SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTEDFROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’SCONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT
IN MARITIME CUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFFAND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST
BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987AND 14 MARCH 1990
by
Peter V. Hobbs and Arthur L. Rangno
Research Supported byDivision of Atmospheric Sciences
National Science Foundation
September 1990
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWARD
Page
1
TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROMTHE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131ARESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIME CUMULIFORM CLOUDSOFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 1990 3
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1
SOUNDING DATA FOR THE FLIGHTS
10
13
FOREWORD
Since 1978 we have carried out 118 research flights in various types of clouds offthe Pacific Coast of Washington State and in western and eastern Washington State. Theprincipal goals of these studies have been to measure the concentrations of ice particles inclouds at various stages in their life cycles, to relate the ice particle concentrations to othermeasured parameters, and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the formation of theice (particularly high ice particle concentrations in clouds with tops >-20’C commonlyreferred to as ice multiplication or ice enhancement).
Accounts of these studies through May 1984, including tabulated data (similar to
the tables presented here) as well as detailed descriptions of case studies andinterpretations, may be found in J. Atmos. Sci.. 42, 2523-2549 (1985) and Atmos. Res..22, 1-13 (1988). Descriptions of some of our principal findings since 1984 will appearshortly in the Quarterly Journal of the Roval Meteorological Society and the Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences. However, these latter two papers do not contain tabulated datasummarizing our more recent measurements. In view of the relative sparsity of informationon the microphysical structures of clouds, particularly as it pertains to ice particles, wepresent here tabulated data summaries for all of our research flights since 1987 in maritimecumuliform clouds that formed (with one exception) in westerly polar maritime airstreams.
A few further comments are needed to place this tabulated data in context. Someimportant differences exist between the clouds listed in this report and the maritimecumuliform clouds discussed by Hobbs and Rangno (J. Atmos. Sci.. 42, 2523, 1985).Although many of the cumuliform clouds in the latter study were shallow, they were oftencontiguous complexes, with median and average widths of 7 and 11 km, respectively. Incontrast, the maritime cumuliform clouds listed in the following tables were isolated andhad median and average widths of 1.1 and 2.1 km, respectively. There are two main
reasons for these differences. Firstly, improved data resolution permitted us to look at
smaller clouds and, secondly, in our more recent studies we have deliberately targetedsmaller, isolated clouds. The higher data resolution has also permitted us to look at smallerturrets nearer cloud top (< 30 m from cloud top, compared to 50-100 m in our earlierstudies).
The overall characteristics of the clouds tabulated here, such as cloud basetemperature (3.5 +/- 3’C), the temperature at which significant concentrations (^ 1 L-*) of icewere first detected (-4 to -7C), total droplet concentrations (-80 +/- 20 cm-3), were
relatively stable from day-to-day in the westerly polar maritime airstreams in the vicinity ofthe Washington Coast However, since the vertical distributions of moisture, temperature,
and wind in these airstreams varied, so did the organization of the cumulus clouds. Forexample, stratocumulus cumulogenitus was often present at cloud top (e.g. UW Flightnumbers 1331, 1336, 1371), cumulus tops sometimes protruded through a widespreadlayer of stratocumulus (e.g. UW Flight number 1424), and, when an especially stronginversion layer was present, protruding cumulus tops sank back below the stable layer into
stratocumulus clouds after remaining at their maximum altitude for only a few minutes (e.g.UW Flight number 1331). One important parameter that was not measured (due to lack ofsuitable instrumentation) was the vertical air velocity. However, for the relatively smallmaritime cumulus clouds listed here, the vertical velocities were generally in the range 1 to
5 m s-1.The maritime clouds described by Hobbs and Rangno (1985, 1987) and in this
report are virtually identical in overall composition and behavior to those studied in theAustralian Pacific by Mossop et al. and his coworkers. For this reason, we believe thatthese data are representative of polar maritime cumulus clouds in general.
We hope that the data tabulated here will be found useful for a variety of purposes,including basic cloud structural studies, hypothesis testing, and as input and verification
data for numerical models. In the near future, we will issue a similar data tabulation forcontinental-type cumuliform clouds.
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM TOE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 1990^ (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)
UW OK Qoul Nontai TmfIhghi (YiMo unto ofihe uoflmfmuter Dy) lorfl he|Kl
P- OocJ
Ibi HrMBdoud S<c)
r.-.3\ 1-kni of mor p-dM
10)04
143649
1109531M9S9
110304110304
M0309
9424194(32
94117
0309
113150113207113326
1331
134C33
135312135910141317
D--a Qom Quid Fhtht Flifhl Qoul Euau-l Qoud Wid6d Wdlbot MB- Wilthd 1M3H2offlKhl ^J t-e Ifri tetl Bp upxl dom hqod 35-GHl chotewl inqw- p-iae aqw. ckNd up bulb (MET ^pdUo* (hPl) Wfa. of. Bin) dour -tel echo
de-lip (<kl<?1 (defO5 (*tC^ lhhl nifhl bf tin (1m)(m) ^^ y^ kl level drol
(km) (km) (tan)
162
300 761 -9.7
711
Tod COOK COBB-
J^ kf,<14 >20 Mm
t-V-" ^Sf
0--. TBiol Cam Ai-n (to- MB- Mj> MB- MB- Typurf Acft WNttrf Pft Mu- Uss- D-ty Qyal Proper. DonamoElf teHnp MfBrf ;.W Pfl vape otcrfUl Decaf utmost<kp> VKVm <JRf hqad JW ;-W pnckj auoBOf Ofus Ade iiphai |lu Kh nek
>23mn DT >IO)MB h^d l>|ad fnm2-D fSftS (m)" P*V^ fsmat np-1 onglu j^l; cr^tti ternifnui (M’U’ --r ofxe ofx* of >1 >1 lodoad i^kll luhiloB ml
(cm9)" (L’) pmdM pnck> prah. &HM di--tr cahBr (S) ibdt Bfhthid"l dm-3! ow2SO <>-r2SO fron2-D [ron2D yB ^j21
pcte fn2D n^ ^ (L-i)15 (L-^6 (L-I)"V tttttw fzsa2-D fsom
(.-3) a--1)’.13 -y cwc(L-l)9 (L-1)1’
1.9 2,3,4 Cll.r.
1,2
1,2
2,3,4
2,3,4
2,3,4
2.3,4
2,3,4
2,3.4
3,4
2,3,4
2,3,4
3,4
1,3
2,3,4 Clf.n.S’-
2,3,4
1,2,3
0,1
1,3
1,2
0,2
1,2,3,41,2,3,4
Clf,Nl?
H.
