SUMMARY OF THE PhD THESIS RESEARCH REGARDING THE … › files › teze › en › 2012 ›...

Eng. SIMONA-CLARA BÂRSAN

SUMMARY OF THE PhD THESIS

RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGI MEN,

FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON

THE PRODUCTION OF ROOTS AND BIOETHANOL OBTAINED

FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR

Prof. univ. EMIL LUCA

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2012

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

DOCTORAL SCHOOL

Eng. Simona-Clara BÂRSAN Summary of the PhD Thesis

2


3

SUMMARY

pag.

FOREWORD …………………………..………………………………………………....…. 5

INTRODUCTION …………………………….................................................................…… 7

CHAPTER I . CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON SUGAR BEET CROP……... 7

CHAPTER II. IRRIGATION REGIMEN AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF

SUGAR BEET CROP................................................................................................................

8

2.2. IRRIGATION REGIMEN….............................................................................. 8

CHAPTER III. PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH REGARDING BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET .........................................................................................

9

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ........................................................................ 10

4.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES................................................................................. 10

4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER V. EXPERIMENTAL AREA DESCRIPTION ................................................ 11

CHAPTER VI. BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS ……….… 12

6.2. RESEARCH METHODS AND APPLIED CROP TECHNOLOGY................ 13

6.2.1. Location and organization of experiences....................................... 13

6.2.2. Crop technology applied in the experimental field from

Viişoara–Turda, during 2008-2010..................................................

13

CHAPTER VII. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF

IRRIGATION REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MA TERIAL UPON

THE YIELD OF SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN

PLAIN …………………………………………..…………………………………………………

13

CHAPTER VIII. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE

OF IRRIGATION REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

UPON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL OBTAINED FROM SUG AR BEET

GROWN IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN ........................................................................

15

CHAPTER IX. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE

DETERMINATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION AND IRRIGATION

EFFICIENCY OF THE SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE EXPERIMEN TAL FIELD

FROM VII ŞOARA - TURDA .............................................................................................

17

9.1. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE DETERMINATION

OF WATER CONSUMPTION OF THE SUGAR BEET CROP,

VIIŞOARA–TURDA, 2008...............................................................................

17




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VIIŞOARA–TURDA, 2009............................................................................... 19



VIIŞOARA–TURDA, 2010...............................................................................

20

9.4. DETERMINATION OF WATER USE COEFFICIENT IN CROP

IRRIGATED CONDITIONS, VIIŞOARA–TURDA, 2008-2010.............…....

21

9.5. DETERMINATION OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR THE SUGAR

BEET CROP GROWN IN IRRIGATED CONDITIONS,

VIIŞOARA–TURDA, 2008-2010 .....................................................................

21

CHAPTER X. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE ECONOMIC

EFFICIENCY OF THE IRRIGATED SUGAR BEET CROP IN THE CONDITIONS

OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN ………………..……………..………………………

22

CHAPTER XI. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE QUALITY OF

THE BIOETHANOL OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN AT

VII ŞOARA-TURDA ........................................................................................................

24

CHAPTER XII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................... 25

12.1. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION

REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON

THE PRODUCTION OF ROOTS AND BIOETHANOL OBTAINED

FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN ……

25

12.2. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF

IRRIGATION ON THE YIELD OF SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE

CONDITIONS OF VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2008-2010 ……..………………....

27

12.3. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE QUALITY OF BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF

VIIŞOARA-TURDA ……......…………………………..………..……...........

28

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 29


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Key words: sugar beet, irrigation regime, fertilization, biological material (variety),

Transylvanian Plain, bioethanol

FOREWORD

Currently, the cultivation of sugar beet in Romania is carried out only for the purpose of

obtaining sugar, whose production quota is established by regulations of the European Commission

and which can be obtained by growing, in normal thermal and rainfall regimens, a share of only

10% out of the approximately 250,000 hectares representing the agricultural land suitable for this

crop.

In this respect, the present PhD thesis aims to bring viable and feasible arguments, on the

one hand, in advantage of practicing irrigations for the sugar beet culture in the Transylvanian

Plan, for the purpose of achieving an efficient economic production, especially in years with

defficient rainfall regimens and, on the other hand, to obtain a superiour valuation of the sugar

beet productions by producing bioethanol.

The experiences carried out during the elaboration of the thesis with the title “RESEARCH

REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND

BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON THE PRODUCTION OF ROOTS AND BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEEET CULTIVATED IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN” were

developed during 2008-2010 on a field located on the experimental extravilanarea of the Viişoara

village, Cluj county, on the left bank of Arieş river. The village is situated in the South-Eastern part

of Cluj county, about 2 km away from the town of Câmpia-Turzii, near the European route E60.

The experimental field is part of the arable land belonging to SC NORA LY AGROSERV SRL,

located in Viişoara village.

The PhD thesis is structured in 12 chapters together with an Annex with experimental data

and is presented on 393 pages, containing 157 tables and 93 figures, with 174 bibliographic

references.

My first thought of thanks and gratitude is turning to Mr. Prof. PhD eng. Emil Luca,

prestigious scientific personality in the field of irrigation technologies, particularly for the guidance

and support he gave me as a scientific coordinator, both during the carried out experiments and

elaboration of the thesis.

I also wish to bring special thanks to Mr. eng. Gheorghe Marinca, administrator of SC NORA

LY AGROSERV SRL, for the openness and kindness he put on my disposition the agricultural field

necessary for carrying out the experiences necessary for the reasearch included in my PhD thesis,

as well as for his very competent advice related to practical aspects of sugar beet cultivation under

the conditions from Viişoara - Turda.

It is no doubt that the fermentation process of the experimental samples would not have been

possible without the support and scientific infrastructure that I received or was put at my disposal


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during the three years of experimental research from USAMV Cluj-Napoca, Department of Soil

Science and Technical Sciences, in particular from Mrs. Lecturer Adriana David, in which

I discovered not only a perfect specialist in the field of molasses fermentation, but also a true

friend, whom I thank with all my honesty.

On this way, I also wish to express my sincere thanks to my colleagues from ICIA

Cluj-Napoca, PhD Adriana Gog, PhD Oana Cadar, sing. Maria Sarca, sing. Ludovic Ferenczi and

PhD student Lăcrimioara Şenilă, especially for the competence and professionalism they assisted

me with for the determination of the bioethanol distillation method and of the bioethanol

physico-chemical and energetic characteristics. I sincerely appreciate the support and

understanding of ICIA Cluj-Napoca leadership, particularly of Mr. Director Dr. eng. Mircea

Chintoanu, who supported and encouraged me throughout the preparation of the thesis.

