SUMMER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 291

35. SMITH, W. 1829. Memoir on the Stratification of the HacknessHills in Fox-Strangways, Jurassic Rocks of Britain, pp. 507-16.

36. SPATH, L. F. 1924. On the Ammonites of the Speeton Clay and theSub-divisions of the Neocomian. Geol, Mag., vol. Ixi., pp. 73-89.

37. ----. 1933. Revision of the Jurassic Cephalopod Fauna ofKachh (Cutch) Ammonoidea. Part vi., Mem, Geol, Suru. India,N.S., vol. ix., Memoir NO.2, pp. 855-877.

38. THOMAS, H. HAMSHAW. 1913. (i) The Jurassic Plant Beds of Rose­berry Topping. Naturalist, p. 198.

39. 1913. (ii) The Fossil Flora of the Cleveland District ofYorkshire. I.-The Flora of Marske Quarry. Quart. ]ourn.Geol, Soc., vol. lxix., p. 223.

40. . 1915. The Thinnfeldia Leaf-Bed of Roseberry Topping.Naturalist, p. 7.

41. . 1925. The Caytoniales, a New Group of AngiospermousPlants from the Jurassic of Yorkshire. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.,ser. B., ccxiii., pp. 299-363.

42. ----. 1933. On some Pteridospermous Plants from theMesozoic Rocks of South Africa. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., ser. B,ccxxii., pp. 193-265.

43. TONKS, L. H. 1923. Recent Notes on the Dogger Sandstone ofthe Yorkshire Coast. Trans. Leeds Geol, Assoc., pt. xix., pp.29-33·

44. VERSEY, H. C. 1928. Cornbrash at Kepwick, N.E. Yorkshire.Naturalist, pp. Il7-8.

45. . 1929· The Tectonic Structure of the Howardian Hillsand Adjacent Areas. Proc, 'Yorks. Geol, Soc., N.S., vol. xxi.,pp. 197- 227.

46. WILSON,. V. 1931. A Borehole Section in the Upper Jurassicat Irton, near Scarborough. Trans. Leeds Geol, Assoc., vol. v.,pt. i., pp. 20-2.

47. ----. 1933. The Corallian Rocks of the Howardian Hills(Yorkshire). Quarl. [owrn, Geol, Soc., vol. Ixxxix., pp. 480-508.

SUMMER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EASTYORKSHIRE.

August 9th to aoth, I934.

Report by the Directors: MAURICE BLACK, M.A., Ph.D.,F.G.S., J. E. HEMINGWAY, Ph.D., s.se., and VERC'iON WILSONPh.D., B.Sc., D.Le., F.G.S.

The purpose of this meeting was to study the stratigraphyof the Jurassic Rocks in North-East Yorkshire. F or the examina­tion of the coast section during the earlier part of the meeting,the party made their headquarters at Whitby. Through thekindness of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society,the Museum was placed at the disposal of the Association forevening meetings. Mention should be made of the facilitiesoffered by the London and North-Eastern Railway, for theparty not only travelled by special coach from York to Whitby,but also used Weekly Holiday Season Tickets, which con­siderably reduced travelling expenses for the coast excursions.

(J. E . H.)

J. E. HEMI NGWAY ,

At the end of th e firs t week, the cent re was moved to Malton ,for the study of the Howardian and Hamblet on Hill s, wheretran sport was arranged by private motor-coaches.

F orty members and friend s attended the meetin g, the ave ragenumber present for the excursions being twenty. In the absenceof Sir Albert Kitson , Mr. W. P . D. Ste bbing, F .G.S., F .S.A.,acted as President.

Thursday, 9th August.The Railway Journey from York to Whitby.

Ten members were met at York station by Dr. Hemingway,a nd travelled to Whitby by special coach . This journey isfull of geological interest , and the main features were pointedout to the party en route. After leaving th e Vale of York,the railway passes through Kirkham Gorge, the overflow cha nnelfrom Lake Pickering, to Malton, where Dr. Wilson joined thetrain. The line from Malton pa sses over the alluvial flats of thePleistocene Lake Pickering, an d then enters th e canyon ofNewt ondale, an other glacial overflow channel, which carriedthe dr ainage from the Es kdale Lak e system through the mainwatershed t o Lak e Pickering. On either side of th is gorge,th e Cora llian, Oxford Clay , Kellaways Rock, Cornbrash , andEstua rine Series are successively exposed in a range of boldcliffs.

After crossing F en Bogs, which mak es the presen t watershed,the railway passes Goathland (where mines in the ClevelandDyk e were poin ted ou t) and then descends to the Esk Valleythrough the post-glacial cha nne l of Ellerb eck , with its pict uresqueseries of waterfalls. At Grosmont the disused Middle Liasironstone min es were seen, toge ther with the slag heaps whichare now being brok en up for roa d metal; stream sections of someof the actua l ironstone seams, an d of th e underlying LowerLias, were visible from t he train.

F rom th is point t he line ru ns down the main Esk Valley,which, for th e last mile before entering Whitby , is a post -glacialgorge some distance east of the former mouth.

In the evening, th e party met at the Whitby Museum, and th eDirect ors gave a br ief resume of the geology of th e district,a nd of the proposed excursions.

Friday, 10th August.Whitby, Saltwick and Esk Valley.