n.cr 99/1
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 19901.2 (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)
UW DK Qood Nimte TinaOi|hl (YrMc im&r Jdf um(lm(i-te Dy) Mart be^B
p- (locJtteDoChihu HiMn.daud &c)
1333 1(0311
1331 01110321
1113
141712
1S1103151240151151151451IS1517161901
IH151
11111311 0121 112042
112301
11012}
1114
14115
133411012} 141401
144114
152744
151237
110123
110123155024
141010133( 141114
1336
141537141501
1111 141S47141551
142120
1424K142100142101142M114115114125*143527
111114131*151H727
111140
1117K111751131(1]
111(45
n,,^. ciBBd Omi FlitU Pliillt Clond Enmd doni WKthrf Wdtof Mm- Widftaf 35<3Hi Tolll CCBBB-
otffiihl ... IM le-l tell lP iqi-i doud liqud 35-GHi icho A^ iwrf
M W- P-- V- f- ^t"f bulb (-- A,* Mtl iyp.8 .tambekiw (tff^ ea^R- u^r. ada) cloudA icxted echo <14Hm
cy ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ ^ ^ ^ <-1/-" ^(to) (kill) (1m)
-1.1 -11.5
122
121
-14.5
HI -15.5
6U7H -H.77157H
-12.2.5
100100
755
-11.5 -11.5
751-.7
711 -12.*
20 -10.1-10.*
-t.l-<
-7.5
7M -12
-1.2-t.l-S.i
500
f
715-t.O
7727M
-1.7-t.O
-11
0.5
2.5
Cafh
tlBaf*q>
>20
(a.3)9
’^ ^
0.4 1.0
1, l~l
QaaB-
dnp.>23 HIDfhry^T
wV
Tuld Conn. Awnr Mw- Mm- Ma- MB. Mn. TypMOt Amw WuUaf PtA Ms- MEB- Douy CryU Pmpx- DuKtinittedrop ctf J-W ym^fi KO- afawM luuxloa Qcaaf ofaKiJilinanm iteix liqn4 IW ;W pidc avumal TffKia ouraf link Kpfax gta> diDT >l(um hqud bqud ImmiD twit f-n)" PVH naiaar erpl-d cm[li j,^19 crfim reljav
(>>""’ dUDDr da oia afn s^n^ >\ >1 lodoad ^,1S hjlllai
ff \f pOTdM pOTcle. prah. duo-- dumr aims (S) ilidl ufliihl’’""d (im3) awW mctlSO ImmIrO furl-D ^JO hv^l((m’3) laB mot nurf pmcln
pmcle fr<m2.D nnl Eixl (L-1)1S (L-1)16 rt-l)17Tepaa imxgBly Erom2-D fmm(1B3) (L’1)9’13 ""I")’ OTC
^f (L-l)9
os 2.3,42.3,<
3.<2.3,< 0.15 100
1"
2,3,1 0.112,3,1 0.25
’cl;
;,3,<
;
^ C"(
2,3
1,3
2.3.4
3,4
2.3.4
0.2
3.1 cl(, 10/10I.2.3 "/I
2.3,4
2.3.42.3,4
2.3.<
1,1
3,1
2,3,1 S102,3,4
M/103.4 100
1,2
3,<
1,2
1,2
1,2
1.2
2.32,3,1
1.2
1,2
2,3 0.012,1
0.2 0.1
1.
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 19901’2 (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)
LW DM Cloud Nimtar Tin. Duff
Ol^ (Yrtto odte umflfflf offhfluamta Dft uojt tec Ind
p- (loc. trio.
Ihniocli cloydbpihu Hritfc- ;m)doul SB:)
pd> from D ml nri (L-i>15 (,.-1)16 ^"T’n"itl inmeiT fran2D from
K1121 100100SO*
110411UK 110411
13K
12 14515(
14S(10
151120
151305
152012152301
1S27K1317 IIOS04 1521S4 10
I311S2
132100
132721
13S7 110705 142254 300142111
1107051357 142414 500
11070513S7
143347
I1S7
1157 110705 141157<00
I1S7 1107051117 11070S 144(12
1117 110705
110705
0ml dad Fli|lu
^3 t- Inri
(hP)(*C14
122
101
121
710715
754
III111
727727
727
721
7016(7
Fh|hl Oat E.UU1 Omt Widtof Widlhof M-- WxUrf i5GHl Tom G- CODOB. QD. Tnlcf Cte A--. Mm. Mn- MB- Vte- MB T.oftel up top- dot I|i.d 35-GHi ,cho *, ,< niunof .<mof tedroi. , 7w mSi ^ " ^^ A--; writaf pe*
’2T ’2:’ ’S^ 1 ^ cloT. *. S W8 -^ *^ -^ P" ^ 1^- IW JW ca^- ca-S- p^l ^ ’2? ^ttnpr- tcf- Kdn) doodx ndxd edu <l4(u >20 MB >23|im DT >100yni hiud liqud ^>-b,0 (d,0’ iBtta tliih. byto (ta,) (.^ ^ ^J ^ ,^,. ,t^ .S; ^ "^ "^ hmw wrt <">" "’^ w S S ^ -v41 ^ ^ ^ ’- p-^. p^-S. *S *-S ca>IJm) (km) w d-, (in.-1) 250 o,S .^^ f^To
(.a-3) km o( mot
(tB-3) (L’l)9-13 iniW OIPC(L’l)9 (L-1)SI
-3.*
-3.1-3.1-3.1
-10.7-5.7
-3.
-5.1-5.* -7.5
.7 .5
-t. -1-11.
1.5
0.3
-7.5
-11.2
11
S ^ ^ ^ ^ S:2 0:: 0:; ,:: o:: ;:, ^ ;,; ;:;;.,2.3 2? 100
3’l’2’1,1,
31 2,3’.
,"11 0.01
’i’
15140
107757
30
II*31*
3.2.3.
0.12
2.3.4’<’< 01,?," ;;^ Clf.n.lt 15/14/1,4
Clf.
0.21
0.11
Wm- Mno- 0am, Cryl PKipB-- DiiKtaa^ crcrjiul hibrcr of afiarft.hk iqhc fl- +/- n+/-
nfrf np-d onti- ril*19 crim Kiwlodoud ,1,^,18 luyiaa tomd
(s) link fli|lu.. ()-’ li^l
100
;00
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH ATRrp AFT TN ^APTTTA.CCUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 199Q1.2 (SEE PAGE loTo^OT^TE^UW Drii Qoiri Numtar Tunenifta (YrMo (tfdK uniflfflimitol Dy) uart tec
p- (locj
itni HritfB-doid S4C)
110705
130154
111104
122512
1301DI
135301
111117
141151
OubnoBof flightlevel
belimcloud lap
(m)
Qoud aoud Fbghl
^3 t-- ]CT1
(lift)
(delO4
781
Fh(hl Qoud EinmMd dott Width o<1ml lop up- doid
lEO-r fiq- cloud Bp bulb (w-rva^s- Kiiqr- adst)
(..03 ^ ^ ^ ^(km)
-10.5 -13.5
-4.3
-5.5
-10.51.0
Widlhc-f
L^md
cloud..!nigtelevd
(km)
MJD- Wnth of3S-GHi
otinh
bv thu GOD)doud
iTmi)
350HI TomBctao AmIvpB^
(-V
QIEB- Caiom-(rf of
dR^u drDf<14Hm >20
1-’)’-" (crn^
QimB.
drof>23nniAmu
fan-^
Til of Csmc- Amipibnp W
ipectnsD dn]c lu)ud^Ty
(H-)10.’2 (kttr
fl.1)9cloxl
(g"’3)
39
M*JD-
JWhquid
(Am3)
M.BO-
JWhqud
pnc..i
TglCB
(Am-3)
Mn- Mi
ofTWUCJU p-nicl.f
250Ion of
from2-D trivet
im-iiai^ from 2-D1)^,13 unjiyry
(L’)!’
Ml- T.perf ATO^ W;lUlo< Pat Mm- Mno.grxupel xovt
pxudel uvsoaot Kpaa uncaof ilideImm 1-D wi fm)^ SW^ awcmct eiraol
afK* E^tt^4 >1 [odoiMlpnide cunx4R dmm isil"r250 ’n>m2.D inim2-D
tl g.l)U g,-])16 (,.i,i7froOIPC
t-1)9
^
2,3,4
\
2, \
340
430
OenBty Crylulacmul hjIniioD
tl- A*"liite-8
---l’,P.,Sl
Pl,Cll-,Sc
Clf,
Clf,Nl.i,r>.
Clf,PI
Clf,PI.HI.
cK.n.m.
Clf.Nl*.?Clf,111.
Clf.St.PIClf,III
Clt,Hl,Pi
OfEffa
crt1hjClan
ikdt
(1)2
B5.10.