Finally, I want to thank to my family and friends, for the moral support and patience with

which they surrounded me during the completion of this thesis.

The Author


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INTRODUCTION

Out of the total current arable area of Romania, of approximately 8.2 million ha, the cultivable

sugar beet area is about 250,000 ha, this plant being very demanding towards the ground, all its

properties influencing the production level and technological quality indices. Currently, in

Romania, at an estimated annual consumption of about 5,000,000 t of gasoline, it takes about

287,500,000 l of bioethanol per year in order to reach the required content of 5.75% bioethanol into

gasoline, and this quantity is meant to grow until 2020, as consequence of the increase, up to 10%,

of the bioethanol content, according to European norms.

In the meantime, the cultivation of sugar beet for producing bioethanol will have a series of

positive effects, among which: improvement of crop rotation on about 850,000 ha, by applying a

four year rotation; increase of the farmers’ income and creation of new jobs, not only in the sugar

beet - growing farms, but also in the ethanol distilleries that will be set up; development of the

livestock farms, using as animal feed or as a source of biogas the by-product resulted from the

ethanol distillation. Thus, at an average production of only 50 t/ha, the total production of sugar

beet would be of 11,000,000 t, from which about 1,170,000 t of ethanol would result, thus covering

the bioethanol requirements of Romania.

Presently, in Romania, the number of existing plants for the production of bioethanol is

reduced and they use as raw material only corn, in particular due to the fact that the areas in which

they have been built are supportive of this crop. In 2009, in Zimnicea was set up the largest refinery

of bioethanol, with a production of about 100,000 t/year. In the following period, a bioethanol

factory using sugar beet as raw material will be built near Braşov. In this way, one will ensure the

purchase of larger amounts of the sugar beet from farmers, in circumstances where the production

of the Romanian sugar quota will remain unchanged. To limit the predicted increase in the global

temperature and greenhouse gas emissions, Romania will act, in particular, in the field of energy

efficiency increase, as well as in the field of increasing the use of renewable sources of energy,

having the following effects: reduction of adverse environmental impacts; increase of the energy

supply security; recovery of the existing agricultural potential by encouraging plant crops, such as

sugar beet, used as raw materials for the production of bioethanol.

CHAPTER I

CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON SUGAR BEET CROP

Originating in Central Asia and peripheral Mediterranean areas, the sugar beet cultivation has

been known since ancient times. After the conquest of Egypt, Syria and Babylon, the Arabs brought

the beet in the Orient, wherefrom it was later widespread in Asia, India, China and Japan

(PASTOR, 2002). The first scientific description of beet appeared in the 16th century, when, in the


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book entitled "De Plantis”, Caesolpin presented the 4 species of beet known at that time, namely:

white beet, noble beet, branched root beet and red beet (LAMARCK, 1783; STĂNESCU, 1974).

Sugar beet culture was introduced into Europe in the early 19th century after scheduling the

continental blockade by Napoleon, who had forbidden the import of sugar obtained from sugar cane

on the European continent. Consequently, the first factory in Europe and in the world to produce

beet sugar was built in Silesia in 1802.

The first 300 kg of crystallized sugar were obtained by Franz Karl Achard (1753-1821)

(GHERMAN, National Institute of Research, Development for Potato and Sugar Beet Braşov). In

view of the evolution and expansion of beet crops, Napoleon ordered the cultivation of fodder beet

as feedstock for sugar extraction, both in France and in the occupied territories, which, by default,

led to the building and development of several sugar factories.

CHAPTER II

IRRIGATION REGIMEN AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR B EET CROP

The increase of the efficiency of crops irrigation, for refining the productive potential of soil

and plants, is aimed at solving the technological problems related to structure and crop rotation,

soil, fertilization, water consumption and irrigation technique. It is well known the fact that,

together with the global warming, drought has affected almost 50% of the agricultural areas.

Therefore, crops irrigation comes as a necessity in the steppe, forest-steppe and humid areas of the

former oak forests, in the plain regions as well as in areas where rainfall is abundant (BUDIU,

1992; NAGY, 1994). An important role in establishing an efficient irrigation system is represented

by the used and developed variety of sugar beet culture technology and, last but not least, by the

used watering methods.

The most widespread irrigation method is surface leaking. The method is relatively cheap,

requiring lower energy consumption in the distribution of water in plants and presenting many

variations of the water distribution method, such as furrow or stripe irrigation. Furrow irrigation is

used in watering facilities for vegetable production in perennial crops, horticulture and viticulture,

on land with uniform slopes. The achievement of a correct irrigation system involves the following

stages: land levelling; furrow opening; watering equipment installation; watering scheduling;

watering elements calculation. Stripe watering is used for cereal straw and perennial legumes on

lands with low and moderate slope surface (up to 2%), on less permeable soils, with average or

average to heavy textures (LUCA, 2008).

2.2. IRRIGATION REGIMEN

Crops irrigation provides at least 13% of the optimal water requirements of the soil, which

requires as appropriate the expansion of areas and irrigation equippment. The relationship between


9

production and water consumption highlights the strict reliance between the reaching of the plant

production potential and water consumption (NICOLESCU 2002). In establishing the irrigation

regimen, in addition to the water needs of plants in different vegetation stages, roots depth

development, physical properties, chemical and hydrophysics indices of soil or climatic conditions,

it is also necessary to know the minimum limit under which humidity must not drop, as well as the

soil water reserve at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period, the groundwater depth and

its content of salts (FLORESCU, 1967).

The components of the irrigation system are represented by: � irrigation norm; � watering

norm; � watering application time; � number and duration of waterings.

The irrigation norm depends on the water balance and is determined according to the

vegetation period of plants (for the entire vegetation period or even on different phenophases).

Having regard to the fact that the irrigation norm depends on the water requirements of plants, on

the amount of water in the soil at one given moment (at sowing) and on the water resulted from

precipitations and groundwater aquifers, it consequently results that its size is not a fixed element,

its variation depending on the above mentioned parameters (LUCA şi NAGY, 1999; LUCA,

BUDIU, Ana CIOTLĂUŞ, 2008). The size of the irrigation norm is positively or negatively

influenced by the culture, crop technology and the productive potential of the biological material

that is used (LUCA, 2008). The irrigation norm can be calculated using the equation of water

balance from soil, as it follows:

� for soils with closed balance:

∑m = ∑(e + t) + Rf + Ri - Pv

� for soils with open banace:

∑m = ∑(e + t) + Rf + CC – Pv - Af

where:

∑m = irrigation norm (m³/ha); ∑(e+t) = total water consumption (m³/ha);

Rf = final water supply (m³/ha); Ri = initial watter supply (m³/ha);

Pv = summer precipitations (m³/ha); CC = field capacity (m³/ha);

Af = phreatic supply (m³/ha).

