m;%j, we;s
yrs;m%oj, Woõfjka .aÆQfldaia njg mrsjr®;kh lsrSfï ixlSr®K
l%shdj,sh m%Ndixiaf,aIKh hs' fufia ksmofjk .aÆfldaiaaj,ska fldgila
Ydlfha cSj l%shd i|yd fhod .kakd w;r" b;srs fldgi c,fha osh ù
Ydlfha maf,dahu mgl Tiafia my<g .uka fldg .a,Qfldaia wKq tlla
iy mDlafgdaia wKq tlla ne.ska tla Ö iqlafrdaia iSks wKq f,iska
lf|a ixÑ; mglfha ffi,j, we;s rsla;l ;=< ;ekam;a fõ'
m%Ndixiaf,aIKfha w;=re M,hla jk Tlaiscka ^02& jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia
fõ' fuu jdhqj uÕska msrsis¥ jd;dY%hla we;s lrhss' fï wkqj
ksIamdos;fhka jeâ m%udKhla Ydlfha jr®Okh i|yd m%fhdackhg .kS'
jeis iys; ld,j,oS .fia mqrela oslaùu" w¨;ska m;% yg .ekSu" w¨;ska
fudfrhshka jr®Okh lr .ekSu wdosh oel .; yels h' úh<s ld,h
t<USu;a iuÕ u .fia jr®Okh wvqlrñka ksIamdos; .aÆfldaia ixõ;
mgl lrd f.k f.dia .a,Qfldaia wKq tlla iy mDlafgdaia wKq tlla
ne.ska tl;= ù tl iqlafrdaia iSks wKqjla ^C12H22O11) ne.ska iE§
ixÉ; mglfhys ;ekam;a fõ' fuu ;ekam;a ùu" lfoa uq, isg by<g
l%udKql=,j isÿfõ' jeis iuh wdrïN ùu;a iu. fufia ;ekam;a jq
iqlafrdaia" Ydl tkaihsuj, l%shdfjka c,úÉfPaokh ù kej;;a
.aÆfldaia iy mDlafgdaia wKq iEoS Ydlfha jr®Okh i|yd m%fhdackhg
.kS'
Ydl iy i;aj rdcOdksj, mrsjD;a;Sh l%shdfõ jeo.;a
fufyjrla bgqlrkq ,nkafka ir, iSks jr®. jk .a,Qfldaia iy
mDlafgdaia uÕsks' Ydlj, fõ.j;a jr®Okh we;s fldgiaj, .a,Qfldaia
idkaøKh jeämqr ;sfnKq oel .; yels h'
.a,Qfldaiaj, .arEï wKqlNdrh 180'2 muK fõ' tys >K;ajh 1'544 lss'
øj wxlh fi f.%a wxYl 146 fõ' lhs/,a jk wKqjls' ;,O%eú;
16
wdf,dalh yuqfõ Ok N%uKhla fmkakq
,CIK fmkakqï l<;a ;,O%eú; w
fmkakqï lrhs
iqlafrdaia wKqj
Wla Ydlfha fldgiaj, ixÑ; ldfndayhshqI úYaf,aIKh u.ska ^ ñ '.a $ ñ' ,S &
Ydl fldgi msIagh
m;% ;,h 11.1 40 0.32
m;% fldmqj 4.3 38.6 0.05
frda,a jq oˆqj 2 48.2 0.09
lfoa w. 1.6 47.6 0.08
w. fi us 60 14 69.3 0.07
fojk fi ó 60
14.8 71.3 0.06
;=kajk fi ó 60
17.8 73.6 0.04
i;rjk fi ó 60
19.5 71.1 0.03
lemSfuka b;srs 9.3 65.3 0.07
uq,a 1.3 27.2 0.00
uereK fld< 4.3 37.1 0.00
Ok N%uKhla fmkakqï lrhs' mDlafgdaia o by;
; wdf,dalh yuqfõ >DK N%uKhla
ia wKqj
yhsäfâ%Üia ix>gl m%udKhka ' ,S &
msIag
0.32 5.4 7.72 3.75 6.76
0.05 4.03
14.2 3.33 5.92
0.09 5.58
6.85 7.56 13.6
0.08 5.9 14.82 12.94 17.52
0.07 1.81
130.46
6.88 9.84
0.06 1.45
154.88
5.38 6.08
0.04 1.47
181.85
3.63 4.04
0.03 1.30
185.10
3.06 2.80
0.07 2.08
152.50
3.01 5.94
0.00 1.28
008.76
1.25 2.50
0.00 5.42
000.00
0.00 0.00
17
Ydl m%Ndixiaf,aIKh Photosynthesis
Ydl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõYdl ffi,hl iajrEmh my; oelafõ
wxl=rh
w.%ia: wxl=rh
O2
Co2
18
ffi,h <má wjia:dfõ iïmQr®K f,
jr®Okhùu;a iuÕ u fuys mrsudj
ffi, ma,diaufha jeäùu thg iudkqmd;sl
m<uqfjka ffi,fha wvx.= j ;snqKq f
ffi,h ;=< fnoS hEu ksid ffi,h iïmQr
ma,diaufhka msrS fkd f.dia ysia wjldY yg
.kS fuu wjldY rSla;l f,i y¥kajkq ,efí
.Kkla ffi,hla ;=< ;sìh yel'
fuu ffi, w.%ia:fha msysá úNdcl mglfha msysgd ;sf
ffi,hl msg;ska u ffi, ì;a;sh;a wk;=re
we;=<; ffi, ma,diauh iy tys .s,S we;s kHIa
f.d,a.sfoay" yrS; ,jh" iuÕ b;d
we;=<;a jqkq iSks iy msg;ska uOH iQia;r o
K f,i ffi,ma,diaufhka msrS ;sfí'
lsysm .=Khlska jeä fõ' tfy;a
ma,diaufha jeäùu thg iudkqmd;slj is¥ fkd fõ tu ksid
qKq ffi, ma,diauh m%udKh úYd, jq
ffi,h ;=< fnoS hEu ksid ffi,h iïmQr®K jYfhka ffi,
f.dia ysia wjldY yg
kajkq ,efí' fïjd tlla fyda jeâ
mglfha msysgd ;sfí' idudkHhfhka
;a;sh;a wk;=re j ma,diau mg,h;a
ffi, ma,diauh iy tys .s,S we;s kHIagsh" uhsgfldkaâ%hd"
b;d úYd, u,a,la jeks rsla;lhl
we;=<;a jqkq iSks iy msg;ska uOH iQia;r o ;sfnkq oelsh yels h'
19
Wla Ydlfhys udi tllg mqrela fol
ne.ska jr®Okh ùula olakg yels fõ' fï wkqj fydoska r;= meye
.ekajqKq mqrela 24 muK we;s Ydlhla udi fod<y blau jq Ydlhla
f,i ;SrKh l< yel ta wkqj wiajkq fk<Su wdrïN lrkq ,efí'
Wla .fia m;% fyd|ska jr®Okh fjñka we;akï iy fld< lsysmhla
bj;a lr w¨;ska yg .kakd mqrelaj, os. ii|d ne,su uÕska tu
Ydlh ;ju;a jefvñka mj;sk Ydlhla o fudard we;s Ydlhlao hkak
;SrKh l< yel' õh<s ld,h meñfK;a u Ydlfha m;% b;d iS>%fhka
fudard õh<s ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu wdrïN fõ' w,q;ska yg .kakd
mqrelaj, os. m%udKh o flá fõ' fï wkqj Ydlh ms<sn| j o<
woyila ,nd .ekSug mq̂ jk'
Wla j.dlr we;s bvulska wyUq f,i imhd .;a Wla Ydl lsysmhla
,ndf.k tajd uq," ueo" w." jYfhka fldgia ;=klg lmd fjkalr
tys wvx.= hqI fjka fjka jYfhka ,ndf.k tys idkaøKhka iy osh ù
we;s iqlafrdaia m%udKhka fidhd n,kqq ,efí' fuu w.hkaf.ka jeâu
w.h uq, fldgig;a B,. w.h ueo fldgig;a wvqu w.h by< u
fldgig;a ,efí' uq, fldgig idfmaCI j by< fldgi orK
wkqmd;fha m%;sY;h 80 isg 100 w;r w.hla .kafka kï tu Ydlh
fudard we;s nj ;SrKh l< yel'
wiajekak fk<Su HARVESTING jhi ;SrKh lr .ekSu
Ydlh fudardwe;snj ;SrKh lr .ekSu
WmlrK Ndú; fldg mrSCId lsrSu
20
fylaghdr® tll j.d ìula kï" tys jr®. ógr® 10000 l íï
m%udKhla we;' isgqjd we;s Wla fma<s folla w;r mr;rh ógr® tl
yudrla kï tu bvfuys osla ógr® 6667 l wla fkr ;sìh yel'
j.d ìfuys tl fma<shla osf.a ógr® oyhl os.la wyUq f,i fjka lr
f.k tys wvx.= jk Wla Ydl .Kk;a wyUq f,i lmd.;a .ia
lsysmhl Wi iy tys nr;a fidhd .ekSu uÕska tu bvfuka ,efnk
o< wiajekak ;srKh l< yel'
WodyrKhla (-
Wla .ia lsysmhl Wi uek" nr o lsrd .kak' ta wkqidrfhka tl
ógrhl nr .Kkh lr.kak' tfukau fma,sfhys ógrhla Èf.ys
wvx.= .ia m%udKh o .kkh lr w.hhka ,nd .kak' Wi ógr® 2 ls'
nr .arEï 700 ls' Wla .ia m%udKh 10 ls'
,efnk wiajekak
fu fgdka } 6667‹10‹2‹700›1000} 93
wdikak jYfhka ,efnk fuu w.h uÕska wh iy jeh ms<sn|j uQ,sl
woyila ,nd.; yel'
by; lreKq imqrd .;a bvula wiajkq fk<Su i|yd iq¥iq lï ,nd
we;'
• ,xldfõ ñksia Y%uh fhdod .kSñka wiajkQ fk<Su is¥lrkq ,efí'
wiajkq fk<Su i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk msysh m<,ska jeä os.ska o jeä
fl,jr kuk ,o úfYaIs; jQ msys úfYaIhls' fyd|ska j.d l< bvulska
tla ïksfil=g osklg Wla fgdka tlla muK lemsh yels h' j,a ìysù
we;s bvul oS fuu m%udKh fjkia úh yel' wosl j j,a ìysù we;s
úg tu bvï .sks ;nd wiajkq fk<Su isÿ lrkq ,efí tfy;a tuÕska
ydks isÿjk wjia:d o we;'
bvfuka ,efnk wiajekak fldmuKfõoehs ;SrKh lr .ekSu
21
.skakla yg .ekSug uQ,sl jk l%shdldrlu is¥lrkq ,nkafka ñksid
õiska u h' th ¥ï jeáhla fyda fjk;a wkqjK l%shdldrlul
m%;sM,hls'
Wla j.d ìula w;s úYd, m%udKhlska úh<s fld< f.dv.eiS ;sfnKq
oelsh yels h' tfia fyhska iq̂ fjka fyda yg .kakd .skak ;;amr
.Kklska uyd úYd, .skakla njg m;aùug .;jkAfka b;d iq̂
ld,hls' fuys oS W;amdokh jk ;dm Yla;sh w;s õYd, h' tuÕska
wjg mrSirfhys we;s ish¨ u cSù Ydl ms<siaiS hhs' Wla j.dfõ
Ydlj,ska fldgila oeù õkdY ù hhs b;srsjk Ydlj, c,h wêl
f,i r;aùu ksid tu Ydlj, ffi, wcSõ fõ' tu fya;=j ksid Ydlh
miqj fyda kej; jr®Okh ùula olakg fkd yels h' Wla Ydlfha
wdrCIdjg l| jfÜg ;=kS bá ia:rhla ;sfnKq oelsh yels h' b;du
iAj,am jQ ;dm m%udKhlska jQj o fuu bá ia:rfhys ieleiau fjkia
õh yels h tys m%;sM,hla f,i Ydl lfoa we;=<; we;s c,h msg;g
jdIamù hhs' msg; jdhqf.da,fha isák ffjria nelaàrshd os,Sr jeks
CIøcSùka ffi,;=<g rsx.d .kS' tys wvx.= iSks ødjKh meh õis
y;rla hkakg;a u;af;ka õfhdackh lr yrS' osk ;=klg miq uq̈ q
Ydlh u os,Sr uÕska wdidokh ù ;sfnKq oelsh yels h' fï wdldrhg
osk .Kkla miq jq õg Ydlh iõu;a mÜghl iajrEmhla .kS' B<.g
tk j.dfõ oS fuu ;;a;ajh ksid wiajkq fk<Su o wêl õhoï f.k
fok ;;ajhla jkq
we;'
Wla j.d ìul tu j.djg wu;r j õõO cSùka cSj;a fõ' tkï
l=re,q õfYaI" lDñ õfYaI" WrÕ õfYaI" weig fkd fmfkk i;=ka" iy
CISrmdhs i;=ka fudjqka ish¨ fokd u õkdâ .Kklska cSõ;CIhg m;a
.skak u.ska is¥fjk
.skak ksid j.djg jk ydksh
tu .skak ksid tu mrSir moaO;shg jQ ydksh
22
fõ' mrsir moAO;sfhys iu;=,s;;dj ìojeàug o fuu ;;a;aaajh
fya;=jla fõ fuh ñksidg Nhdkl m%;sM, f.kfokakls'
l=re¨ leoe,a,lg .sks weõˆKq õg tu ia:dkfhka by<g wefok
WKqiqï jdhq oyrd uÕska" .sks.;a leoe,a, by<g f.k f.dia fjk;a
ia:dkhl m;s; fõ' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka tu mrsirh;aa .sksn;a lr
ùulss'
lmd.kakd ,o Wla Ydl ñksia Y%uh iy megjqï hka;%h Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñka m%jdyk r:j,g mgjkQ ,efí' m%jdyk r: f,i g%elagr® r:
iy f,drs r: Ndõ; lrhs' g%elagr® r:hla uÕska Wla fgdka 5 isg 6
olajd;a" f,drS r:hla uÕska Wla fgdka 10 isg 12 olajd;a" m%jdykh
lrkq ,efí'
Wla m%jdykhg Ndõ; lrkq ,nkqfha g%elagr® r: iy f,drs r:hka h'
fuu jdykj, ndysrg újD; ù we;s m%foaYh fndfydaa jeÙh' m%jdykh
isÿlrk wjia:dfõ oS isÿ jk .eiaiSï iy meoaoSïj, m%;sM,h jYfhka
tys wvx.= Wla .ia tl fol ìug m;s; fõ' fïjd fjk;a jdykj,g
yiq ù ;e,S fmdäù hhs' fuuÕska isÿjk ydksh o úYd, fõ'
tl Wla Ydlhla os.ska ógr® 2 la muK fõ' tõg tys nr ls' .a' 1'4 ls
tys jákdlu remsh,a 1'75 ls tu.ska wysñ jk iSks m%udKh .a?ï
112 ls th ñksiqka oi fofkl=f.a idudkHh mrSfNdackhls'
idr®:l iSks wiajekakla fjka lr .ekSu i|yd ñ,oS .kq ,nk Wla
Ydl kshñ; m%ñ;sfhka hq;= j ;sîSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' udi fod<y
blaujq Ydl j, fyd| iSks m%;sY;hla wvx.= fõ' tfy;a wèl jhia
m%jdykh TRANSPORT
ñ,oS .ekSug m%:u lrkq ,nk ;;a;aj mrSCIKh
m%jdykfha oS isÿjk ydksh
23
.;ùu;a" mqIam yg .ekSu;a fya;=fjka tys wka;r®.; iSks m%udKhka
my< niS'
Ydlfha hqI mrSCId lsrSu uÕska iy Ydlhl wvx.= mqrela m%udKh
.Kkh lr .ekSu uÕska tys m%ñ;sh ms<sn| j woyila ,nd.; yel
fkd fïrE fldgia wvx.=j ;sîu o" úh<s Ydl m;%" fjk;a Ydl fldgia"
wmøjHh" iy .skakg yiq ù l,a bl=;a jq Ydl wdosh ms<sn| j fidhd
ne,Su uÕska b;d idr®:l isks ksIamdokhla l< yel'
lr®udka; Yd,djg Wla wiajekak ,efnk m%Odk udr®. ;=kls' tkï
me,aj;a; iSks lr®udka;dh;kh i;= flakaøSSh j;=hdh u.ska ,efnk
wiajekak" wdh;kh u.ska mj;ajdf.k hk lÜÜ lrejkaf.a j;=hdh
u.ska ,efnk wiajekak" iy msgia;r f.dõhkaf.a bvïh j,ska ,efnk
wiajekak'
lr®udka; Yd,dj
lr®®udka;Yd,dj ;=< is¥jk l%shdjka
flakaøSh j;=hdh
lÜÜ lrejkaf.a j;=hdh
msgia;r f.õhkaf.a
bvï
24
m%jdyk r: u.ska ,efnk ish¨ u
,enqk jydu tys boslr we;s lsreï uOHia:dkfha iõlr we;s mrS
uÕska nr igyka lr .kq ,efí'
fuys os úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhla we;
f.dúhdf.a ;rdos igyka m;%sldfõ we;
iïmQr®K lsrSuhs tu f;dr;=re f,i f.