The party met on the E ast Pier, Whitby, from which placethe general succession of Alum Sha le, Dogger and Lower E stu arineSeries with th e Ell erbeck Bed in the East Cliff was pointed out.Across th e harbour the lower cliffs of the higher part of the

SUMMER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 293

Lower Estuarine Series were seen, down thrown about 200 feetby the Whitby Fault. The line of faulting approximately coin­cides with the West Pier, being slightly farther west than theline mapped by the Geological Survey. The gorge-like characterof the post-glacial channel now followed by the River Esk wasnoted, the pre-glacial outlet of this river about a mile fartherwest being now completely blocked by boulder-clay.

Along the Scar the strata are synclinally folded, the Doggerreaching beach-level midway between Whitby and Saltwick.The Dogger here is 18 inches thick, a soft grey sandstone in itslower part, passing upward into a coarse siliceous ironstone.Casts of dicotyledonous roots and U-shaped worm burrows ofconsiderable size were seen passing from the Dogger into theAlum Shales beneath. Derived fossils of striatulum type, withpebbles of ironstone and limestone, were examined in the baseof the Dogger, at the foot of the cliff.

Between this point and Saltwick Nab the slight south­westerly dip brings successively lower beds of the Upper Liasto beach level. From the Alum Shales were collected Dacty­lioceras commune, Phylloceras heterophyllum, Coeloceras crassum,abundant Leda ovum to one of which was attached a smalluncoiled gastropod, and one uncrushed specimen of Inoceramusdubius, Only that part of the Jet Rock Series above the Je tRock proper was examined. From these bituminous shalesHarpoceras of mulgravium type was collected, with abundantsquashed Inoceramus dubius. One specimen of highly vitrainisedjet was seen in situ in the base of Saltwick Nab.

Beyond Saltwick the party examined the ovatus band, thelowest bed of the Alum Shale Series. This double line ofpyritous concretions yields Pseudolioceras pseudovatum, and ishere characterised by the development of large masses of sideritemudstone with cone-in-cone structure and a thin localisedbelemnite limestone.

After lunching at the Yellow Sands the party climbed thecliff to the road where a private bus conveyed them to Lealholm.From Swarth Howe, Skelder and from the top of LealholmBank, the general physiography of the district was pointed out.From the latter place several of the valleys radiating from theCleveland dome were particularly well seen.

The afternoon was principally devoted to an examinationof the glacial phenomena in and near the Esk valley. The threeBarton Hole 'gutters,' the diversion of Stonegate Beck, theLealhome moraine with the Crunkley Gill overflow channel, andSunny Brake 'in-and-out' channel were pointed out in turn.At Wind Hill the Cleveland Dyke, an augite andesite about 30feet thick, was examined, and at Post Hill, Glaisdale the Doggerwas again seen. It is here about 12 feet thick, and consistsof ironstones and ferruginous sandstones which in the past

294 J. E. H E Ml ", GWAY,

have been exte nsively worked. The spoil heap s are extre melyfossiliferous, and the following were collected :-Rhy nchonellasubietrahedra, V elata abjecta, Ostrea flabelloides, M odiola aspera,T erebratula submaxillata and abundant T erebratula trilineata.

After tea in Glaisdale, the 1930 and 1931 floods in th e Eskvalley were briefly di scussed. From a study of their effectsit is apparent that these floods, th ough few in number and usuallyoccur ring only at long intervals, have considera bly grea te rerosive effects than the more common agents of denudation,ac ting over many scores of years.

The party returned to Whitby via Lim ber Hill and Skelder.(J. E . H .)

Saturday, 11th August.Staithes to Runswick Bay.

Using holiday season tickets, the party travelled to Staithesby train. The high cliffs of Boulby, two miles westward, whichis the seaward termination of one of the minor anticlines, werepointed out. The gentle dip of th e south-east limb of this foldexposes the greater part of the Middle Lias and mu ch of theUpper Lias in the shore sections betwe en Stait hes and Runswick.

The party proceeded to Stai th es village, descend ing into th epost-glacial gorge cut in the Sandy Series of the Middle Lias,which the Staithes Beck follows in its lower course. The pre­glac ial outlet of this stream at Runswick Bay is now blockedwith boulder-clay.

Although the base of th e Lower Lias was not seen , the SandySeries which comprise the lower lithological division of the MiddleLias was crossed and examined . Here it consist s of a 70 footseries of finely laminated , fissile sandstones, with sandy shalescontaining fossiliferous ironst one nodules. From these bedsCardium truncatum, Dentalium giganteum and Gryphaia wereobtained.

A st riking feature of the cliffs and shore between Staithesand Old Nab (in which are exposed the Sandy and IronstoneSeries of the Middle Lias, and the Grey Shales and Jet RockSeries of the Upper Lias) is the number of small faults whichcut the section. Although these rarely have a throw of morethan a few feet and cannot be traced far inland, they provideexcellent and well exposed examples of simple faulting.

Lunch was taken near Old Nab, on a boulder beach whichyielded abundant glacial erratics, with many fossiliferou s lime­stone concretions fallen from the Upper Lias cliffs above.From the latter Eleganticeras elegans, Harpoceras mulgraviuman d abundant Dactylioceras commune were collected.

