Expert Advisory Body of the Committee on Natural Resources,

Environmental Management and Ecology of State Duma of Russian

Federation

National Association of Operators of Waste Management Industry

«RusRecycling»

Expert Advisory Council «Chistaya Voda»

Summary Report

on examination results of

«greenBLAZE» Complex

Prepared by:

Member of Expert Advisory Body of the Committee on Natural Resources, Environmental

Management and Ecology of State Duma of Russian Federation,

Executive Secretary of Independent Expert Advisory Council «Chistaya Voda»,

Qualified Partner of «RusRecycling», Chairman of Non-Profit Organization «BIOM»,

Expert of Certification System No POCC RU.3781.04 OBC0

(Stamp) (Signature) _______________________ P.N. Sukhonin

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City of Tomsk 2016

INTRODUCTION

The present Report (Examination) has been prepared by Mr. Pavel Nikolaevich Sukhonin:

Member of Expert Advisory Body of the Committee on Natural Resources,

Environmental Management and Ecology of State Duma of Russian Federation;

Expert of Certification System No POCC RU.3781.04 OBC0, compliance certificate

000007 dated on 04 of March 2014 (Annexure 1);

Qualified Partner of «RUSRECYCLING» (Annexure 2);

Executive Secretary of Independent Expert Advisory Council «Chistaya Voda»

The following specialists were additionally engaged as advisors:

The President of National Association of Operators of Waste Management Industry

«RUSRECYCLING» Ms. Yesina E.A.

Consulting Chemist, Ph.D. in Chemistry Mr. Bezruk V.I.

Consulting Production Engineer, Ph. D of Technical Sciences Mr. Martyanov A.N.

OBJECT OF EXAMINATION

The object of examination is operational principle and structure of «greenBLAZE»

processor, designed for production of carbon-contained fractions (diesel fuel, petrol etc.) from

organic wastes.

Examination has been performed to:

Determine reasonability, operability and effectiveness of designed technological

solution;

Elaborate recommendations for the object exploitation;

Find «critical points», possible ecological risks;

Determine ways to upgrade the technology and increase reliability for further

operation;

Issue optimal regulations for the system use;

Evaluate compliance of the system with requirements of effective environmental

legislation and requirements of article 1065 of the Civil Code of Russian

Federation «Warning of Causing of Harm» during operation of the system.

Examination has been performed in accordance with:

Federal Law FZ No 184 «On technical regulation»;

Article 31 of Federal Law FZ No 7 «On environmental Protection»;

Regulations of certification system No POCC RU.3781.04 OBC0.

The present Report is formed and prepared on the basis of materials presented by

Designer, as well as reference information, scientific sources, and expert visit of the

object in the city of Tomsk, Russian Federation.

Note:

Date of visit: 25-27 of February 2016;

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Conditions – zone of harsh climatic conditions of Siberia, Russian

Federation;

Purpose of visit: Inspection of structural peculiarities of the system,

presence at demonstrative start-up (test) of the processor with capacity of

50 litres per 1 hour (In fuel terms).

ANALYSIS OF INITIAL DATA

Production and consumer wastes are used as initial feedstock for the given system.

Municipal Solid Wastes are result of human life and activities. They are subject to

seasonal fluctuations, as well as some geographical peculiarities. Their morphological

composition depends on the time of year.

Sources of MSW formation: Factors affecting MSW composition:

Living premises;

Offices

Public catering enterprises

Educational Institutions

Inns and hotels

School and preschool institutions

Medical institutions

Climatic zone;

Level of housing amenities,

services and facilities (including

availability of garbage chute, gas

and water supply systems,

sewerage, heating system);

Development of public catering

network;

Trading culture;

Level of living standards.

Average indices of MSW morphological composition for various climatic zones, % of mass:

Component Neutral South North

Paper, cardboard 25…30 20…28 21…24

Food wastes 30…38 35…45 28…36

Wood 1.5…3 1…2 2…4

Ferrous metals 2…3.5 1.5…2 3…4.5

Non-ferrous metals 0.2…0.5 0.2…0.3 0.2…0.3

Textile 4…7 4…7 5…7

Bones 0.5…2 1…2 2…4

Glass 5…8 3…8 6…10

Leather, Rubber 2…4 1…3 3…7

Stones 1…3 1…2 1…2

Plastic 2…5 1.5…2.5 2…4

Other 1…3 1…2 1…3

Residue (less than 15 mm) 7…13 10…18 7…13

Seasonal fluctuations of MSW composition are characterized by increase of food waste

content with 20…25% at spring time, and up to 40…55% at autumn time. This is associated with

large quantity of vegetables and fruits in human diet (especially in southern cities).

