Summer Training Report File on topic of ratio analysis

CHAPTER - 1

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted at S.S.SAIB CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE LIMITED, keeping

in mind the following objectives. It helps-

• To analyse the financial statement.

• To simplify the accounting data.

• To find out the weak spots of the business.

• To measure the trends of the business.

• To study about the financial soundness.

• To study liquidity position of the company by taking various measurements.

• To evaluate the financial performance of the company.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• The ability of the firm to meet current obligation.

• The extent to which firm has used its long term solvency by borrowing funds.

• The efficiency to which firm is utilizing its assets in generating sales revenue; and

• The overall operating efficiency and performance of the firm.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Meaning of Research

Research is common parlance refers to search for knowledge. Once can also define

research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.

Infact, research is an art of scientific investigation.

Types of Research

The basic types of research are as follows:

1. Descriptive Vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes survey and fact finding

enquires of different kinds. In analytical research, on the other hand, the

researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analysis there to

make a critical evaluation of the material.

2. Applied Vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied or action research or

fundamental to basic or pure Research. Applied research aims at finding a solution

for an immediate problem facing a society or an business organization where as

fundamental research mainly concerned with Generalizations and with the

formulation of the theory.

3. Quantitative Vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement

of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in

terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with

qualitative phenomena, i.e. phenomena.

4. Conceptual Vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some ideas or

theory. It is generally used by philosophies and thinkers to develop new concept

or to reinterpret existing ones.

5. Some other types of researches: All other type of research are variation of one or

more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research or

the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is

done or on the basis of some other similar factors.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a particular

research study. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and

analysis of the data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose

with economy in procedure.

Research design is broadly classified into three types which are as follows:

• Exploratory Research Design

• Descriptive Research Design

• Causal Research Design

I have chosen the descriptive design.

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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN:

Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with described the

characteristics of particular individual.

In descriptive as well as in diagnostic studies, the researcher must be able to define

clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods for measuring it along

with a clear cut definition of population he want to study. Since the aim is to obtain

complete and accurate information in the said studies, the procedure to be used must be

carefully planned. The research design must make enough provision against bias and

must maximize reliability, with due concern for the economical.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

SOURCES OF DATA:- To fulfill the information need of the study. The data is collected from primary as well as

secondary sources.

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SECONDARY DATA:- Secondary data means that are already available i.e. they refer the data which have

already been collected and analysed by someone else when the researcher utilizes

secondary data than he has to look into various sources from where he can obtain them, in

this case he is certainly not confronted with the problems that are usually associated with

the collection of original data. Secondary data may either be published data or

unpublished data. It was collected from internal sources.

During my study I used both the sources of data collection i.e. primary and secondary

source of data. As far as secondary data is concerned, it included company profile,

company records, vouchers and various publication, internet etc.

Besides secondary data collection, primary sources like interview and observations are

used for understanding the study.

I used the various types of secondary data in my study:

• Organisational file,

• Official records,

• Newspapers,

• Magazines,

• Management books,

• Preserved information in the company’s database,

• Website of the company.

ADVANTAGES:

• Helps in identifying the research problem.

• Helps in generation of new ideas which can be authenticated by primary research.

• Helps in gaining better insight into the project.

• Helps in understanding the concept better.

• Easy to collect.

• Less expensive as compare to primary data.

DISADVANTAGES:

• May not always answer the specific questions pertaining to your study.

• Lack of availability.

• Inaccurate, adulterated and outdated data.

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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Though the present study aimed to achieve the above-mentioned objectives in full

earnest and accuracy, it was hampered due to certain limitations. Some of the limitations

of this study may be summarized as follows:-

• Getting accurate data from the company is very difficult.

• Since I did not have the privilege to work on a large scale, so many findings and

recommendation may not be as much in tune with their ground realities as may be

considered desirable.

• Last but not the least, the time constraint faced is the project might have affected

the comprehensiveness of its findings.

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CHAPTER-2

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Ratio Analysis

Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is defined as “the indicated

quotient of two mathematical expressions” and “as the relations between two or more

things.”

In financial analysis, a ratio is used as a benchmark for evaluating the financial position

and performance. The absolute accounting figures reported in the financial statement do

not provide a meaningful understanding of the performance and financial position of a

firm. For example, Rs.5 crores net profit may look impressive, but firm’s performance

can be said to be good or bad only when the N.P. figure is related to firm’s investment.

Ratio helps to summarize large quantities of financial data and to make qualitative

judgment about the firm’s performance.