At the Old Nab the Ironstone Series dips down to beach­level where it was examined. Here the four principal beds of

SU:l1lVIER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 295

ironstone, the Main, Pecten, Two-Foot and Avicula are thinnerand less ferruginous than they are to the north, only the formerof which is here a good oolitic rock. After a short discussionon the origin of these ironstones, fossils were collected. Thelarge Pecten aequivalvis was particularly abundant in the shalesbetween the ironstones, while Rhynchonella tetrahedra, Pholodomyaambigua, Paltopleuroceras spinatum and Belemnites breviformiswere also found. Fucoidal markings on the surfaces of theseams, particularly where they have suffered marine corrosion,were examined. Where well exposed these were seen to beU'-shaped in form, the roughly parallel arms being as much as18 inches in length. Although these are approximately coinci­dent with the plane of the bedding, their general form suggeststhat they are burrowing tubes of some marine worm.

After crossing Blackenberry Wyke, the Grey Shales (thelowest division of the Upper Lias) were examined. From thesecoarse shales the large Belemnites cylindricus was collected, withits phragmacone frequently enclosed in a small concretion.The zone fossil, Dactylioceras tenuicostatum, was found in severalrows of tough, earthy concretions in the middle of the series.

The Jet Rock proper was examined here in the cliffs, andlater between the derelict Port Mulgrave and Runswick Bay,where it dips to shore level. The upper bed of this 24 footseries is a fissile argillaceous limestone, the Top Jet Dogger,about 4 inches thick, in the upper surface of which are developedlarge discoid concretions which form the prominent reef seenbeyond Saltwick on the previous day. In the Top Jet Doggera four-inch Ichthyosaur vertebra was found, while the blackbituminous shales yielded characteristic fossils, particularlysquashed Inoceramus dubius. From the many pyritous nodulesHarpoceras exaratum and solid Inoceramus dubius were collected.From the west side of Runswick Bay the succession within thebay and in Kettleness to the east was pointed out, togetherwith two streams which occupy a single pre-glacial valley, nowblocked by boulder-clay.

In the evening a visit was paid to the Whitby Museum,at the invitation of the Whitby Literary and PhilosophicalSociety.

(J. E. H.)Sunday, 12th August.

Robin Hood's Bay, Peak, and Blea Wyke.In the morning, a private bus took the party to Robin

Hood's Bay, where they were met by Mr. Leslie Bairstow of theBritish Museum who assisted the directors during the earlierpart of the excursion. As Mr. Bairstow's detailed work on theLower Lias is still in progress, and his results unpublished, thezones of Tate and Blake (1876), together with Wright's (1878-9)

PROC. GEOL. Assoc., VOL. XLV., PART 3, 1934. 20

M. BLACK,

subdivisions of their oxynotus zone, were used for the purposeof the day 's excursion, in conjunction with the lithologicalgroups of Buckman in the Whitby and Scarborough SurveyMemoir (1915).

Before descending to the shore, Mr. Bairstow pointed outthe distribution of the zones and of the lithological subdi visionsof th e Lower Lias in the cliffs and scars of Robin Hood 's Bay(PI. 19A). Nort~ of th~ town , the cliff is ~apped . by the sand­stones of the MIddle LIas, underneath which m ay -be seen theuppermost zones of the Lower Lias (capricornus arid jamesoni)~

The remarkable lateral constancy of certain beds in the LowerLias was pointed out, and the outcrops of a few thin but distinctivehard bands were traced amongst the scars expo sed by the lowtide. .

On the shore, the party spent some time examining theoxynotus zone. One of the harder beds in the siliceous shalesforms a conspicuous reef of rocks, well seen near the mouth ofMill Beck; this is the Double Band, and marks the top ofWright's restricted" zone of Amaltheus oxynotus," Lower inthe sequence, another hard band, which stands out as theprominent reef of Long Scar, marks approximately the junctionof the oxynotum and bucklandi zones of Tate and Blake.

South-east of Stoupe Beck, a pre-glacial valley, now filled 'with boulder-clay, was pointed out. The cliff here is madeentirely of glacial dr ift , and for some dist ance there are no out­crops of Lia s in the shore, indicating that the floor of the oldvalley was below present sea-level. Another somewhat similardrift-filled channel was seen nearer Bay Town.

Near Peter White Cliff, the party divided into two sections.Members interest ed in glaciology collected erratic boulders atthe foot of the cliffs. Among the more interesting specimensfound were the following :- Rhomb Porphyry and Larvikite,indicat ing Scandinavian Drift, Haggis Rock and CheviotPorphyrites, indicating North British Drift, and Shap Granite,Quartz Dolerit e (Wh in Sill), Girvanella-band Limestone, andCarboniferous Limest one with Lithostrotion, Lake District andP ennine Drift.

The rest of the party was conducted to the lower scars byMr. Bairstow, who demonstrated the Lower Lias succession inascending order from the lowest beds exposed. Characteristicfossils were collected, including Arnioceras semicostatum andArietites turneri from the bucklandi zone, and Asteroceras blakei,.lEgasteroceras sagittarium, Oxynoticeras oxynotum, Eparietiiestenellus, and Gagaticeras gagateum from the oxynotus zone (ofTate and Blake).

In the base of the cliff below Ravenscar, the party examineda clean exposure of the Peak Fault. Owing to the close similarityin the textures of the sha les on either side of the fau lt a t th is

PROC. GEOL. Assoc., VOL. XLV. (1934). PLATE 19.

Photo by W. Donagon Hills,

A.-RoBIN HOOD'S BAY AND RAVENSCAR.