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At winter and autumn time content of residue (fractions of less than 15 mm) is decreased

from 20 to 7% in southern cities and from 11 to 5% in the cities of neutral zone. (Annexure 3).

Typical MSW composition of a modern city:

Fraction % Fraction %

Paper, cardboard 25-30 Sand, ceramics Up to 20

Iron 2.5-5 Glass 8-12

Non-ferrous metals 0.3-0.5 Plastic 5.5-8

Food waste 20-37 Wood, textile, leather Up to 5

Note: Nowadays in the world there is an emerging tendency of MSW composition change

towards increase of paper and polymer materials content. Share of secondary materials

(commodities) of MSW total volume is about 50%.

CONSUMED FEEDSTOCK FOR greenBLAZE

Consumed feedstock for greenBLAZE processor:

Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)

Rubber and plastic wastes

Forestry wastes

Oil and coal sludge

Sewage

Agriculture and animal wastes

Medical wastes

Conclusion:

1. greenBLAZE processor is able to adapt (optimize) to changing of waste composition,

depending on operational condition in both various climatic zones and equal all-year

mode. The processor steadily operates in case of abrupt change of treated feedstock.

2. greenBLAZE processor may operate without preliminary separation of consumed

feedstock, particularly MSW, however shredding of initial feedstock is required to fit the

mouth size of receiving bin. In case of preliminary separation of MSW, effectiveness of

the processor is substantially increased.

3. Secondary waste can be converted into three various end products:

a. Heat energy only;

b. Electric energy only;

c. Liquid synthetic fuel (kerosene, non-freezing super diesel of “Arctic” standard,

petroleum with octane number from 80 to 98) and electric energy.

PRINCIPLES OF greenBLAZE OPERATION

GreenBLAZE processor operates on the principle of oxidization, without open

combustion on the basis of multilevel destruction and deoxidization method, which can be used

for a wide applicability, particularly for conversion of wastes into synthetic motor fuel, heat and

electric energy. greenBLAZE has closed operation cycle, no harmful emissions into atmosphere,

except for ash residue – carbonates and silicates.

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Principle of partial oxidization is used in greenBLAZE processor. In standard solutions

(as stated in reference literature), the present process is carried out at the temperature of above

1300 degrees, however when vacuum is formed, oxidization temperature is decreased to the level

of 600-800 degrees.

Formula of the given reaction:

CnH2n + 2 + 1/2nO2 → nCO + (n + 1)H2

The result of present reaction is generation of mixture, comprising carbon monoxide

(CO) and hydrogen, at that ratio CO:H2 varies in a wide range as it depends on used feedstock

and conversion type. Having altered pressure and temperature in the reactor, petrol molecules

with necessary octane number can be produced from carbon and hydrogen (or any other fuel

such as kerosene, diesel and other, as well as acetone, alcohol etc.).

Such hydrocarbon fractions can be used as a fuel, or in metallurgy, pharmacology and

other application fields.

ADVANTAGES OF greenBLAZE PROCESSOR

Uniqueness (majority of aggregates and unis are unparalleled in capacity and method for

solving of designated mission);

Environmental responsibility is secured by means of closed operation cycle;

Advanced technology of high-temperature vacuum destruction provides high efficiency

level of up to 95%;

Universality of the processor in initial feedstock terms (MSW, various sorts of plastic

wastes, organic wastes, wood, coal, agriculture and mixed wastes);

Versatility of generated end product (heat energy, electric energy, gas, synthetic fuel)

Minimal ash residue (lithified) of 4-5 grade can be used as construction material;

External electric energy is required only to start up the processor, then greenBLAZE

complex represent completely self-contained unit;

Wide applicability range;

Ability to manufacture both stationary and autonomous (movable) processors for waste

treatment (on the basis of a truck, rail platform or any other platform).

Short deployment and commissioning period;

Modular design;

Ecological friendliness;

Operational safety.

Note:

Economic calculations are beyond the scope of the present examination and must be

separately reviewed in details on the basis of statistic data.

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COMPARISON OF greenBLAZE SYSTEM AND PYROLYSIS SYSTEMS

The closest technology in terms of running processes is pyrolysis.

Pyrolysis systems greenBLAZE system

Efficiency = 90 ± 5% Efficiency is about 95%

Ash residue is generated in the amount of 7-

10%. Requires periodic cleaning of ash

collector and gas pipes.