CHAPTER III

PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH REGARDING BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET

Concerned about the continuous growing global pollution, the 160 countries that signed the

Kyoto Protocol undertook to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 5.20%, during 2008–2012,

down to the 1990 level. The ethanol economy could follow the economy of hydrocarbons, gas and

methanol synthesis, without major events and maintenance of almost all of superstructures of the


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sector for the production and marketing of fuels and petrochemical raw materials. The switch to this

type of economy requires an appropriate development level of biotechnologies, particularly in the

agricultural sector. The research carried out in recent years has shown that the solar energy stored in

biomass may constitute a source of clean and renewable energy, thus representing a viable

alternative to fossil fuels.

The use of ethanol, pure (E100) or blended with fossil fuels in different proportions is the

cheapest and ecological way to reduce gasoline consumption and to diminish atmosphere pollution.

By burning bioethanol, the carbon dioxide, water and solar energy accumulated by biomass through

the process of photosynthesis are released back in the atmosphere, in this way the bioethanol

contribution to global warming through the greenhouse effect being zero. In the same positive

sense, one should mention the antipollution laws, which severely restrict the amount of noxes from

the exhaustion gas of the internal combustion engines (TRIPŞA, 2006). Furthermore, some

countries of EU have created a series of policies and regulations that encourage the development of

biofuel field (reductions in excise duties on fuels, credits granted to farmers for biomass, etc.).

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

4.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The experimental research carried out during 2008-2010 in the conditions from

Vii şoara-Turda aimed at establishing the influence of irrigation, fertilization and variety on the

production of roots and bioethanol obtained from sugar beet grown in the Transylvanian Plain.

In this way, the experiences associated with the thesis having the title "RESEARCH

REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND

BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON THE PRODUCTION OF ROOTS AND BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN" come to

reinforce the need for studying some norms of the irrigated crop technology for sugar beet varieties

in Transylvania, plus the analysis of the influence of the fertilization factor upon the final product

quality and quantity, namely, the production of sugar beet roots, in connection with the bioethanol

production.

Generally, crop irrigation and fertilization may influence the production level and quality

and, particularly, the sugar beet crop, which is water intensive and recovers efficiently the applied

fertilization. One studied the way in which the biological material adapted itself to the existing

conditions, to the irrigated agricultural system as well as to the application of different fertilization

rankings.

Furthermore, the research conducted in the combined domains of agriculture and biofuels is

coming, on the one hand, to help the development of appropriate technological measures meant to


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ensure proper tracking and management of the irrigation regimen in relation to the plant needs and,

on the other hand, always to meet the needs of the continuous growing biofuels market.

4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives consisted on carrying out experimental studies regarding the

following aspects:

� choosing the implementation area for experiences and its characterization from

geomorphological, hydrological and hydrogeological, pedoclimatic as well as from the

existing vegetation and fauna points of view;

� choosing the biological material for study, out of the sugar beet varieties grown in the

Transylvanian Plain;

� establishing the research methods and the applied crop technology in order to optimise some

certain elements of it, in terms of irrigation and three ranking fertilization;

� elaborating the methodology for obtaining bioethanol from sugar beet;

� determining the influence of irrigation, fertilization and variety upon the productions of

sugar beet and bioethanol;

� determining the influence of irrigation, fertilization and variety upon the main

physico-chemical and energetic characteristics of the bioethanol obtained from sugar beet;

� determining the water consumption, water use coefficient and efficiency;

� determining the economic efficiency of irrigation for the sugar beet crop, with very

favourable results in years with poor rainfall.

CHAPTER V

EXPERIMENTAL AREA DESCRIPTION

The experiences that underlied the thesis development were carried out on a field located on

the experimental extravilan field of the Viişoara village, Cluj county, on the left bank of Arieş river.

The village is situated in the South-Eastern part of Cluj county, about 2 km away from the town of

Câmpia-Turzii, near the European route E60. The experimental field is a part of the arable land

belonging to SC NORA LY AGROSERV SRL, located in Viişoara village. The studied area is

located in the extreme South-South-West of Transylvania, one of the components of the

Transylvanian Plateau.

The characterization of the thermal regime and pluviometric regimens for the experimental

field from Viişoara–Turda, during 2008–2010, was carried out using data recorded by Weather

Station Turda.

The temperature evolutions are presented in figure 5.1., while figure 5.2. presents the

rainfall regimens for the three years of experimental studies.


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2008–normal 2009–warm 2010–warm

Fig. 5.1. Variation of monthly average temperature

in the experimental field of Viişoara–Turda, 2008–2010

2008–excessively wet 2009–excessively dry 2010-excessively wet

Fig. 5.2. Variation of monthly average rainfall regimen

in the experimental field of Viişoara–Turda, 2008–2010

CHAPTER VI

BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS

The utilized biological material was represented by monogerm type sugar beet seeds,

certificated and chemically treated for plant protection against diseases and pests. The sugar beet

seeds were supplied by the German companies KWS and STRUBE-DIECKMANN.

Fig. 6.1. Sugar beet seeds used within the experiences

carried out at Viişoara-Turda, 2008–2010

The sugar beet seeds were delivered in coloured clay coated form that contains bioactive

compounds and various micronutrients incentives that facilitate rapid appearance of plantules,

allowing water penetration as well (Figure 6.1).


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6.2. RESEARCH METHODS AND APPLIED CROP TECHNOLOGY

6.2.1. Location and organization of experiences

The experiences were located on an experimental field belonging to SC NORA LY

AGROSERV SRL, located on the fields of Viişoara village, Cluj county. The study of the crops

obtained from three varieties of sugar beet cultivated in irrigated and non irrigated conditions, as

well as the research regarding the determination of water consumption for the sugar beet cultivated

in the conditions of the Transylvanian Plain, were carried out within the framework of a tri-factorial

trial. The studied experimental factors and their rankings are presented in table 6.2.

Table 6.2.

Synthetic presentation of the experimental factors

Factor A – Irrigation regime

Ranking of factor A a1 – non irrigated a2 – irrigated at the minimum humidity norm of 50 % of A.H.I.

Factor B – Fertilization

Ranking of factor B b1 –NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha fertilization b2 –NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha fertilization b3 –NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha fertilization

Factor C – Sugar beet variety

Ranking of factor C c1 – Clementina c2 - Libero c3 - Leila

6.2.2. Crop technology applied in the experimental field from Vii şoara–Turda,

during 2008-2010

The crop technology applied in the experimental field from Viişoara–Turda covered the

following aspects: ♦ crop rotation;♦ fertilization;♦ soil amendment;♦ soil works;♦ seed and

sowing works;♦ maintenance of sugar beet crop;♦ pest and disease control;♦ weeding;

♦ harvesting.