B.-THE SCALBY WYKE PLANT BED.

[To face p. 296.

SUM~lER FI ELD MEETING TO NO RTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 297

-point, the plan e of dislocatio n is by no means conspicuous. Atshore-level, the Bituminous Shales of the [alcife r zone are br oughtin to contac t with the dark Pyritous Shales of th e [amesoni zone,giving the fault a throw of about 4 00 feet. Continuing alongt he shore towards Blea W yk e Point, the par ty inspected anascend ing sequence of the Upper Lias from the BituminousShales (falcijer) t o the top of th e Blea Wyk e Beds (mool'ei), withthe. ove rlyi ngsDogger and Lower Estuarine Series. From theAl um Shale were collecte d exce llen t spec ime ns of Leda ovum,Hildoceras bif rons and Peronoceras fihulaium .. the P eak Shalesyielded numerous fossils, including Trigonia literata. The GreySands were seen to contain rolled and derived fragments ofGrammoceras, showing that erosion of the striatulu m sha les hadalready set in when th e lower beds of the Blea Wyk e Serieswere being deposit ed on the downthrow side of the faul t. Fromthe Yellow Sands, members collected Terebratula irilineata inabundance, and the richly fossiliferous Nerin~a-band (Dogger­? murchison~) contained N erinaa cingenda, A starte elegans,A laria phillipsi, Tr igonia v-costata, and the cor al Thecosmiliagregarza.

From the Dogger outcrop on the shore, the party asce ndedt he cliffs, and afte r tea at Ravenscar, thanked Mr. Bairstow forhi s admira ble demonstration of the Lower Li as succession, an dreturned by the coast railway to Whitby

(WI. B.)

Monday, 13th August.

Hayburn Wyke and Cloughton.

The party left the train at Staintondale Stat ion, and desce ndedthe cliffs south of Petard P oin t. At the foot of the path, atypical Equ isetites plan t bed in the Lower Es t ua rine Series wasexamined. 1\10st of the stems are flattened , a nd preserved in ablack coaly shale; but above this are grey , sandy silts withupright stems preserved as casts . Specimens of E . columnatewere collect ed with the leaf sheathes excellently preserve d. Thisbed was traced in the foot of the cliff sout hwards towards Hay­burn W yke until the southerly dip carrie d it below sea-level.Examples of sand-filled desiccation cracks, and of ripple andcurrent marks of various kinds (which were conspicuous in theLower Estuarine Series) emphasize the fact that these beds weredeposited from ext remely shallow water. A sho rt distancenorth of Hayburn Wyke, the evenly bedded sediments so farexamined were seen to have been eroded and th eir place takenby a thickly bedded sandstone with st rong, widely-spaced joint s

After lunch at Hayburn Wyke, th e party examined theplan t bed at t he southern end of the bay . Th e fossiliferousshales were unfortun ately mu ch hidden by loose rocks on the

(M. B .)

M. BLACK,

beach, but specimens of Cladophlebis haiburnensis and Coniopierishymenophylloides were nevertheless collected...(.

The Eller Beck Bed was examined at Iron Scar; cast s oflooped worm burrows were obtained from an ironstone near th ebase of the series, and specimens of a large lamellibranch werefound in the shales overlying the sandstone of Iron Scar. TheLower E stuarine sandstones above the Eller Beck Bed were seensouth of th e Hayburn Wyke underc1iff, where they are exposedin the lower part of the cliff until the Millepore Bed reachesthe shore.

On the north side of Cloughton Wyke , specimens of th e MiddleEstuarine coal were obtained, and the ripple marking in the sa nd­stones of the same series was examined and discussed . Heavyrain made collecting from the Cloughton Plan t Bed impracticable,and after tea at the Cober Hill Guest House, the party returnedto Whitby by train.

In the evening, a meeting was held at the Whitby Museum ,when Dr. Hemingway gave a historical account of the economicgeology of the district , and Dr. Black gave a t alk on the glacialperiod in North-East Yorkshire.

Tuesday, 14th August.

Burniston, Scalby Wyke, and Scarborough.

F rom Cloughton Station , the party walked to the sho re ata small inlet kn own as Th e Salt pans. Sections of a number ofplant-beds were pointed out , and a set of reptilian foot printswas found on a fallen block of Middle Estuarine Sandstonein the shore. Some time was devoted to the Grey Lim estoneSeries at Hundale Point, and the separa te beds were examinedin t urn as th ey descend from th e cliff to the shore. A considerablenumber of fossils were collected, incl uding Pseudomonotisly cetti , Ostrea fiabelloides, Gervillia scarburgensis, Pleuromyascarburgensis, Astarte minima, and Pentacrinus,

In the cliffs between H und ale Point and Long Nab, thecur rent bedding of the Moor Gri t was pointed out, and th epossib ility that this formation was laid down as a series of delt aforeset beds was discussed. T he cur rent-bedded sands tonesand shales overly ing the Moor Gri t were seen to pass upwardsinto level-bedded shales and silts, which at Long Nab are cut bya large erosion channel or washout (PI. 20C) , filled by a massive,well-jointed sandstone. A little farther sout h attention wascalled to the rem ains of an other washout , forming HorsebackRocks. The channel deposits have been dissected by recentmarine erosion in such a way th at a hollow trough of sandstone ,showing the characterist ic curved bedding of channel sediment s.meanders across t he presen t wave -cut platform.