DuRCtloa
iclalivLownnd
ilfh^illevOl^l
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT TN MARTTTMFCUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 199C^?(S^G^TO?F^O^UW Dk Qood Nimtar TimDi(k (YrMo mater ofte umplm|
mmter D) uojt be^I- (lool
Ihniuthihj HiMa-dgud &E)
1171 1441111171 I44}0<
144411
111117141401
31
1U141
111111
111111111121
1372 111121
133114111101
111711
111(1*
IHIK1372 111121
111*1(
14001t140404140107
140917
141110
1377 1)010}
1*0203
141011142017142111142101142441
1)0101
1377 1)0201
142*101)020] 14114(
144311
1*0101
377 1)0101 144UI377 110*41177 151014
151114151221111111
41 1117011)0101
177 1*0201377 112001
1520241520SO152311
Out-- Qood Qod FH|ht Flifhl acnd ElBf-d Qauoffli|hl ^ b IrnI leni Ufi nyIwtl fay- iirai Rqr. M^r- claidop bulbbdo. (hP EI^T. w.
cloudBp (d.,o4 ((t,,c>S (il^Q6(m) lB,C)7 (lt>C)
2.5 -t.l
70
7001000
-20,0
-11
1570
-21.
-10
-10
-1.1
-11 120
-It.-K.
-7.1
-4.1-5.5
772
-21.-21.
71*
-21.-24-21
-24.1
WiAhtt Widths Mu- Widaardoul liqad 35-OHl(w ifcpA Hkndi.) cladB nctad ecbanfhfht fliihl bvdiu (km)IMJ k-1 dadfm) (knu cm)
l.t
0.5
..- ’ ’’’I’"*
M,C1.,C1,
2.2
.3
.71.}
VWz Tom Co. Canfr Qua. Tlrf Cma- Axaf Mu. Mn- Mrt- A, ra-rf no( MK.J ite*,, rt JW ; M"" ^"^ A’-- v’M"t PIE* M- -A- Oam, C^ttI fto-lyp. d>ap <tqx diqx qxanm drof liqud J.W JW nj^. "1". Fm^ "’ ^ajml tibrog Daaof
<14|iB >20|liB >23tun I>r >100 hmd IM,KIpretoi aitsmnl refxxi trancnof link icfkm il-
t-’>’"l, ’"? d"" -7"1 *-- -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ faaw
^ ^ ’"^ ""- "’-- ^S ^9 ^1l-V-" (a.->)9 ta.^ n.-l)9 pmcto p^. p.^ "-"1 >lo. iDdoad ,,^i8 ^^dad ^3) o2SO o,2SO fn,M ,^D "^ fs) ’h*("-) 1km mot mof jo
P-lri. fr2D M nrt n7^ T3 ^""1"ie| imupy fnn2D fn^i
<L C-’1)17dm3) fL-1)’1-13 I(BT OIPC
0-1)9 (1.1)51
: ; - 0-
^ ^ ^ 0:; ;:; ;; ^ ,; -:: ^. ^
’. 0:: o-’ 0-? ^ 0-"
;S ^ ;0 3; 2. S-: ^.; -" ";
o:4 0’ l^:>4 -0’
^ 3;: 3" S:, ;; ,L2" ’- 3’; ;;3 0:0; ^ ^
" " " ;; ,;; ;:; ::; ;:; !.:; ;:; ;:;:: ::;i ;;: ::;; ;:: " "-:;; ,; = ^ ::; ::; ; ;3 .;; ’:;:: :::: ^ - : ^ -;;;
110
270
’2’-
r,ci,c-
n.spi
Pl.Clg
n.cii.ci.n.cifl.ci*Pl.Clq.Cl.
rl,Cl.,clii
1*0
110l70
S:2 2:1 0:5 3::n,ci.ci.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;:; ^ o-; ^?’2 ll< ""
^ ^ ^ ;:! ^ o-i ^ ^ ^ ^ !, ^ S
^ ^ ^ ^ 7-; ^ S:; ’; ----^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ’1 0-5 ;’ ^ ..S /^;:
^ ^. ;.;
^ 3;: oo; a^ ^ ^ ^ ^; ;-;; ’" :f ? ; 2; 2-3-; -; -; ^ ;;
ci,,c;
! F1,C1,,C1.
1.,C1.,C.
H.Cl.Clq".C1..C1,
..:0 2, """.H,C1.,C1,
H.C1..C1,3’ H.C1..C1,
0.1 ;,’’!’4
:5
DiMCtlOBorICTrfln*
iel4BVlonal3ini|ht
Icv^l
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OFAIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OFWASHINGTON’S CONVAIR r n A PPWi ^u ^, . r^CUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30JANUARY"S"ScHll^S^^F^SNimbr Tint Duff doitl dad Fll(hl Fli|ta arirflf Mio^fflf oflh|lu i^3 t- ;eid Inj 109Ha ber levri caf. pK_ Bif. Bgpr. doBiUpp- (teal bdow (hPt)
^ H^,- "y ^’^ ’^O5 W^doil be)
Qood
uipoM
bulb
WiAhrf Widibrf MM-dcul liqoj
(<ltC)7 (*C) lewlUfhfhlInJ(kB)
ni|ht
leni(tan)
by Ihudoulfm)
Wid&of 35CHi35-GHl cho
S: waOm)
Tom QmB. Caxi- CCODR- Tulrf Ctxnittp nrrt trauoBof itcdn^i
<SR^ +/-1^1 drqB ipwinBl di^x<14mn >20(un >Z3 l>r >1(X) |im
sm^ ^’im>r ’""’" ’t"
AWJWbqud
Mm-
IWiqud
Mn. M-- MB- Tyi-W A<, Widhrf Pat
(CB^ a--’)’
;W
bqoj
pncbKrai
froni2.D
cw2M 250tan ot of
fnxD 2-D Iriwl UUMiinupir &om2.D fttim
OIPC(L-l)i>
(tin3) (L’l)9-13(̂L’)
re^oB of(m)" SWi
Min>- DnBiy Cryil Propn. Dina
"^ acryul lubron goBdf oficrtfiJ’* itl*c |lw exb iKt
’"I- ih*19 cr.1 xlm
2-0
lodoiri(S)
lick18
(L-1>U (L-l)"pilDCiM
g..l)17
iluk
(H)30filth!
lm|21
IS]404-21.1-21.
3.4
H.Cl,cli,H,Cl.clgH,C1.,CI,F1,C1,C1
121741122017122051 l.<
1.3,4
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH \990^ (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)
D Qood NIB- T Dm-n Cloud CKBl Fli(ht FUfbl Oarf Eanul Cloud Widlhof Wutthrf Ml. Widttof 35<iHl Tal
<^1 (^o ^ ofd. ^< fn4kt ^ b- 1- l~t - ^d-1 ^ swt "3 *
n^tor Dy) "nrt te^ teri t-- "V- "V- cloalBp bulb (wr (kpH uk iypn^ i^, (hPU B^T- of- nif) clouilB ~cfad e<+/-o
^ ddl, (*,C)- (*.C)S (*C)’ "WU af b^ (tan) ,-’,"ihu HiMo- (ml (<hC)7 ^tO Ic’tl lewl doal
dmi SB;) (km) ^ (km)
1211 170110 13H11 10. 3.1 -4.. ^2.7 2.; ; ;^
""" 0’4"’ 1"*" :; :3 3;1211
1110 ^ ^ 2.^.71121 11410. "";’.71221 114714 0.7
132( 71221 120744 100 720 ^1471121 11173. 7" -"; ’;;
132. .71221 111*"
71221 111141 -..;"
132. 11H10 ;-2 -^ ^112t 111755
13 121MO ;; ;;124010 100 ^124220 -3.0 ;-2124.10 -3-3 o’l
132. 131340 -3-t \-1 Q’?131740 ^.2 ;;
^-’133154 -14
115.0. 350 77, -;5.5 ^12021 11^ ^;327 :7;2.2 ;21:47 50; ^ :^ -1^ 1 .0:
^ E iE 2 -1 i; i; n SiS ^ S S :s2 ^ ;: ;:; ^1117 71222 132711 10 ^.1327 132715 ’’; ; i’1317 1321.
1127 11W .7 -^ to;111421
1327 ! ..:1327 /’ 0’.