CHAPTER VII

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION

REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON THE YIELD

OF SUGAR BEET CULTIVATED IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

The comparative analysis of the sugar beet yield (figure 7.10.) for the entire experimental

period, respectively, 2008–2010, emphasizes that the biggest yield was obtained in the experimental

year 2010 (3,708.30 t) while the smallest in 2009 (2,862.60 t).


14

Fig. 7.10. Total sugar beet

yield obtained on the

Vii şoara-Turda

experimental field,

2008–2010

3,465.60

2,862.60

3,708.30

2000,00

4000,00

Sug

ar b

eet y

ield

(t)

2008 2009 2010

Experimental year

In terms of the experimental factor irrigation, if comparing the irrigated and non irrigated

sugar beet crops (Figure 7.11), it can be shown that, in 2008, there was an experimental significant

difference (d = 10.47 t/ha) between the first and the latter above mentioned sugar beet crops.

Fig. 7.11. Average sugar

beet yield in irrigated and

non irrigated conditions,

Vii şoara-Turda

experimental field,

2008-2010

58.94

69.41

45.01

61.0163.22

74.12

35.00

65.00Ave

rage

yie

ld o

f sug

ar b

eet,

t

2008 2009 2010

Experimental year

Average sugar beet production, non irrigation treatment (t)Average sugar beet production, irrigation treatment (t)

If the comparative analysis is performed between all three experimental years for the sugar

beet yields obtained in irrigated and non irrigated conditions, in the context of all three rankings of

factors B (fertilization) and C (variety), one finds the biggest sugar beet yield (74.12 t/ha) in the

experimental year 2010 for the Libero variety (c2), cultivated in conditions of

NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha fertilization (b3).

In the experimental year 2008, there was a significant difference (d = 10.47 t/ha) between

the irrigated and non irrigated yields. The highest average yield was obtained in the year 2010

(74.12 t/ha) in irrigation conditions, while the lowest (45.01 t/ha) was obtained in 2009, in non

irrigated conditions (Figure 7.12). If comparing the sugar beet yields obtained in irrigated

conditions, between all three experimental years, in the context of the three rankings of factors B

DL5% = 1.49 DL1% = 2.58 DL0,1% = 6.22

DL5% = 1.31 DL1% = 1.99 DL0,1% = 2.65

DL5% = 1.55 DL1% = 2.22 DL0,1% = 2.98

DL5% = 1.52 DL1% = 2.41 DL0,1% = 3.07


15

(fertilization) and C (variety), it is shown that the highest sugar beet yield was obtained in 2010

(82.80 t/ha), under conditions of fertilization with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (b3).

Fig. 7.17. Average yield of sugar beet

obtained for the three cultivated

varieties, for three rankings of

fertilization and irrigated conditions,

Vii şoara-Turda, 2008–2010

65,350,3

68,7

69,562,4

74,1

61,155,2

65,2

68,954,8

73,6

74,565,6

78,6

65,3

61,761.0

72,1

56,879,4

79.068,9

82,8

69.0

65,973,9

40 60 80

Average yield of sugar beet (t)

NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha,Clementina

NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha,Libero

NPK 250 + 55 kg N/haLeila

NPK 250 + 65 kg,Clementina


NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha,Leila




2008 2009 2010

CHAPTER VIII

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION

REGIMEN, FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON THE PRODUCTION

OF BIOETHANOL OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET CULTIVATED

IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

The comparative analysis of the entire the bioethanol production by entire experimental

period (figure 8.10.), respectively, 2008–2010, emphasizes that the biggest production was obtained

in the experimental year 2010 (352,073.26 l), and the smallest (273,642.39 l) in 2009.

Very significant positive differences (p<0,001) were obtained between the bioethanol

productions obtained in 2008 and 2009 (d = 54,276.46 l) and also between those ones obtained in

2009 and 2010 (d = -78,430.87 l), while between the productions obtained in 2008 and 2010, the

difference (d = -24,154.41 l) was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This demonstrates that the

Year 2008 DL5% = 1.28 DL1% = 1.79 DL0,1% = 2. 67

Year 2009 DL5% = 1.13 DL1% = 158 DL0,1% = 2.35

Year 2010 DL5% = 1.29 DL1% = 1.81 DL0,1% = 2.69


16

experimental years 2008 and 2010 were more favourable for the bioethanol production from sugar

beet, as compared to 2009.

327,918.85

273,642.39

352,073.26

0.00

100000.00

200000.00

300000.00

400000.00P

rodu

ctio

n of

bio

etha

nol (

l)

2008 2009 2010

Experimental year

Fig. 8.10. Total bioethanol production

obtained on Viişoara-Turda experimental field, 2008-2010

Concerning the experimental factor irrigation, if one comparatively analyzes the influence of

presence and absence of irrigation for the sugar beet crops that represented the raw material source

for the bioethanol production (figure 8.11.), it can be noticed that, in the experimental year 2008, a

distinct significant difference (d = 920.12 l, p<0.01) was recorded between the bioethanol

productions obtained from irrigated and non irrigated sugar beet crops.

Fig. 8.11. Average

production of

bioethanol in

irrigated and non

irrigated

conditions, during

experimental

period

2008–2010,

Vii şoara-Turda

5,612.49

6,532.66

4,326.56

5,808.34

6,037.97 7,001.78

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of b

ioet

hano

l, l

2008 2009 2010Experimental year

Average bioethanol production, non irrigated conditions (L)Average bioethanol production, irrigated conditions (L)

The most favourable year for bioethanol production was 2010, and the least 2009.

Concerning the comparative analysis of the bioethanol productions obtained in conditions of

DL5% = 402.55 DL1% = 562.41 DL0,1% = 1,561.43

DL5% = 301.15 DL1% = 427.32 DL0,1% = 1,312.22

DL5% = 291.14 DL1% = 401.77 DL0,1% = 1,113.52

DL5% = 298.14 DL1% = 422.66 DL0,1% = 1,311.56


17

irrigated and non irrigated crop technologies in all three experimental years (figure 8.17) in the

context of all three rankings for factors B (fertilization) and C (variety), there were obtained similar

results, as trends.