m%foaYh wkqms<sfj, wxlh" jdyk wxl
;;a;ajmd,k wxYh uÕska ksl=;al< jdr®
hq;=h'
fuu úia;r wvx.= msgm;a lsysmhla ilid
wod, ia:dkj,g fhduqq lefr®'
nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu
weUÍu i|yd we;s Wla
u Wla wiajekak" lr®udka;Yd,djg
,enqk jydu tys boslr we;s lsreï uOHia:dkfha iõlr we;s mrS.Kl
hq;= lreKq lsysmhla we;' tkï Wla
we;s úia;rhg wkqj tu f;dr;=re
i f.dúhdf.a ku" iemhqïlref.a ku"
wxlh" oskh" iïmQr®K nr" ;dr nr"
ska ksl=;al< jdr®;dj" igyka wxlh" we;=<;al<
a lsysmhla ilid .; hq;= h' wk;=re j
nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu nr igykalr .ekSu
weUÍu i|yd we;s Wla
25
wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSks wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSks wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSks wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq osfkka osk tys wka;r®.;jk iSks
m%;sY;hm%;sY;hm%;sY;hm%;sY;h
by; ksrEmKh jkafka Wla wiajekak fk<d jdhq f.da,hg ksrdjrKh
jqjdg miq osfkka osk tys wvx.= ù we;s iSks m%udKh fõ'
fufia wvqùula fmkakqï lrkqfha" os,Sr" nelaàrshd" ffjria" wdidokh
fya;=fjka Ydlfha ;ekam;a iqlafrdaia" .aÆfldaia njg m;aù we;s njls'
cSù Ydl lmd osk lsysmhla .;jQjdg miq tu Ydlfha tkaihsu
l%shd;aul ù mdr®Yúl wxl=r m%frdayKh wdrïN fõ' fï i|yd wjYH
Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug ixõ; wdydr jk iqlafrdaia .aÆfldaia njg m;afõ'
wiajekak fkÆ õ.i weTrSug fhduq lsrSfuka by; ydksh wju lr
.; yels h'
26
g%elagr® r: uÕska m%jdykh lrkq ,nk
wiajekak fl,skau fmdaIl M,lh fy<kq ,ef
f,drS iy g%elagr® r:j, mgjd hlv nyd,qï
,o Wla wiajekak" õfYaI hka;%hl Wmldrfhka fm
,efí' fmdaIl M,lh wNHka;rfha o lsl
n%uKhjk wlaIhlg iú lrk ,os f.
moaO;shla we;'
fuh my; i|yka rEmfhka fmkakqï flfr®'
fmdaIl M,lh ,enqkq Wla wiajekak h
hgf;a Wla ordf.k hkq ,nk wdfrday
hlv máh lemqï hka;% fol háka
hlv máh u; wvx.=j ;ssfnk Wla
fjk;a uÕlg fhduq fõ'
weUrSu MILLING
fmdaIl M,lhg iemhSu
fmdaIl M,lh iy lsl¾
m%jdykh lrkq ,nk fgdka 5" 6 m%udKj,ska hq;a Wla
fy<kq ,efí'
hlv nyd,qï uÕska m%jdykh lrk
I hka;%hl Wmldrfhka fmdaIl M,lh fy<kq
fmdaIl M,lh wNHka;rfha o lsl¾ kïka y÷kajkq ,nk
os f.dvj,a ;=kS lsrsug yels hdka;%sl
ï flfr®'
ak hka;% l%shdlrjkakkaf.a wëCIKh
frdayl máhla u;g fy<kq we;' tu
áka N%uKh lrkq ,efí' túg tu
Wla Ydl ish,a, leã" fmdâù ;e,S"
MILLING
iemhSu FEED TABLE
27
by; oelafjk wdldrhg f,drs u.ska m%jdy
fmÜá" ,Sjr moaO;shla u.ska l%shdlrK hka;%hl wkqidrfhka fm
máhg fy<kq
N%uKh jk hlv máh
N%uKh jk máh
by; oelafjk wdldrhg f,drs u.ska m%jdykh lr.;a Wla wvx.= hlv
" ,Sjr moaO;shla u.ska l%shdlrK hka;%hl wkqidrfhka fmdaIl
,efí' N%uKh jk hlv máh
1
N%uKh jk máh
2
28
1 iy 2 lemqï hka;%
fuu N%uKh i|yd fhod.;a hlv m
ógr® 115'2 la o fõ' fuu máh tl jghla i
15 l muK ld,hla .; fõ' N%uKh i|yd w
lsrSug o is¥ù ;sfí'
lemqï hka;%h C
lemqï hka;%h ksr®udKh ù we;af;a wCIhla jgd Rcqfl
má 36 la fma<s yhlg isák f,i i
ógr® 1'6 l úIalïNhla orK is,slavrhl yevh .kS' w
N%uKh jk fujeks hka;% folla ;sfí
w;r wfkl oCIsKdjD; N%uKhla olajhss
hka;% folg háka .uka lsrSug yels jk mrs
wdjrKh lr we;'
lemqï hka;% miqlsrSu;a iuÕ Wla Ydl ish,a,
m;a fõ'
fuu N%uKh i|yd fhod.;a hlv máh m<,ska ógr® 1'8 la o os.ska
h tl jghla iïmQr®K ùu i|yd úkdâ
' N%uKh i|yd wèl Yla;s m%udKhla jeh
CUTTERS
we;af;a wCIhla jgd RcqfldaKdi%dldr hlv
k f,i iúlsrSfuks' fuh N%uKh jk úg
Nhla orK is,slavrhl yevh .kS' wêl fõ.fhka
í' tlla jdudjD; N%uKhla olajk
w;r wfkl oCIsKdjD; N%uKhla olajhss' Wla .ia /.;a máh fuu
ka .uka lsrSug yels jk mrso iõu;a hlv ;yvqj,ska
Wla Ydl ish,a, u frdvq f.dvla njg
29
tkï fuys we;af;a fi' ó' 10 la 15 muK jQ ;e,Sï" fmdäùï iy fl|s
njg m;a jQ Wla Ydl fldgia h' tkï Ydl ffi,j, ì;a;s jeä
m%udKhla újD; ù we;' fuu wjia:djg m;a jqjdg miq Wla hqI jeä
m%udKhla ,nd .; yel' fuu Ydl fldgia kshoshla ridhkd.drfha
we;s úfYaI WmlrK uÕska mrSCId lsrSfuka tys újD; ù mj;sk ffi,
m%udKh ksr®Kh lr.; yel tu w.h 65] muK fõ'
fuu nr orK wdfrdayl máh ^ MAIN CANE CARRIER MCC& kñka o
y÷kajkq ,efí' fuh m<,ska ógr® 1'5 la o os.ska ógr® 57 la o jk
jD;dldr .uka udr®.hl N%uKh jk rnr® máhls' fuys uOHhg
jkakg máhg by<ska úoHq;a pqïNlhla iú lr we;'
ieliq Wla iuÕ máh" úoHq;a pQïNlhg háka .uka lrhs' túg tyss
hläka ksujQ hï øjHla ;snqKfyd;a tkï oïje,a" msysh" weK jeks oE
by; úoHQ;a pqïnlh uÕska .%yKh lr.kq ,efí'
wk;=rej fuu ;ka;= njg m;a jQ Wla" ;e,qï hka;%hla jk
SHREDDER kñka y÷qkajkq ,nk WmlrKh ;=<sska .uka lrjkq ,efí'
fuh ksr®udKh ù we;af;a by; rEmfha we;s lemqï hka;%hg iudk
hka;%hla is,skavrhla ;=< fõ.fhka N%uKh lrjk wdldrhlskss' ;rula
¥rg ;ka;= njg m;a Wla Ydl fuu hka;%h ;=<ska .uka lrùfuka ;j
Wla m%jdykh lrk m%Odk máh yd úoHq;a jQïNlh
N%uKh jk rnr® máh
úoHq;a pqïNlh
ieliQ Wla
30
¥rg;a ;ka;= njg m;afõ' fuys oS jeâ m%udKhla Wla Ydl ffi,
õjD; fõ' tu m%udKh ishhg 85 la muK fõ' bka wk;=rej fl|s
fkdfyd;a ;ka;= njg m;a ieliQ fuu Wla weUreï uOHia:dkhg
shredder elevator fkdfyd;a wdfrdayl u.ska f.k hkq ,efí'
weUreï hka;%fhys ógr® 0'98 l úIalïNhla iys; iy os. ógr® 1'83
la jk hlv frda,a ;=kla iy Wmldrl frda,la ne.ska iukaú; fõ'
fuu hka;%fha by< frda, .shr® fmÜáhl wdOdrfhka turbine
;,nurhlg iïnkaOlr we;' fuu turbine yryd fi f.%aÜ wxYl 240
l WIaK;ajfha we;s c, jdIam live steam .uka lrjkq ,efí' fuys oS
turbine õkdählg N%uK jdr 3600 muK lrlefõ tuÕska ckkh jk
wèl Yla;sh .shr® moaO;sh yryd weUreï hka;%hg ,nd foa' túg
weUreï hka;%h õkdählg N%uK jdr 5'2 muK wvq iS>%;djhlska
N%uKh fõ' weUreï hka;%fha iEu frda,l u msg; mDIagh ñ'ó' 50
.eUqrg V wCIrh yevh orK we,s 35 ne.ska lmd we;' fufia lr
we;af;a ieliQ Wla iy frda,a w;r .efgk mDIaGh jeälr .ekSug h
;jo tu Ndysr mDIaGh úoHq;a pdm welding dots ;nd we;' fuuÕska Wla
iy frda,a w;r >r®IKh jeä ù jeä ffi, í;a;s m%udKhla újD; fõ'
fuu frda,aj,ska by< u frda,g uq¥ka frda, o" Wla we;=,a lrk frda,
fmdaIl frda, o" msgqmi frda, msgjk frda, o" f,i y¥qkajkq ,efí'
weUreï wxYh MILL HOUSE
weUreï hka;%h MILL
31
weUreï hka;%h MILL
32
B;, uÕska fmkajd we;s wdldrhg N%uKh jk frda,a w;rg ieliQ Wla
we;=,a l< úg tajd weUrS msgjk frda, w;rska my<g jefÜ tu
ia:dkfha we;s N%uKh jk wdfrdaylh uÕska kej;;a fo jk weUreï
hka;%h fj; fhduqlrkq ,efí'
tuÕska weUrS bj;a jk hqI fmdaIl frda,;a msgjk frda,;A w;rska hg
we;s mS,a,g tl;= fõ' th hqI we, hkqfjka y÷qkajkq ,efí' m<uq
weTreï hka;%fhka fjkajk Wla frdvqj,g fojk weUreï hka;%hg
fhuq lsrSug fmr thg ;=ka jk weUreï hka;%fhka wUrd bj;a lrk
,o hqI tlalr tuÕska f;;a lr wk;=re j th wdfrdayl má uÕska
fo jk weUreï hka;%h fj;g fhduq flfr®' by; wdldrhg fo jk
weUreï hka;%fhka bj;ajk Wla frdvqj,g y;r jk weUreï
hka;%fhka fjkajk hqI uÕska f;;alr ;=ka jk weUreï hka;%h fj;
fhduq lrkq ,efí' by; wdldrhg u fuu ia:dkfhka weUrS bj;ajk
Wla frdvq j,g P, ógrhla yryd .kakd ,o c,h tlalr y;r jk
weUreï hka;%fhka wjika weUrSu is¥lrkq ,efí' fuysoS msgjk frdvq
jdIam W÷fka oyk lghq;= i|yd m%fhdaPkhg .kq ,efí'
m<uq iy fo jk weUreï hka;% uÕska bj;alr .kakd hqIj,
idkaøKh b;d wêl h' hï ia:dkhl fïjd m;s; ù ;snqk fyd;a
jdhqf.da,fha we;s nelaàrshd iy os,Sr fïjd u; m;s; ù Tjqkaf.a cSjk
l%shdjka wdrïN lrhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i úYd, nelaàrshd iy os,Sr
>kdjdi f.dvkef.a' fuys fldgia hqI .uka .kakd k, udr®. Tiafia
f.dia l=yr jeks ia:dkj, ia:dk.; ù ks;r u w¨;a jk hqI iu.