PROC. GEOL. Assoc., VOL. XLV. (1934). PLATE 20.

A.-REPTlLIA:-I FOOT­

PRINTS IN THE CPPER

ESTUARINE S E R I E S.

X 1,'12

B.-REPTILIAN FOOTPRINT IN THE UPPER

ESTU ARINE SERIES. /' I! I 2.

C.-LCKG NAB, NEAR BURKISTON.

SUMMER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 299

In Burniston Wyke, a prominent sandstone, known as theBurniston Footprint Bed, was seen to form a conspicuous over­hanging shelf running round the bay. A few sharp footprintimpressions of the type originally described by Mr. Hargreavesfrom this locality were found on a fallen slab (PI. 20A). Thetracks are apparently those of a small bipedal dinosaur, withthree-toed feet about seven inches in length, and are by nomeans uncommon at this horizon between Burniston and Scalby.Near the middle of the wyke, footprints of larger size than anywhich have hitherto been recorded in East Yorkshire werepointed out on the lower surface of an overhanging edge (PI. 20B).These are also the tracks of a bipedal dinosaur, and in generalshape resemble the smaller ones already mentioned; the centretoe, however, measures twenty-five inches in length, and thefull double stride is ten feet eight inches.

Cromer Point, at the southern end of Burniston Wyke, isformed by the hard sandstones and ironstones of another wash­out, which is cut into obliquely by the present coastline. Southof this headland, the Scalby Plant Bed is exposed in the shore(PI. 19B). This forms the base of the level-bedded part of theUpper Estuarine Series, and contains large numbers of driftedleaves, cones, and twigs. Araucarites phillipsi, Czekanowskiarigida, Brachyphyllum mamillare, Baiera gracilis, Cladophlebisdenticulata and Coniopteris hymenophylloides, were amongst thespecies found by members of the party.

After collecting leaves of Ginkgoites huttoni from the ScalbyNess Plant Bed, the party had tea at Scarborough, and returnedby train to Whitby.

(M. B.)Wednesday, 15th August.

Filey Cliffs to Cayton Bay and Scarborough.After travelling by train to Scarborough, the party was

taken by motor coach to Gristhorpe, and from there walkedto the cliff-top above Old Horse Rocks. From this view-point,the sequence of Middle Jurassic rocks from the Lower to theUpper Estuarine Series was seen on the shore. The UpperEstuarine Series passes up from the beach, and in the cliffsbetween Yons Nab and Filey Brigg is succeeded by the Cornbrash,Kellaways Rock, Oxford Clay, Lower Calcareous Grit, andHambleton Oolite. These formations are in turn broughtdown to sea-level by the dip, until the Hambleton Oolite runsout to sea as the bold reef of Filey Brigg.

The party then descended to the shore, where a washoutchannel cuts through the basal beds of the Upper EstuarineSeries into the Grey Limestone Series below. In the baseof the channel are pebble beds of waterworn ironstone frag­ments, and, at one level, of rolled pyrites nodules, derived

30 0 M. BLACK,

from the Grey Limestone Series. The beds of the MiddleJurassic were pointed out and examined in descending order.The remarkable Millepore Shales of Yons Nab yielded specimensof galena-bearing ironstone nodules.

After lunch at Yons Nab, representative species of fossilplants from the Gristhorpe Plant Bed were collected; amongstthese were Ptilophyllum pecten, Taeniopteris vittata, Nilssoniacompta, Coniopteris hymenophylloides, Cladophlebis denticulata,and Sagenopteris Phillipsi. Several specimens of Pagiophyllumwilliamsoni were found with attached cones. In the lower partof the plant-bed, numerous logs were found to be preserved insoft jet.

In the course of the walk across the sands of Cayton Bay,various types of ripple mark were pointed out, and comparedwith similar markings already seen in the Lower and MiddleEstuarine Series north of Scarborough.

At Osgodby Nab, specimens of Entalophora straminea and ofPentacrinus ossicles were noticed in the Millepore Bed, whichhere takes the form of a strong calcareous sandstone full of shellfragments. The Millepore Shales of Yons Nab are not seen inthis section, and the Middle Estuarine Series is current-beddedand abnormally sandy.

Sections of boulder-clay containing a great variety of erraticswere seen in Carnelian Bay, and specimens of Scandinavian rockswere picked up from the beach gravels.

The Grey Limestone Series is brought up into the foot ofthe cliff at White Nab by a gentle anticlinal fold, the form ofwhich is well seen in the scars exposed at low water. Betweenthis headland and the Scarborough bathing pool, the top of theGrey Limestone Series is eroded, and overlain by the coarsebasal sandstones of the Upper Estuarine Series.

The party visited the Museum of the Scarborough Philosophi­cal and Archreological Society at the invitation of the Council,and were received by the Curator, Mr. C. H. Wilson, who ex­plained some of the main points of interest in the GeologicalWing. After a demonstration of the Corallian fossils in themuseum, the party adjourned for tea, and returned to Whitbyby train.

(M.B.)

Thursday, 16th August.Hackness Hills, Forge Valley and East Ayton.