Fig. 8.17. Average production of

bioethanol obtained with three

rankings and irrigation conditions,

comparatively presented on varieties,

Vii şoara-Turda, 2008–2010

6,011.934,795.22

6,343,30

6,532.83

5,969.176,994.99

5,690.52

5254,806,089.71

6,407.285,202,40

6,869,20

7,092.696,406.81

7,514.046,151.49

5,865.696,678.71

6,772.625,555.80

7,495.43

7,584.116,799.11

7,947.41

6,550.436,426.09

7,043.23

3500 5500 7500Average production (L)



NPK 250 + 55 kg N/haLeila

NPK 250 + 65 kg,Clementina






2008 2009 2010

CHAPTER IX

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF WATER

CONSUMPTION AND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY OF THE SUGAR BEET

GROWN IN THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD FROM VII ŞOARA-TURDA

9.1. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF

WATER CONSUMPTION OF THE SUGAR BEET CROP, VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2008

In 2009, the total water consumption of plants in the vegetative period, in irrigated

conditions, was 5,410 m3/ha. During summer, in the analysed area, the rainfall regimen was

characterized as being excessively rainy during June and July, though a major deficit was recorded

in August. Under these circumstances, in the first half of August, it was necessary to apply

waterings in amount of 500 m3/ha. Table 9.2. presents the determination of water consumption of

the sugar beet crop by using the method of water balance from soil in the experimental field from

Vii şoara-Turda, in irrigated conditions, for the first experimental year.

Year 2008 DL5% = 212.67 DL1% = 458.21 DL0,1% = 1,363.99

Year 2009 DL5% = 185.02 DL1% = 403.22 DL0,1% = 1,200.31

Year 2010 DL5% = 209.07 DL1% = 455.64 DL0,1% = 1,356.35


18

Table 9.2.

Water consumption determined by using the direct method of water balance from soil,

irrigated conditions, Viişoara-Turda, 2008

Interval Inputs Outputs Daily

consumption (m3/ha) From To

No. of

days

Ri (m3/ha)

P (m3/ha)

m (m3/ha)

Total (m3/ha)

Rf (m3/ha)

Total consumption

(m3/ha) 1.IV 30.IV 30 4,930 438 - 5,368 5,041 327 10.90 1.V 15.V 15 5,041 182 - 5,223 4,986 237 15.82 16.V 31.V 16 4,986 486 - 5,472 5,099 373 23.31 1.VI 15.VI 15 5,099 450 - 5,549 5,101 448 29.86 16.VI 30.VI 15 5,101 576 - 5,677 5,110 567 37.80 1.VII 15.VII 15 5,110 156 - 5,266 4,545 721 48.06 16.VII 31.VII 16 4,545 783 - 5,328 4,526 802 50.12 1.VIII 15.VIII 15 4,526 0 500 5,026 4,286 740 49.36 16.VIII 31.VIII 16 4,286 60 - 4,346 3,767 579 36.19

1.IX 25.IX 25 3,767 300 - 4,067 3,451 616 24.64 Total 178 - 3,431 500 - - 5,410 -

During the experimental year 2008, the evolution of the total water consumption of the

sugar beet crop, within the experimental field Viişoara-Turda, for both considered variants, namely,

irrigated and not irrigated, was similar (figure 9.1.) when the rainfall regimen was constant and the

applied watering norm was 500 m3/ha.

Fig. 9.1. Evolution of sugar beet

total water consumption during

the vegetation period,

Vii şoara-Turda, 2008

0

100200

300

400500

600

700800

900

1-30.0

4

1-15.0

5

16-31.

05

1-15.0

6

16-30.

06

1-15.0

7

16-31.

07

1-15.0

8

16-31.

08

1-25.0

9

Vegetation period

Tot

al w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n

(m3/

ha)

non-irrigated irrigated

The rainfalls supplied 63.42% of the total water quantity used in the process of plant

growing and development, the vegetation period of the sugar beet being characterized by an

excesivelly wet rainfall regimen.


19

9.2. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF WATER

CONSUMPTION FOR THE SUGAR BEET CROP, VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2009

In the second experimental year, 2009, in irrigated conditions, the total water consumption

recorded for the sugar beet crop was 5,151 m3/ha (tabelul 9.5.). The end of July and the beginning

of August represented the periods with the biggest water consumption (53.50 m3/ha/day

respectively, 50.26 m3/ha/day). Table 9.5.



Interval Inputs Outputs Daily


No. of

days

Ri (m3/ha)

P (m3/ha)

m (m3/ha)

Total (m3/ha)

Rf (m3/ha)

Total consumption

(m3/ha)

1.IV 30.IV 30 5,335 63 - 5,398 5,168 230 7.66 1.V 15.V 15 5,168 7 - 5,175 4,999 176 11.73 16.V 31.V 16 4,999 229 - 5,228 4,926 302 18.87 1.VI 15.VI 15 4,926 242 - 5,168 4,757 411 27.40 16.VI 30.VI 15 4,757 608 - 5,365 4,767 598 39.86 1.VII 15.VII 15 4,767 287 - 5,054 4,411 643 42.86 16.VII 31.VII 16 4,411 107 500 5,018 4,162 856 53.50 1.VIII 15.VIII 15 4,162 222 500 4,884 4,130 754 50.26 16.VIII 31.VIII 16 4,130 64 - 4,194 3,602 592 37.00

1.IX 25.IX 25 3,602 0 - 3,602 3,013 589 23.56 Total 178 - 1,829 1,000 - - 5,151 -

During the experimental year 2009, the evolution of the total water consumption of the

sugar beet crop, within the experimental field Viişoara-Turda, for both considered variants, namely,

irrigated and not irrigated, was ascendent and similar (figure 9.2.) until the beginning of July when,

due to the rainfall regimen, two waterings of 500 m3/ha were needed.





0

100200

300

400500

600

700800

900

1-30.0

4

1-15.0

5

16-3

1.05

1-15.0

6

16-3

0.06

1-15.0

7

16-3

1.07

1-15.0

8

16-3

1.08

1-25.0

9

Vegetation period

Tot

al w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n

(m3/

ha)

non-irrigated irrigated


20

9.3. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF WATER

CONSUMPTION FOR THE SUGAR BEET CROP, VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2010

In the experimental year 2010, in irrigated conditions, the total water consumption recorded

for the sugar beet crop was 5,861 m3/ha (tabelul 9.8.). As in the previous two years, the periods with

the biggest water consumption were the end of July and the beginning of August (51.38 m3/ha/day,

respectively, 50.20 m3/ha/day). Table 9.8.