The problem is absent.

Ash residue is less than 1%,

No need to clean gas pipes

Process of syngas generation is hard to

manage and control. Decomposition of

organic particles in the medium of initial

pyrolysis products leads to generation of

organic compounds, which decrease quality

of produced pyrolysis products and

complicate processes of their separation.

The problem is absent.

Oxidization process is stable, well-controlled

and can be easily managed

Harmful emissions into atmosphere (CO in

the amount of 1-3%)

The problem is absent.

Processes of vacuum oxidization and well-

controlled synthesis secures CO amount of

less than 0.01%

Energy-dependence.

Majority of systems are not able to operate

without fume exhaust (except in rare

circumstances)

The problem is absent.

Completely self-contained system

Fume exhaust is not required

All pyrolysis systems require specific

feedstock humidity level (max. 35%). In case

the level is increased, fluctuations of

increasing and exhausting processes occur,

leading to change of volatile fractions output.

The problem is absent.

Humidity level reduces efficiency slightly.

Initially configured for some particular type

of waste

The problem is absent.

Operation on any type of feedstock

At low loads (less than 50%), the process is

unstable, residue in gas pipes appears –

narrow range of stability in terms of output

synthesis characteristics.

The problem is absent.

Effective operation at load from just 10%.

Stable synthesis

Requires frequent technical maintenance The problem is absent

ECOLOGICAL RISKS

The basic potential ecological risk during the complex's operation stage is harmful

emissions (depending on initial feedstock), which may contain fluorine and chlorine compounds,

so called dioxins (polychlorinated, biphenyl, benzopyrene etc.), produced from initially loaded

feedstock, containing such compounds.

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The present factor was the major one when greenBLAZE system was analysed in terms

of ecological safety criterion «Warning of causing of harm».

Potential emissions may represent danger as resistant to oxidization mutagens and

oncogenes (See Annexure No 5).

OVERALL CONCLUSION

In general, applicable technological and design solutions bring us to general

conclusion that greenBLAZE processor satisfies requirements of the article 31 FZ (Federal

Law) N 7 dt on 10.01.2002 «On environmental protection», article 2.21 FZ (Federal Law)

No 184 dt on 27.12.2002 «On technical regulation» and article 1 N 174-FZ (Federal Law)

«On ecological expertize».

GreenBLAZE processor is recommended for independent expert assessment with

compliance certification to meet the following requirements:

No POCC RU.П.727.04YCX0 «Management system of agents of economic and other

activities to satisfy requirements of Russian environmental legislation»;

No POCC RU.П.710.04ЮАЛ0 «Certification system of waste generation process for

agents of economic and other activities with the purpose of use as secondary physical

resources»;

No POCC RU.3781.040BC0 «Certification system of experts and works on inventory

of waste disposal facility, emission sources, disposals, waste classification, and

warning of causing of environmental harm»,

which satisfy requirements of the order of the President of Russian Federation No Пр-

1923 dt on 06.07.2011 on introduction of voluntary mechanisms of environmental

responsibility, such as voluntary certification systems, subjected to independent

assessment and attestation.

1. The processor meets claimed MSW treatment specifications and requirements of fuel

fraction synthesis from carbon-contained feedstock of organic and non-organic

nature.

2. Based on performed patent analysis (Annexure 4), the processor is unparalleled and

has no disadvantages of previously designed plants.

3. Because the share of secondary feedstock (commodity product) is about 50% of all

produced wastes in the world and in accordance with:

Article 1 of FZ 89 (Federal Law), Utilization of wastes is “use of wastes for

production of goods (products), execution of works, rendering of services,

including recycling, regeneration, and recuperation”

operation of the processor on unsorted feedstock «municipal solid wastes» is

permissible, but not optimal; MSW is reasonably to be sorted and organic non-

recycled fractions are to be preferably used as initial feedstock.

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4. Operation of the system on other types of feedstock (organic agriculture wastes,

animal wastes, poultry manure, wastewater etc.) does not require any upgrade

pertaining to purification of harmful emissions.

It can be also claimed that maximum operational effect of greenBLAZE system is

reached when:

It is used for liquidation of unauthorized and uncontrolled dumping;

It is used for wastewater utilization;

It is used for utilization of industrial organic wastes;

It is operated as a part of waste treatment complex for generation of transport fuel;

It is operated as a part of technical means complex (housing and utility services,

industrial sector etc.) for conversion of organic wastes into heat and electric

energy;

It is operated as a part of complex for liquidation of petroliferous products;

It is used for utilization of medical, biological and pharmacological wastes.

