Summer, 2007 - Part Iata-md.org/caduceus/summer-2007-part1.pdf · 2014. 8. 27. · Owen Renik. You...

CONTENT: Part One

From theEditor2

SUMMER 2007

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISON OF THE AMERICAN TRANSLATORS ASSOCIATION

ConferenceReview3

From the ActingAdministrator5

9

Hematopoiesis6

14 Call forNominations

Basic Neuro-AnatomyGlossary

16 Pitfalls andCaveats

18 SanFrancisco

Summer 2007

Caduceus is a quarterly publicationof the Medical Division of the

American Translators Association, anon-profit organization dedicated to

promoting the recognition oftranslating and interpreting as

professions.

EditorRafael A. Rivera, M.D., FACP

[email protected]

Assistant EditorElena Sgarbossa, M.D.

ProofreadersDiane Howard

Esther DiazMaria Rosdolsky

Graphic DesignDeborah Sales

This issue of Caduceus is very special. It contains highlightsof the Medical Division’s inaugural mid-year conference,which by all accounts was a resounding success. Caduceusjoins in the round of applause for Esther Diaz and JillSommer who organized the proceedings. We thank all thepresenters who delivered an excellent program and expressour best wishes for all those in attendance at our firstprofessional event.

Julie Begona has written for us a very nice summary of theConference proceedings. You will also see the commentsoffered by those who attended the conference.

Readers will note that the German language appearsprominently in this issue. Maria Rosdolsky, a well knowncontributor to Caduceus, has provided us her glossaries onthe neurological examination and clinical trials which werepart of her presentations at the mid-year conference. Pleasenote that Maria also provided a Neurological ExaminationEnglish - German Glossary which appeared in our Spring2007 issue. Also, Dr. William McAninch, a retiredphysician, joins us for the first time with a basic introductionto the field of Hematology, his specialty field, that contains ashort English - German glossary.

Conference presenter Eva Ristl, who spoke about “theunspeakable” - psychoanalysis and psychotherapy research -at the conference has provided a companion Book Review ofPractical Psychoanalysis for Therapists and Patients byOwen Renik.

You will also find glossaries in English - Spanish by ourMedical Division Acting Administrator Esther Diaz.

Instructions to Authors

Submissions for publications must be sent electronically in Word format. Dead-line for submissions for the Fall-Winter issue of Caduceus: 1 October, 2007.

Caduceus carefully reviews its content in order to eliminate any textual errors.Nevertheless, we apologize for any errors in grammar, punctuation, typographyand the like which may inadvertently appear on our pages.

Contents of this newsletter are the property of the Medical Division of ATA.Permission to use, or republish or reproduce information contained herein canbe obtained from the editor. Differences of opinion regarding contentshould be brought to the attention of the author, directly or through theEditor of Caduceus, who will serve as a conduit between reader andauthor.

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA From the Editor | 2

The ongoing series,MANY FACES OF HEALTH CARE,

will continue in subsequent issues of Caduceus.

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA MID-YEAR CONFERENCE REVIEW 2007 | 3

From May 31 to June 2, 2007, the ATA MedicalDivision launched its inaugural Mid-YearConference in Cleveland, Ohio at the

InterContinental Hotel on the campus of the ClevelandClinic. The conference provided two days of sessionsfor both medical translators and interpreters alike.

The Medical Division Mid-Year Conference began onthe evening of May 31st with a welcome reception.Participants enjoyed the opportunity to make newacquaintances and renew old ones with theircolleagues in the Medical Division. From pierogi andsausage (a nod to Cleveland's ethnic heritage) tochocolate fondue with strawberries and ladyfingers,everyone shared friendly conversation and theanticipation of the sessions to come.

On Friday, June 1st, the morning session was openedwith a welcome by Esther Diaz and Jill Sommer andfollowed by an overview presented by Nora Bizri andTherese Agaibi of Global Patient Services at theCleveland Clinic. The second part of the morningoffered a general session with updates from EricRoselli, M.D., on cardiovascular and thoracic surgeryand a review of Diagnostic Imaging terminologypresented by Scott Flamm, M.D., both of theCleveland Clinic. The first day’s afternoon provided achoice of sessions touching on topics of “GettingStarted as a Medical Interpreter” with Esther Diaz and“How to Know if the Interpreter is Good?” withNatalya Mytareva. A panel discussion presented bymembers of CCIO -- Natasha Curtis, Alvaro De Cola,John Estill, Maria Laura Lenardon and NatalyaMytareva -- addressed the “Legal and Ethical Aspectsof Medical Interpreting.” The panel discussionbroached topics relating to professional competence,standards of practice and the role of the interpreter. OnFriday afternoon, Eva Ristl afforded insight into“Translating the Unspeakable in Psychoanalysis andPsychotherapy Research” as did Maria Rosdolsky withher presentation on “Clinical Trials.” To conclude theday, Ana Echevarria and Sr. Linda Piccolantonio of

by Julie Begona

Mercy Medical Center discussed issues of “Breakingthe Language Barrier” and Natasha Curtis offeredtips and insight on how to maximize “TerminologyResearch Techniques” while using the Internet.Friday concluded with participants heading out fordinner. Some headed to Little Italy to enjoy theMurray Hill Art Walk, while others sampled otherlocal restaurants suggested by Jill Sommer in a 6-page handout.