Interval

Inputs Outputs Daily


No. of

days

Ri (m3/ha)

P (m3/ha)

m (m3/ha)

Total (m3/ha)

Rf (m3/ha)

Total consumption

(m3/ha) 1.IV 30.IV 30 4,905 377 - 5,282 4,949 333 11.10 1.V 15.V 15 4,949 311 - 5,260 5,009 251 16.73 16.V 31.V 16 5,009 329 - 5,338 4,968 370 23.12 1.VI 15.VI 15 4,968 350 - 5,318 4,881 437 29.13 16.VI 30.VI 15 4,881 910 - 5,791 5,219 572 38.13 1.VII 15.VII 15 5,219 226 - 5,445 4,714 731 48.73 16.VII 31.VII 16 4,714 657 - 5,371 4,549 822 51.38 1.VIII 15.VIII 15 4,549 280 500 5,329 4,576 753 50.20 16.VIII 31.VIII 16 4,576 58 - 4,634 3,945 689 43.06

1.IX 25.IX 25 3,945 252 - 4,197 3,434 763 30.52 Total 178 - 3,750 500 - - 5,861 -

Concerning the experimental year 2010, the evolution of the total water consumption for the

sugar beet crop, within the experimental field from Vii şoara-Turda, for both considered variants,

namely, irrigated and not irrigated, was similar (figure 9.3.) when the rainfall regimen was constant

and the applied watering norm was 500 m3/ha.





0

100200

300

400500

600

700800

900

1-30.0

4

1-15.0

5

16-3

1.05

1-15.0

6

16-3

0.06

1-15.0

7

16-3

1.07

1-15.0

8

16-3

1.08

1-25.0

9

Vegetation period

Tot

al w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n

(m

3/ha

)

non-irigated irrigated


21

9.4. DETERMINATION OF WATER USE COEFFICIENT

IN IRRIGATED CONDITIONS, VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2008-2010

When irrigation was practiced, during the sugar beet vegetation period, the total water

consumption of plants was 5,861 m3/ha. The highest water consumption was registered in July

(51.38 m3/ha). The daily watering values were of 11.10 m3/ha/day, in the first part of the vegetation

period and, respectively, 51.38 m3/ha/day, in the second half of July (table 9.8.).

Table 9.10.

Water valorification coefficient of the sugar beet crop, Viişoara-Turda, 2008–2010

Year Irrigation regimen

Variety Total water

consumption (m3/ha)

Average yield (kg/ha)

Water valorification coefficient

(m3/kg)

2008

Non - irrigated Clementina

4,910 58,100 0.084

Libero 63,067 0.078 Leila 55,667 0.088

Irrigated Clementina

5,410 68,767 0.078

Libero 74,333 0.073 Leila 65,133 0.083

2009


4,151 38,867 0.107

Libero 47,433 0.087 Leila 48,733 0.085


5,151 55,167 0.093

Libero 66,400 0.077 Leila 61,467 0.084

2010


5,361 62,767 0.085

Libero 66,667 0.080 Leila 60,233 0.089


5,861 73,900 0.079

Libero 78,500 0.075 Leila 69,967 0.084

9.5. DETERMINATION OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR THE SUGAR BEET CROP IN

IRRIGATED CONDITIONS, VIIŞOARA-TURDA, 2008-2010

Concerning the Leila sugar beet variety, it was found that, in non irrigated conditions, the

water valorification coefficient was ranged in the interval 0.085–0,089, while in irrigated conditions

the values of the water valorification coefficient was situated in the interval 0.083–0.084.

Once more, the irrigated crops are found to recover water better than the non irrigated ones,

with the best situation in the experimental year 2008.

If making a comparison between the three studied sugar beet varieties, during the considered

period 2008-2010, it is found that Libero variety had a better water valuation, in irrigated

conditions.


22

Table 9.11.

Valorification efficiency of irrigation water by the studied varieties (c1, c2, c3),

Vii şoara-Turda, 2008-2010

Year Variety Yield increase due

to irrigation (kg/ha)

Irrigation norm (m3/ha)

Valorification efficiency of irrigation

water (kg/m3)

2008 Clementina 10,667

500 21.33

Libero 11,266 22.53 Leila 9,466 18.93


1.000 16.30

Libero 18,967 18.97 Leila 12,734 12.73


500 22.27

Libero 11,833 23.67 Leila 9,734 19.47

CHAPTER X

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE ECONOMIC EFFI CIENCY

OF THE IRRIGATED SUGAR BEET CROP IN THE CONDITIONS

OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

Table 10.10. presents the average profit and the supplementary production obtained for the

sugar beet crop obtained in irrigated conditions during 2008-2010, in the experimental field from

Vii şoara-Turda. The best efficiency concerning the irrigation water valorization was recorded by

Libero variety, followed by Clementina and Leila varieties. In 2010, all the varieties of sugar beet

realized the biggest valorization efficiency of the irrigation water.

For Clementina variety, by irrigating the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha

(ranking b1), it was obtained a profit in amount of 1,416.00 RON/ha; by irrigating the crop fertilized

with NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2), a profit in amount of 1,524.00 RON/ha was obtained;

the crop irrigated and fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (ranking b3) led to a profit in amount of

1,632.00 RON/ha.

For Libero variety, by irrigating the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha (ranking b1),

it was obtained a profit in amount of 1,564.80 RON/ha; by irrigating the crop fertilized with

NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2), a profit in amount of 1,687.20 RON/ha was obtained; the crop

irrigated and fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (ranking b3) led to a profit in amount of

1,795.20 RON/ha.


23

Table 10.10.

Average profit obtained for sugar beet, Viişoara-Turda, period 2008-2010

Variant Average

yield (t/ha)

Relative yield (%)

Difference (t/ha)

Average profit (RON/ha)

a1 x b1 x c1 50.07 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b1 x c1 61.87 123.56 11.80 1,416.00

a1 x b2 x c1 53.30 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b2 x c1 66.00 123.83 12.70 1,524.00

a1 x b3 x c1 56.37 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b3 x c1 69.97 124.13 13.60 1,632.00

a1 x b1 x c2 55.73 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b1 x c2 68.77 123.40 13.04 1,564.80

a1 x b2 x c2 59.17 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b2 x c2 73.23 123.76 14.06 1,687.20

a1 x b3 x c2 62.27 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b3 x c2 77.23 124.02 14.96 1,795.20

a1 x b1 x c3 51.27 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b1 x c3 60.73 118.45 9.46 1,135.20

a1 x b2 x c3 55.23 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b2 x c3 65.93 119.37 10.70 1,284.00

a1 x b3 x c3 58.13 100.00 0.00 Mt. a2 x b3 x c3 69.90 120.25 11.77 1,412.40

For Leila variety, by irrigating the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha (ranking b1),

it was obtained a profit in amount of 1,135.20 RON/ha; by irrigating the crop fertilized with

NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2), a profit in amount of 1,284.20 RON/ha was obtained; the crop

irrigated and fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (ranking b3) led to a profit in amount of

1,412.40 RON/ha.