Tjqkaf.a cSjl%shd wdrïN lrhs' tys w;=re ksIamdokhla f,i fmd,s;Ska
jeks f.da, iEoS ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' fïjd c,fha wødjH fuka u
>k;ajfhka o jeâ m%n, NIauj, muKla ødjKh jk øjHhls'
ødjKfha idkaøKh wˆyqKq jeks øjHla uÕska jeâ l< fyd;a by<g
weUrSfï hdka;%Kh
33
bms<Sula oelsh yels h' fuuÕska is
fy,Su;a k, udr®. wjysr ùu;a j<lajd
m<uq iy fo jk mS,sj,g tl;=jk hqI fmrd bjN%uKh jk is,skavrdldr fmfkarh ;=<g fhduq
hqI we;=,aùu
ka is¥jk ydksh jk iqlafrdaia ì|
lajd .; yels h'
j,g tl;=jk hqI fmrd bj;a lsrSu i|yd dldr fmfkarh ;=<g fhduq flfr®'
fmrd bj;a jk hqI je,s bj;a jk gexlshg f.khdu
N%uKh jk is,skavrh
34
fuuÕska fmrd bj;a jk Wla hqI" je,s bj;a lsrSug we
,efí' b;srs jk Wla frdvq fo jk weUre
f,i ilid we;'
hqIhqIhqIhqIj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%h
Wla hqIj, wvx.= øjH mrSCId lsrSu i|yd
ksmojd we;' tkï"
1' hqIj, osh ù we;s ødjHh wxY=j, idkaøK fidhd
REFACTOMETAR WmlrKh
2' tys wvx.= iSks m%udKh fidhd .ekSu i|yd
O%ejKudKh m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí'
Brix hkqfjka y÷qkajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj
.;aõg tys oshù we;s ødjHh wxY= nr wkqj fldgia .Kk
ridhkd.drfha ls%hdjka
je,s bj;a lsrSug we;s gexlshg hjkq
jk weUreï lÜg,hg weo yef,k
j, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%hj, wvx.= je,s bj;a lrk hka;%h
lsrSu i|yd õfYaI WmlrK folla
j, idkaøK fidhd .ekSu i|yd BRIX
.ekSu i|yd POLARI METAR fkdfyd;a
qkajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj ødjKh fldgia 100la
we;s ødjHh wxY= nr wkqj fldgia .Kk hs' tkï
ridhkd.drfha ls%hdjka
35
ødjKh fldgia 100la ødjHh wxY= fldgia 18'5la we;s nj;aa h' ^18'5
Brix hkqfjka y÷kajhs'& fuu ødjHh wxY= w;r iqlafrdaia" .a,Qfldaia"
mDlafgdaia" ,jK jr®. iy Wla Ydlfhys P,fha oshjk øjH wvx.=
h'
Pol hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka nr wkqj ødjKh fldgia 100l wvx.=
iqlafrdaia muKla wvx.= fldgia .Kk hs' tu w.h ks;ru Brix w.hg
wvq w.hla .kS' ^fuu WmlrK ms<sn| úia;rhla miq msfgys i|yka
fõ'&
c,h .a 57'12 oshjk øjHh .a 10'88
hqI .a 68 la wvx.=jk øjKfhys
Wla .a 100 u.ska ;ka;=uh øjHh .a15'36 iSka .a 0'64
jdIamSlrKfhka c,h .a 70 iSks iaMál .a 9'52
r;a lsrSu
36
je,s bj;a lsrSfï l%shdj,sfhka wk;=re j Wla hqI iSks fjka lr .ekSu
i|yd fhduq lrkq ,efí' m%:ufhka u nr lsÍfï tallh yryd .uka
lrùfuka ,efnk hqIj, nr .Kkh lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd
õfYaIfhka ilia l< WmlrKhla we;' th is,skavrhla hqI fgdka
3'26 uÕska msrS wjika jQjdg miq iu;=,s;;dj ì|Su fya;=fjka" õjD;
ùu;a ysia jQjdhska miq kej; jeiSu;a is¥ úh yels mrsÈ ;kd we;s
hka;%hls'
ishhg 76 muK c,h
ishhg 13 muK iqlafrdaia
ishhg 3 muK iSks fkd jk fjk;a øjHh
ishhg 0'5 muK wldnksl wˆ jr®.
ishhg 17 muK ;ka;= jr®.
hqI ñY%Kfhys mia" jr®Kl" uv" iy jdhq jr®. wvx.=jk ksid tu
ødjKh ,d wˆmdfÜ isg ;o fld<mdg jr®Khla .kS' fuys wka;r®.;
øjHh m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod fjka lr .; yel'
1' oshjk øjHh soluble matters
iqlafrdaia" .A,Qfldaia" mDlafgdaia" ldfndlai,sla weisÜ" ,jKjr®." weuhsfkda
weisfÜâ" fmdiafmaÜ" i,afmaÜ" is,sflaÜ" fidaähï khsÜfÜ%Ü" fmdgEishï"
le,aishï iy ue.akSishï'
2' wj,ïì; øjHh suspended matters
ishqñ ne.Eia l=vq" mia" bá" laf,dafrd*s,a" iy we,aìhqñka jr®.'
3' l,s, modr®: colloidal matte
mia" fïo" bá" fm%daàka" .ï" fmlaàka" gekska" jr®Kl øjHh'
Wla hqIj, nr lsrd .ekSu'
hqIj, wvx.= øjHh MIXED
37
uË iy l,s, iy; hqI ødjKh r;a lr fmrd .ekSu uÕska tys
wvx.= wmøjHh fjka lr .; yel'
.ï iy fmlaàka we;=ˆ j l,s, jr®. weUÍfï § ødjKhg tl;= fõ'
fuu ødjKhg wˆyqKq ouñka PH w.h 8'8 olajd jeälrf.k h;au
fmlaàka le,aishï fmlafÜÜ njg;a .ï jr®. wjfÌaamhla f,ig;a
;ekam;a fõ' fïjd o fmrd .ekSu u.ska bj;a lr .; yel'
ldnksl wï, wˆyqKq tl;= lsßu uÕska WodiSklr bj;a lr .; yel'
tfia fkdù iaMálSlrKh olajd u .uka .kakd wï, jr®. o we;'
le,aishï iy fidaähï ,jK uÕska ødjkfha oDiai%dù;dj viscosity
jeälrk w;r u iaMálSlrK fõ.h wvq lrkq ,efí' fndfyduhla
,jK wˆyqKq iu. wjfÌamjk w;ru iaj,amhla ,jK jr®.
fud,Eiia olajd .uka lrhs'
jr®Kl ldrl Colouring Matter
geksks jr®Klh wvx.= j mj;sk w;r ielßka yqKq iu. úYd,
leá;a;la ù wjfÌam fõ' fndfyduhla jr®Kl c,fha wødjHh jk
w;r tajd m%;sldrl uÕska bj;a fõ'
fïoh iy bá fats and waxes
bá jr®. idudkHh WIaK;ajfha oS osh fõ' fuh l,s,hla f,i ±l.;
yel'
nr igyka lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej r;a lsrsu wdrïN l< hq;= h'
tfy;a hqI wdï,sl udOHfhka iukaõ; ksid ^ pH w.h 5 muK jk&
wêl WIaK;ajhlg r;al< fyd;a iqlafrdaia" .a,Qfldaia njg m;a fõ'
fuh wju lr .ekSu i|yd m%:ufhka m%d:ñl ;dmlh yryd hjd
fi'f.%a' wxYl 65 ;a 70 ;a w;r WIaK;ajhlg r;a lr.kq ,efí'
wmøjHh bj;alr .kakd wdldrh
m%d:ñl ;dmlh
38
fuuÕska Ydl tkaihsuj, l%shdldrs;ajh o wek ysà' bka wk;=re j osh
lr idod .kakd ,o wˆ calcium hydrocarbo base yqKq tla lrñka
wdï,sl;dj WodiSk jk" tkï pH w.h 7'5 jk f;la wˆ yqKq tl;=
lrkq ,efí'
Wla hqI r;alsrSug m%:u my; i|yka f;dr;=re ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;= h' iSks .a,Qfldaia njg fmr<Sug n,mdk m%Odk lrekq ;=kls'
tkï"
1' WIaK;ajh 2' pH w.h 3' ld,h h'
WIaK;ajh
6 pH 6.2 pH
6.4 pH
6.6 pH
6.8 pH
7 pH
50c 0.001
0.00063
0.0004
0.00025
0.00016
0.0001
80c 0.033
0.021 0.013 0.0083
0.0052
0.0033
100c 0.21 0.13 0.084 0.053 0.034 0.021
120c 1.1 0.7 0.44 0.28 0.18 0.11
by; i|yka lreKqj,g wkqj fmkS hkafka wvq pH w.hla iys;j
jeä WIAK;ajhlg r;a lsrsfuka tys wvx.= iqlafrdaia úkdY jk njhs'
yqKq oshr uÕska WodiSk jq hqI ødjKh oaú;Shsl ;dmlh fj; we;=,a
fõ' tys we;s .uka uÕ wjika jk úg hqI ødjKh fi'f.%a' wxYl 110
g r;a ù we;' wk;=re j th msrsmy¥ gexlshg fhduq lrkq ,efì'
oaú;Shsl ;dmlh Secondry heater
39
;dmlhka yryd hqI mrsjy
ógr® 4 la Wi iy ógr® 2 l úIalï
wêl nrlska hq;a mshka follska jid we;af;a rnr® ;yvq u
frdaol jk whqrsks' by< mshk uÕska fldgq tllg ng 64la wvx.= jk
fia l,dm 15la wdjrKh lrkq ,nk w;r" tys hg mshk
wdldrhg u is¥ lrkq ,enqj;a fldgq 14 fjka lrmq wdldrfha fjkila
we;' fï wdldrfha ieliqulska n,dfmdfrd;a;=
we;=<; r;a lr .ekSug we;s uÕ osla lr .ekSuls'
wˆ yqkQ
m%:u ;dmlh fi' f.%a' wxYl
65-70
pH 5.5
;dmlhka yryd hqI mrsjykh
Nhla jk is,skavrhla Wv iy hg
l nrlska hq;a mshka follska jid we;af;a rnr® ;yvq uÕska jdhq
ska fldgq tllg ng 64la wvx.= jk
fia l,dm 15la wdjrKh lrkq ,nk w;r" tys hg mshk o by;
q ,enqj;a fldgq 14 fjka lrmq wdldrfha fjkila
ldrfha ieliqulska n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkqfha l=vd wjldYhla
osla lr .ekSuls'
fojk ;dmlh fi' f.%a' wxYl
110
pH 8
yqkQ
40
msßis¥ lsÍfï m%Odk wruqK ødjKfha wvx.= wmøjHh ^impurities) bj;a lr .ekSu;a" ,efnk ødjKh (brilliant) hqla;lr .eksu;a" iqlafrdaia ì|is,skavrdldr msrsmy¥ gexlsfha by<
wxYl 110 g r;a jQ hqI fmdïmhl wdOdrfhka f
wdldrhg úoskq ,efí' fuh ir®ms,dl
.uka lrhs túg hqI b;d l=vd l=vd wxY= njg m;a
l=Kdgqjl wdldrhla yg .kS" fuys m%
mSvkhla o wjg jeä mSvkhla o yg
we;s jdhq jr®. ue|g .uka lr msg;g bj;a f
f*df,dlshq,kaÜ kï ridhkh hqI ød
by< isg my<g b;d u iSrefjka .uka lrjkq ,ef
lrkq ,enQ LT26 f*df,lshq,kaÜ ridh
õfYaI yelshdjla we;' thg wdfrdamKh jQ u
msrsmy¥ gexlsfha jHqyh DISCRIPTION OF THE
;dmlhl Wv iy há mshka u.ska l=àr fjkalr we;s whqre
ødjKfha wvx.= wmøjHh jeämqr m%udKhla ,efnk ødjKh oSma;su;a jr®Khlska
iqlafrdaia ì| fy,su wju lr .ekSu;a h' gexlsfha by< u we;s l=vd gexlshg fi'f.%a'
mhl wdOdrfhka fõ.j;a myrl
s,dldr .uka udr®.h Tiafia we;=<g
g hqI b;d l=vd l=vd wxY= njg m;a ù tu ia:dkfha
dgqjl wdldrhla yg .kS" fuys m%;sM,hla f,i wNHka;rh wvq
yg .kSs' fuu fjki fya;=fjka oshù
lr msg;g bj;a fõ' wk;=re j
qI ødjKhg tl;= lr th gexlsfha
u iSrefjka .uka lrjkq ,efí' wm õiska tl;=
ridhkfhys uv wxY= w,a,d .ekSfï
thg wdfrdamKh jQ uv wxY= wdlr®IKh fõ'
DISCRIPTION OF THE CL ARIFIER
;dmlhl Wv iy há mshka u.ska l=àr fjkalr we;s whqre
41
fï wdldrhg nr jqkq uv wxY= úYd, leá;a; iEu ;Ügqjl u my<
wjlafIamhla f,i ;ekam;a fõ' hïs fyhlska hqIj, oshù ;snqk jdhqj
bj;a ù fkd;snqkfyd;a tu jdhq nqnq,q uv leoe,a, hg tl;= ù uvj,
nr wvq lrñka kej;;a by<g f.khkq ,efí' th hqI msrsis¥ lsrSug
ndOdjls' ksishdldr j ødjKfhys hqI iy uv fjka jQ miq by<ska