Saturday featured Holly Mikkelson as the keynotespeaker for the conference. Ms. Mikkelson spoke onthe differences and similarities of translating andinterpreting in her session, “Medical Interpreting andTranslating: A Case of Dissociative IdentityDisorder?” The second half of the morning featuredKamal R. Chémali, M.D. of the Cleveland Clinic,with an enlightening discourse on “The Disease andTreatment of the Central Nervous System.” Dr.Chémali presented a general overview of CNSanatomy with accompanying commentary on diseaseand treatment. Following Dr. Chémali’spresentation, there were breakout groups facilitatedby Esther Diaz, Anne Chémali, and MariaRosdolsky for Spanish, French, and German toaddress language specific issues in terminologywhen translating and interpreting neurologicalreports.

On Saturday afternoon, participants once again hadthe option of choosing which session to attend.Esther Diaz addressed “Broken Hearts: CongenitalHeart Defects” and Holly Mikkelson provided athree hour workshop to sharpen consecutiveinterpreting skills in her session on “Improve YourConsecutive Interpreting Skills.” Ms. Mikkelsonbegan with an overview of consecutive interpretingand then led the group in a practicum in consecutivenote taking. Each day provided an opportunity forparticipants to shop the Intrans Books display to addto their library of medical dictionaries.

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA MID-YEAR CONFERENCE REVIEW 2007 | 4

While the Mid-Year Medical Division Conferenceformally concluded sessions on Saturday afternoon,Sunday morning featured a Certification Exam and aMentoring Orientation Workshop for thoseinterested. Both the exam and the workshop werewell attended and prolonged the enthusiasm of theprevious two days.

Overall and in every detail, the Medical DivisionMid-Year Conference was a complete success.Kudos to the organizing committee; and a specialacknowledgement to Esther Diaz and Jill Sommer.

While Jill, Esther, and committee membersbreathed a sigh of relief at the end of each day, theconference progressed seamlessly and without ahitch. The selection of the speakers and topics metwith everyone’s approval. As the conferenceparticipants departed from the hotel and headed totheir respective destinations home, the lobby wasstill abuzz with talk of the conference and theexchange of e-mail addresses to continue the spiritof the camaraderie instilled by the Medical DivisionMid-Year Conference.

Impressions from attendeesat the

Medical Conference“Indeed, very educational conference with great speakers. Lots of good and usefulhandouts to take home. ……. Thanks Jill and María for a well-organized andsuccessful conference.”

“More thanks and more praise from me as well - it was a great mix ofpresentations, everything was wonderfully organized, the venue was fabulous. All in all a

wonderful, very worthwhile experience.”

“I would like to congratulate Jill Sommer and Esther Diaz for a wellorganized Mid-Year Medical Conference from May 31st-June 3rd. Fromthe welcoming reception (wonderful food, Jill!) to the sessions to the greatpeople attending, I couldn't have asked for a better experience. I'm sorry I

had to miss the trip to Little Italy onSaturday evening, but I'm sure everyone therehad a great time.”

“Two big thumbs up from me too! I think the general-interestinformational sessions (e.g. the physicians' presentations) were wellbalanced with sessions about professional issues, and thetranslation/interpretation stuff likewise.Bravo to Jill and Esther for making it happen!! “ “……… “

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA FROM THE ACTING ADMINISTRATOR | 5

ssuming the leadership of ATA’sMedical Division has been like startinga new business. You have all thesegreat ideas for growing your business

and you are full of energy and enthusiasm at yourgrand opening; but then comes the work ofstaffing, planning, organizing, budgeting,producing your product or services, and marketingthem.

Our first Mid-Year Conference in Cleveland hadall the energy of a grand opening, with colleaguesmeeting each other and talking about strengtheningties, sharing resources, and staying in touch. Ourproduct (the conference sessions) was very wellreceived. Now we need to find ways to continue tobring products like this to our customers (you, themembers).

Our first order of business is staffing. We need to find an Administrator and Assistant Administrator who cancommit the necessary time and energy to build the division. But two people alone can’t do all the work. In thisall-volunteer organization, we need everyone to lend a hand. As the third largest ATA division, we should havemany hands. One of the tasks that need to be done is to create the Medical Division’s website. We need someoneto design it and others to contribute content such as glossaries and web links for the website. We have a greatnewsletter, which Dr. Rafael Rivera has agreed to continue editing. However, this too, requires your contributionsof content. The listserv is a place where our members turn to each other for help with terminology. If you canhelp, please do so. Other tasks include presenting sessions at the ATA Annual Conference and organizingnetworking events.