The evolution of the average benefit for each of three studied varieties, as well as the annual

average profit, obtained in irrigated conditions, during 2008-2010, are presented in figure 10.4.


24

Fig. 10.4. Evolution of the

annual average profit for

sugar beet, irrigated conditions,

Vii şoara-Turda, 2008-2010

700,001.000,001.300,001.600,001.900,002.200,002.500,00

Av erage benefit(RON/ha)

2008

2009

2010

Year

Clementina Libero Leila Sugar beet culture

CHAPTER XI

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING THE QUALITY OF TH E BIOETHANOL

OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN AT VII ŞOARA-TURDA

For the trait ”content of ethanol and higher saturated alcohols”, Clementina, Libero and

Leila varieties recorded values between 99.2-99.4%, beyond the minimum value allowed by

SR 15376, namely, 98.7% (m/m), the average of the irrigated variants recording substantially bigger

values than those belonging to the non irrigated variants. The corresponding values for the contents

of the higher saturated alcohols (C3-C5), determined for all variants of bioethanol obtained from

sugar beet, were much lower compared to the value of the maximum stipulated by SR EN 15376, of

2.0% (m/m). The values corresponding for the methanol content for all analysed samples were

lower than the authorized maximum limit value of 1.0% (m/m). The repeated fractionate

distillation, followed by dry distillation performed in zeolites column, carried out in laboratory

conditions, led for all three analyzed varieties, to values of the water content in the interval

0.237–0.253%, all below the admitted maximum value stipulated by SR EN 15376, namely,

0.300% (m/m).

The copper content from all bioethanol samples resulted from the comparison made between

the integrated absorbance Ai, produced by the copper contained in the analyzed samples and the

calibration curve established with aqueous solutions of copper with known titre. The determination

of sulphur content was conducted by ultraviolet fluorescence for all samples and the values obtained

for the sulphur concentration were below the detection limit (0.80 mg/kg) of the UV fluorescence

equipment. The values obtained for the higher calorific value, for all bioetanol samples, were

sensitively below the recognized and accepted average value, namely, 29,700 J/g. The average

value determined for the higher calorific value, corresponding for the bioethanol resulted from all

three analyzed sugar beet varieties was 29,008 J/g and the average values of the irrigated variants

were substantially higher as compared to the average values of the non irrigated variants.


25

CHAPTER XII

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

12.1. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMEN,

FERTILIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL UPON THE PRODUCTION OF ROOTS

AND BIOETHANOL OBTAINED FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN

IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

In 2008, concerning the influence of the irrigation regimen on the productions of sugar beet

roots and bioethanol, it was found that, for all three practiced repetitions, whatever fertilization or

variety ranking, there were obtained superior values for irrigated conditions. Thus, there were

recorded positive and very significant differences (p<0.001) between the sugar beet yields obtained

in irrigated conditions, as compared to the non irrigated ones (d = 10.47 t/ha, in relative values

17.76 %), considered control, irrespective of fertilization or variety ranking. The experimental

factor irrigation represented the main cause of variability. The variance was s2 = 1,313.00.

Concerning the bioethanol production, there were recorded positive and very significant differences

(p<0.001) betweeen the yields obtained from irrigated sugar beet crops (d = 1,099.06 l) and the non

irrigated ones, considered control, superior by 19.0% in relative terms, whatever fertilization or

variety ranking. The variance was s2 = 15,530,844.00.

In the experimental year 2009, concerning the influence of the irrigation regimen on the

productions of sugar beet roots and bioethanol, it was found that, for all three repetitions,

irrespective of fertilization or variety ranking, there were obtained superior productions in irrigated

conditions. Thus, there were recorded positive and very significant differences (p<0.001) between

the sugar beet yields obtained in irrigated conditions as compared to the non irrigated ones

(d = 15.36 t/ha, in relative values 34.27%), considered control, whatever fertilization or variety

ranking. For the experimental factor irrigation, it was recorded a variance of s2 = 1,155.82.

Concerning the bioethanol production, there were recorded positive and very significant differences

(p<0.001) betweeen the productions obtained from irrigated sugar beet crops (d = 1,481.78 l) and

the non irrigated ones, considered control, superior by 34.24% in relative terms, whatever

fertilization or variety ranking. The variance was s2 = 12,868,413.60.

The Libero variety recorded the best production performances in all it concerns the sugar

beet yields, with an average of 68.90 t/ha (NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha fertilization), as well as

bioethanol, with an average production of 6,799.11 l. The lowest sugar beet productions were

obtained for Clementina variety, with an average of 37.30 t/ha (NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha fertilization)

and, respectively, of 4,795.22 l (NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha fertilization), for the bioethanol production,

in non irrigated conditions. The variances corresponding for the sugar beet and bioethanol

productions were s2 = 1,521.58 and, respectively, s2 = 17,809,074.00.

In 2010, concerning the influence of the irrigation system influence upon the sugar beet

roots and bioethanol productions, it was found that, for all three repetitions, there were obtained


26

superior productions in irrigated conditions, whatever fertilization or variety ranking. Thus, there

were recorded positive and very significant differences (p<0.001) between the sugar beet yields

obtained in irrigated conditions, as compared to non irrigated ones (d = 10.92 t/ha, in relative values

17.76%), considered control, whatever fertilization or variety ranking. The experimental factor

irrigation represented the main cause of variability. The variance was s2 = 1,323.41. Concerning the

bioethanol production, there were recorded positive and very significant differences (p<0.001)

betweeen the productions obtained from irrigated sugar beet crops (d = 963.81 l) and the non

irrigated ones, considered control, superior by 15.96% in relative terms, whatever fertilization or

variety ranking. The corresponding variance was of s2 = 16,714,146.40.

Libero variety recorded the best production performances regarding both sugar beet and

bioethanol productions, with corresponding average values of 82.80 t/ha (NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha

fertilization) and 7,987.41 l, respectively. The lowest sugar beet and bioethanol productions were

obtained for Clementina variety in non irrigated conditions, with average values of 56.30 t/ha

(NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha fertilization) and 5,318.49 l (NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha fertilization),

respectively. The variances corresponding for the sugar beet and bioethanol productions were

s2 = 1,742.21 and s2 = 23,131,326.60, respectively.