The party travelled by train to Scalby and thence on foottowards Suffield, the road being along the northern side of thepre-Glacial valley of the river Derwent which formerly enteredthe sea at Scalby Ness. The fiat-topped character ofthe Tabularand Hackness Hills was noted and also the lower subsidiarynabs formed by the Kellaways Rock along the north side of

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SUMMEP. FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 30r

these hills. The latter part of the road to Suffield includesa rather steep climb up the scarp slope of the Hackness Hillsbefore the summit is reached, and the Lower Calcareous Gritwas examined in the banks flanking the road.

In the first two exposures in Limestone Lane, Suffield, thelowest sandy limestone beds (formerly, the Passage Beds) andoverlying Sponge-Coral Rag, forming the lower part of theHambleton Oolite Series, were examined. From the few feet offossiliferous Rag the following fossils were collected: Holcospongiafloriceps, H. polita, Peronidella recta, Thecosmilia annularis,Isastrrea explanata, Tbamnasircea concinna, Chlamys fibrosa,C. nattheimensis, Lopha gregarea, Lithophaga inclusa, Exogyranana, Nucleolites scutatus, spines of Cidaris smithii and numeroussmall Terebratulids.

In the nearby Suffield Lime Quarry, the normal oolitic lime­stones of the Hambleton Oolite Series were examined and yieldedGervillia aviculaides, Chlamys fibrosa, Exogyra nana and a largefragment of an Aspidocerate.

After lunch in Hackness the party travelled by motor-coachdown the glacial overflow channel of Forge Valley to WhiteQuarry, about t mile N. of East Ayton. Here, about 30 feet ofimpure brashy and gritty limestones, representing the MiddleCalcareous Grit, were seen overlying the upper oolitic limestonesof the Hambleton Oolite Series.

About! mile, north-east of East Ayton the Osmington OoliteCoral Rag was examined in two quarries near Betton Farm.In the first quarry, on the north side of the main road, the lowerpart of a massive reef, with a very uneven base, was seen restingon the normal oolites. Thamnastrtea concinna, Lithophaga inclusa,Exogyra nana, Chlamys nattheimensis, Bourguetia striata andCidaris spines were obtained from the reef, while Rhabdophylliaphillipsi and Bourguetia striata were also found in the oolitesbelow. In the quarry to the south of the road the Coral Ragoccurs as a detrital deposit composed of broken and erodedfragments of fossils and other reef material in a matrix of finegrained soft calcareous mud. This deposit of the products ofreef erosion yielded the following fossils to various members ofthe party: Thamnastriea concinna, Lopha gregarea, Exogyranana, Chlamys nattheimensis, Littorina muricata, Bourguetiastriata (very common), Trochotoma sp., spines, plates and teethof Cidarids and a small Terebratulid. After tea at East Aytonthe party returned to Whitby.

(V. W.)Friday, 17th August.

The Middle and Upper Jurassic Rocks in Newtondale.On this day the party moved its headquarters from Whitby

to Malton. The members travelled by motor-coach over the

30 2 V. WILSON ,

North York shire Moors to Saltersgate Inn where they alightedand pr oceeded to the small gorge of H avern Beck, ! mile N.W.of th e Inn. Here the upperm ost sha les of the Estuarine Seriesoverlain by the Corn brash and Kell aways Rock were examined.The E stuarine Shales yielded no fossils, though small ? Pseudo­monotis sp. were found along with plant indications in the upper7 feet. The overlying Cornbr ash form s a prominent feature andyielded Burmirhy nchia fusca along with fragments of Ostrea andL opha. The overly ing KeUaways sands tones and shales formthe precipitous upper slopes of th is small gorge , no fossils beingfound in them.

Proceeding down this small va lley, the up per beds of theE stuarine Serie s were seen forming its lower slopes . Along theeas t side of Newtondale to Fe n Bogs the Upper Est uarine Seriesis exposed in numerous landslip scars, and the Corn brash, whichwas examined at several points, forms a small cliff high up on theside of the valley. L opha marshii and Camptonectes lens werecollected by members of the party. After lunch , some discussiont ook place on th e pr obable origin of the crat er-like Hole ofH orcum seen from t he top of Salte rsgate Bank. On arrival atPickerin g th e party proceeded along th e west side of Newtondalefor about i mile north of the town , where the relat ions of theMiddle Calcareous Grit (T rigonia hudlestoni Beds), Osmi ngt onOolit es and Upper Calcareous Grit were studied . In the firstexposure the Trigonia hudlestoni Beds yielded an abundanceof the cha racterist ic fossil, and in addition the following werea lso collected : Chlamys fi brosa, E xogy ra nana, Gervillia auiculoides,Pseudomelania heddingtonensis and N ucleoli tes scutatus . Thebasal beds of th e overlying Osmingt on Oolit es were also examined,a well-defined ban d of coarse pisolit e being of particular interest.In an adjacent quarry the remainder of the Osmington Oolit eswere noted together with the overlying sandy sha les and sand­stones of the Upper Calcareous Grit. Lucina aspera .. Chlamysfib rosa and E xogyra nana were ob ta ined from th ese latter beds.

The da y concluded with tea a t Pickering and the journeyover the Vale of Pickering by motor-coach to Malton. In th eevening Dr. Wilson gave a shor t resume of the geology andscenery which th e party were to see during th e remain der of themeeting.

(V. W.)Saturday, 18th August.