If you are interested in joining this ‘start-up business’, there’s a job waiting for you. Let’s see what we can buildtogether!

Esther Diaz is a medical translator and interpreter trainer based outside of Austin, Texas. She has been a member of ATA since 1983and is ATA-certified for Spanish<>English translation. She is a Board Member of the National Council on Interpreting in Health Careas well as the Texas Association of Healthcare Interpreters and Translators, and a co-founder of the Austin Area Translators andInterpreters Association.

by Esther Diaz

REMINDER TO MEDICAL DIVISION MEMBERSThe full color version of Caduceus is available for downloading once its publication isannounced by HQ-ATA. It is divided in two parts for ease of receiving and downloadingthe electronic format. There is also a printed version that members can elect to receive byregular mail. This can be requested upon signing up at initial membership, or renewal ofmembership, at any time during the year by going to www.atanet.org/divisions/division_admin.php or by contacting Jamie Padula at [email protected]. The printedversion is limited to 20 or less black and white pages. Ed.

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA HEMATOPOIESIS | 6

We hear a lot about stem cells these days.Of course, not all forms of stem cellharvest and stem cell therapy are

controversial. Ino r d e r t ounderstand mostblood diseases, itis important tounderstand then o r m a lm a t u r a t i o nprocess from theu n c o m m i t t e dm y e l o i d(Precursor ofvarious types ofwhite cells aswell as red cellsand platelets) orthe lymphoidstem cell. Theabove diagramdoes not tell thewhole story ofhematopo ies i sa n d i t sregulation. Inrecent years,researchers havediscovered the so-called growth factors (G-CSF,GM-CSF, etc) as well as many other phenomenasuch as signal transduction that are important in theregulation and production of the cells originating inthe bone marrow and lymphatic system.

As a medical translator dealing with documentsrelated to the hematopoietic system in health anddisease, you will encounter certain terminologyagain and again. The German-language medicalliterature uses a lot of Anglicisms and Latin- orGreek-derived words that are very similar to those inEnglish medical texts, but is also full of its own

terminology which may be challenging for atranslator. For example, the term Ausgangszelleessentially refers to the cell of origin, or, more

specifically, thetype of cell ofo r i g i n ( B -l y m p h o c y t e ,myeloid cell,etc). Literaturethat describesthe disease statein the course ofhematopoiesisw i l l o f t e ni n c l u d ediscussion ofclonality orc l o n a lp r o l i f e r a t i o n( k l o n a l eV e r m e h r u n g )w h e n t h ed i so rder i smalignant innature.

So where do westart? Let’sassume that allof the cells in

our blood and lymphoid system got there by meansof normal hematopoiesis. In that case, we shouldhave normal red blood cell counts, normal white cellcounts and a healthy immune system which isdependent on our lymphoid (B-cell, or marrow celland T-cell, or thymic cell) system as well asinfection-fighting myeloid (white) cells. We haveread about the rich supply of hematopoietic stemcells in the umbilical cord. (die Nabelschnur). Wehave read about the destruction of T-lymphocytesand the associated failure of the immune system inAIDS. Perhaps we know of someone who had acancer treatment that involved high doses of

by James R. McAninch, M.D.HematopoiesisWhat can go Amiss?

chemotherapy followed by an infusion of thepatient’s own pre-harvested hematopoietic stemcells.

What, then, can go wrong in the course ofhematopoiesis? What varieties of failure or disorderof hematopoiesis are readily treatable and what kindare difficult to treat and usually malignant in nature?

When Hematopoesis lacks “The Right Stuff”

When cell production takes place in an environmentof iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency or vitaminB-12 deficiency, the entire hematopoietic processwill be abnormal. Iron deficiency can be due toinadequate dietary iron or chronic bleeding from thedigestive tract, or uncommonly, from malabsorptionof iron. The red cells that are produced becomesmall (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic) due toinadequate iron for synthesis of the “heme” part ofhemoglobin. Folic acid deficiency is especiallysevere in some pregnant women who fail to takeprenatal vitamins; the result is the production ofoversized dysfunctional red cell and white cellprecursors in the marrow. This is the so-called“megaloblastic” anemia. Vitamin B-12 deficiencycauses the identical hematological picture but causesserious neurological problems as well. When B-12 isnot properly absorbed due to lack of a substancecalled intrinsic factor, the condition known aspernicious anemia is present. All of these deficiencystates, when properly diagnosed, are treatable.

When Hematopoiesis gets “Zapped”

The term, bone marrow suppression, is applied tosituations in which a cancer drug, radiation therapy,or an adverse reaction to a drug can cause an arrestor severe inhibition of hematopoiesis. A wide varietyof mechanisms are involved, but disruption of cellmitosis (cell division) in the marrow stem cellsoccurs in all cases.