134711 100 -7.5
1327 114.11 ISO -." 0;1327
3( -^- .; ’. ’2 tol1327 135105 ^..S tS1327 135715 1.^ ^.71327 140730 1000
1121112111211321
1321
1321 110120
1321 110120IIOllO
1321 .101201321
1101201311 110120
1321
1321 11011013211321 0120
1.0110112> 01201111
1111IIOllOIIOllO
110120
lOSir
^447,^3 -10.0;.^0; 2;. -1... -1-;5 ^120110 -. ?!120505 -(.7
2074; .^ ^121057120711 400 .10
.3*"H 3;. ^0.5 -4.1;.; .; ";-11.1
14143 10 730
24^2 727
21001Gl4>-12.5
130001 10
0111^l5tl4 10 .5iSIH -10. O.t ’;^; 10
111115 -10.1
1111H 712 -10. -11 -17
Hoi 110 .5 71, -12 -It ’ ;100 711 -11.5 l.
HH; 3;; 747 ;.7 2.^ ^10 .1 -11. -11.1 .1
71. -11. -12.1 -1..1 ^10 -12.1
Hoio .1 -12. -12.1 -lt.1
\ ;3l^l -11.1 -11
Car
a"-<14HB
-’/"
12
Om-
*T.>20|un
^?
35
CCHB- TillntuBd ttafd
cteT. va>23|un Ch
!as^>
24
111
J Cac Awn|i Mm. Mltvp msisct }-w
djq> hqud ;.w J.>IOO |im bind Isf
SS ^ ^((m"-)P"
(is
0.1
1.2
1.01.10.10.1
.2
MX- MB Ma- TyfMaf A-r Widllrf
W pmdM vmmsl nfssad fa2-D pm^ /mfif a(m n--14 ST-pmer pBtcl- pwdu j
mv]SO <KT250 !nm2Dkm mar mot WEte
EraBZO nri a-I y-\fSiin^ll) tea2-D froni
B3) (L1)’.13 -7 OIFCa-’1)!’ ^
2,3.4
1.2,1 0.211,2 C.04
2,3,4
2.3.4
1,2
1,2
1.1
1.2.J
2,3,4
1.0
2.3,4
3,<
3,4
1,1,1
2.1,4
3,1
2,42,3,42,3,4
3,4
2,3
2,3
PMk MR- Mco- Dmiy Cryim Preptr- Dinct-leap ofa^m h^faB licorf of-zrfl
Iluaid llnte sftcm |lr o* nek(Ifl muaar lf-d oniliK f^W cryral nl--,lma lodoul ^A18 luhKB uwmtIrnni (S) ihik ufli|hthvm],D ,%)C b.j21
(L-l)16 (L-l)17
n.ci:H.C1;
Pl.df H/1
CK, ii/
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1
Contact: Professor Peter V. Hobbs, Atmospheric Sciences Department, AK-40,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
2. General Comments
a) Dashes indicate that no data were available.
b) The data presented are for those clouds in which a cloud top temperature wasknown precisely or could be estimated within bounds not exceeding +/- 3’C.
c) A cumuliform cloud is defined by a cloud penetration with a contiguous region ofdroplets in concentrations >. 10 cm-3 or ice panicles >. 100 \im in maximumdimension in concentrations ^ L-1 or both. These minimum criteria eliminatewispy, transparent regions of clouds that may have been sampled. Stratiformclouds, such as stratocumulus and altocumulus, are not included in this Table.
d) During the course of this study, it became evident that the very highest portions ofthe cloud tops either had little ice or ice panicles there were too small (100 [im inmaximum dimension) to be measured reliably with the available instrumentation.Hence, in later flights there is a tendency for the aircraft flight level to descendsomewhat relative to the highest cloud top.
e) University of Washington (UW) flight numbers 1281, 1326, and 1327 were testflights in which ice-producing clouds were mostly avoided. UW flight number1424 was also a test flight in which only the highest portions of several nearlyglaciated small clouds that rose out of a solid stratocumulus deck were sampled.
0 Many of the cloud turrets listed in the table were partially obscured from view priorto penetration because they were situated behind the cloud initially targeted forsampling. Consequently, for these clouds, the most vigorous region with thehighest liquid water content, or the region of highest maximum ice particleconcentration, may not have been sampled. This causes more variability in themeasurements than would be the case if each cloud could have been seen in itsentirety prior to penetration. Sample variability is also introduced by penetrating theclouds at various stages in their life cycles, although some of this variability isreduced by upwind/downwind cloud penetrations.
3. Cloud age is an estimate based on the appearance and motion of the cloud. Rising,bulging cloud tops are considered younger than ragged, fraying and usuallydescending cloud tops. High liquid water content (>1 g m-3) is generally indicative ofa younger cloud and low liquid water content of an aging cloud. A high liquid watercontent (>0.5 g m-3) coincident with maximum of ice particle concentration isconsidered indicative of a younger cloud than one in which the liquid water is muchsmaller or absent when the ice particle concentration peaks. Frozen drops and smallgraupel are associated with younger clouds than those containing aggregates of icecrystals and/or large graupel. The oldest region sampled in each pass through a clouddetermines the cloud age, which is classified as follows: 0 young, 1 mature, and2 old. This means that multiturreted clouds are usually classified as "aging" cloudssince one or more of the turrets was in the dissipating stage.
10
4. This is the base temperature of the cloud during its building stage. At the time ofsampling, particularly in aging clouds, there may have been no well-defined cloudbase due to precipitation or downward motion.
5. The lowest temperature measured (in 1 sec intervals) during the pass through thecloud.
6. If an airborne measurement was not obtained at cloud top, we assume that apseudoadiabatic temperature lapse rate existed between the highest flight level and theheight above the aircraft where the cloud top was estimated to be. This value isrounded to the lower 0.5’C increment (e.g., a measured cloud top temperature at-7.rC is rounded to -7.5’C).
7. If a value is not shown, estimated error is <, 0.5’C.
8. Radar echo types are: 0 no echo, 1 echo observed but did not reach the surfacebeneath the aircraft, and 2 echo observed and it reached the surface beneath theaircraft
9. Values between 5 and 25 cm"3 are rounded to the nearest whole number. Valuesbetween 26 and 100 cm-3 are rounded to the nearest 5 cm-3. Values above 100 cm-3are rounded to the nearest 10 cm-3.
10. For clouds containing appreciable ice particle concentrations (>. 1 L-1) and/or littleliquid water (< 0.3 g m’3), values are estimated from measurements made on youngerclouds sampled at or near the same height in which ice particle concentrations werelow (< 1 L-1). Such estimates are indicated by the letter "a" following the number.
1 1. The concentrations of small ($ 14 ^m diameter) drops for UW flight number 1330,1331, 1333, 1336 and 1337 are erroneously high due to a "threshold bias" settingproblem in the PMS FSSP.
12. I>r is defined as the drop diameter for which the total concentration of drops (asmeasured with the PMS FSSP)) with diameters ^ DT is 3 cm-3.
13. Computed only for those clouds with widths S 3 km at flight level.
14. Types of ice particles are indicated by: 0 no ice particles, 1 liquid or frozen dropsand/or small (< 1 mm in maximum dimension) graupel, 2 graupel with maximumdimension ^ 1 mm diameter, 3 single (apparently vapor-grown) crystals, 4aggregates of ice crystals.
15. Measured over the cloud region where the first graupel particles were observed to thepoint where the last graupel particle was observed.
16. The highest concentration of graupel with maximum dimension >. 1 mm measured bythe PMS 2-D precipitation probe for a time interval of 1-5 sec or for flight segmentsbetween 80 and 400 m distance over which the highest concentration could becalculated.
17. Probably accurate to +/- 15%.
n
18. Assumes that the entire glass slide was covered with Formvar. Categories are: 0 noice crystal replicas, 1 10-101 ice crystal replicas, 2 lO^lO2 ice crystal replicas,3 lO^lO3 ice crystal replicas, 4 103-104 ice crystal replicas. Probably accurateto within one category.