Eastern Howardian Hills.A motor-coach conveyed the party along the York road

a s far as Hutton Hill where th e loose yellow and grey sands ofthe Kell aways R ock were examined on the south side of the hillclose to the River Derwent. Crossing th e fields to Crambe BeckBridge the lowest beds of the Whitwell Series were seen in a new

SUMME R HELD ~lEETING TO >/ORTH-E....ST YORKSHI RE . 303

road sect ion. Some 200 ya rds farther south the WhitwellOolit e is well exposed in the "large quarr y at Welburn cross roads.Entalobhora siraminea and a Terebratulid were collected, alongwith fragments of Roman pottery obtained from the layer ofearth at the top of the quarry.

The party then walked down into the over flow gorge of LakePickering at Kirkham Abbey, time being allowed to examine th eabbey remains. Continuing eastward, towards North Grirns to n ,a stop was made for the examination of the upper beds of theUpper Calcareous Grit in the Bird sall road sect ion abo ut I tmiles W.s.W. of North Grimston. The Upper Calcareous Grithere consists of fine buff-coloured calcareous mudstones withintercalated dark clay bands which become more num erous inthe uppermost beds.

After lunch in North Grimston an examination was madeof th e classic Corallian sections in the vicinity. In the sidesof th e road leadin g up North Grimston Hill the succession which{;an be made out comprises: the upper soft sandstones of theLower Calcareous Grit amounting to 32 feet, with the overlyingbrashy urchin marls. impure detrital limestones and Coral Ragof the Osmington Oolite Series . Fragments of Chlamys fi brosa ,C. natlheimensis , Exogyra nana, The cosmilia annularis, spinesof Cidaris florigemma and numerous specimens of Nu cleoli tes scu­tatus were collected from the brash y beds and impure det ritallimest ones.

The upper part of the Osmington Oolite Series is exposed in th equarry at the top of the Hill and comprises about 20 feet of fossili­ferous detrital limestones containing much chert and occasionalbeekitised fossils, separated from I2 feet 6 inches of overlyingdetrital Coral Rag by a 9 inch band of brashy material. Thecos­milia annularis , Isastraa explanata, Chlamys nattheimensis ,Camptonectes lens, Exogyra nana (beekitised). Pseudomelaniaheddingtonensis , Cidaris florigemma were most commonly record edfrom these beds. The occurrence and origin of the nodul es andband s of chert also provoked some lively discussion.

The calcareous mudstones of the Upp er Calcareous Grit.locally known as the North Grimston Cementst ones, were nextexamined in the large quarry some 400 yards east of the previousexposure. These beds, 36 feet in thickness, occur in a faultedposition, and from them Gryphaa dilatat a was collected in faira bun dance.

A short distance farther east , at Cow Cliff, the KimeridgeClay was seen with about an inch of Red Chalk marl contain ingBelemnites minimus separa ting it from overlyi ng rubbly whi teChal k. The White Chalk was also exami ned to better advan­tage in another nearby pit , but no fossils were record ed. Theday closed with tea at North Grimston, followed by the returnto headquar ters by motor-coach. (V. \V.)

V. WILSON,

Sunday, 19th August.Appleton-Ie-Street and Hildenley.

During the morning the members had an opportunity of view­ing the collections of Roman material in the Malton Museum,and great interest was taken in the exhibits displ ayed.

In the afternoon the party journeyed by motor-coach toAppl eton-le-Street and there examined the facies of the Osming­ton Oolite Series known as the" Urchin Dirt Beds." Nucleolitesscutatus, Exogyra nana and Chlamys fibrosa were abundantlycollected from these beds . Walking back to Amotherby, thedip slope of the Corallian formation was then ascended. overAmotherby Moor, en route to Hildenley, where the HildenleyLimestones were examined. These fine-grained calcareousmudstones occur in a faulted position and possess a scanty faunaindicative of the existence of a nearby coral reef at the timeof their accumulation. Cidaris florigemma, Exogyra nana,Chlamys fibrosa and Thecosmilia annularis were collected fromthese beds.

The" Urchin Dirt Beds " were again seen in a quarry by theroad leading to Musley Bank Farm . Continuing toward s Malt on,the junction between the Lower Calcareous Grit and overly ingOsmington Oolites was examined, in Lyons P lanta tion , and afragment of an indeterminable ammonite was recorded from theuppermost bed of the Lower Calcareous Grit. The party thenreturned to Malton for tea.

(V. \V.)

Monday, 20th August.South Hambleton Hills, Coxwold-Gilling Gap and Western

Howardian Hills.The party started from headq uarters at 9.30 a .m. by motor

coach, travelling along th e northern fringe of the HowardianHills westward to Hovingham and th ence over the south-westernpart of the Vale of Pickering and along the south side of theCauklass Promontory to Spring Hill, about one mile west of Stone­grave. Proceeding into the Nunnington railway-cutting, theOsmington Oolite Coral Rag and overlying Upper CalcareousGrit were examined. From the Coral Rag various members ofthe party collected the following :-Montlivaltia dispar, Thecos­milia annularis, Cidaris florigemma, Exogyra nana , Chlamys nat­theimensis, Pseudomelania heddingtonensis and? Solenopora sp.