What is meant by “Clonal” disorders of marrowfunction?

The term “clonal” might make us think of thatfamous sheep, “Dolly,” or an old movie called “The


Boys from Brazil” about cloning an evil dictator. Anymarrow disorder that is clonal involves monotonousproduction of a single cell line and a failure of normalrestraints on proliferation and programmed cell death.Clonal disorders are generally malignant. In fact,leukemias of all types involve clonality. Thediscovery of a trade-off of chromosomal parts(translocation) in chronic granulocytic leukemiaresulting in a malignant clone of white blood cellsprovided one of the first clues to disordered gene-controlled protein expression in malignant disease.Sometimes, the first clue that a refractory, nagginganemia might represent a clonal disorder is when thepicture of full-blown leukemia evolves later.

What are Hematopoietic Growth Factors?

Almost all of us have had a friend or relative who hasreceived a hematopoietic growth factor in the courseof cancer treatment or treatment of kidney disease. G-CSF (Granulocyte Stimulating Factor), GM-CSF,(Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor) anderythropoietin are the most commonly used. Theycome with brand names like “Neupogen” and“Procrit.” The interleukins are another family ofgrowth factors that may be mentioned in researchdocuments to be translated.

Summary

A wide range of hematological diseases reflect failuresof the hematopoietic system, either due to deficienciesof nutritional factors needed for normal bloodproduction or mutational changes, usually at thelymphoid or myeloid stem cell level. Anunderstanding of the basic process of normalhematopoiesis is essential to understanding translationtexts related to a variety of blood disorders, includinganemias, leukemias and diseases affecting the immunesystem. Some references to German languageterminology and a limited glossary are provided.

James R. McAninch, M.D. is aMember, Emeritus, American Society of Hematology.


German - English Glossary

rotes Blutkörperchen Red blood cellhämatopoetische Wachstumsfaktoren hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF, erythropoietin, etc.)die Vorstufezelle precursor celldie Ursprungszelle cell of origindie hematopoietische Stammzelle hematopoietic stem celldie Hämatopoese hematopoesisdie Beckenkammbiopsie iliac crest (marrow) biopsydie Ausgangszelle cell of originder Promyelocyt (Promyelozyt) promyelocyteder Erythrozyt erythrocytedas Knochenmark bone marrowclonale Vermehrung clonal proliferation

The terms are listed by probable frequency rather than alphabetically

BASIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF CELLULAR ELEMENTS IN THE BODY

TotipotentCells

PluripotentStem Cell

Blood Stem Cell Other

Red BloodCells

Platelets White BloodCells

Specialized Cells

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA BASIC NEUROANATOMY GLOSSARY | 9

English → German / Spanish Glossary

CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM (CNS)

BRAIN

Gray matterWhite matter(Neuro)glial cellNerve cell, neuron

CEREBRUM

Cerebral hemispheres

Cerebral cortex, cortex cerebri

Longitudinal fissure ofcerebrum

Cerebral sulciCentral sulcus of cerebrum

Cerebral lobes

Cerebral gyri,convolutions of the brain

Frontal lobe, lobus frontalisPrecentral gyrusSuperior frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusInferior frontal gyrusBroca’s area,Broca’s motor speech area

Parietal lobe, lobus parietalisPostcentral gyrusSuperior parietal lobuleInferior parietal lobuleAngular gyrusSupramarginal gyrusPrecuneusCuneus

ZENTRALNERVEN-SYSTEM (ZNS)

GEHIRN

Graue SubstanzWeiße SubstanzGliazelleNervenzelle, Neuron

GROSSHIRN

Großhirnhemisphären

Hirnrinde, Cortex cerebri

Fissura longitudinaliscerebri

Sulci cerebri, HirnfurchenSulcus centralis, Zentralfurche

Hirnlappen

Gyri cerebri,Hirnwindungen

Frontallappen, Lobus frontalisGyrus präcentralisGyrus frontalis superiorGyrus frontalis mediusGyrus frontalis inferiorBrocasches Sprachzentrum,Broca-Sprachzentrum

Parietallappen, Lobus parietalisGyrus postcentralisLobulus parietalis superiorLobulus parietalis inferiorGyrus angularisGyrus supramarginalisPräcuneusCuneus

SISTEMA NERVIOSOCENTRAL

CEREBRO

Materia grisMateria blancaNeurogliaNeurona

CEREBRO

Hemisferios cerebrales

Corteza cerebral

Cisura cerebral longitudinal

Surcos cerebralesSurco central del cerebro

Lóbulos cerebrales

Circunvoluciones cerebralesHirnwindungen

Lóbulo frontalCircunvolución frontalascendenteCircunvolución frontal superiorCircunvolución frontal mediaCircunvolución frontal inferiorZona de BrocaZona del lenguaje

