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Summary of Research “Mapping Shrimp Feed Supply Chain in Songkhla
Province to Facilitate Feed Dialogue” Submitted to Oxfam Thailand
30 July 2014 Lead Researcher: Sarinee Achavanuntakul
Research Team: James True, Srisakul Piromwarakorn
Prince of Songkhla University
Pattraporn Yamla-Or, Koranis Tanangsnakool, Sasiwimon Klongakkara
Sal Forest Ltd. : www.salforest.com
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Overview of fishmeal industry: Thailand
Catch Per Unit Effort from 1961 – 2010 (kilograms per hour)
Source: Boonwanich & Boonpakdee, 2009
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Overview of fishmeal industry: Thailand
Thailand’s fishmeal production and producers, 1987 - 2011
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (DoF), 2013
Fishmeal production (tons) Number of fishmeal producers
Number of fishmeal producers Fishmeal production (tons)
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Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla
Fishmeal production trend has been fairly steady Songkhla is the second largest fishmeal producer
in 2011 (Dept. of Fisheries) and the fourth largest in 2013 (Thai Food Processors Association)
Currently there are 9 fishmeal producers in operation in Songkhla
Fishmeal price at Songkhla is among the cheapest compare to other provinces
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Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla
Average prices of fishmeal by province in 2011 (Baht per kilogram)
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (FSARG), DoF, 2013
In 2011, Songkhla produced 39,402 tons of fishmeal or 12.03% of fishmeal produced in Thailand
Estimated Songkhla’s total fishmeal production in 2013 was 29,300 tons (from interviews with 8 of 9 fishmeal producers in Songkhla)
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Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (FSARG), DoF, 2013
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Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem
Thailand has a strong market for trash fish, including non-target catch, under-sized and juvenile fish
Economic incentive has contributed to overfishing, especially juvenile fish, and the use of destructive gear, trawl and push nets, near shore areas
The declining CPUE has resulted in longer towing hours Prolonged trawling operation has increased a proportion of
trash fish since marine species trapped at mesh bottom obstruct juvenile fish from escaping.
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Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem
- Changes to community composition - Alterations of habitat structure and function - Ecological extinction; overfished populations no longer interact significantly with other species in the community - Affects the recruitment and biomass of marine species
Overfishing in the Gulf of Thailand has been reported since 1980
Inappropriate fishing gears; Small mesh size -> a large amount
of juvenile fish were trapped Destructive fishing gears -> CPUE
has rapidly declined
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Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem
Source: Department of Fisheries, 1986-2011
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Estimates of biomass from the pier at Songkhla
62% landed is trash fish, approximately 6.5 tons/vessel Estimated 25,000 tons/year of trash fish landed at Songkhla in 2013
ทีม่า: Field observation by research team, 2013
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Map of fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla
Source: Interviews and analysis by research team
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Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla
Company % of
Traceability
Amount
(tons) Note
Betagro 100% 3,270 Buys 100% from a single fishmeal
producer that is 100% traceable
Krungthai 100% 600 Buys 100% from a single fishmeal
producer that is 100% traceable
CPF 81% 6,839
TFM 47% 972
Lee Pattana 36% 600
Animal feed mills based on fishmeal traceability
Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014
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Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla
Sources and the amount of raw materials used in Songkhla fishmeal production
Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014
Red items = trash fish usage
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Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla (cont.)
Songkhla fishmeal production and fishmeal purchasers
Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014
Red items = trash fish usage
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Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla
Share of fishmeal produced
from whole fish (%) Share of fishmeal produced from
non-traceable whole fish (%)
CPF 24 16 Lee Pattana 19 29
Thaiunion Feedmill 19 29 Krungthai 1 0 Betagro 0 0
Other feed mills 7 0 brokers 19 18 farms 11 8 Total 100 100
Fishmeal produced from whole fish and fishmeal produced from non-traceable whole fish by purchasers
Source: calculated from interviews with 8 fishmeal producers in Songkhla
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Regulations and Standards: International level
6 most popular international standards and certified Thai companies (as of February, 2014)
IFFO RS CPF and T.C.
Union Agrotech are member
ASC
No Thai company certified under these standards
MSC
Thai companies that have plants certified
Global G.A.P. As of Feb 2014, only CPF is
certified. (Thaiunion and Krungthai certifications have
expired in 2013.)
Friend of the Sea Thai Spring Fish
BAP 29 processing plants
34 farms 8 hatcheries 6 feed mills
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Regulations and Standards: Thai fisheries law
Shortcomings of Thai Fisheries Act, 1947
Fishing area is not clearly identified
Inappropriate fishing gears and practices (e.g. small mesh size) are not illegal
Violators must be “caught in the act”
Draft of the new fisheries act
To effectively and efficiently respond to present fishing activities
Clearer demarcation of fishing grounds and defined authority to mandate type, number, size, and components of fishing gears should help make damaging practices illegal
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Regulations and Standards: IUU and Catch Certificate Scheme
Source: Prompoj, 2011
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Regulations and Standards: Fishmeal certificate scheme
Source: Department of Fisheries, 2013
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Fishmeal certificate scheme: Record
CPF was the only feed mill that submitted documents to Department of Fisheries for verification
There were 1,752 fishmeal certificates from 26 fishmeal producers during a period from 10 June – 31 December 2013
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Fishmeal certificate scheme: Record
Number of fishmeal certificate (submitted for verification), amount of materials, and amount of fishmeal by source of materials from 10 June – 31 December 2013
Source of materials Fishmeal
certificate
Amount of materials
(kg.)
Amount of
fishmeal (kg.) Wild-Caught 1,119 75,183,563 19,302,989
By-products from domestic
Surimi production 167 9,664,123 2,860,026
Imported by-products from
tuna production 292 17,005,650 4,974,515
Other by-products 171 9,289,366 2,542,671
Unidentified 3 - 44,640
Total 1,752 111,142,702 29,724,841 Source: Department of Fisheries, 2014
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Research Summary
Fishmeal industry creates impacts on ecosystem and local artisanal fishing community
It is the main market of trash fish, including under-sized and juvenile fish; therefore, supports the continued existence of destructive fishing conducts
In 2011, Songkhla was Thailand’s second largest fishmeal producer, the largest of the South, and accounted for 12.03% of country’s total fishmeal production.
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Research Summary
In 2013, 8 of 9 fishmeal producers in Songkhla produced 28,509 tons of fishmeal in total
100,215 tons of raw materials >> trimmings 79,965 tons (80%), whole fish 20,250 tons (20%), of which 5,760 tons were trash fish landed in Songkhla
66% (18,814 tons) of fishmeal were sold to large feed mills, namely CPF 45%, Betagro 17%, Thaiunion Feedmill 11%
1,527 tons of fishmeal produced from trash fish were sold to CPF 575 tons or 37.6% (300 tons of which were traceable) Farms 300 tons or 19.7% (all were traceable) Brokers 652 tons or 42.7% (all were traceable)
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Research Summary Fishmeal certificate scheme
CPF is the only feed mill participating in the scheme Nothing can assure full traceability, not possible to check the correctness of the document content or actual fishing conducts There is still a market for fishmeal produced from trash fish
Case study: Sustainable fishing in Peru The need for standards that encompass all players as well as a combination of laws and industry involvement and self-regulation The need to utilize science-based data and technology to ensure sustainability and effective enforcement The clearer the business case for sustainability, the more incentives players have to comply with sustainability laws/standards/schemes
Thank you!
Summary report can be downloaded from
www.salforest.com
page “Knowledge”
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