msrsis¥ hqI msgdr .,k l%uhlg;a my<ska wjfCIamjk uv b;du;a u
wvq fõ.hlska N%uKh jk uv fmdarejl Wmldrfhka uv we,s fj;g
;,a,qq lr tu ia:dkfhka hdka;%sl j ls%hd lrk msIagka wdOdrfhka fjk
fjk u gexls follg .kq ,efí' wjfCIam jQ uv bj;a lsrSfï fõ.h
u; ;j ;j;a uv ;eka m;a ùu r|d mj;S'
msrsis¥ldrl gexlshys by< u CIKsl j l=Kdgqjl wdldrhla iEosh
yels l=vd gexlshla we;' úYd, is,skavrdldr gexlsh ;Ügq y;rlskaa
iukaú; h' tl ;Ügqjla >K ógr® 72 mrsudjla ork w;r tu
;Ügqjla kej;;a mqkS,dldr yev ork fn¥ï fldgia y;rlg fnod
we;'
fuu ieu fldgil u by<ska msrsis¥ hqI ,nd .ekSug yels mßos újr
o my<ska uv bj;alr .ekSug yels mßos újr o we;' tys tl
fldgil Odrs;dj >K ógr® 18'4 la muK fõ'
is,skavrfha ue| is¥rla iys; nghla iúlr we;' tu nghg b;d
fiñka N%uKh jk ndyq iys; ;Ügqu; f;rmqula we;s lr .; yels
mrsos rnr® ;yvq iú lrk ,o hdka;%sl moaO;shla we;' N%uKh ùfï oS
uOHh wCIfhys we;s ngh ;=<g uË tl;=fjk mrsos by; rnr® ;yvq
ksr®udKh lr we; uOH wCIfhys we;s N%uKh jk moaO;sh b;du wvq
fõ.hlska N%uKh ùug i,iajd we;'
msrsis¥ldrlh kj;d ;eîug m%:u lrk mQr®j iQodku Precautions During Shutdown
42
weUrSu is¥lrk ld,h ;=< oS jdIamSlrK Wÿkaj, kv;a;=j i|yd
kej;Sula l< fyd;a msrsis¥ldrlh ;=< wvx.= hqI iïmQr®Kfhka u
wjika lsrSug fkd yel' fujeks wjia:djl oS tys wvx.= hqI krla
fkd ù l,a;nd .ekSug wjYH m%;sldrl l<hq;= h' wdï,sl;dj ke;s
lr.; hq;= h' ta i|yd kej;Sug meh fol ;=klg l,ska wˆ yqKq
tl;= lrñka PH w.h 7'5 isg 8'5 olajd jeälr .; hq;= h' wvq PH
w.hla hgf;a jeä WIaK;ajhlg ;nd fkd .; hq;= h' fufia
jeäfõ,djla ;nd .ekSu fya;=fjka ødjKh ;o w÷re jr®Khla ,nd
.kq ±lsh yels h' weUrSu k;r lsrSug meh 1$2 g muK fmr isg
nelaàßhd ur®okhg wjYH jk nelaàßhd kdYl tl;= l< hq;= h'
WIaK;ajh fi f.%a wxYl 95 muK mj;ajd .; hq;= h gexlsfha wvx.=
uv m%udKh b;d u wvq uÜgul ;nd .; hq;= h'
msßisÿ ldrlhl wNHka;r fldgil rEm igykla
43
msrsis¥ l< hqI pH w.h 7'5 iy WIaK;ajh wxYl 105 muK f
fuu hqI m<uq j b;d l=vd is¥re iys; oe,lska fmrd jdIamSlrKh
i|yd we;s W÷ka ;=<g hjhs' tu hqI
iSrefjka N%uKhjk uv fmdare
hqI msgdr .e,Su isÿjk ia:dkh
5 iy WIaK;ajh wxYl 105 muK fõ'
re iys; oe,lska fmrd jdIamSlrKh
g hjhs' tu hqIj, oshù we;s øjHj, idkaøKh
lmdG
uv tl;= lr .kakd k, udr®.h
uË bj;g .ekSug we;s udr®.
44
u|la wvq jk w;r tys we;s iSks m%udKh tf,
rkajka meyehla .kakd w;r ;rula m%ikak iqj|lska
Brix = 12.00 Pol = 10.5 Density
bj;a lr .;a øj ufjka lr .ekSug uv fmrKh fj;g fhduq lr
uv fmrKh MUD FILTER
uv fmrKh wNHka;r ±laula
ldr®hh Duty
e;s iSks m%udKh tf,i u mj;S' fuu ø%djKh
rkajka meyehla .kakd w;r ;rula m%ikak iqj|lska o hqla; h'
Density≠ 1'05
bj;a lr .;a øj uv" tys we;s hqI iy uv fmrKh fj;g fhduq lrkq ,efí'
MUD FILTER
wNHka;r ±laula
45
hqI mßsi¥ldrlh ;=< ;ekam;a jQ uviy uv fnrh Ndú;fhka fjka lr .ekSuWmlrk Equipment N%uKrsla;l uv fmrKh Rotary Vacuum FilterWmlrKfha úia;rh Discription of Equipmentl=vd isÿre iys; u, fkd nefok ±,lska msg; mDIaGh wdjrKh lrk
,o fnrhl yevh orK is,skavrh" ;sria wCIhla Tiafia N%uKh ùug
i,iajd we; tu is,skav%dldr fnrfha fldgila uv ødjKfha .s,S
N%uKh ùug i,iajd we; b;sß fldgi pQIk k,hg iïnkao
we;'fnrfha wNhka;rh LKavl 24
iEu Lkavlhlg u u, fkd nefok ng iïnkaolr we;
±,l iajrEmhla f.k we;' fuu WmlrKh úkdählg jg 2 isg 5
olajd N%uKh l< yels h'
msrsmy¥ gexlsfhka ,nd.kakd uv ødp
bj;alsrSug yels mrSÈ mQr®j iQodkula
c, jdIam
v ødjKfhka tys wvx.= iSks" c,h lr .ekSu'
Rotary Vacuum Filter Discription of Equipment
±,lska msg; mDIaGh wdjrKh lrk
vrh" ;sria wCIhla Tiafia N%uKh ùug
i,iajd we; tu is,skav%dldr fnrfha fldgila uv ødjKfha .s,S
fldgi pQIk k,hg iïnkao j
avl 24 lg muK fnod fjka lr we;'
nefok ng iïnkaolr we;' th ul=ˆ
fuu WmlrKh úkdählg jg 2 isg 5
pKfhka b;d myiqfjka uv muKla
mQr®j iQodkula l< hq;= h'
we;s,af,k rnr® máh N%uKh jk rnr® máh øj uË wvx.= Ndckh
46
fï i|yd myiq u l%uh f,i wUrd bj;a lrk ne.eia b;d u l=vd
isÿre iys; ±,la Wäka heùug i,iajd tys § fjka jk fldgi
^ne.isf,da& uv iuÕ ñY%lr ñY%Khla ido .kq ,efí tu ñY%Kh
wr®O is,skav%dldr Ndckhg oud fnrhl yevh ork l=vd isÿre iys;
is,skavrh b;d u wvq fõ.fhka tkï úkdä tlg jg 5 ne.ska
N%uKh ùug i<iapkq ,efí' Ma iu. u jQIK fmdïmhg iïnkaO k,
udr®.hla Wmldrfhka fnrh we;=<; mSvkh wvq lrkq ,efís' oeka
we;=<; iy msg; mSvk fpki fya;=fpka ;,mhl wdldrhg tu
ñY%Kh is,skavrfha msg; mDIaGfha wef,a' fuys we;s iújr;djh;a
taldldr ne.isf,da ñY%Kh;a fya;=fjka b;d myiqfjka msg; isg we;=<g
uvj, ;snqKq øp wxY= .uka lrkq we;' th kej;;a msrsmy¥ gexlshg
tl;= fõ'
>k pq uË fnrfhys í;a;sfha we,S .uka lrk úg tys we;s,af,k
rnr® ;yvqp Wmldrfhka .e,ù .uka lrk rnr® máhg pefÜ' tu
uË fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .efka '
tu uvj, fldgia ishhl
P,h 76 iSks 02 úh,s uv 22
by; uË ldnksl fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .efka"
mssrsisÿ lr .;a hqI ødjKfha jdIamSlrk l%shdj,sh fuu ia:dkfhka
wdrïN lrkq ,efí' fuu hqIj, PH w.h 7'5 muK o tys idkaøKh
^Brix& 12'5 - 15'5 muKo fõ jdIamSlrKfhka miq hqIj, idkaøKh 60
65 úh hq;= h' jdIamSlrKh i|yd fjku u Wÿka moaO;shla we;'
jdIamslrKh Evaporation
47
jdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK WjdIamSlrK W÷÷÷÷fkfkfkfka ksr®udKh a ksr®udKh a ksr®udKh a ksr®udKh uq,a wjÈfh § jdIamSlrK W÷ka ÖkÉpÜáj,ska ksr®udKh lr we;
jr®;udkfha uD¥ hlvj,ska ksmo jkq ,efí' fuys wOsl m%idrK;djh;a
ìf|k iq̈ ;djh;a wvq h' th Wiska ññS 1630 la iy úIalïNh ññ
4400 muK jk is,skav%dldr Wi Wÿkls' fuys ññ 3000 muK Wig
ññ 42 muK úIalïNhla we;s hlv ng 3768 la iúlr we;' fuu
ish,qu ng by<ska iy my<ska wNHka;rhg iïnkaO úh yels h'
tfuka u ish q̈ u ngj, msg; mDIaGhka tlsfkl iïnkaO úh yels h'
tfy;a lsis úfgl;a ngj, we;=<; iy msg; mDIaG fudku
weldrhlskaj;a jdhqjlska fyda øjhlska iïnkaO úh fkd yel' Wÿfka
flakaø wCIfhys ngj,ska iukaú; fldgfiys úYd, is,skav%dldr isÿrla
we;' th ïó 1100 muK fõ' ngj, ndysr mDIaG c, jdIamj,ska
iïnkao jk w;r ngj, wNHka;r mDIaG Wla hqIfhka msrS by<g
.uka lr uOHhfha we;s úYd, is,skavrdldr újrh uÕska kej;;a
my<g weo ye,S thg iïnkao jdIamSlrK Wÿkg tl;= fõ' ógr®
;=kla muK Wi ng iú lr we;s m%foaYhg le,ekaâ%hdj hk kñka
y÷qkajkq ,efí' we;=<; keröug yels jk mrsos le,ekaä%shdj uÜgñka
by<g ù¥re rjqïj,ska jik ,o újr y;rla we;' le,ekav%shdjg
by<ska ysia wjldYh ïós 630 muK Wila we;' by< u fldgfiys
c, jdIam msgùug újrhla iy >kSNjkh fkd jk jdhq jr®. msgùug
fjk;a újrhla o we;'
r;ajk mDIaGfha jr®. M,h } 1500 m2
áhqí .Kk } 7368
úIalïNh } 4'4 M
wNHka;r isÿfrys úIalïNh' } 1'1 M
48
jdIamSlrK Wÿfkys l%Shdj,sh
msrsisÿ lr .;a Wla hqI m<uq pdIamSlrK W
my<ska we;=,a lr le,ekaâ%hdp yry
lrpkq ,efí' fï iuÕu weUreï
yryd tkq ,nk by< WIaK;aphl we;
jk ix;Dma; c, jdIam npg m;alr le,eka
msáka .uka lrjkq ,efí' ngj, we;=<ska by<g hk hqI r;a
le,ekaâ%hdp ue| we;s úYd, újrh ;=<ska my<g weo ye,s fo
kys l%Shdj,sh
lr .;a Wla hqI m<uq pdIamSlrK Wÿfkys le,ekaâ%hdjg
yryd we;s ng osf.a by<g .uka
uOHia:dkh iy úÿ,s n,d.drh
we;s c, pdIam fi f.%a wxYl 120
dIam npg m;alr le,ekaâ%hdp yryd we;s ngp,g
' ngj, we;=<ska by<g hk hqI r;aù
rh ;=<ska my<g weo ye,s fo jeks
ysia wjldYh
jdhq jr®. bj;a lrk újrh
jdIam msgjk újrh
49
pdIamSlrK Wÿkg we;=̂ fõ' le,ekaâ%hdp ;=<g we;=,a pQ c, pdIam
my<ska we;s l=àrh ;=<g we;=,a ù c,h npg m;a fõ tapd kej;
by< WIaK;apfha c, jdIam npg m;a lsrSug jdIam Wÿkg hpkq ,efí'
hqI r;a ùu fya;=fpka tys ;snQ c,h le,ekaâ%hdpg by< wpldYhg
f.dia k, udr®. Tiafia fo jks jdIamSlrK Wÿfka le,ekaâ%hdp ;=<
we;s ngj,g msáka we;=,a fõ' fï wdldrhg jdIamSlrK Wÿka myla
yryd hqI .uka lrpkq ,efí' y;r iy mia jk Wÿaj, oS tys
WIaKk;ajh wvq ùu fya;=fjka c,h jdIam lsrSu wiSre fõ thg
ms<shula f,i tu Wÿka folys u mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg jvd wvq
lr we; ^riosh fi ó 60& túg l%ufhka hqIj, wvx.= c,h bp;a ù
idkaø% jQ ødpKhla ,efí' th meKs f,i y÷kapkq ,nhs' jdIamSlrK
Wÿkg we;=,a lrk úg hqIj, idkaøKh 13 la muK jqj;a meKs npg
m;a jQjdg miq idkaøKh 65 laa muK fõ' fuys oS msgjQ c,h jeä
m%udKhla jdIam Wÿkg hpkq ,efí' m<uq jdIamSlrK Wÿfkka fo jk
jdIamSlrK Wÿkg hk jdIamj,sska fldgila msg; jdhqp Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka wxYl 70 WIaK;aphg wvq lrf.k m%d:ñl ;dmlhg hpkq