Considering the experimental factor irrigation, it was found that the biggest sugar beet

production was obtained in 2010 (74.12 t/ha) in irrigated conditions, while the smallest (45.01 t/ha)

in 2009, in non irrigated conditions. The biggest average production of bioethanol was obtained in

2010 (7,001.78 l) in irrigated conditions, while the smallest (4.326.56 l) in 2009, in non irrigated

conditions. The results emphasize the importance of irrigation in years unfavourable for the sugar

beet crops destined to bioethanol productions, as year 2009 was. If one analyzes the experimental

factor fertilization, with its three rankings, namely, b1 - NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha,

b2 - NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha and, namely, b3 - NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha, it is found that the biggest

sugar beet productions were obtained in 2010, when using the dose of NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha

(78.71 t/ha) in irrigated conditions, while the most unsatisfactory ones (45.23 t /ha) were obtained in

2009, in non irrigated consitions and when the fertilization dose was NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha.

If it is performed a comparative analysis of variance as function of experimental year and

variability cause, it is found that, in 2008, the most important factor was irrigation (s2 = 1,313.00),

followed by variety (s2 = 864.53) and fertilization (s2 = 125.86), while in the following two

experimental years, the variability causes had different influences upon the obtained sugar beet

yields. Thus, in 2009, the biggest variance was recorded for variety (s2 = 1,521.58), being followed

by irrigation (s2 = 1,155.82) and fertilization (s2 = 221.51). In the experimental year 2010, the most

important factor that influenced variability was variety (s2 = 1,742.21), followed by irrigation

(s2 = 1,323.41) and fertilization (s2 = 253.63).

Considering the entire analyzed experimental period, for both sugar beet and bioethanol

productions, it was found that variety represented the most important factor that influenced

variability in 2009 and 2010, with a maximum share in 2010, while in 2008 the most important

factor that influenced variability was irrigation. Fertilization had the lowest influence on sugar beet


27

production, its minimum value being recorded in 2008. In 2010, the variance caused by fertilization

had the biggest value, though much smaller as compared to those caused by irrigation and variety.

12.2. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION

ON THE YIELD OF SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS

OF VIIŞOARA-TURDA, DURING 2008-2010

Analyzing the values obtained for the irrigated sugar beet crops, it was found that one

obtained profits during 2008-2010, for each of the three analyzed varieties.

Thus, as regarding Clementina variety, the irrigated crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg

N/ha (ranking b1) led to an average profit of 1,335.27 RON/ha; the irrigation of the crop fertilized

with NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2) led to an average profit of 1,444.93 RON/ha; for the

irrigated crop, fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (ranking b3) resulted an average profit of

1,554.93 RON/ha. If the variant irigated x fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha (a2 x b1) is

considered control, for the variant irigated x fertilized with NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (a2 x b2) it was

obtained an average profit of 109.66 RON/ha (108.21%), while for the variant irigated x fertilized

with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (a2 x b3) it was obtained an average benefit of 219.66 RON/ha

(116.45%).

For Libero variety, the irrigation of the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha

(ranking b1) led to an average profit of 1,490.93 RON/ha; for the irrigated crop, fertilized with

NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2) resulted an average profit of 1,615.93 RON/ha; the irrigation of

the crop, fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (rank b3) led to an average profit of


considered control, for the variant irigated x fertilized with NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (a2 x b2) it

resulted a profit of 125.00 RON/ha (108.38%), while for the variant irigated x fertilized with

NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (a2 x b3), resulted a profit of 234.00 RON/ha (115.69%).

For Leila variety, the irrigation of the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 55 kg N/ha (ranking

b1) led to an average profit of 1,045.93 RON/ha; for the crop irrigated and fertilized with

NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (ranking b2) resulted an average profit of 1,197.27 RON/ha; the irrigation of

the crop fertilized with NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (ranking b3) led to an average profit of


considered control, for the variant irigated x fertilized with NPK 250 + 65 kg N/ha (a2 x b2) resulted

a profit of 151.34 RON/ ha (114.47%), while for the variant irigated x fertilized with

NPK 250 + 75 kg N/ha (a2 x b3), resulted a profit of 282.34 RON/ha (126.99%).

If compared with 2008 and 2010, the year 2009 recorded a very significant increase of the

profit obtained as consequence of irrigating the sugar beet crop (p<0.001). This can be explained,

firstly, by the increased differences between the sugar beet yields obtained in irrigated conditions as

compared with the ones obtained in non irrigated conditions in 2009, a warm and excessively dry

year from metheorological point of view.


28

The variation of the purchase price for the sugar beet roots was another factor that

contributed to the profit evolution during 2008-2010.

Analyzing the values of the average profit, calculated for each studied variety, one finds

that, in irrigated conditions, during 2008-2010, Libero variety recorded the biggest average profit

calculated for all three rankings of fertilization, followed by Clementina and Leila varieties. The

cultivation of all three sugar beet varieties, in all irigated x fertilized variants, proved to be

economically efficient, in the conditions of Viişoara–Turda experimental area, during 2008–2010.

12.3. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE QUALITY OF BIOETHANOL OBTAINED

FROM SUGAR BEET GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF VIIŞOARA-TURDA

The values determined for the ethanol and higher saturated alcohols content were bigger as

compared to the minimum value stipulated by standard SR EN 15376, being obtained by applying

repeated fractionate distillation, followed by dry zeolites column. For all three analyzed varieties,

the average values of the irrigated variants recorded higher values as compared to those ones

corresponding for the non irrigated variants.

All the values determined for the methanol content were between 0.046–0.049% (m/m), the

irrigated variants registering smaller values as compared to those corresponding to the non irrigated

variants for the same ranking of the fertilization factor, this fact strongly recommending them for

sugar beet crops destined for obtaining bioethanol.

For all three analyzed varieties, the average value determined for water content was of

0.245% (m/m), the irrigated variants recording, in avearge, higher values as compared to the non

irrigated variants.

All values determined for the inorganic chloride were below the maximum value stipulated

by SR EN 15376, of 20 mg/l, the irrigated variants having smaller values as compared to the non

irrigated variants, for the same ranking of the fertilization factor, this fact recommending them for

sugar beet crops destined for obtaining bioethanol.

There were not recorded any big variations concerning the values of the higher calorific

value for all tested variants, all obtained values being in the range 28.873-29.142 J/g (0.93%), for

all three tested varieties, the irrigated variants recording in average, higher values as compared to

those ones corresponding to the non irrigated variants. The best results were recorded for Libero

and Leila varieties.

The values obtained for the Research octane number (RON) and, respectively, Motor octane

number (MON) framed in the indicated intervals, the average value of the irrigated variants

recording higher values as compared to those ones corresponding to the non irrigated variants. The

best results were recorded for Libero and Leila varieties.

Based on the obtained results, one can state that, taking into consideration the studied

biological material, the best solution for sugar beet crops destined for obtaining biethanol is

represented by the irrigated x fertilized variants.


29

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