Lóbulo parietalCircunvolución parietal ascendenteLóbulo parietal superiorLóbulo parietal inferiorCircunvolución angularCircunvolución supramarginalPrecuneoCuneo

BASIC NEUROANATOMY ENGLISH-→GERMAN / SPANISH (preferred terms only)

by Maria Rosdolsky (Ger) and Esther Diaz (Spa)



Temporal lobe, lobustemporalis

Superior temporal gyrusMiddle termporal gyrusInferior temporal gyrusWernicke’s areaHeschl’s gyri, Heschl’s area

Occipital lobe, lobus occipitalisOccipital gyri

Basal gangliaCaudate nucleusStriatumPutamen

Lateral ventriclesCerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Choroid plexus

Corpus callosumRostrumGenuTrunkCingulate gyrus

CEREBELLUM

Cerebellar hemispheresCerebellar lobesVermis cerebelliCerebellar nuclei


Temporallappen, Lobustemporalis

Gyrus temporalis superiorGyrus temporalis mediusGyrus temporalis inferiorWernicke-SprachzentrumHeschl-Hirnwindungen

Occipitallappen, Lobus occipitalisGyri occipitales

BasalganglienNucleus caudatusStriatumPutamen

Laterale VentrikelLiquorPlexus chorioideus

Corpus callosumRostrumGenuTruncusGyrus cinguli

KLEINHIRN

KleinhirnhemisphärenKleinhirnlappenKleinhirnwurmKleinhirnkerne


Lóbulo temporal

Circunvolución temporal superiorCircunvolución temporal mediaCircunvolución temporal inferiorZona de WernickeZona o circunvolución de Heschl

Lóbulo occipitalCircunvolución occipital

Ganglios o núcleos basalesNúcleo caudadoCuerpo estríadoPutamen

Ventrículos lateralesLíquido cefalorraquídeoPlexo coroideo

Cuerpo callosoRostro (en forma de pico)Genu (en forma de rodilla)TroncoSurco del cíngulo

CEREBELO

Hemisferios cerebelososLóbulos cerebelososVermis del cerebeloNúcleo dentado

English → German / Spanish Glossary BASIC NEUROANATOMY ENGLISH-→GERMAN / SPANISH (preferred terms only)



BRAINSTEM

Medulla oblongata

PyramidRhomboid fossaCranial nervesNuclei of cranial nervesExit points of cranial nerves

Pons

Mesencephalon, midbrain

DiencephalonThalamusThalamic pedunclesPineal bodyHabenular trigoneHypothalamusOptic chiasmaInternal capsuleThird ventricle

SPINAL CORD

Spinal cord segmentsCervical cordThoracic cordLumbar cordSacral cord

Cervical enlargement(intumescentia cervicalis)Lumbar enlargement(intumescentia lumbalis)


HIRNSTAMM

Medulla oblongata, verlängertesMarkPyramideFossa rhomboideaHirnnervenHirnnervenkerneHirnnervenaustrittsstellen

Brücke

Mittelhirn, Mesencephalon

Zwischenhirn, DiencephalonThalamusThalamusstieleCorpus pinealeTrigonum habenularumHypothalamusChiasma opticumCapsula internaDritter Ventrikel

RÜCKENMARK

RückenmarkssegmenteZervikalmarkThorakalmarkLumbalmarkSakralmark

Halsanschwellung (Intumescentiacervicalis)Lendenanschwellung (Intumescentialumbalis)


TRONCO DEL ENCÉFALO

Bulbo raquídeo

PirámideFosa romboideaNervios cranealesNúcleo de nervios cranealesPuntos de salida de los nervioscraneales

Puente

Mesencéfalo

DiencéfaloTálamoPedúnculos talámicosCuerpo pinealTrígono habenularHipotálamoQuiasma ópticoCápsula internaTercer ventrículo

MÉDULA ESPINAL

Segmentos de la médula espinalMédula cervicalMédula torácicaMédula lumbarMédula sacra

Intumescencia cervical

Intumescencia lumbar





SPINAL CORD

Dorsal horn (cornu posterius)Ventral horn (cornu anterius)Lateral horn (cornu laterale)Dorsal (posterior) root (radix

posterior)Ventral (anterior) root (radix

anterior)Spinal nervesCauda equinaSpinal cord tracts

MENINGES

Dura mater

Pia mater

ArachnoideaSubarachnoid space

PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM

Cranial nervesCutaneous nerveSensory nerveMotor nerveAfferent nerveEfferent nerveGanglionPlexus (Pl. plexuses)Nerve branches


RÜCKENMARK

Hinterhorn (Cornu dorsale)Vorderhorn (Cornu ventrale)Seitenhorn (Cornu laterale)Hinterwurzel (Radix dorsalis)

Vorderwurzel (Radix ventralis)