,efí' fï iEu jdIam .ukaa udr®.hla u ;dm mrsjdrl øpH uÕska
wdjrKh lr we;' tu ksid isÿqjk ;dm ydksh o b;d wvq h'
meKsj, fN!;sl ;;a;ajh
ØjH wxY=ka nr wkqj
iqlafrdaia nr wkqj mdrSY=oaO;dj
65 51 78•5
50
jdIamSlrK W÷fkys yria lv^le,ekaû%hdj yryd&
lr®udka; Yd,dfõ jdIamSlrK W÷ka moaO;sfha fN!;sl f;dr;=re
jdIamSlrK W÷ka
1 2
mSvkh msg;$ we;=,;
2$ 1 1/ 0.5
WIaK;ajh 120$110
110$100
mrsjdrl 40mm 40 mm
mDIaGsl j$ m
15002 700 m2
hlv ng 3768 2260
we;=,; úIalïNh
4.4m 3.6m
hlvng úIalïNh
45mm 45mm
Wi 11.63 10.42m
le,ekav%shd Wi
3.0m 2.34m
fkys yria lv hdj yryd&
ka moaO;sfha fN!;sl f;dr;=re ì|la
3 4 5
0.5/ 0.75
0.75/ 0.15
0.75/
100$90 90$80 80$70
40 mm 40mm 40mm
600 m2 700m2
600m2
2260 2341 2260
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
45mm 45mm 45mm
10.08m 10.08m
10.08m
2.0m 2.0m 2.0m
uOH újrh jdIam ndOlh jdIam we;=,ajSu
hlv ng n| ;dm mrSjdrl
51
jdIamSlrK W
jdIamSlrK Wÿk
52
Wÿka moaO;s yryd hqI .uka lsrSf
yqud,h Wmfhda.Slr .ksñka ;dmh yqjudrej jk wdldrh
ia,rs SLURRY
ia,rs hkqfjka y¥kajkqfha iSksj, wka
iSks wxY+ka úfYaIhls' fuh idod.kq ,nkafka iSks osh
jk tXre f;,a iy ìhqgfkda,a j, iSks
ld,hla hka;%dkqidrfhka ñY%lr idod .kakd
iys; ñY%Khls'
wvx.= øjHh iSks .a?ï 750" tËref;,a ñ,s,Sgr® 750" 2250'
jdIam we;=,ajSu
hqI
>kS Njkh jQ c,h kej; fndhsf,arejg
ryd hqI .uka lsrSfï oS idkaøKh jeäùu
ka ;dmh yqjudrej jk wdldrh
SLURRY
kajkqfha iSksj, wkaùCISh or®Ykhla jk b;d l=vd
fYaIhls' fuh idod.kq ,nkafka iSks osh fkd jk øjH
kda,a j, iSks iaMál meh y;rl muK
Y%lr idod .kakd ,o b;d l=vd iSks wxY+ka
,s,Sgr® 750" ìhqgfkda,a ñ,s,Sgr®
meKs
>kS Njkh jQ c,h kej; fndhsf,arejg
53
iaMálSlrKh Crystallization
´kEu ødjKhla ksh; WIaK;ajhl oS iy ksh; mSvkhl oS oshù ;sìh
yels ødjH wxY= ixLHdj ksh;hls' tu wjia:dj tu øjKfha ix;Dma;
wjia:dj f,i y¥kajkq ,efí'
iSks wvx.= ødjKhl c,h bj;a lrñka tys idkaøKh jeä lrf.k
hkúg tl wjiatdjl os tu øjKh ix;Dma; øjKhla njg m;afõ'
;j¥rg;a c,h bj;a lrk úg iu;=,s;;dj /l .ekSu i|yd iSks
wKq tlg tl;= ù wxY= njg m;afõ' ;j ;j;a c,h bj;a lrk úg
wxY= jgd ;j ;j;a iSks wKq tl;=ù iaMál njg m;afõ'
rsrsrsrsla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKhla;l jdIamSlrKh PPPPPPPPAAAAAAAANNNNNNNN BBBBBBBBOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNGGGGGGGG
fuysoS m%Odk fldg i<lkq ,nkafka meKs ødjKfha ødjHh ;;a;ajfha
mj;sk iqlafrdaia wKqj,ska jeäu m%udKhla iqlafrdai iaMÜl f,i fjka
lr .ekSu hs'
iSks ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS ix;Dma; meKs ødjKh fi f.%a wxYl 70 l
WmrSu WIaK;ajhloS;a riosh fi ó 60 l jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhlg jvd
wvq mSvkhloS;a meKs fyda fu,Eiiaj, wvx.= c,h jdIamSlrKh lrkq
,efí'
by; tl;= lrk øjHhj, ¥iai%dù;djh o b;d by< h tfuka u
ix;Dma; jQ meKs ødjKfha idkaøKh o ishhg 70 muK fõ fufia
ùug fya;=j idkaø jQ iSks ødjKhg wu;r j b;srs jQ wmøjHh jk
ue,shï bá we;=Æ j ldnksl iy wldnksl ,jK jr®. wka;r®.; ùu
h' ix;Dma; jQ meKs ødjKhg ia,rs tl;= lr tu ødjKfha c,h
bj;a lsrsfuka taldldr iaMál ,nd .; yels h' fuu ñY%Khys we;s
iaMál jgd iqlafrdaia wKq tl;=ù wvq ld,iSudjlska taldldr jQ iSks leg
ksmojd .; yel' fufia ksmofjk Wl= ;r,hla ;=< wvx.= ñY%Kh
ueislshqÜ hk kñka y¥kajkq ,efí'
54
iaMálSlrK Wÿqka Vacuum Pan
iMálSlrK Wÿka o jdIamslrK Wÿqka fuka u h' fuyso le,ekaâ%hdj"
iy thg by<ska msysá ysia wjldYh rsla;l k, moaO;shs" jdhq jr®.
bj;a lrSug we;s lmdg" WIak;ajh iy mSvkh ±k .ekSug we;s
WmlrK" wNHka;rh ksrSIKhg újr o wdrCIl lmdg wdoSsh o
we;=<;a fõ' le,ekaâ%hdfõ we;s hlv ng ;rula úIalïNfhka jeäh
th u< fkd nef|k jdfkaj,ska wNHka;rh b;d iqug mDIaGhla isák
f,i iy w.,a y;rla muK úIalïNhla isák f,i ksmojd we;' wvq
WIaK;ajfhka c,h jdIamlsrsug we;s ksid Wÿk we;=<; msvkh wvq
lsrsug pQIk k, udr®.hla iïnkaO lr we;' tuÕska >kSNjkh fkd
jk jdhq jr®.;a" by<g .uka lrk c, jdIam bj;a lsrSu;a Wÿk
we;=<; mSvkh wvqlr .ekSu;a is¥lr.kq ,efí' Wÿk we;=<;
yg.kakd by< ;dmh bj;a lsrSu i|yd úfYaI c, k,hla iïnkao
lr we;' fuu k<h úYalaïNfhka wä 2la iy Wiska wä 33 la muK
jk úYd, k,hls' th ;=<ska wêl fõ.fhka c,h úoskq ,efí' tu
c,h ;eál jeoS l=vd l=vd wxY= jYfhka my<g weo yef,a' fuu wxY=
yd c, jdIam tl;= ù W÷k ;=< meKsj, idkaøKh jeä lsrSu;a
wNHka;rfhys WIaK;ajh ksh; j mj;ajd .ekSu;a is¥ lrkq ,efí'
Wÿk we;=<; l%shdj fõ.j;a j lr .ekSu i|yd fufia ;dmh bj;a
lsrSfï l%shdj b;d jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd msg;ska meñKs c,h r;aùu
ksid by; l%shdjg ndOd meñfKa th uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd tu r;a jq
c,fhys WIaK;ajh wvq lsrSug úfYaI isis,k moaO;shla we;'
r;a lsrsu i|yd msg;ska le,ekaâ%hdj ;=<g meñfKk c, jdIam ;dm
yqj udrefjka miq >kSNjkh ù my<g tl;= fõ' ta iuÕ meñfKk
>ks Njkh fkd jk jdhqjr®. ta ioyd we;s k, udr®.h Tiafia bj;a
fõ'
55
c, jdIam
c,h úoSu
ueislshqÜ msgjk újrh
jd hq j r® . b j ;a jS u
pQIK fmdïmh
c,h l=vd wxY= njg m;alrk ;eáh
c,uqø%d k,h we, udr®.h
ne frda ue á la l ka fv ka i r h
56
iaMálSlrK W÷fka we;s jdIam nefrdaueála lkafvkairh uÕska bj;a fjk wdldrh oelafjk moaO;sh
ksIamdokh lrk iSks jr®. ta iSks" î iSks" iy iS iSk' W÷fkka bj;a lr isks fjka lrk wjiatdj olajd thg ueislshqÜ hk ku Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
idkaøKh iSksm%udK
h Y=oaO;dj
Ndú; ku
A
ueislshqÜ 91 45 ] 84 tA iSks
B S ueislshqÜ
93 40 ] 75 nS iSks
C ueislshqÜ
98 35 ] 59 iS iSks
iSks jr®. jr®Kh >k;ajh iaMál m%udKh ødjH;dj A ueislshqÜ ,d ¥qTqre 1' 4 45] fydoska oshfõ
B ueislshqÜ ¥Tqre 1' 5 40] ;rula oshfõ
C ueislshqÜ ;o ¥Tqre 1'51 35] b;d wmyiqh
57
iaMiaMiaMiaMáááálSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;lSlrKfhys hdka;%%%%KKKKhhhh iS lksld ksIamdokh C seed meKs >k ógr® 20 muK f.k th r;a lrñka c,h bj;a lr
ix;Dma; wjia:dj ,nd .kS' túg tys mrsudj >k ógr® 15 muK fõ'
fuhg ia,rs ñY%Kh ñ,s,Sgr® 2000 tlalr tys wvx.= iaMál muKla
jr®Okh jk wdldrhg A fud,Eiia l=vd mrsudj,ska tlalrñka >k ógr®
40 l mßudj olajd jr®Okh ùug bv yrskq ,efí' th C seed lksld
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
meKs 15 ‹ 78 } 1170 ^1& A fud,Eiia 25 ‹ 64 } 1600 ^2& ^1& ¤ ^2&" 2770 › 40 } 69 C ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh C (Seed) lksld >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjia:dfõ ;nd
.ksñka B fud,Eiia tla lrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr® 40
olajd jr®Okh lr .kS' fuh C ueislshqÜ f,i y¥kajkq ,efí'
C isâ 13 ‹ 69 } 897 ^1& B fud,Eiia 27 ‹ 55 } 1485 ^2& ^1&¤^2&" 2382 › 40 } 59 ishhg 59 mdrsY=oaO jq C ueislshqÜ ,efí' B ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh C ue.aud >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjiatdfõ ;nd
.ksïka A fud,Eiia tlalrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr® 40
olajd jr®Okh lrkq ,efí' fuh B ueislshqÜ f,i y÷kajkq ,efí
58
C ue.aud 13 ‹ 80 } 1040 ^1& A fud,Eiia 27 ‹ 65 } 1755 ^2& ^1&¤ ^2& 2795 › 40 = 70 ishhg 70 mdrsY=oaO jq B ueislshqgh ,efí' A ueislshqÜ ksIamdokh B ue.aud >k ógr® 13 muK f.k th ix;Dma; wjiatdfõ ;nd
.ksñka meKs tlalrñka c,h bj;a lr mrsudj >k ógr®40 olajd
jr®Okh lrkq ,efí fuh A ueislshqÜ f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
B ue.aud 13 ‹ 95 } 1235 ^1& meKs 27 ‹ 78 } 2106 (2) (1)+(2), 3341 › 40 = 84 ishhg 84 mdrsY=oaO jq A ueislshqÜ ,efí
.;jk ld,h
iaMál ]
iaMálhl
m%udKh
ødjHh wxY= ]
isks
>k;ajh
c,h ]
A ueislshqÜ
48 0.7-1.0 91 76
1.49
9
B ueislshqÜ
40 04- 0.6 93 70
1.5 7
C ueislshqÜ
35 0.3 97 57
1.51
3
by; ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ldKav jYfhka is¥ lrkq ,efí' tfuka u A
ueislshqÜ j, isg C ueislshqÜ olajd hEfï os tys ¥iai%dù;dj jeä fõ
59
wm øjH jeä fõ wvx.=jk iSks m%udKh wvq fõ' WIaK;ajh wvqfj;a u
iaMálhl m%udKh o úYd, fõ' fuu ksIaamdokj, c,h b;d wju
m%udKhl mj;S' tneúka tys laIqø cSù ls%hdjka is¥jkafka o ke;'
iSks meKs A ueislshqÜ Afud,Eiia B iSks BueislshqÜ B fud,Eiia C nScdkq C isks C ueislshqÜ bCIqmdlr®
A fud,Eiia
ia,rs
60
A iSks ksmoùu A boiling
B ue.aud iu. meKs fyda rSfu,aÜ B magma + Syrup or remelt
A ueislshqÜ A massecuite
A fud,Eiia A molasses
A iSks A sugar fj<| fmd<g hjkq
,nk iSks
B iSks ksmoùu B sugr