19. Symbols used for crystal habits are from Magono and Lee’s classification (J. Fac.Sci.. 2, No. 4, November 1966).
20. Probably accurate to +/- 20%.
21. Categories are: 0 cross wind, (i.e., cloud penetrated along a line that made an angleof > 45’ to the prevailing wind direction at that level), 1 upwind to downwind (i.e.penetration with the wind), 2 downwind to upwind (i.e. penetration against thewind).
I?
SOUNDING DATA FOR FLIGHTS
The following pages provide temperature, dewpoint and wind information, frommeasurements made aboard the aircraft, for each of the flights listed in Table 1. In eachcase, data are both tabulated and plotted graphically.
Measurements were generally made from about 15 m above the surface to thehighest cloud tops. Horizontal passes were made through one or more clouds at verticalincrements of ~300-500 m. Therefore, at these levels many measurements of temperatureand dewpoint were obtained. Large variabilities in the dewpoints at any one level are dueto sampling both in clouds and in the clear air surrounding the clouds, particularly nearcloud tops.
13
3 0 J a n u a r y 1 9 8 7
700
0
^0
(9
0 0 %-*
800
900
o oo o
o
o
0 0
cas^ f o^S>S
1 000-40 30 -20 1 0 0 1 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c )
Figure 1. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulus congestus clouds on 30 January 1987 between 1045 and 1345 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
14
TABLE 2. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 30 JANUARY 1987.
Flightlevel teir
pressure(hPa)
temperature(deg C)
(deg C)
752762772782792802812822832842852862872882892902912922932942
Averageperature(deg C)
-9.0-8.0-7.2-6.5-6.1-5.5-5.0-4.8-4.0-3.5-3.2-2.2-1.5-0.6-0.10.5
1.62.53.63.8
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
0.480.440.250.190.260.190.100.160.660.460.420.280.270.270.330.510.610.390.250.13
Averagedewpoint
temperature(deg C)
-19.2-25.7-29.6-29.2-25.0-21.1-17.0-12.3-12.2-10.1-7.7-5.5-4.0-3.7-2.7-2.5-1.8-2.5-0.60.1
Standard Av<deviation
from directionaverage (deg
dewpointtemperature
6.375.660.562.282.801.290.991.373.731.651.401.661.531.191.291.271.611.480.940.81
ragewind
true)
217223228216212218214250228249250238247207221224208182180239
Averagewind
speed(m s-1)
14.012.811.613.311.211.212.412.813.713.313.410. 611.810.09.0
12.29.26.5
11.510.4
15
2 1 D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7
WKJ
700
Q
CDL 800
(/)
cnCDLQ
900
1 fTllTICT
^ ""^^^^ :(^^^^^^^1’ ’^/^ /’Ujt’ -A’
^ (C)^ffi^^^l^ t^0 ++n 0^0
Z \00 ^’3D*A: ’^^t :
; ^s^ :
-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 2. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 21 December 1987 between 1130 and 1330 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
16
TABLE 3. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 22 DECEMBER 1987.
Flightlevel te
pressure(hPa)
721731741751761771781791801811821831841851861871881891901911921931941951961
Avera’mperat’(deg
-13-13-12-11-11-10-9-9-8-7-7-6-5-4-4-3-2-2-1-00
1122
geure d<C)
ter
.4
.1
.5
.7
.0
.5
.7
.1
.3
.7
.0
.29
.911
.8
.0
.36
.5
.2
.8
.7
.9
itanda
sviatifr
avera
uperat(deg
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
rdonom te
geureC)
33363644293350324645
472642393026402434333434233312
Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C
-17.-17.-19.-18.-16.-15.-14.-13.-11.-11.-10.-10.-9.-8.-8.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.
e Stt devre
ade
temp
862413179784871055053660
4
andaiatifro
vera
wpoieratdeg
1.2.4.3.4.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.
rdon
m dige (dentureC)23222540566276568160266469181020152902189368966648
Averagewind
.rectionsg true)
328335338338337332331334339339342344347347342350344343344334.315315348345342
Averawii
spe.(m s-
101011121111121212121412131313171513
141088
12109
gended1)
.0
.9
.1
.2
.8
.2
.5
.6
.4
.2
.0
.6
.1
.2
.1
.4
.6
.6
.2
.9
.4
.1
.9
.9
.1
17
2 2 D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7
600
700 \-
800
900
o %0
%:*V% J?^D ^fcf0 Ct)
1 000-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c
Figure 3. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 22 December 1987 between 1150 and 1400 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
18
TABLE 4. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 20 JANUARY 1988.
Flightlevel
pressure(hPa)
(deg C)(deg C)
720730740
,750760770780790800810820830840850860870880890900910920930940950960970980990
Averagetemperature
(deg C)
-9.7-10.3-11.0-10.4-9.7-9.1-8.3-7.8-7.0-6.2-4.3-4.5-4.1-3.8-3.0-2.3-1. 7-0.90.0
-0.10.10.82.83. 64.35.05.86.5
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
temperature
1.201.160.700.520.640.410.370.550.470.381.890.730.560.360.520.290.330.120.310.861.280. 930.250.420.200.260.270.24
Averagedewpoint
temperature(deg C)
-31.4-23.3-15.1-14.0-13.8-11.3-10.9-11.1-11.2-11.8-11.9-9.0-7. 6-6.1-8.0-7.0-4.8-4.2-2.7-3.2-2.7-0.6-0.40.40.51.21.41.3
Standarddeviation
fromaveragedewpoint
temperature
8.197.672.702.092.251.851.982.171.512.403.103.042.933.102.901.300.581.021.581.231.511.561.120.310.700. 650.770.42
Averagewind
direction(deg true)
303305300299290292307313304308296310315336310302299292293248205240286232286292282274
Averagewind
speed(m s-1)
12.615.715.014 .413.712.110.911.610.511.98.59.39.39.1
10.914.113.511 .512.07.95.12.44.34.24.76.87.69.2
19
2 0 J a n u & r y 1 9 8 8
o3i<y
750
Q
E
(D
L 850
(/)[/)
CDLCL
950
i r?ic;CT
-00^&C^D^ ^fe^^^V^^^ffisik^^^^^^B-’1’’1": ^: ^c.0 ^ :
OQ % + + +o % i? ^+.
0 QO^W ^^P4"0 0^+0 OQ ^0 d- +
: ^ ^ :000^5^-
^ ^^00 "M’^A0 .^ %
-&: 0^ \ :U 7’0 0 ++9^ t
^ \0 -’i-cP \-^p +-
"1 1’-40 -30 20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c
Figure 4. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 20 January 1988 between 1120 and 1345 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
?n
TABLE 5. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 4 MARCH 1988.
Flightlevel t
pressure(hPa)
667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997
Averagemperatu
(deg C
-13.-13.-12.-12.-11.-10.-9.-9.-8.-7.
-6.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.