Spinalnerven, RückenmarksnervenCauda equinaRückenmarksbahnen

MENINGEN, HIRN- UNDRÜCKENMARKSHÄUTE

Dura mater, harte Hirn-(Rückenmarks)hautPia mater, weiche Hirn-(Rückenmarks)hautArachnoidea, SpinngewebshautSubarachnoid(e)alraum

PERIPHERESNERVENSYSTEM

HirnnervenHautnervSensibler NervMotorischer NervAfferenter NervEfferenter NervGanglion (Pl. Ganglien)Plexus (Pl. Plexus)Nervenäste


MÉDULA ESPINAL

Cuerno posteriorCuerno anteriorCuerno lateralRaíz dorsal

Raíz ventral

Nervios espinalesCola de caballoCordones de la médula espinal

MENINGES

Duramadre

Piamadre

AracnoidesEspacio subaracnoideo

SISTEMA NERVIOSOPERIFÉRICO

Nervios cranealesNervio cutáneoNervio sensitivoNervio motorNervio aferenteNervio eferenteGanglioPlexoRamas nerviosas


AUTONOMICNERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic trunk

Sympathetic ganglion

Parasympathetic nervous system

AUTONOMESNERVENSYSTEM

Sympathisches Nervensystem,Sympathikus

Grenzstrang

Grenzstrangganglion

Parasympathisches Nervensystem,Parasympathikus

SISTEMA NERVIOSOAUTÓNOMO

Sistema nervioso simpático

Tronco simpático

Ganglio simpático

Sistema nervioso parasimpático


A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA CALL FOR NOMINATIONS | 14

he Medical Division is pleased to call fornominations from the MD membership for

the positions of:Administrator (2-year term)Assistant Administrator (2-year term)

Election of these officers is held every two years inaccordance with our MD bylaws. The results of theelection will be announced at the MD AnnualMeeting, which will be held during ATA’s 48thAnnual Conference, October 31-November 3, 2007, inSan Francisco, California. Watchhttp://www.atanet.org/conf/2007for details.The MD Administratorand Assistant Administrator worktogether with other volunteermembers to prepare the divisionnewsletter, recruit presenters forthe ATA Annual Conference, andorganize the division's annualnetworking event. To review asummary of individual officerduties, see http://www.atanet.org/d i v i s i o n s /division_officer_duties.php.

Serving in a division leadershipr o l e p r o v i d e s e n o r m o u sprofessional and personalopportunity. In fact, divisionofficers frequently find themselves becoming moresuccessful in their own careers as they developadditional skills, meet new colleagues, and makeuseful business connections.

A qualified candidate must be an Active orCorresponding member, that is, a voting member ofATA as well as a member of the Medical Division.To learn more, click on http://www.atanet.org/membership/membership_type.php.

If you plan to put a name forward for a nomination, itwould be helpful if you could contact the potential

nominee first and tell them of your intention.Remember that MD officers serve on a volunteerbasis; please do not nominate colleagues who expressserious concerns about service or who have conflictingpriorities.

An Associate ATA member can become a votingmember of the Association through the ATAMembership Review Process.To find out more about the ATA Membership ReviewProcess, click on http://tinyurl.com/ryfs4.

HOW TO NOMINATE A CANDIDATE

Any division member may make anomination, and self-nominations arealso welcome. To nominate a candidatefor office, email the MD NominatingCommittee Chair Joan [email protected], or completeand submit the Medical DivisionNomination Form. Go to http://w w w . a t a n e t . o r g / d o c s /nom_form_MD.pdf todownload and print this form.

The form may be faxed to ATAHeadquarters at (703) 683-6122 ormailed to the MD NominatingCommittee, Attn Jamie Padula,American Translators Association, 225Reinekers Lane, Suite 590, Alexandria,

Virginia 22314.

MD ELECTION SCHEDULE

Following the publication of the slate of candidates tothe MD membership, there is a 30-day window of timein which written petitions from additional candidatesare accepted. Each candidate's petition to be added tothe ballot must be accompanied by signatures of 15MD members in good standing.

In the case of an uncontested election, division officersare declared by acclamation. In the case of a contested

by Joan Wallace, 2007 MD Nominating Committee Chair

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF MEDICAL DIVISION CALL FOR NOMINATIONS | 15

election, ballots will be mailed to MD members no later than September 22 and must be returned to ATAHeadquarters by October 27. The day of the MD Annual Meeting at ATA’s 48th Annual Conference, theInspector of Elections announces election results or officers are elected by acclamation.

WHY GET INVOLVED?

We hope you will take this opportunity to consider stepping forward as a volunteerduring the coming year, if not as a candidate for office, then perhaps as a mentor to anew member or a contributor to Caduceus, the MD newsletter. There are many waysto be involved, and volunteering is a wonderful way to not only share your experiencebut also to expand your network of contacts. Your support of the Medical Division andATA is greatly appreciated.