+A fud,Eiia A molasses + meKs Syrup + c,h Water
B ueislshqÜ B massecuite
B iSks iu. c,h BSugr +water
B ue.aud B magma B fud,Eiia B molasses
C ue.aud C magma
61
C ueislshqÜ C
massecuite
C iSks ksmoùu C sugr
+A fud,Eiia A molasses +B fud,Eiia B molasses
+ c,h Water
C iSâ C Seed
C iSks iu. c,h CSugr +water
C ue.aud C magma
wjika fud,Eiia Final molasses
C îc ksmoùu C Graining
+ meKs Syrup +A fud,Eiia A
Molasses +c,h Water
C îc C Seed C .nvd lsrSu Stock
C ue.aud C magma
Slurry
62
iSks iaMál iy fud,Eiia fjka lr .kakd WmlrKh flakaøhka;%h fõ flakaø wmidrS n,h ,nd fok hka;%hl< yel
lr .kakd WmlrKh flakaø wmidrS
ka;%h my; ioyka mrsos ksrEmKh
63
fj<| fmd< i|yd bosrsm;a lrk iSks fjka lr .ekSug fuu hka;%h
Wmfhda.Slr .kS'
fuh iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul jk hka;%hls' fuys wCIhg iú lrk ,o
b;du l=vd is¥re iys; ì;a;sj,ska iukaú; is,skavrhla we;' fuu
fldgiys N%uK fõ.h" úkdäfhka úkdähg jeä lsrSu;a wvq lsrSu;a
l< yels mrSos iúlr we;' ;jo c,jdIam k, moaO;shl=;a p,kh l<
yels ndyqjl=;a N%uKhg ndOdjla fkd jk whqrska is,skavrh we;=<;
we;'
A ueisslshqÜ iy B ueislshqÜ
flaaJøwmidrS hka;%h
úÿq,s fudagrh
N%uKh jk l=vdis¥re iys; fnrh
fud,Eiia
A iSks
64
iaMálSlrK Wÿk uÕska bj;a l< ueislshqÜ .nvd lrk gexlsj,
;ekam;a lr we;' tuÕska ,nd.kakd ueislshqÜ ldKav jYfhka wêl
fõ.fhka N%uKh jk fuu hka;%h ;=<g we;=,a lrkq ,efí' tajd
is,skavr ì;a;sfhys we;=<; ia;rhla f,i ;ekam;a fõ' N%uKh
fya;=fjka tys wvx.= øj fldgia oef,ka t<shg .uka lrhs' oe,
we;=<; iSks iaMál muKla b;srs fõ' tu iaMál c,jdIam u.ska fidaod
p,kh jk Ndyqj uÕska fjkalr .kq ,efí' fuu.ska ,nd.kakd tA
jr®.fha iSks muKla .nvdj fj; hjkq ,nk w;r' fuu iSks ;rul
f;; iajNdjhla .kS iqog yqre ¥Uqre jr®Khlska oelsh yels h'
fuuÕska fjkalr .kakd î jr®.fha iSks kej;;a ta jr®.fha iSks
ksIamdokhg ,nd .kS'
blaIq mdlr® bj;a jk N%uKh jk mqkS,dldr WmlrKh
C iSks
C ueislshqÜ we;=,a lsrSu
ú¥,s fudagrh
taldldr fõ.fhka N%uKhjk flaFøwmidrSn, hka;%h
65
fuu hka;%h l%shdlrjkakkaf.a wëCIKh hgf;a l%shd;aul jkakls'
fuys mqkS,hl yevh ork úYd, NdPkhla ú¥,s fudagrhlg
iïnkaolr we; mqkS,fhys ì;a;s b;du isyska is¥rej,ska iukaú; jk
w;r tys ;=< wêl f,i WKqiqï c, k, moaO;shla muKla oelsh
yels h'
fkd kej;s taldldr j wêl fõ.fhka N%uKh jk fuu mqkS,h ;=<g
iS jr®.fha ueislshqÜ taldldr f,i weoye,sug i,iajkq ,efí' ta iu.
u WKqiqï c, myr thg úoskq ,efí' fuu c, myr iu.
ueislshqÜj, fldgia mqkS,h we;=<; wdk; jQ ì;a;s osf.a by<g .uka
lrhs'
N%uKh jk jia;=jla ;=< we;s ´kEu øjHhhla flakaø wCIfhka bj;g
úis ùfï isoaOdka;hla we;' fï wkqj by; ueislshqÜj, fldgia o
bj;g úis fõ' tfy;a mqkS,fha we;s oe, fya;=fjka øj fldgia muKla
oe, ;=<ska we;=<g hk w;r iSks wvx.= fldgi mqkS,fhka t<shg úis
fõ' fï wdldrhg .uka udr®. follska fjkalr .kakd iS iSks iy
bj;alrk wjidk blaIqmdr®l fkdfyd;a fud,Eiia ,nd .kS'
ueislshqÜ u.ska ,efnk øjHh
iSks fu,Eiia
A ueislshqÜ
A iSks A fu,Eiia
B ueislshqÜ
B ue.aud B fu,Eiia
C ueislshqÜ
C ue.aud C fu,Eiia
blaIqmdlr® fkdfyd;a wjidk fud,Eiiaj, wvx.=øjHh ishhg
c,h 17 - 25 iqlafrdaia 30 - 40 .a,qfldaia 4 - 9 marelafgdaia 5 - 12 fjk;a fudfkdielrhsv 10 - 25 ue,shï$ msIaGh$ 2 - 5
66
ldfndyhsvSfv%sgsia wˆ 7 - 5
fldgia muKla oe, ;=<ska we;=<g hk w;r iSks wvx.= fldgi
mqkS,fhka t<shg jsisfjs' fus wdldrhg .uka udr®. follska fjka lr
.kakd iS iSks iy bj;alrk wjidk blaIqmdr®la ,nd .kS'
flakaø wmidrs hka;%h uÕska bj;a lrk ta jr®.fha iSks muKla tu
hka;%hg háka pl%dldr udr®.hla Tiafia .uka lrk m<,ska jeä rnr®
máhla u;gjefá' fuu ;rula f;;ukh iys; iSks .nvdfõ we;s
úh<k WmlrKhg hjkq ,efí'
úh<k hka;%h ógr® oyhla muK os. ógr® ;=kla muK m<,
is,skav%dldr WmlrKhls' th ;rula úYd, n,hla we;s ú¥q,s fudagrhla
Wmldrfhka N%uKh ùug i,iajd we;' tu is,skavrh tl jghla
úh<kúh<kúh<kúh<k hka;%hhka;%hhka;%hhka;%h
iSks m%jdykh lrk rnr® máh
.nvdfõ úh<k hka;%h
67
iïmQr®K ùu i|yd .; jk ld,h úkdä y;rls' fuu is,skavrhys tl
fl<jrla fmdf<djg wdk; jk f,i iú lr we;' tyss we;=<;ska
fikaáf.%aÜ wxYl ye;a;Ejl muK WIaK;ajhla we;s jdhq Odrdjla hjkq
,efí'
hka;%fhys by< fl<jrska we;=,a jk iSks l=àrh ;=< r;a fjñka
úhf<ñka wfkla fl<jr lrd meñfKa' fuys oS ,efnk iSks leg iy
msá jYfhka fjka fjka j ,efí' ,efnk iSks j, f;;ukh oYu 07
l m%;sY;hla orhs fuu iSks kej;;a pl%d .uka uÕl máj, iú lrk
,o fldamam wdOdrfhka by< fmÜáhl ;ekam;a lrjkq ,efí'
iSks úh<k WmlrKhl f;dr;=re
rnr®máhg iúlrk ,o fldamam isks we;=,aùu
iSks msgùu
fldamam iúlrk ,o máh
68
úIalïNh } ógr® 2'286 ldr®h m%udKh } mehg fgdka 15
iSks j, we;=,ajSu mssgjSu f;;ukh 1'5 ] 0'07
WIaK;ajh 60 C 45 C úh,s jd;h 70 C 55 C
u,qj, weisrSu iy .nvd lsrSu
fmÜáfhys ;ekam;ajqkq iSks lsf,da.a?ï 50 ne.ska ksl=;a lrk iajhxlS%h
WmlrKhla yryd hjd fmd,s;sSka u,qj,g mqrjd.kq ,efí fuu iSks u,q
jl% udr®.hl .uka lrk rnr® máhla Wmldrfhka uyk hka;%h yryd
hjd ueiSu is¥ lr kej;;a jl%hl .uka lrk rnr® má udr®. folla
Tiafia f.k f.dia fj<o fmd<g ksl=;a lsrSu i|yd .nvdfõ ;ekam;a
lrkq ,efí'
fj<ofmd< i|yd we;s iSks j, fN!;sl ;;a;ajh
c,fha fyd|ska oshjk w;r t;fkda,aj, osh fkd fõ tfy;a c,Sh
t;fkda,aj, fyd|ska osh fõ' B;r® fyda laf,dafrdf*daïj, osh fkd fõ'
wï, fyda bkajfÜia uÕska c,úÉfÉokh ùfuka .a,qfldaia iy
marelafgdaia iEfoa fïjd ir, iSks f,i y¥kajkq ,efí' iqlafrdaia øjKh
;, O%eú; wdf,dalhg Ok N%uKhla fmkakqï lrhs
.;jk ld,h meh 6 f;;uKh 0'07 uyd mrsud >k;ajh 0'90 jr®Kh wjr®K jr®;k wxlh 1' 58 øjdxlh fi 'f.%a' 188
69
iSks ksIamdokfhaoS Ndú;jk úfYaI WmlrK hqI j, oshù we;s øjHh wxY= m%udKh ksr®Kh lr .ekSu fuu.ska is¥lr.kq ,efì
fuu WmlrKfhys by< we;s ù¥rej ;=<g hqI ødjKh iaj,amhla
tlalr tys we;s h;=r l%shd;aul l< úg wdf,dal loïNhla .ukalr
th hqI ødjKfha jeoS mQr®K wNHka;r mrdjr®;khg ,lafõ' tu .uka
udr®.h ;j;a ixfõoS WmlrKhl wdOdrfhka ødjKfha idkaøKh
m%;sY;hla f,ig m%ldY fõ' fuu w.h BRIX f,i y¥ka jkq ,efí'
idïm,h
ixhqla; ldp m%siauh
wdf,dal m%Njh
Digital Refractometer
70
BRIX ØdjKh .arEï ishhla .;a úg tu ødjlfha oshù we;s ødjH wxY= .arEï
.Kk by; kñka y¥kajkq ,efí'
Wla hqI ødjKhl oshù we;s øjHh f,i .a,Qfldaia" marelafgdaia" iqlafrdaia"
oshjk fm,sielrhsv iy ,jK jr®. y÷kd f.k we;'
iqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõiqlafrdaia fidhd.ekSug we;s WmlrKh O%ejKudKhfõ fuys m%Odk fldgia folla ;sfí ly wdf,dalh ,nd fok fidaähï
myk;a" wdf,dalh jr®;kh lr yerùug we;s ù¥rej,ska iukaú;
fldgi;a h'
wdf,dalh ksl,a m%siauhla ;=<ska .uka lrùug ie<eiajQúg ,efnk
wdf,dalh ;, O%eú; wdf,dalh hehs lshkq ,efí' tkï tu wdf,dal
loïNfha ish¨ u lïmk tlu ;,hl is¥ fõ' iqlafrdaia .a,Qfldaia
marelafgdaia lhsre,a ixfhda. fõ lhsre,a ixfhda.j,g O%eú; wdf,dalfha
lïmk ;,h N%uKh l< yels h tksid thg m%ldY il%Sh h hs lshkq
,efí'
ixfhda.h uÕska lïmk ;,h oCIsKdjr®; j N%uKh jkafka kï thg
Ok N%uKhla ^positive rotation) we;s nj fyda th oCISK N%uKh
(dextrorotatory) jkafka hhs lshkq ,efí
N%uKh jdudjr®; kï ixfhda.hg RK N%uKhla (negative rotation)
we;s nj fyda th jdudjr®; N%uK (laevo rotatory) jkafka hhS fyda lshkq ,efí' úYsIag N%uKh (specific rotation) tla ;rx. wdhduhla muKla iys; tkï tAl jr®K wdf,dalh
^monochromatic light) Ndú; jk O%jKudkhla (polarimeter)
Ndú;fhka ixfhda.hla uÕska is¥ lrk wdf,dalfha N%uKh ueksh yel'
O%ejKudKhO%ejKudKhO%ejKudKhO%ejKudKh POLARIMETERPOLARIMETERPOLARIMETERPOLARIMETER
71
fuys oS idudkHfhka 589nm jk fidaähï -D- fr®Ldjg wkqrEm ;rx.
wdhduh iys; wdf,dalh O%ejKldrlhla (polarizer) ;=<sska .uka lrjd
;, O%eú; wdf,dalh njg yrjd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuys oS ;, O%eú;
wdf,dalh lhsre,a fkd jk ødjlhl ødjKh l< ixfhda.h wvx.=
k,hla ;=,ska .uka lrùug i<iajkq ,efí'
k,fhka msgjk lïmk;,h N%uKh ù we;s wdf,dalh"
(Analyser)úYaf,aIlhla ;=<ska .uka lrjkq ,efí fuu úYaf,aIlh o
N%uKh l< yels uqyqK;la u; kexjq ;j;a ksl,a m%siauhla fõ' msgjk
wef,dalh Wmrsu ;Sj%;djfhka ksrSCIKh l< yels fudfyd; ,efnk
f;la úYaf,aIlh N%uKh lrkq ,efí' N%uK fldaKh lshjd .ekSu
i|yd ixfhda.h we;sj iy ke;sj ,nd .kakd mdGdxl
ixikaokh lrkq ,efí wdf,dalh N%uKh jkafka oCISKdjD;j o
jdudjD;j o hkak u; N%uK fldaKh ms<sfj,ska Ok fyda RK fõ'
wdf,dal loïNfha udr®.fha mj;sk m%ldY il%Sh wKq ixLHdj u;
ksrSCIKh lrkq ,nk fldaKh" ‹" r|d mj;S' tneúka ‹ ixfhda.