-3.-3.-2.-1.-1.-0.0.1.1.2.2.3.4.4.5.6.6.7.
e
re d<
ten
96700380066212758
25702414172054388
;tanda
sviatifr
avera
nperat(deg
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
rdon
om te
geureC)
0624443938353431522627244115
2119243134232129202616221921264852424195
Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C
-29.-27.-26.-22.-21.-17.-18.-16.-15.-14.-16.-14.-23.-8.-7.-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-4.-3.-3.-3.-2.-2.-1.-1.-0.1.1.1.0.1.
e
t d<re
ter
5630041847543459
215829606594242498
itandasviati
fraveraiewpoinperat(deg
0.1.1.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.1.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.1.1.1.
rdonom di
ge (dent
ureC)
09161528169248692014746298580497
220532202008
171908254940059898051475
Averagewind
rectiong true)
246254246243247251254253267253243244245253252248252253253252251250248248247246246245251254259259262246
Averaiwii
spe<(m s-
16151719211615151416171716151518161616161516161515151515131212121212
gended1)
.7
.7
.8
.5
.8
.8
.8
.1
.1
.6
.9
.7
.2
.1
.5
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.2
.1
.9
21
4 M a r c h 1 9 8 8
0->W
750
nE
(D
L 850
(n[D(D
L0,
950
i rTiRCT
: ^^ o0
"^~v^ &>: ^^ ^ffQSMSSsyyo cEnxa
s^ ^ ^Stt^^kf ^^ ^0
w
^^9 "1 :CD -^0 0 *fl^aD&o i^
0 +
OGI0^ i :c@ ^0 +
0 +
^ t0 +& +*- :o ^% ^0 ^0 +
0 +c^> +-^0 +0 -’-0 t0 +0 +
^ * :
-40 -30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r A t u r e ( d e g c
Figure 5. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 4 March 1988 between 1345 and 1550 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
22
TABLE 6. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 9 MARCH 1988.
Flightlevel
pressure(hPa)
(deg C)(cleg C)
703713723733743753763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983993
Averagetemperature
(deg C)
-12.4-12. 6-11.9-11.1-10.5-9.6-8.9-8.8-9.0-8.8-8.5-7.6-7.6-6. 9-6.2-5.3-4.7-3.8-2.9-2.6-1.7-1.2-0.20.51.01.92.83.54.35.0
Standarddeviation
from temperatureaverage
temperature
0.000.220.260.310.260.630. 670.930.820.620.710.620.230.320.230.340.220.270.190.210.220.300.230.300.310.330.410.300.300.33
Averagedewpoint
(deg C)
-42.6-42.6-42.5-42.6-42.5-34.8-36.2-31.7-23.3-18.6-13.3-11.8-11.3-11.8-11.0-10.3-9.4
-12.7-10.0-7.8-6.0-5.9-5.2-4.8-4.1-3.8-4.2-3.9-3.8-3.5
Standarddeviation
fromaveragedewpoint
temperature
0.000.180.380.430.547.886.76
11.1610.126.703.362.392.142.171.821.831.831.202.271.891.671.801.111.111.490.500.550.610.750.78
Averagewind
direction(deg true)
346342342340340339321325329337333318340338338341336332337334331332332332322328324323324323
Averagewind
speed(m s-1)
23.022.819.921.421.718.815.115.615.717.915.814.415.116.817.416.915.614.014.513.616.115.513.612.111.014.413.813.613.914.1
23
9 M a r c h 1 9 8 8
650
750
Q
E
CDL 850
(n
01CDLCL
950
1 050-50 -40 -30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c
-" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1^
’- 1 ^ :1 6 "^
n ^a? S o ^o ^ID s a ^H :0 ^ o o 0 o 0 ^W ^: ^^ ^(ngg^
0 (0 /CT -TY Tfc^^ ai^SAca^^Bo ^o^S^fe
: sLV :rioi SBu’O ^E.
Q^t^vI-UBO ^tti
o +0 0 Q, 4o does’ ep o T
0 0oo ^0 O(R) ^’e. ’i-0% ^-Qa^ A
(Q%,.o o%
^ $-eg, -i.oo. -fr(PO VQD -H-(5)
r. ’to 0 -i-
1 o ^+ :oc^&d^D "N^
"1
Figure 6. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 9 March 1988 between 0930 and 1140 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
24
Flightlevel te
pre5sure
(hPa)
584594604614624634644654664674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994
Averagmperatu(deg C
-18.-18.-17.-17.-17.-17.-17.-16.-16.-15.-14.-13.-13.-12.-11.-10.-9.-9.-8.-7.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.-0.0.0.1.2.2.3.4.5.6.6.7.
reire
:)
t<
40384516058922599077148040
4502528549311087
Standardleviation
fromaverage
imperature
(deg C)
0.070.280.260.780.810.260.200.230.290.350.290.420.330.240.280.360.220.340.370.450.260.440.420.320.300.280.240.200.200.220.230.290.300.200.220.200.270.300.280.250.240.26
Averagedewpoint
;emperature(deg C)
t
-20.3-20.4-20.1-24.1-23.1-23.9-23.8-23.1-22.6-20.9-20.0-20.1-20.0-19.0-18.5-18.1-18.5-20.2-19.6-18.0-18.6-16.8-17.7-16.1-9.3-12.8-12.7-11.7-8.0-7.2-8.5-4.9-4.7-4.3-2.1-1.4-1.3-0.2-0.0-0.20.40.9
Standadeviati
fravera
dewpoi.emperat
(deg
0.0.1.4.3.1.1.0.2.2.2.1.2.2.1.2.3.3.3.4.4.5.5.3.2.3.1.1.2.1.2.1.1.0.1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.
rdonom di,ge (dent
ureC)
193116117697497337647492184769281127986056272598852071912316197630764839158788807066
Averagewind
rectiong true)
274274279275275273276271265265267266262264268265255259259266264263266264263263264273250253248256263270263257243243257250241243
Averawi
spe(m s-
14151716161616
14989
11101011117
1111877778676
87977
6.6.7.7.6.4.5.6.7.
gended1)
.8
.8
.1
.3
.6
.3
.0
.2
.6
.8
.8
.2
.3
.5
.6
.5
.9
.4
.6
.3
.9
.4
.6
.4
.6
.9
.5
.2
.6
.5
.9
.9
.4396918769448161655
25
2 1 M a r c h 1 9 8 8
DDIfl
650
Q
E
750
(D
LJCO
^ 850CDLQ-
950
i rTiRrTi
^ c o ^ :
L ^ o -V .Jjc? o ^oW^c&sP ^fc0 +,
: ""o \ :ooco (soS^Qp o o^fc,0^%%^ ^1
0 \ z-- 1 \ --"OQ 0 \,-- 0 0 +h.a9^oo0 o GD ^~- ^o o \ :
: ^0 00 ^ :"0 0 ^o ff^o o\
^ o3 ^+0 "OO \0 o n -t-
0 O(R) 0 o0 -<F<-0 % ^^pp ^
oil "%-0-6 ^o o +
: ^g0 "Y(^fifflBO y.
:, 1
-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 7. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 21 March 1988 between 1440 and 1600 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
26
Flightlevel te
pressure(hPa)
567577587597607617627637647657667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997
Avera’mperat’(deg
-22-22-22-21-20-19-18-18-17-16-15.3-15-14-14-13-11-11-10-10-9-8-8-7-6-6-5-5-4-4-3-2-1-1-00112334567
ge Sti
ure dev:C)
a’
tetnp<(<
9.7.0.4.7.7.7.2.1.3
.0
.8
.1
.6
.6
.2
.9
.0
.4
.7
.2
.59
.6
.9
.2
.5
.0
.1
.1
.9
144
.1
.7
.4
.2
.8
.7
.5
.2
.1
indai-ati
fr/era
rat
deg
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.520.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
rdonom t’geureC)
053255312739193241565153253031
75453335422630334533352531283133292326192426282424232425
Avera’dewpoi:emperat’
(deg
-44-44-42-38-35-35-33-31-30-29-30-30-26-17-21-30-26-23-19-21-18-14-15-14-12-10-9-8-8-8
-10-6-6-4-3-3-1-2-1-1-0000
ge Stnt devureC) a
detemp
.6
.3
.3
.6
.8
.5
.5
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.6
.4
.5
.1
.1
.3
.0
.3
.7
.5
.6
.3
.6
.5
.9
.7
.7
.2
.4
.9
.9
.5
.1
.8
.1
.6
.5
.3
.0
.1
.3
andaiati
frverawpoieratdeg
0.0.1.2.2.1.2.1.0.4.1.0.4.2.4.6.6.5.4.6.4.3.3.4.3.2.1.1.2.3.3.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.0.0.1.0.0.0.