Note:

GreenBLAZE applicability is potentially wider than stated above and to be determined

during exploitation.

PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The following is recommended for planned works on production of industrial

systems:

Conduct research on harmful emissions in accordance with the Report's

section «Ecological risks» (upgrade and equip the system with gas

purification system, if needed);

Upgrade heat recovery system of the complex;

Perform testing of the complex under uninterrupted operation conditions

(not less than 10 days) with subsequent examination of all units and

aggregates;

Develop engineer solutions (options), which use oxygen and ozone as

oxidizer, to increase the processor's effectiveness (at the present moment

air is used in the given scheme).

2. Carry out the processor's certification in order to have it included on the

industrial register of the best available technologies.

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Annexures

Annexure No 1 Annexure No 2

Annexure No 3

Morphological content of MSW

Summer Period Winter Period

Organic wastes; 10 906

Other; 3433

Glass; 556 Plastic; 1198

Paper, cardboard;

675Metal; 90

Construction waste; 96

Electric wastes; 5

Textile, fabric; 243

Organic wastes; 10 490

Ash; 2450

Glass; 1298 Plastic; 1157 Paper, cardboard;

926

Metal; 155

Construction waste; 73

Electric wastes; 22

Textile, fabric; 429

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Annexure No 4

Patent review on the subject “vacuum pyrolysis of waste treatment”

Certificate of authorship of USSR No 699287, МПК F23G 5/00, published in 1979.

However, waste treatment efficiency of the present plant is not that high, because

pyrolysis process is carried out with explicitly surplus oxygen content in pyrolysis zone,

leading to overoxidation of pyrolysis products and decrease of qualitative and

quantitative parameters of outcome fuel components.

Patent of Russian Federation No 2182684, МПК F23, G 5/027, published on 20.05.2002,

the plant, consisting of facilities for feedstock loading, pyrolysis reactor, equipped with

annular-furnace chamber, steam-gas mixture separation system, discharge system.

Location of annular-furnace chamber in pyrolysis reactor leads to effectiveness growth,

however waste destruction process of the present plant hinders their qualitative treatment

because reactor’s structure is not designed for its use under high temperatures.

Patent of Russian Federation No 2240339, C10B 1/04. Disadvantage of the present plant

is low operating efficiency. The given problem is associated with significant duration of

interaction process between particles of pyrolysis feedstock and pyrolysis products, since

pyrolysis process runs with use of pneumatic conveying system in chamber, made in the

form of coil. Continual thermal destruction of organic particles among primary pyrolysis

products during their conveyance through the coil leads to formation of compound

organic matters that reduces quality of outcome pyrolysis products and complicates the

process of their separation.

RU patent No 2124547, C10B 53/02. The lack of the plant is high energy intensity of the

process, stipulated by significant expenses for consumption of reduction gas for biomass

heating in converter. Used loading unit in the form of feeder connected to receiving bin

does not hamper free air delivery into converter (pyrolysis chamber), resulting in quality

worsening of pyrolysis products.

Certificate of authorship SU N 1616956, C 10 G 9/16, 1988. The disadvantages of the

plant are use of separate feeding unit and high pyrolysis temperature ≈ 845oC, leading to

effectiveness and reliability reduction.

Patent of Russian Federation No 2202589, МПК F23, G 5/027, published on 10.10.03.

The facility used for realization of the present method mainly contains horizontally

rotating reactor and reactor with screw-type stirrer. However, specified facility for waste

conversion into hydrocarbons is not effective in waste treatment rate and quality.

Besides, the facility is not absolutely safe in terms of technological effectiveness and

treatment process.

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Annexure No 5

Ecotoxicants

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is rather toxic. Detrimental effect of the substances on organs

and systems along with accumulation in fatty tissue has been proven indeed. PCB is dangerous

for human as they pose powerful factors of immune system suppression (so called “chemical”

AIDS). Moreover, PCBs provoke carcinogenesis, injury of liver, kidneys, excitatory system, skin

(dermatitis, eruption). In case PCB gets into child’s body, it causes congenital disorder and child

pathology (underdevelopment, immunity decrease, hemogenic system affection).