Standards of comparison

The ratio analysis involves comparison for a useful interpretation of the financial

statements. A single ratio in itself does not indicate favorable or unfavorable condition. It

should be compared with some standards. Standards of comparison may consist of:

• Past ratios, i.e., ratio calculated from past financial statements of the firm.

Competitive ratio, i.e., ratio of some selected firms, especially the most progressive

and successful competitor, at the same point of time;

• Industry ratios, i.e., ratio of industry which the firm belongs; and

• Projected ratios, i.e., ratios developed using the Projected, Performa, financial

statements of the same firm.

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Time ratio analysis

The easiest way to evaluate the performance of the firm is to compare its present ratio

with the past ratios. When the financial ratios over a period of time are compared, it is

known as time series analysis. It gives an indication of the direction of change and

reflects of whether firm’s financial performance has improved deteriorated or remain

constant over time.

Cross sectional analysis

Another way of comparison is to compare ratio of the firm with some selected firms in

the same industry at the same point in time. The kind of comparison is known as the cross

sectional analysis. The kind of comparison indicates the relative financial position and

performance of the firm. A firm can easily report to such a comparison, as it is not

difficult to get the published financial statements of the similar firms.

Industry analysis

To determine financial condition and performance of a firm, its ratio may be compared

with average ratio of the industry of which firm is a member. The sort of analysis is

known as industrial analysis, help member to ascertain the financial standing and

capabilities of the firm vis-a-vis other firms in the industry. Industry ratios are important

standard in the view of the fact that each industry has its characteristics, which influence

the financial and operating relationships.

Practical difficulties:-

1. It is difficult to get average ratio for the industry.

2. Even if industry ratios are available they are average ratios of string and weak

firms. Some time difference is so wide that average is of small utility.

3. Averages may be meaning less and comparison will be futile if firm within the

same industry widely differ in their accounting policies and practices.

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According to R.N. Anthony:

“A ratio is simply one number expressed in terms of another. It is found by dividing one

number into the other.”

Thus, we can say that the relationship between two figures expressed in arithmetical

terms is called a ‘ratio’.

Objectives of ratio analysis:

• To help in analysis of financial statement.

• To help in simplification of accounting data.

• To help in comparative studies.

• To help in locating weak spots of the business.

• To help in forecasting.

• To estimate about trends in business.

• To have effective control.

• To study about the financial soundness.

• To help in fixation of ideal standards.

Scope of ratio analysis:

The financial analyst use ratio to determine those financial characteristics of the firm in

which they are interested.

With the help of ratios, one can determine:

• The ability of the firm to meet current obligations;

• The extent to which firm has used its long term solvency by borrowing funds;

• The efficiency to which firm is utilizing its assets in generating sale revenue; and

• The overall operating efficiency and performance of the firm.

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Performance analysis:

In fact, it has to be realised that the short and long term financial position and the

profitability of the firm are tested in every kind of financial analysis, but the emphasis

would differ. Some ratios are more important in one kind of analysis than other. If a short

term creditor analysis only the current position and find it satisfactory, he cannot be

certain about the safety of his claim if the firm’s long term financial position or

profitability is unfavorable. The satisfactory current position would become adverse in

future if the current resources are consumed by the long term financial condition.

Similarly, the ‘good’ long-term financial position is no guarantee for the long term

creditor’s claims if the current position or the profitability of the firm is ‘bad’.

Credit analysis:

In credit analysis, the analyst will usually select a few important ratios. He may use the

current ratio or quick-asset ratio to judge the liquidity or debt-paying ability; debt-equity

ratio to determine the stake of the owners in the business and the firm’s capacity to

survive in the long run and any one of the profitability. For example, return on capital

employeed to determine the firms earning prospects.

Security analysis:

The major focus of security analysis is on the long term profitability. Profitability is

dependent on number of factors. One would certainly be concerned with the efficiency

with which the firm utilizes its assets and the financial risk to which the firm is exposed.

So along with the profitability ratio one would also analyze the activity ratio and leverage

ratio.

Competitive analysis:

The ratio of the firm does not revel by themselves do not reveal anything. For meaningful

interpretation, the ratio of firm should be compared with the ratio of similar firms and

industry. The comparison will reveal whether the firm is significantly out of line with its

competitors.

Trend analysis:

The ratio analysis will reveal the financial condition of the firm more reliably when trend

ratio over time are analysed. The trend analysis of the ratio adds considerable significance

to the financial analysis because it studies ratio of several years and isolates the

exceptional instances occurring in one or two periods. Although the trend analysis of

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company’s ratio is itself informative, but it is more informative to compare the trend in

company’s ratio with the trend in industries ratio.

Caution in using ratio analysis

The ratio analysis is widely used techniques to evaluate financial position and

performance of a business. But there are certain problems in using these ratios.