Joan Wallace is currently the Medical Division Listserv ModeratorShe can be reached at: Email: [email protected]

GETTING INVOLVED

Getting involved is the name of the game.Whether it’s the medical conference, Caduceus,or the upcoming medical division website,things happen because members make themhappen. Spontaneous combustion does nothappen in organizational life. Organizationsheat up only because individual members warmup, get in there, decide to be participants, notjust observers. If you enjoy Caduceus, drop usa note for “Bits and Pieces”, let us know aboutthat unusual word that took a while to translatefor the “Glossarium”, make a medical‘scrabblegram’, whatever. Suzanne Couturecame up with a healthcare terminology ideawhich will take us four issues to complete. Butit doesn’t have to be so grand, even a goodcolonoscopy joke will do. Following thesuccess of our mid-year conference we areentering into a new and expanded vision of ourwork. San Francisco will be here before youknow it. Get involved.

Rafael

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA PITFALLS AND CAVEATS | 16

Insights from translational research intodisease prevention and healthy living

PART I(Continued from Caduceus Spring 2007).

Nutrients and metabolism

FiberThe fiber in plants is made of cellulose, which cannotbe digested by humans. Fiber is not a nutrient. It is,however, an important component of a balanced diet.Fiber slows down the digestion and absorption ofmacronutrients. This helps prevent sudden changes inblood sugar levels (glycemia). Eating fiber daily alsoprotects the body from serious chronic disorders. Fiberis present in legumes, vegetables, and fruit.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates–or carbs–are not essential for humansin the way some amino acids (from proteins) and fattyacids are, but are the body’s primary source of energy.Once ingested, carbohydrates are converted toglucose. Glucose is the only fuel of red blood cells. Itis the main fuel of neurons, and of muscle cells duringexercise. Glucose that is not immediately used isstored as glycogen—a type of starch—in the liver, ortransformed into fat (triglycerides) in the adipocytes.The body stores of both glycogen and fat increase withage.

Carbohydrates in food are either simple or complex.Simple carbohydrates are also called sugars and areeasily recognized because they taste sweet. Examplesinclude fructose (in fruit) and galactose (in the lactoseof dairy products). Simple carbohydrates are alsopresent in honey, table sugar (sucrose), jam, fruitjuice, soft drinks, chocolate, candy, pastries, yogurt,ice cream, etc. They are also added to myriad foodproducts.

Sugars are quickly absorbed and converted to glucose.In large amounts, simple sugars induce markedincreases in blood sugar levels (glycemia). This is asignal that triggers the release of insulin by the

pancreas. Insulin drives glucose into muscle andadipose cells. The excessive, habitual intake of simplesugars predisposes to fasting hyperglycemia,hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, diabetestype 2, hypercholesterolemia, and the metabolicsyndrome.

Complex carbohydrates are sugars chemically bondedin a chain. These bonds must be broken by digestiveenzymes for absorption. Thus, glycemia rises (usually)more slowly and reaches lower peaks than afteringesting simple carbohydrates. Complexcarbohydrates are starches. They include roots andtubers (i.e. potatoes), legumes, cereals and whole grainproducts such as oatmeal, bran, and brown rice.Complex carbohydrates provide some of the necessaryvitamins and minerals.

Less than two centuries ago, a variant was created forcarbohydrates: refinement. Refined carbohydrates arehundreds or thousands of sugar units linked in singlemolecules. Fiber is removed. Carbohydrates becometasty and versatile— but are nutritionally poor. Theyhave been “pre-digested” for us. Once eaten, they areabsorbed almost as quickly as single sugars. Refinedcarbohydrates include white rice, regular flour (used tomake white bread, bakery products and pasta), andbreakfast cereals made with processed grain.

Carbohydrates and HealthSimple carbohydrates and most refined carbohydratesare “empty calories.” They supply negligible or nonutrition. Their excessive intake predisposes tosystemic inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes,and cardiovascular disease. The incidence of otherchronic diseases and some cancers may also increase.So, when are carbohydrates nutritionally good? Whenthey contain fiber; when they are unrefined. Wholefruit is nutritious although it contains a single sugar,fructose, because its digestion and absorption areslowed by fiber.These “good carbs” help maintain a normal bodyweight. Their regular consumption is associated withthe lowest rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease,and colon cancer.

by Elena Sgarbossa, M.D.

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA PITFALLS AND CAVEATS | 17

Calories, Body Weight and HealthAdults need approximately 2000 calories a day to meettheir basal needs. Basal needs vary for men and women,and according to body build. An additional 500 to 2500calories are needed to meet the demands of dailyactivities. Sedentary lifestyles—common amongtranslators and writers—require the fewest calories.

In much of the Western world, two phenomena (amongmany others) may conspire against nutritional health. Assedentary jobs and lifestyles are becoming the norm,food and foodstuffs are becoming increasinglyubiquitous and abundant. The availability of semi-prepared meals, frozen dinners and fast food all havecontributed to habitual overeating. Fatty and sugaryfoods can easily provide many extra calories. Plannedphysical activities, recreational sports and regularexercise are often dismissed for lack of time. Thiscombination of factors has led to a dramatic increase inthe incidence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension,coronary disease, and their complications.