However, the most dangerous effect of PCBs is their mutagenic activity that adversely affects the

health of next generations. This is the very reason why EU countries, USA and Canada

prohibited production and use of these substances. These countries set up mandatory monitoring

system for PCB content in environment and food products. The problem is that PCBs do not

disintegrate and capable of accumulating in biological objects and food products. By the time

when the world society realized how perilous they are, enormous number of such substances

(from 1929 to mid-1970s) had been produced. They have globally contaminated the Earth and

kept circulating in the environment so far. For instance, PCBs are constantly detected in

women’s maternal milk on the territory of West-European countries that led to posing restriction

on period of breast feeding of up to 1.5-2 months and urged many of these countries to pass on to

artificial feeding. When PCBs get into human body, they are perfectly absorbed by digestive

tract and lungs, penetrate through skin and accumulated in fatty tissue. In most samples of fatty

tissue, PCB content is 1mg/kg or less, ample quantities of up to 700 mg/kg were detected in

samples of fatty tissues of professionally exposed people (content in blood – 0.3 and 200

µg/100ml respectively).

PCBs have relatively low acute toxicity, but owing to cumulative properties, they accumulate in

liver, causing its gain in size and consequently its damage. PCBs are able to partly penetrate

through placenta and exude with maternal milk. Analysis of breast milk, taken from two women

in the city of Arkhangelsk, Russia and Kargopol (Arkhangelsk region) demonstrated that toxicity

of breast milk in this region was not stipulated by dioxins, as it was supposed before. The

toxicity was caused by polychlorinated biphenyls that was afterwards confirmed in other cities of

Russian Federation.

PCBs can cause fetotoxic effect, reducing number of implantation sites, number of newborns and

extension of pregnancy duration. When PCB was continuously administrated to rhesus monkeys

before, during pregnancy, and in the course of lactation period, ovular abortions, premature

delivery and fetal death just after the birth were observed.

Symptoms of PCB exposure are chloracne, eye irritation, apathy, headaches and sore throat. In

Japan in 1968 about 16 thousand people were poisoned with PCB and many of them died.

Production of PCB was prohibited in 1970s due to high toxicity of majority related PCB and

mixtures. They are classified as persistent organic pollutants, which are bio-accumulated in

animals.

Benzapyrene is designated as agents of biohazard level 1. The 1st biohazard level is substances

with incredibly high hazardous exposure to the environment, at that changings caused by such

materials are inevitable and not recoverable.

Benzapyrene is one of the most powerful and widespread carcinogens. Being chemically &

thermally stable, and carrying bioaccumulative properties, it starts permanently and profoundly

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exerting its harmful properties just after it gets into an organism. Apart from cancerogenic

action, it also produces mutagenous and fetotoxic effects.

Ways how benzapyrene penetreates into an organism are different: with food and water, through

skin and by inhalation. Danger level is not related to the penetration method. During experiments

and as per monitoring data of environmentally unfriendly regions, benzapyrene penetrates into

DNA complex, causing inconvertible mutations that pass on to next generations. Particular

concern associated with benzapyrene accumulation: mutation possibility of coming generations

is multifold increased due to bioaccumulation.

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Annexure No 6

Reference list

1. Chemistry and coal treatment / edited by V.G. Lipovich, Ph.D. in chemistry. – M.

Chemistry, 1988. – 336pgs.

2. S.P. Gorislavets. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbon-contained materials / S.P. Gorislavets, D.N.

Tmenov, V.I. Mayorov; USSR Academy of Science, Gas Institute. – Kiev: “Nauk.

Dumka”, 1977. – 307 pgs.

3. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbon-contained materials / [T.N. Mukhina, N.L. Barabanov, S.E.

Babsh and others]. – M.: Chemistry, 1987. – 238 pgs.

4. Chemical technology of solid fossil fuels: textbook for universities / edited by G.N.

Makarov and G.D. Kharlampovich. – M.: Chemistry, 1989. – 496 pgs.

5. N.N. Lebedev. Chemistry and technology of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis.

Textbook for universities 4th revised and enlarged edition. – M. Chemistry, 1988. – 592

pgs.

6. E.V. Smidovich. Oil and gas destructive refinement, 2nd edition, - M., 1968 (Technology

of oil and gas refinement, pt. 2); Y.M. Paushkin, S.V. Adelson, T. Vishnyakova.

Pyrolysis, Technology of petrochemical synthesis, pt. 1, M, 1973.

7. L.V. Gordon, S.O. Skvortsov, V.I. Lisov, Technology and equipment of wood chemical

industries, 5th edition, M., 1988, A.N. Zavyalov.

8. Chemistry and technology of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis: textbook for

universities, 4th revised and enlarged edition, - M. Chemistry, 1988. – 592 pgs.

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