rdonom di]
ge (decntureC)
1999632514250375531245920175030257335387637596594464778664126813871954851347778700695654
average A^wind
cectiony true) (;
291291288289293294292295298292293292290294292287288290296276297289298298300307300297301308307314309307311298293294296295294297296297
/erage
windspeed
n s-1)
16.016.317.518.018.217.717.318.219.419.319.016.816.218.618.315.315.315.816.116.916.014.414.614.714.215.914.714.315.416.016.016.816.717.417.113.714.214.916.516.517.017.316.216.1
27
2 3 M a r c h 1 9 8 8
550
650
750
850
950
1 050
Figure 8. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 23 March 1988 between 1300 and 1540 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
28
Flightlevel t
pressure(hPa)
667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997
Average St
emperature dev(deg C)
atemp
-16.1-15.6-14.8-13.0-12.6-11.8-10.9-10.5-9.3-8.5-7. 9-7.7-7.2-6.6-5.8-5.3-4.8-4.0-3.0-2.6-2.0-1.1-0.50.20.91. 61.72.73.23.84.65.56.57.5
.andardration
from tei
iverage
>erature;deg C)
0.000.240.230.490.330.370.290.260.490.260.510.440.350.430.320.350.400.330.330.250.340.330.250.290.270.210.420.390.310.310.320.250.270.22
Averag’dewpoin’mperatu(deg C
-21.-21.-19.-19.-17.-15.-15.-16.-16.-16.-14.-12.-11.-9.-7.-6.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.
-4.-4.-3.-3.-2.-1.-0.0.0.0.0.
1.1.
e St dere
cten
2088359783032896
282163270301137711
;tandard
iviationfrom d
average (dlewpointiperature
(deg C)
0.000.400.631.832.161.902.031.290.901.011.991.811.661.300.830.740.900.780.840.841.111.320.740.511.020.980.940.830. 630.540.530.570.790.73
Average A’wind
irectioneg true) (i
265242218227227236277248246252260258264265267268270273278282277276275275274273279276280275280285286287
ireragewindspeed
Tl S-1)
11.012.217.713.711.410.710.211.38.68.08.99.29.69.09.69.69.49.18.98.79.7
10.110.510.310.710.38.69.18.16.86.36.87.07.0
29
2 9 A p r I 1 9 8 8
650
750
850
950
1 050-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c
Figure 9. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 29 April 1988 between 1405 and 1520 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
30
Flightlevel te;
pressure(hPa)
646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916.926936946956966976986996
Averagemperature d<
(deg C)
ter
-17.0-16.7-15.5-14.7-13.9-13.2-12.4-11.7-10.6-10.1-9.1-8.4-7.7-7.0-6.3-5. 6-4. 9-4.1-3. 6-3.1-2.5-2.2-1.4-0.7-0.20.61.11.82.43.13.64.44.95.86.37.2
Standard’viation
from teaveragenperature(deg C)
0.060.250.350.360.380.240.250.340.390.290.200.280.320.290.170.320.390. 430.340.280.290.230.330.240.220.240.220.260.310.270.280.170.410.260.310.39
Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C
-21.-23.-21.-20.-19.-19.-19.-18.-18.-17.-17.-15.-14.-14.-12.-13.-10.-8.-7.-7.-6.-5.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-1.0.0.
-0.0.0.0.1.
et
re
t
904930430365168088843842465920571877
Standarddeviation
fromaveragedewpoint
emperature(deg C)
1.692.361.971.591.861.691.911.721.472.581.551.941.880.691.701.372.392.602.201.971.991.491.441.601.160.701.091.361.251.281.131.220.750.620.890.70
Averagewind
directiondeg true)
235169209217212187197214239222199201198217214217199183183187210188208212210182177174164173177174202208231217
Averawi:
spe(m s-
221122321125564436733356633333323343
gended1)
.8
.8
.5
.7
.4
.9
.8
.8
.9
.3
.7
.1
.5
.6
.3
.7
.2
.4
.0
.8
.3
.7
.2
.0
.6
.6
.4
.2
.2
.6
.3
.8
.3
.1
.3
.7
31
3 M a y 1 9 8 8
550
650
750
850
950
1 050-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 10. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 3 May 1988 between 1320 and 1540 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
32
TABLE 11. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 5 JULY 1988.
Flightlevel
pressure(hPa)
(deg C)(deg C)
515525535545555565575585595605615625635645655665675685695705715725735745755765775785795805815825835845855865875885895905915925935945955965975985995
Averagetemperature
(deg C)
-23.2-22.6-21.7-20.3-19.5-18. 6-17.6-16.4-15.5-14.3-13.1-12.3-11.4-10.6-10.1-9.3-8.6-7.9-7.2-6.7-5.6-5.0-4.1-3.4-3.1-2.3-1.9-1.5-0.7-0.5-0.00.61.21.62.33.03.54.35.05.76.57.07.77.98.99.6
10.311.212.0
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
temperature
0.060.400.610.510.280.300.460.360.320.370.450.260.270.230.120.360.220.160.310.420.580.480.430.460.460.370.330.39
0.270.270.280.260.220.210.300.200.240.290.250.170.230.210.310.250.250.270.290.310.26
Averagedewpoint
temperature(deg C)
-34.5-33.0-31.5-30.1-24.9-25.6-21.7-21.6-22.1-21.3-21.2-18.9-19.7-18.8-17.1-14.3-13.5-12.3-10.4-10.3-10.5-9.4-9.1-8.2-8.0-7.3-6.9-5.1-4.6-3.6-3.3-3.3-2.8-1.8-1.4-0.60.8
-0.3-0.50.01.12.34.65.15.76.57.06.86.9
Standarddeviation
fromaveragedewpoint
temperature
0.001.110.521.283.624.542.971.671.110.811.652.330.860.891.221.741.781.191.241.070.721.371.161.791.521.141.060.801.071.111.280.760.620.710.621.151.200.870.730.781.021.061.201.351.010.880.600.680.62
Averagewind
direction(deg true)
351354359359356357355358
1357343345346345355360342276343336340337290289285316308322320311299305301295307298287300283277303278282294304306303277262
Averagewind
speed(m 3-1)
12.312.212.311.911.510.89.4
10.910.910.59.2
10.17.56.56.36.86.84.96.15.87.05.46.77.94.65.73.84.6
6.26.55.07.67.66.66.16.25.63.62.72.94.73.13.44 .34.44.05.34.86.3
33
J u l y 1 9 8
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1 000
1 050-40 30 20 1 0 0 1 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 1 1. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 5 July 1988 between 1315 and 1600 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
34
Flightlevel te
pressure(hPa)
576586596606616626636646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916926936946956966976986996
Averagmperatu(deg C
-16.-15.-15.-14.-13.-13.-12.-10.-10.-9.-9.
-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-3.-3.-2.-1.-1.-1.-0.0.1.2.3.3.4.5.5.6.7.7.8.8.9.
10.11.11.12.13.13.
e
re d(
ten
78458019030
578588167
013673
27
318606586536
418
itandaiviati
fravera
nperat(deg
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
rdon d<om temigeureC)
00426459322948
21243334764937
2529291117241365696558533871475858626280494953534141352511
Averagswpoin^eratu
(deg C
-20.-18.-22.-22.-17.-15.-13.-18.-14.-13.-10.-11.-11.-9.-9.-8.-8.-8.-6.-7.-6.-6.-4.-4.-5.-4.-2.-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.1.1.
2.4.5.6.8.9.