There is good news. Clinical evidence on overweight andobese people indicates that losing weight reduces the riskof incapacitating chronic diseases and it may prolonglife. There is also preliminary evidence of something lessintuitive. Restricting calories reduces the ailments relatedto aging. Calorie restriction does not imply malnutrition;it consists of regularly eating slightly less than onewould be inclined to eat. Calorie restriction—evenamong people without overweight—might increaselongevity. Remarkably, it may also improve cognition insome dementias.

But body weight and scale readings are not the onlyconsideration. Since you read Caduceus Summer 2006last year, you probably have a lower body mass. Yearly,adults over 30 or 35 years of age lose about half a pound.The tissue lost is muscle. Have you also lost half a pound(of body weight) over the past year? If not, it may bebecause the absent muscle has been replaced with fat.

But this insidious, long-term muscle loss can beprevented. Eat adequate amounts of protein, vegetablesand fruit. Exercise regularly. You will stay not only lean,but healthy.

PART II

MicronutrientsAside from the macronutrients discussed above, humansneed a variety of micronutrients. Micronutrients arevitamins and minerals. Many are present in plants.Examples include β-carotene (a precursor of vitamin A),vitamin C, vitamin D, folate, vitamin B6, potassium,iron, zinc, and selenium. They are necessary only intrace amounts—yet they are essential. Chronicdeficiencies result in disorders such as cardiovasculardisease and cancer. Children may experiencedevelopmental delays; iodine deficiency duringpregnancy, for example, is associated with impairedmental capacity in 19 million children born worldwideevery year.

People who eat a varied diet should theoretically beprotected from micronutrient deficiencies. This,however, is not always the case. One reason is thesystematic exclusion of certain foods. Some people’sself-reported ingestion of vegetables, for example, islimited to French fries. Another reason could be that thenutritional value of mass-produced fruits and vegetablesis in decline. The levels of vitamins and minerals incommon fruits and vegetables were analyzed byresearcher Donald Davis at the University of Texas. Hecompared the USDA figures from 1950 and 1999. Of 13nutrients analyzed, six showed declines.

Vitamin DVitamin D can be ingested with foods such as fish (cod,salmon) and in fortified foods (milk). It can also bemanufactured by the body. Vitamin D is synthesized bythe skin from ultraviolet rays after sun exposure.

The role of vitamin D in calcium and phosphorusmetabolism and in bone health is well known. Currentresearch also suggests that vitamin D intervenes in cellproliferation and immunity. In this light, the standarddaily recommended intake of vitamin D of 400 IU hasbeen re-evaluated. It seems that a more adequate amountis 500 IU per day. The optimal intake however dependson sun exposure, which decreases as latitude increasesand as people spend more time indoors.

To be continued

A PUBLICATION OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF ATA MD PRESENTATIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO | 18

The Medical Division will be well represented at the ATA annual conference to be held inSan Francisco this year. Here’s a preliminary listing of topics and presenters.

MED-1 Tips and Techniques for Learning Medical Terminology - Janet M. Erickson-Johnson

MED-2 Health Care Interpreter Certification: An Open Forum - Maria-Paz Avery, Shiva Bidar-Sielaff, Karin B. Ruschke (National Council on Interpreting in Health Care)

MED-3 HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Coinfection and Disease: Terminology Research andGlossary Development - Melanie G. Shepherd and Patricia M. Thickstun

MED-4 Medical Division Annual Meeting - Esther Diaz

MED-5 A Method to the Madness: Achieving Excellence in the Field of Medical Translations -Jason M. Bredle, Judy Bruce, Helena Correia

MED-6 Cultural and Terminology Issues Surrounding Cancer Clinical Trials: The Spanish andRussian Perspectives - Janet Casaverde-Pineda and Elena N. Morrow

MED-7 Translating and Interpreting for the Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Patient - Claudia E.Soronellas-Brown

MED-8 A United Front: A Collaborative Perspective on Educating Medical Interpreters - BrendaNicodemus, Carol J. Patrie, Laurie A. Swabey, Marty Taylor

MED-9 Improving Communication, Improving Care: Lessons From One Innovative Hospital -Cristina Krasny

You might also be interested in a pre-conference seminar by Jill Sommer and Corinne L. McKay on “GettingStarted as a Freelance Translator”.

Instead of the usual Medical Division dessert social, we will have a breakfast gathering on Friday morning,November 2nd. Just pick up your breakfast from the continental breakfast buffet and follow the signs to theMedical Division gathering area. This will be a great opportunity to connect with colleagues and perhaps makedinner plans.

I hope to see you all in San Francisco!

Esther DiazActing MD Administrator

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