The following are certain limitations of using these ratios:

• It is difficult to decide proper basis of comparison.

• The comparison is rendered difficult because of difference in situation of two

companies.

• The price level changes make the interpretation of the ratios invalid.

• The difference in the definition of items in the balance sheet and the profit and

loss statement make the interpretation ratios more difficult.

• The ratios calculated at a point of time are less informative and defective as they

suffer short term changes.

• The ratios are generally calculated from past financial statement and, thus are no

indicators of future.

Standards of comparison:

Ratios of a company have meaning only when they compared with some standards. It is

difficult to find out a proper basis of comparison. Usually it is recommend that ratios will

be prepared with industry averages. But industry averages are not easily available.

Compare differences:

Situations of two companies are never same. Similarly, the factors influencing the

performance of a company in one year may change in another. Thus, the comparison of

ratios of the companies becomes difficult and meaningless when they are operating in

different situations.

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Price level changes:

The accounting figures, presented in financial statements, are expressed in momentary

unit which is used to remain constant. The prices change over years, which effects

accounting earnings. At least three effects of inflation can be identified; first, nominal

value of inventory increase second, asset is stated at original cost (less depreciation) in

the balance sheet. Because of inflation, their current value or replacement cost will be

much higher than book value, third, inflation affects accounting profits of the firms,

which borrow. If the interest rates is fixed, shareholders gains at the cost of lenders.

Different definitions of variables:

In practice, differences exist as to the meaning of certain terms. Diversity of views exists

as to what would be included in the net worth or shareholders equity, current assets or

liability.

Historical data:

The basis to calculate ratios are historical financial statements. The financial analyst is

more interested in what happens in future, while the ratios indicate in the past.

Management of the company has information about the company’s future plan and

policies and be able to predict future happenings to a certain extend. But the outside

analyst has to rely on the past ratios, which may not necessarily reflect the firm’s

financial positions and performance in the future.

Types of ratios Usually ratios are calculated from the accounting data, can be grouped into various

classes, according to financial activity or functions to be evaluated.

Parties interested in the financial analysis are

• Short term creditors

• Long term creditors

• Owners

• Management

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• Short term creditors mainly interested in the liquidity and short term

solvency of the firm.

• Long term creditors more interested in the solvency and profitability of the

firm.

• Owners concentrate on the firm’s profitability and financial condition.

• Management is interested in evaluating every aspect of the firm’s

performance. They have to protect the interest of all particles and see that

firms grow profitability.

Liquidity ratios

“Liquidity” refers to the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations. It is also called

as ‘short term solvency ratios’. These ratios are used to assess the short-term financial

position of the concern. They indicate the firm’s ability to meet its current obligation out

of the current resources.

According to Saloman J.Flink

“Liquidity is the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations as they fall due.”

According to Herbert B.Mayo

“Liquidity is the ease with which assets may be converted into cash without loss”.

Liquidity Ratios are:

1. Current Ratio.

2. Quick Ratio.

3. Cash Ratio.

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Leverage ratios

Long term creditor like the debentures holders financial institutions etc are interested in

the firm’s long-term financial strength. These ratios are calculated to assess the ability of

the firm to meet its long-term liability as and when they become due.

To judge the financial position of the, financial leverage, or capital structure ratio are

calculated. These ratios indicate mix of funds provided by owners and lenders.

Leverage ratios are as:

1. Debt-equity ratio.

2. Debt to total funds ratio.

3. Proprietary ratio.

4. Interest coverage ratio.

Activity ratios

Activity ratios are employed to evaluate the efficiency with which the firm manages and

utilizes the assets. These are also called the turnover ratios, because they indicate the

speed with which assets are being inverted or turned over into sales. Higher turnover

ratios indicate the better utilization of capital or resources and in turn lead to higher

profitability.

Several activity ratios are calculated to judge the effectiveness of assets utilization.

These are:-

1. Inventory Turnover Ratio.

2. Debtors Turnover Ratio.

3. Fixed assets Turnover Ratio.

4. Average collection Period.

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Profitability Ratios

A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time. Profit is

the measurement of the efficiency of the business.

Generally there are two types of profitability ratios calculated:

• Profitability in relation to sales.

• Profitability in relation to investment.

Profitability ratio includes the following:-

1. Gross Profit Ratio.

2. Net Profit Ratio.

3. Operating Profit Ratio.

4. Return on Investment.

5. Return on Equity.

Financial Statement

Financial statement means a statement or document which explains necessary financial

information’s about an institution. Financial statements are prepared rationally and on the

basis of accounting principles. Their main objective is to provide information about the

financial aspects of business. Financial statements express the financial position of a

business at the end of accounting period and the results of its operations performed during

the year.