10.10.10.
et dre
c
ten
91689376988648
16786165980576576718900210107
itanAwiat:
f:aver.iewpo.Bperai(deg
02552223121221000000022222121100
22210111000
ard Average Averageion wind windcorn direction speedage (deg true) (m s-1)intLureC)
.00
.49
.87
.65
.88
.24
.42
.41
.91
.24
.58
.50
.04
.23
.82
.63
.54
.70
.62
.78
.91
.29
.75
.10
.15
.03
.83
.66
.8965
.99
.61
.11
.17
.32
.54
.85
.17
.33
.31
.53
.35
.29
35
4 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 8
550
650
750
850
950
1 050-30 -20 1 0 0 1 0
"b e m p e r ck t u r e d e g c
Figure 12. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 4 November 1988 between 1145 and 1330 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
36
Flightlevel ten
pressure(hPa)
694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994
Average Siperature de
(deg C)
tem
-11.3-11.0-10.1-9.7-9.3-8.2-7.4-6.6-6.0-5.3-4.7-4.5-4.2-3.3-1.8-2.8-2.2-1.4-0.6-0.00.41.22.33.03.74.65.46.27.18.08.8
tandardviation
from t(
averageperature(deg C)
0.000.200.380.380.460.420.420.520.390.650.780.880.801.131.320.340.220.380.420.400.320.280.240.210.240.350.280.300.290.220.24
Average Stdewpoint devsmperature
(deg C) ade
temp
-34.5-32.7-31.8-22.5-23.0-25.7-26.7-25.5-23.3-20.2-18.7-14.2-11.2-10.4-14.7-4.5-3.4-3.2-3.2-2.2-1.3-0.4-0.4-0.7-0.10.41.01.51.72.22.0
andardiation
from di
verage (de’wpointeraturedeg C)
0.912.753.295.585.765.545.753.823.206.345.915.564.786.487.511.551.641.500.801.010.770.851.201.071.200.700.520.560.510.440.74
Averagewind
rectiong true)
360329
4352300340333295311338323309310311340350
423-31
356333344341350354355353342353
Averagewindspeed
(m s-1)
17.215.315.640.922.733.054.036.824.520.225.118.014.814.212.317.725.525.025.324.926.319.313.916.915.113.313.214.712.010.114.7
37
1 7 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8
650
750
850
950
1 050-35 -25 1 5 -5 5
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 13. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 17 November 1988 between 1245 and 1510 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
38
Flightlevel tern]
pressure(hPa)
674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994
^veragoeratu
(deg C
-9.-9.-9.-9.-8.-7.-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.-0.-0.0.1.1.2.3.3.4.5.5.6.7.8.8.9.
10.
ere de
ten
25338917378
2572982489208539541966
Standardsviation
from te
averagenperature(deg C)
0.000.350.630.530.270.350.370.450.320.320.400.430.230.300.260.070.400.400.440.770.480.200.240.270.190.210.240.210.230.240. 170.220.19
Averagedewpoint de
mperature(deg C)
cten
-36.7-35.4-27.0-19.8-21.1-21.4-24.2-17.4-11.5-12.3-8.9-9.4-9.5-8.8-7.6-4.6-5.0-4.1-3.5-2.8-2.5-2.4-2.3-1.6-1.02.03.11.92.03.54.24.95.3
Standardsviation
from daverage (d
iewpoint[iperature(deg C)
0.002.607.028.337.884.524.956.283.862.812.932.422.642.462.791.291.681.271.060.831.030.420.620.580.821.941.281.991.920.830.690.630.72
Average flwind
irectioneg true)
248255247261257264259252262272273265263258241304270296297301305320315316324309293294324334337328312
iverage
wind
speed;m s-1)
13.013.213.211.912.012.810.69.6
11.410.48.47.87.99.79.46.37.27.97.47.28.1
11.511.612.915.911.68.58.6
15.619.920.616.75.4
39
2 1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8
650
750
850
950
-cp dfc
^^Q^> ffo^ B^0% o Q?o
’B o 00 GDO 9
00 % O ^^ ^ O^ oJOo o ’a^ ^e 0
1 050-40 35 -30 -25 20 1 5 1 0 -5 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g
Figure 14. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 21 November 1988 between 1310 and 1430 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
40
TABLE 15. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 3 FEBRUARY 1989.
Flightlevel
pressure(hPa)
(deg C)(deg C)
763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983993
Averagetemperature
(deg C)
-23.2-20.7-21.1-21.7-21.5-20.3-19.5-19.3-18. 6-17.5-16.8-16.0-15.4-14.4-13. 6-12. 9-12.0-11.3-10.2-9.5-9.1-8.3-7.4-6.5
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
temperature
0.001.221.581.130.760.570.500.370.390.430.360.300.430.530.420.350.460.280.290.330.430.280.370. 49
Averagedewpoint
temperature(deg C)
-26.2-25.5-24.7-23.6-22.5-22.0-20.8-20.1-19.5-19.1-19.1-18.9-18.7-18.4-17.4-17.4-17:6-17.5-17.7-17.3-17.4-17.3-16.5-16.7
Standarddeviation
fromaveragedewpoint
temperature
0.000.911.371.541.301.211.000.740.820.750. 940.780.050.230.510.280.350.340.430.330.890.830.540.51
Averagewind
direction(deg true)
941141101071041029398
10010910494889191938773748077828887
Averagewind
speed(m s-1)
13.028.918.620.320.219.117.520.918.817.816.917.621.420.919.117.918.817.118.717.319.720.519.317.5
41
3 F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 9
V)V)
750
800-Q
E
850CDLD
^ 900
(D
LQ-
950
1 000
1 ITIKCT
: jfcg .^^^^ .,, :(BL^^t^^^^t^^-^’^ ^.
: "^^^^f^ 4" :: ^^^fer+ :
o (^1^|+" o^^^fe^li^S’^^w^&cco +"^L
0 + +q9 + ^OQ) + -N’..o 8 o ^t
^ eg0 ^g %0 +^0. ^ t^% o ^+
O Q +." S o ^0 0 + ’̂ t.% ^ ^o 0 T..o ag ^fi’cS^ggQ ^fr
~,-30 20 1 0
t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c
Figure 15. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand stratocumulus clouds on 3 February 1989 between 1330 and 1600 PST. Crossesdenote temperature arid circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.
d?
Flightlevel
pressure(hPa)
(deg C)(deg C)
720730740750760770780790800810820830840850860
870880890900910920930940950960970980990
Averagetemperature
(deg C)
-7.8-8.2-7. 6-6.9-6.4-6.5-5.1-5.1-4.1-3.1-2. 4-2. 1-1.7-1.1-1.4-1. 1-0.8-0.8-0.8-0.10.91. 62.33.03.64.45.25.8
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
temperature
0.060.470.220.090.170.100.300.390.730.210.200.300.320.370.610.580.330.490.310.370.270.240.180.240.160.240.210.17
Averagedewpoint
temperature(deg C)
-20.5-14.7-15.3-18.0-16.4-12.1-14.7-9.3
-11.3-11.8-10.8-8. 6-7.9-7.4-5. 6-4.6-3.9-3.8-3.1-2.9-2.2-2.5-1.8-1.1-0.50.60.80.4
Standarddeviation
fromaverage
dewpointtemperature
6.002.673.180.601.411.891.812.202.700.681.371.170.950.931.621.260.991.110.690.640.770.520.620.750.800.841.181.37
Averagewind
direction(deg true)
225234254243233227231219239226262335267323307305299319316
110131295
3481
167
Averagewindspeed
(m s-1)
12.013.114.711.310.010.016.615.111.99.1
12.744.138.822.229.428.522.131.827.247.958.352.349.057.055.645.054.834.7
43
1 4 M a r c h 1 9 9 ^/ kyifl
750
800-Q
0^B50
LD
^ 900
CDLQ-
950
1 000
i r7ic;r7i
0 0 ^pasgfsQo o^ff)o %0 0
o80 ^&w"0 ^0
^0̂0
" ^ ;
0̂
0
0
0 ^ :’"d^^:^ \ :^8?% -h-^^^^S0 ^^1"
:̂
0 ^ T"
0 +,Q +
0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +o (C)tf \
~\-30 -20 1 0 0
t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c
Figure 16. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritimestratocumulus and cumulonimbus clouds on 14 March 1990 between 1210 and 1430 PST.Crosses denote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 sintervals.
44