ødjKfha idkaøKhg iy k,fha os.g iudkqmd;sl fõ' ta wkqj úYSIag
N%uKh ^‹& "my; oelafjk iólrKh uÕska wr®: oelafõ'
‹
^‹& } -----
l . C fuys ‹ hkq ksrSCIKh lrkq ,nk N%uK fldaKho" 1 hkq fvis ógr®j,ska m%ldYs; fldaIfha os.o C hkq gcm-3 j,ska m%ldYs; ødjKfha idkaøKh o fõ' úYsIAg N%uKh" ;rx. wdhduh" WIaK;ajh" fhdod.;a ødjlh" iy Ndú;d
lrk k,h u; rod mj;S
taljr®K wdf,dalh ^idudkHfhka fidaähï D fr®Ldj&
O%ejKldrlh
idusm,h wvx.= k,h
úYaf,aIlh
N%uK fldaK
ksrSCI
72
wï, H+ WodiSk
pH ógrh
wï, iy NIau y¥kd .ekSug we;s WmlrKh
NIau OH WodiSk
ógrh
wï, iy NIau y¥kd .ekSug we;s WmlrKh
73
fuu WmlrKfhys" bf,lafg%dav folla" 1 isg 14 olajd l%udxlkh lrk
,o ógr® mqjrejla" iy p,kh jk or®Ylhla we;'
pH ógrfha bf,lafg%dav fol hï ødjKhl .s,ajQ úg tys w.h 7 g
jvd wvq kï tu ødjKh wdï,sl jk wh
f,i th foys hqI ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 g jvd jeäkï tu ødjKh NdIañl jk
whksl ødjKhls' WodyrKhla f,i th yqKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 kï tu ødjKh WodiSk ødjKhls'
WodyrKhla f,i th c,h" ,qKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
fuu WmlrKfhys" bf,lafg%dav folla" 1 isg 14 olajd l%udxlkh lrk
,o ógr® mqjrejla" iy p,kh jk or®Ylhla we;'
l hï ødjKhl .s,ajQ úg tys w.h 7 g
jvd wvq kï tu ødjKh wdï,sl jk whksl ødjKhls WodyrKhla
f,i th foys hqI ødjKhla úh yel'
;j;a ødjKhl oS tu w.h 7 g jvd jeäkï tu ødjKh NdIañl jk
whksl ødjKhls' WodyrKhla f,i th yqKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
7 kï tu ødjKh WodiSk ødjKhls'
WodyrKhla f,i th c,h" ,qKq oshr ødjKhla úh yel'
74
>k
jdhq bkaOk fl,ska u oykh lr ,ef
kHIagsl Yla;sfhka ,efnk ;dmfh
ksIamdokh lrk" iïmQr®Kfhka jeiQ Ndc
fndhsf,arejla hkqfjka yeoskafõ'
ksIamdokh lrk jdIamj, mSvkh jr®.
jvd jeä kï th wOsmSvk jdIam fndhsf,arejla yeáhg y¥kajkq ,efí'
fndhsf,are OdrS;dj fndhsf,are OdrS;dj fndhsf,are OdrS;dj fndhsf,are OdrS;dj
hïlsis mSvkhl oS mehg ksIamdok
fndhsf,arefõ Odrs;dj hkqfjka ydoskaf
tallj,ska i|yka l< yel
yqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%hyqud, ckl hka;%h ^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&
øj fyda
,efnk ;dmfhka fyda ú¥,s n,h fyda
dmfhka yqud,h ke;fyd;a jdIam
ksIamdokh lrk" iïmQr®Kfhka jeiQ Ndckhla fyda gexlshla yqud,
jr®. fikaá ógrhg lsf,da .aA 5 lg
jvd jeä kï th wOsmSvk jdIam fndhsf,arejla yeáhg y¥kajkq ,efí'
amdokh lrk jdIam yqud,fha nrg
doskafõk fndhs,rhl Odrs;dj fkdfhla
^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&^fndhsf,arej&
75
mehlg fuÜÜ%la fgdka
WodyrKhla jYfhka fndhsf,arejl Odrs;dj mehg fgdka 2 la hehs is;uq
fuys f;areu jkqfha iEu mehlg u fndhsf,arejl ;=<g j;=r fgdka 2
la we;=,a l< hq;= h ke;fyd;a ,Sgr® 2000 la fndhsf,arej we;=<g
heúh hq;=h'
mSvkh mSvkh mSvkh mSvkh mSvkh hkq tall fCI;%M,hla u; l%shd lrk n,h fõ mSvkh úúO ñKqïj,ska olajkq ,efí
1 jr®. fikaá ógrhlg lsf,da .arEïj,ska ^ CM2 &
2 ndr®j,ska ^Bar&
ndr® 1 la } jr®. fikaá ógrhlg ls .a 1' 019 la
ndr® 1 la } jdhqf.da, mSvk 0 '986 la
3 jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkj,ska
uqyq¥ uÜgfï oS jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh jr®. fi ógrhg ls .a 1'019 ls
wjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmhwjia:d úmr®hdi iy .+ma; ;dmh wjia:dfõ oS ,nd .kakd fyda bj;a jk ;dmh .=ma; ;dmh kï fõ' hï
øjHhla mj;sk wjia:dfõ ^>k"øj fyda jdhq& isg fjk;a wjia:djlg
m;ajk úg ;dmh ,nd ¥kak;a" bj;a l<;a" tys WIaK;ajh fjkia fkd WIaK;ajh fjkia fkd WIaK;ajh fjkia fkd WIaK;ajh fjkia fkd
fõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrkfõ' WIaK;ajh fjkia ùula fmkakqï fkd lrk fuu
whsia j;=r njg m;aùfï oS .=ma; ;dmh Wrd.kS'
yqud,h j;=r njg m;ajk úg .=ma; ;dmh uqod yrS'
fndfyda wjia:dj, lr®udka; Yd,dj, os m%fhdackhg .kafka fuu .=ma;
;dmh hs'
yqud,h lsf,da .%Euhla WKq j;=r njg m;ajk úg cQ,a 22580 la msg lrhs iEu lr®udka;hl u mdfya fuu ;dmh m%fhdackhg .kS bkaOkbkaOkbkaOkbkaOk oeùfu oS ;dm Yla;sh mSg lrk foaj,a bkaOk kñka yeoskafõ'
76
bkaOk" >k " øj yd jdhq wjia;d ;=fka u mj;S' >k bkaOk - Wla frdvq" or" oyhshd" fmd,algq .,a wÕ=re øj bkaOk - oeúf;,a ãi,a ,dïmqf;,a jdhq bkaOk cSj jdhqj " fmÜfÜ%,shï jdhqj ;dm ckl w.h bkaOk ksYaÑ; nr m%udKhla oykh lsrSfï oS msglrk ;dm m%udKh tu bkaOkfha ;dm ckl w.h kñka ye|ska fõ' WodyrK - oeúf;,a lsf,da.areuhla ;dm ckl w.h lsf,da .areuhg
lsf,dale,rs 10500 la muK fõ
oyhshdj, fuu w.h 3200 la muK fõ
Wlafrdvq j, fuu w.h 1850
WIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmhWIaK;ajh yd ;dmh hï jia;=jl WKqiqï m%udKh oelaùug WIaK;ajh hk jpkh fhdod .ksuq' WIaK;ajh ukskq ,nkafka fi,aishia wxYlj,sks ;dmh hkq WIaK;ajh jeä ia:dkhl isg WIaK;ajh wvq ia:dkhlg .,d
hk Yla;s úfYaIhls hï jia;=jlg ;dmh ,nd¥k fyd;a tys WIaK;ajh
by< kÕsk w;r hï jia;=jlska ;dmh bj;a l<fyd;a tys WIak;ajh
my< niS'
;dmh uekSug Ndú; jk kj tAllh jkqfha cQ,h hs
c,h lsf,da .areï 1 la WIaK;ajh fikaá f.%aÜ wxYl 1 la by< oeóug
wjYH ;dm m%udKh cQ,a 4200 la fõ'
yqud, cklhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrh ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha jdIamSlrKh is¥jk wjia:djka jk jdIamSlrK Wÿka
iy ßla;l Wÿka uÕska bj;a lrk jdIam" c,h njg m;alr" jdIam
cklhg fmdaIl c,h f,i ,nd .kS'
we;=,a lrk c,h ridhksl m%;sldr uÕska iq¥iq ;;a;ajhg m;alr .; hq;= h'
77
yqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh by; rEmfhka ms fuys by< iy my< c, gexls folla tu gexls fol iïnkak, moaO;s folla we;
b;du msrsis¥ ;;a;ajfha c,h jdIam ckkh i|yd we;=,a l< hq;= h
oyk l=áh jfÜg we;s k, moaO;sh Tiafia by< we;s is,skavrhg
c,h we;=,a lrkq ,efí' oyk l=áfha we;s ;dmh fya;=fjka fuu c,h
fndfyda¥rg r;a ù we; by< is,skavrh;a my< we;s is,skavrh;a ;j;a
k, moaO;shla uÕska iïnkaO lr we; fuu.ska
.,dhdu is¥fõ'
c, k< fndhsf,arejWATER TUBE BOILER
yqud, cklh ksr®udKh lr we;s wdldrh by; rEmfhka ms<sUsnq fõ
fuys by< iy my< c, gexls folla tu gexls fol iïnkaO lrñka
h jdIam ckkh i|yd we;=,a l< hq;= h
moaO;sh Tiafia by< we;s is,skavrhg
c,h we;=,a lrkq ,efí' oyk l=áfha we;s ;dmh fya;=fjka fuu c,h
we; by< is,skavrh;a my< we;s is,skavrh;a ;j;a
lr we; fuu.ska c,h by< my<
c, k< fndhsf,arej WATER TUBE BOILER
78
Wÿk ;=< we;s wOsl ;dm Ylalsh fya;=fjka k< ;=< wvx.= c,h jdIam
njg m;afõ tys >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd wvq neúka tu jdIam
by< is,skavrfha c,h fkdue;s wr®Oh fj; .uka lrhs' fuu jdIam
ix;Dma;
yqud,h f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu ia:dkfha jdIam wêl f,i tl;=ùu
fya;=fjka tys wê mSvkhla o yg .kS' is,skavrfha by<g iïnkaolr
we;s úfYaI k< udr®.h Tiafia ^iqmr® ysgr® fldhs,a& fuu jdIam kej;;a
oyk l=áh yryd .uka lrhs' túg fuu yqud,h fikaáf.%aÜ wxYl
360 muK r;a fõ' fuu yqud,h W÷fkka msg; we;s fjk;a gexlshlg
tl;= fõ tu gexlsfha isg wêl WIaK;ajhg r;a jq yqud,h
N%uKhka;% ^gr®nhska& fj; .uka lrhs' tuÕska wjYH Yla;sh ksmojd
.kS'
oyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKhoyk l=áfhys jdhq ixirKh W÷fkys wêl fõ.fhka N%uKh jk iq<x ksmojk hka;% folla iúlr
we;'
oyk l=áhg jdhqj imhk hka;%h fuh f*daiaÜ v%d*aÜ *Eka f,i
y¥kajkq ,efí'
bkaOk oykhg Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH fõ fuu hka;%h udr®.fhka
oykhg wjYH jd;h jdhqf.da,fhka weo oyk l=áhg ,ndfohs ta
iuÕ u oykh jQ jdhqj ;,a,q lsrSu o fuu.ska is¥fú'
oykh jQ jdhqj bj;g oeóug we;s hka;%h fuh bkaähqia v%d*aÜ *Eka
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
fuuÕska oykh jQ jdhqj t<shg weo oeóu isÿlrhs
Odrs;djfhka jeä iy Wla frdvq bkaOk f,i Ndú; lrk neúka fuu
hka;%%h w;HjYH fõ '
yqud, ckl hka;%fha ldhH_CIu;dj jeälr .ekSu i|yd l< yels Wml%u 1 Wÿkg we;=,a lrk c,h b;du msrSis¥ c,h ùu
79
fï i|yd Wla hqI meKs njg m;aùfï oS bj;ajk c,h >kSNhkhg
m;aúug yer tajd kej; m%fhdackhg .ekSu
2 by; c,h Wÿkg we;=,a lsrSug fmr wmf;a hk ;dmh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka r;alr .ekSu fï i|yd W÷fkka msgjk oeú wjika jdhqj m%fhdackhg .; yel 3 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk Wlafrdvq ke;fyd;a ne.Eia mQr®j r;a
lsrSulg Ndckh lsrSfuka ta i|yd jeh jk Yla;sh b;srs lr .;
yel'
fuh b;d myiqfjka l< yels ia:dkhla we;' tkï weUreï
uOHia:dkfha wjidk weUreï hka;%hg we;=,a lrk Wlaj,g tl;=
lrk c,h fjkqjg >kSNjkh jQ jdIam ke;fyd;a WKq c,h fhdod
.ekSu fuúg msgjk ne.Eia b;du by< WIaK;ajhl mj;S'
4 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk ne.Eia b;d l=vd fldgia neúka tajd jdhq
oyrdj iu. bj;a úh yel' fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wNHka;r j
ndOl we;s l< hq;= h'
5 yqud, cklfha ì;a;s ;dmh rojd .ekSug yels øjHhlska ksr®udKh
l< hq;=hs tfuka u wNHka;rfhys ;dmh .nvd l< yels hlv ;ekam;a
l<hq;= hs
6 úlsrKh ksid yqud,h fnodyrsk moaO;s uÕska úYd, jYfhka ;dmh
ydksùug ,lafõ