From Spring Hill the structure of the Coxwold-Gilling Gapwas pointed out, the faulted Corallian escarpment s forming thenorth and south sides of the Gap , while the central part is occu­pied by low hills of Kimeridge Clay covered to varying degreesby boulder-clay. F rom this point it was also possible to see thecontinuation of the flat-topped Hambleton Hills extending to the

SUMMER FIELD MEETING TO NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. 305

north-west and separated from the Tabular Hills by Ryedale.After leaving the coach about half a mile west of Oswaldkirk,

the site of the Kilburn-Ampleforth Fault was crossed en route toAgars Bank, where an examination of the Kimeridge Clay pro­duced a few poor fragments of " Ammonites biplex," On re­joining the motor-coach a detour was made across the Hamble­ton Hills through Helmsley into Ryedale in response to therequest of the party to see the ruins of Rievaulx Abbey. Thejourney was afterwards continued through Ryedale to theHambleton Hotel, where lunch was taken.

The next stop was at Sutton Bank, where the excellent viewover the Vale of York was much admired. The Lower CalcareousGrit was examined in the cliffside on the upper part of the hill.The two exposures of Dogger seen at the foot of Sutton Bank arenear the edge of a wedge of Dogger Limestone, lying in a troughpreviously eroded in the Alum Shale. In the first exposure atHood Grange, the limestone is thin and distinctly pebbly, butat Cleaves Quarry, a little farther from the edge of the trough,there are fewer pebbles, and the main part of the Dogger is acurrent-bedded limestone containing a high proportion of shellsand; this rests upon a compact extremely fine-grained oolite.Above the Dogger, thick sandstones belonging to the LowerEstuarine Series are exposed. The shales which usually separatethe Dogger Limestone from the overlying Estuarine Series arehere absent or very much reduced in thickness by the post­Dogger erosion, which formed a hollow (possibly a streamchannel) in which the sandstones now lie.

By motor-coach the party then travelled via Osgodby Hall toLow Kilburn, where Inoceramus dubius was collected from theJet Shales in an exposure some 300 yards S.W. of the village.A short distance farther south the fine-grained calcareous mud­stones of the Upper Calcareous Grit were noted in the largequarry on the north side of Snape Hill. A fault of considerablethrow passes through this hill, the south side of which consistsof Lower Calcareous Grit, while the northern portion consists ofUpper Calcareous Grit which has been largely quarried. Thesouth side of the quarry marks the approximate line of the fault,where evidences of slickensiding and fault breccia were notedby members of the party. The northern limit of this hill isdetermined by the Kilburn-Ampleforth Fault, which throws theUpper Calcareous Grit down to the level of the Lias.

After tea at Coxwold the motor-coach was rejoined and thejourney continued through Yearsley to Coulton. On GrimstonMoor, about one mile west of Coulton the party alighted to examinea section in the Whitwell Series, which is much less calcareoushere than at the type section near Castle Howard. The lowerbeds consist of tough, blue sandstone, with a few plant remains,and pass upwards into hard blue oolitic limestone, containing a

306 V . WILSO N ,

fauna principally of echinoids and brachiopods, with a fewmollu scs. The overlying beds are st rongly weathered , but appearto have been origina lly ferr uginous shales and calcareous sand­stones. The da y concluded with the return to Malt on through thepicturesque Hovingham Woods .

In the evening, all members of the party met together at theHeadquarters Ho tel, where Mr. W. P . D. Stebbing and Mr. G. S.Sweeting proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the three Directorson th e conclusion of a very interesting and successful FieldMeeting. This moti on was enthusiastically accorded by themembers, after which the Directors each replied in turn.

(V. W.)

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 19, 20, 21.PLATE 19.

A. -Robin Hood's Bay, show ing the curved scars of the Lower Liasin the foreground, with Peak and Blea Wyke Po int in t he dis tance.

B.-The Scalby Wyke Plant Bed (Upper Estuarine Series) . The ripple­marked sandstone in t he foreground overlies th e plant-bea ringshales. In the distance arc Sca lby ·Ness and Scarborou gh Castle.

P LATE 20 .

A.-Two of the smaller footprin ts me ntioned on page 299 . pho togr aphedon an upturned slab on the shore a t Burniston Wyke. This isthe t ype of track described by Har greaves (Natu ralist . 1913, p . 92 ,and 1914. p . 154). x 1/1 2 .

B .-One of the larger prints, seen looking upwards a t the und erside ofan overhanging led ge in the cl iff near the middle of BumistonW yke. x 1/12 .

C.-Long Nab, near Burniston, showing the fea t her ed ge of th e LongNab Channe l, cut t ing the level-bedded shales o f the UpperEst ua rine Series. (Channel A . Q.J.G.S., 19 29 . p . 40 2 .)

P LATE 2 1.

A. - The Mid-Scalby Channe l, Scalby Wyke, cu t at right ang les by thep resent cliff fa ce. (Channel G, Q.].G.S. , 1929 , p . 4 03 ) . The sand­stones filling the lower part may be seen t o dip .from either sidetowards the centre of the channel. Th e ledge of sandstone over­lying the cha nnel deposits is the app rox imate equivalent of t heBurniston F ootprint Bed.

B. -Closer view of t he sout hern edge of the same channe l, showing asharp anticlinal fold enclosing the southe rn edg e of the channelsed iments . Th is has been regarded as a glacial contor t ion (Tran s ,Hull Geol , Soc., iv ., p . 5), but it is intimately connected with thechannel structure . and is most probably a resu lt of differe nti a lcompacting of the sha les enc losing the resistan t sandstone of thewashout (Geal. M ag. , 19 28, p . 306, and fig. 2) .