fuh uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd tu moaO;s ;dm mrSjdrl øjHh uÕska
wdjrKh l< hq;=hs tu wdjrKh c,fhka wdrCId ùu i|yd ;=kS
we,qñkshï ;yvqjlska wdjrKh l< hq;=hs
7 oykl=áfha we;s c, k, moaO;sfha oe,s ;ekam;a ùu ksid ;dm
yqjudrejg ndOd meñfKa
fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wê mSvkfhka hq;a yqud,h fyda jd;h
heùfuka oe,s iy ishqï ¥ú,s wxY= bj;a l< yel
80
8 oyk l=áhg we;=,a lrk jd;h mydksh u.ska ldhCIu;dj wvq úh yel' 9 yqud,fha c, ìx¥ yd jd;h ;snwys;lr h'
yqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkh
h m%udKhg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a ;dm CIu;dj wvq úh yel'
;snqK fyd;a ;dm yqjudrejg b;d
yqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkhyqud, cklfhka yqud,h uqla;jk ia:dkh
81
fuu wjia:dj u.ska ksrEmKh fjkqfha c,h jdIam njg m;a ù wk;=rej jdIam k, moaO;shg we;=,ajk wjia:dj fú
yqud, cklhyqud, cklhyqud, cklhyqud, cklhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrhg c,h ,nd.kakd wdldrh yqud,h ckkh lsrSSu i|yd c,h muKla Ndú; lsrSug úfYaI fya;=jla
we;' tkï c,h yqud,h njg m;aùfï oS úYd, ;dm Yla;s m%udKhla
wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSfï yelshdjla we;' tuÕska úYd, m%udKfha ;dm
Yla;shla tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg myiqfjka f.k hd yel'
fndfyduhla yqud, cklhka i|yd iajdNdúl c, uQ,dY% Wmldrfhka
c,h ,nd.kq ,efí' tfy;a isks lr®udka;fhaoS fuu c,h ,nd.kqfha"
ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS isÿ lrkq ,nk jdIamSlrK wjia:djka jk
jdIamSlrK Wÿka iy rsla;l Wÿka u.ska bj;a lr .kakd ,o jIam
kej;;a >ksNjkh lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd ,o wdiD; c,fhks'
fuu c,fhys wmøjHh f,i" jeä m%udKhla úúO jdhq jr®. oshú ;síh
yel' WodyrK f,i Tlaiscka(O2) ldnkavfhdlaihsâ(Co2) iy
khsÜ%cka(N2) o wxY= ud;% m%udKj,ska úúO ,jK jr®. o WodyrK
f,i le,aishï(Ca2++
) ue.aksishï(Mg2++
) ldnfkaÜ(Co322++
)
laf,darhsâ(Cl-) o óg wu;r j f;,a jr®. fïoh .%Sia jr®. iy ;j;a
oE fuys ;sìh yel'
by; ls wmøjHhj,ska yqud, cklhg isÿúh yels ydks j<lajd
.eksu i|yd msrsisÿ c,h mdúÉÑ lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
fï wmøjH fya;=fjka is¥úh yels ydks f,i"
1 c,fha we;s lák;ajh yqud, cklfha k, u; ;ekam;a ú fldrfmd;=
(scale) idohs' tfuka u cklh;=<g hefjk c,h jdIam ùfuka wk;=re
j b;srsjk uKaäj, idkaøKh jeäùfuka tu m%foaYfha we;sjk wêl
82
;dmh fya;=fjka tys we;s áhqí iy fjk;a fldgia j,g ydks is¥úh
yelsh'
2 cklh ;=< u<lEu (Corrsion) we;s lrhs' b;d ixlSr®K
l%shdj,shlajk fuh lsysm wdldrhlg is¥ úh yels h' tajd kï idudkH
.egqï" wˆ;a iúlsrSï" nr ±rSï ksid we;sjk bß;e,Sï fõ' kuq;a
u<lEu is¥jk m%Odk idOlh kï c,fha oshú we;s jdhQka h' m%Odk
jYfhka Tlaiscka iy fjkiajk PH w.hka yuqfõ iy wêl
WIaK;ajfha oS fuh b;du;a fõ.fhka is¥ fõ' fuu l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,h
f,i fndhs, áhqí ¥r®j,jk w;ru u<lEfï l%shdfõ§ iEfok u<
;ekam;a ú fndhs,r ;ekam;= iEoSug mqˆjk' fuh ;dm yqjudrefõ oS
ndOd we;slr hs'
tu ksid by; i|yka lrekq j,g wkqj yqud,h ksIamdokh lsrSu
i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk c,h msrsiss¥ ;;a;ajfhka ;sìu yd ;nd .ekSu
yqud, cklfha os.= ld,Sk meje;aug yd fydo ;;a;ajfha yqud,h
ksIamdokh lsrSug w;HjYH fõ'
fï i|yd wkq.ukh l<hq;= m%Odk l%shdjka folla ;sfí'
1 Pre- treatment or Make-up water Treatment 2 Boiler feed water Treatment 1 Pre-Tretment fuu l%shdj,sh my; i|yka mshjr j,ska ieoS we;' 1 Lime Scale Softening lák;ajh iy oshj we;s >k øjhh m%udKh wvqlr .; yel' 2 Filtration c,h ;=< mdfjk øjHhka bj;a lsrÍu fuu.ska is¥lr .; yel'
3 Zeolite Softening fuu l%shdj,sfha oS c,fha lák;ajhg n,mdk le,aishï iy ue.akSishï
whk fidaähï whk uÕska yqjudre jkq ,efí'
4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation4 Deminaralisation
83
fuu l%shdj,sfha oS c,fha we;s úúO leg whk iy wek whk yhsâ%cka
iy yhsfv%dlaihsâ u.ska yqjudre flfr®'
5 Dealkaliation fuys§ c,fha we;s NdIañl;djh fidaähï fyda laf,darhsâ whk u.ska yqjudrej flfr®' 6 Degasification fuysoS ksoyia Tlaiscka c,fhka bj;a flfr®'
2 Boiler feed water Treatment mQr®j m%;sldrl lsÍfuka c,fha we;s wmøjHh iEfyk m%udKhlg
wvqlr.; yels kuq;a iïmQr®Kfhka bj;a l, fkd yel' c,fha b;sß j
we;s b;du iqˆ wmøjh m%udKhla jqj o yqud,h ksIamdokfha oS
fndhs,rh ;=< tajdfha idkaøKh jeäjk fyhska yd fndhs,rh ;=< we;s
wêl WIaK;ajh ksid tajdhska fndhs,rfha os.= ld,Sk meje;aug yd
ksIamdokh jk yqud,fha ;;a;ajhg úYd, n,mEï we;súh yel' tu
ksid tu wys;lr n,mEï fndhs,rh ;=< md,kh lsrSu i|yd ridhksl
øjH c,h iu. ñY% lsÍu lrkq ,nhs' fuh Boiler Feed water
Treatment hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efís'
c,fha ;sfnk wmøjH ksid we;s úh yels m%Odk n,mEï kï( 1 Scale formation lák;ajh ;ekam;aúu ^c,fha oßhù we;s øjH fndhs,rh ;=< oS
wêix;Dma; ùfuka ;ekam;a ùu&
Scale ksid we;sjk n,mEï( ;dmh .,dhEu wvq lrhs' tuÕska fndhs,rfha ldr®hCIu;dj wvq lrhs'
fndhs,rfhka Wrd.kakd ;dm Yla;sh wvq jk fyhska WIaK;ajh jeä fõ
bkaOk mdúÑh by< hhs'
;dmh ksis mßos .,d fkd hdu ksid k, u; tl;= jk wêl ;dmh ksid
fndhs,r® k, mqmqrd hdu'
84
Scale iEoSu md,kh lsrSu)( Make-up c,h ieliSfï l%shdj,sh kshu wdldrhg l%shd;aul lsrSfuka
iy iq¥iq ridhk øjH Ndú; lsrSfuka
2 Corrsion ' u<lEu b;d ixlSr®K ridhksl m%;sl%shdjls' th wêl WIaK;ajfha o
b;d fõ.fhka is¥ fõ' yqud, cklhla ;=< fndfydaúg u<lEu
we;sjkafka c,fha osh ú we;s Tlaiscka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqka ksid
fjks' óg wu;rj PH w.hkaf.a fjkia ùfuka o u< leu we;s lrhs'
u<lEu md,kh lsrSu
fndhs,rh ;=< u<lEu md,kh lsrSug c,fha we;s Tlaiscka fndhs,rh
;=<g hdug m%:u bj;a l<hq;= h' fuys oS deaeator uÕska iEfyk
m%udKhla bj;a jk w;r b;srsh Oxygen scavenger uÕska bj;a
flfr®'
fndhs,rh ;=< PH w.h kshñ; mrdihla ;=< mj;ajd f.k PH w.fha fjkiska jk ydksh j<lajd .; yel' 3 Carry Over fuh fndhs,rfha c,h yqud,h iu. ñY% úfuka" fndhs,rh ;=< fmk iEoSfïka" iuyr >k øjhh yqud,fha osh úfuka is¥úh yels h' fmk iEoSfuka jk ydksh Anti-foam fhoSfuka yd fndhs,rh ;=< TDS
md,kh lsrSfuka l< yels w;r wfkla wjia:d fol fjk;a l%u uÕska
md,kh lr.; hq;= h'
Tlaiscka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy fjk;a jdhq jr®. o fïjd w;r we;'
fuu c,h jdIam ckkh i|yd fhdod .; fyd;a tu W÷k úLdokh
ùug;a ;dm yqj udrejg ndOdjla ùug;a bv we;' fuh j<lajd,Su
i|yd mQr®j m%;sldrl l%uhla wkq.ukh lrkq we;' ã-tarsfhagrh kñka
85
y¥kajkq ,nk moaO;sh yryd wêl ;dmfhka hq;a c,h .uka lrùfuka
tys oshù we;s jdhq jr®. bj;alr .; yel' c,fha oshù we;s Tlaiscka
bj;alr .ekSu i|yd tu c,hg yhsâv%iSka ødjKhla tlalrkq ,efí
túg c,fha osh ú we;s Tlaiscka c,h njg;a khsÜg%cka jdhqjla
f,ig;a bj;a fõ'
N2H4 + O2 = N2 + 2H2O
yqud, cklh ;=< is¥lrk ridhksl m%;sldrl l%u oshù we;s jdhqka bj;a lr .kakd ,o c,h wêl mSvkhlska hq;a
fmdïmhl Wmldrfhka jdIam cklhg we;=,alr .kq ,efí' c,h iuÕ
jdIam cklfha hlv tlg .efgk úg tu hlv u< neoSu is¥fõ th
j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ms<shï f,i c,sh udOHhfha NdIañl;dj jeälr
.kq ,efí' ta i|yd fldaiaála fidavd ødjKhla PH w.h 11 muK
jkf;la tl;=lr .kq ,efí'
c,h iuÕ úúO whk jr®. meñKsh yel fïjd w;r le,aishï"
ue.aksishï" nhsldnfkaÜ" ldnfkaÜ" i,afmaÜ" yd fmdiafmaÜ hk wekdhk
jr®.;a legdhk jr®.;a ;sìh yel' fuu whkj,g fjk;a ridhksl
øjH tl;= lrñka wjfCIam idod bj;alr .kq,efí'
CaSo4 + Na2Co3 = CaCo3 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
Na2Co3 + 2H2O HEAT = NaOH + 2H2O+CO2
MgSo4 + 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
CaSO4 + 2NaOH = Ca(OH)2 + N2So4 (SLUDGE)
fufia m%;sldrl l%u uÕska wmøjHh bj;alr .kakd,o msrsis¥ c,h yqud, cklfha fmdaIl c,h f,i m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí'
86
yqud,h wè;dmS ;;ajhg m;alrk k, moAO;sh iy jdhqj mQr;alsrSug fhduqjk ia:dkh
1 wr®Ohlska c,h msrS by< we;s is,skavrh 2 my< is,skavrhg c,h f.k hk k, moaO;sh3 yqud,h ckkh lrk k< moaO;sh 4 oeú wjika jdhqj .uka .kakd k, moaO;sh^we;=,a lrk fmdaIl jdhqj mQr®j r;alsrSu is¥lsrSu &5 wê mSvkhg Tfrd;a;=fok iúu;a ì;a;s 6 oeú jdhqj msgjk .uka uÕ 7 oeú jdhqj bj;a lrk mxldj 8 Ññksh 9 fmdaIl jdhqj we;=,ajk udr®.h 10 fmdaIl jdhqj we;=,a lrk mxldj 11 fkdoeù bj;a jk ldnka bj;ajk fodrgqj12 c,fhka msrs is,skavrh 13 ix;Dma; c,jdIam 14 c,h 15 jdIam iy c,h fjkalrk ;yvqj 16 wê ;dm k, moaO;sh 17 wê ;dm yqud,h tl;=jk is,skavrh 18 fmdaIl c, k, moaO;sh 19 lmdG 20 ne.Eia we;=,a lrk fodrgqj 21 oyk l=àrh 22 or we;=,a lrk fodrgqj 23 oeú f;,a we;=,a lrk ia:dkh 24 c,fha oshù we;s jdhQka bj;a lrk gexlsh
;dmS ;;ajhg m;alrk k, moAO;sh iy jdhqj mQ¾j
2 my< is,skavrhg c,h f.k hk k, moaO;sh
wjika jdhqj .uka .kakd k, moaO;sh ^we;=,a lrk fmdaIl jdhqj mQr®j r;alsrSu is¥lsrSu &
bj;a jk ldnka bj;ajk fodrgqj
24 c,fha oshù we;s jdhQka bj;a lrk gexlsh