At any movement in time, a business firm can be viewed as a pool of funds. These funds

are from various sources i.e. equity shares, preference shares, debentures, financial

institutions and past earning retained in the business. Funds raised from the sources are

committed to a number of uses i.e. fixed assets used in production of goods and services,

inventories used to facilitate production and sales, accounts receivable owned by

customers and cash and marketable securities used for transaction and liquidity purposes.

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According to John N.Myer

“The term financial statement, as used in modern business, refers to two statements which

the accountant prepares at the end of a period of time for a business enterprise. They are

the balance sheet or a statement of financial position and the income statement, or profit

and loss statement.”

Financial statement includes:

Income statement

Balance sheet

Statement of Retained Earnings

Statement of Changes in Financial position

Analysis of Financial Statements

Financial statements are prepared for the achievement of specific objective. These

objectives include the knowledge about financial position of business, results of business

operations, liquid position, earning capacity of business, future plan for increase in

income etc. without analysis statements, the objectives cannot be fulfilled.

According to John Myer

“Financial statement analysis it’s largely a study of relationships among the various

financial factors in a business, as disclosed by a single set of statements, and a study of

the trends of these factors as shown by a series of statement”.

Process of Financial Analysis

Determining objectives of analysis

Rearrangement of facts

Approximation of figures

Comparison

Study of Trends

To Draw Conclusions

Reporting

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Forecasting of financial analysis

Comparative financial statements

Common size statements

Trend analysis

Ratio analysis

Fund flow statements

Cash flow statements

Comparative financial statements

Under this method the items of financial statements relating to two or more periods are

kept side by side so that they can be compared. By preparing comparative financial

statement the nature and quantum of change in different items can be calculated and it also

helps in the future estimates. By comparing with the data of the previous years it can be

ascertained what type of changes in the different items of current year have taken place and

the future trend of business can be estimated.

Common size statement

One of the major drawbacks of comparative financial statements is that these statements do

not present the change in relationship of various items to Total Assets. Comparative

statements are not useful to compare two or more business because there is no common

base for comparison. Common size financial statements are such statements in which items

of the financial statements are converted in percentage on the basis of a common base. In

common size income statements net sales may be considered as 100%. Other items can be

converted as its proportion.

Trend analysis

Trend analysis helps in future forecasts of various items on the basis of the data of previous

years. Under this method one year is taken as base year and on its basis the ratios in

percentages for other years are calculated. From the study of these ratios the changes in

that item are estimated and trend is estimated. To find out trend ratios, each item of base

year is taken as 100 and percentage of item of other years can be calculated accordingly.

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CHAPTER-3

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S.S. SAIB CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE LIMITED

We take the opportunity to introduce our self as most respected Construction firm. We

engaged in the business of providing the ‘TOTAL SATISFACTION’ in construction/

Project work.

We provide the services for:

1) Civil Works

2) Steel works (include sheds, space frames etc)

3) Jib Cranes

4) Interior designing

5) Trolleys( any type)

6) Structure for Over head crane/ EOT cranes

7) Roller conveyers

8) Manufacturer of gutters

9) Supply parts to ACE CRANES and ECEL. (Crane Parts)

10) Specialized in SS (Stainless Steel) Fabrication Equipments

11) Porta Cabins

12) Equipments for Chemical Plants.

We are the business from last 15 years. All activity is being undertaken at our plant

located in Faridabad. This plant has the latest machinery like sheet shearing machines,

sheet bending machines, lathe machines, Arc, Tig, Mig welding machines, all kind

drilling and cutting machines, over head crane (3 ton).

We have an list of Reputed Customer’s from whom we get the repeat orders like JCB

India ltd, Yamaha motors India Pvt. Ltd, Escorts Construction and Equipment Limited,

New Holland Tractor India (P) limited, Dharampal Prem Chand Limited (Agartala).

We have a strong team of professionals and technical experts having rich experience in

their respective field in India and abroad. All activities for sophisticated and typical jobs

are being taken under the direct supervision of highly qualified and well experienced

expert hands in our factory situated in the industrial hub at Faridabad.

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History

Managing Director - Shane Summers celebrates 33 years in the building and construction

business.

Shane Summers joined the workforce with a privately owned building company on the

Gold Coast as an apprentice carpenter and joiner in 1977. Shane worked on commercial

and industrial sites for many years and studied building at the Gold Coast Institute of

Technical and Further Education.

From 1993 – 2000, SS Constructions oversaw the construction of luxury homes at

Sanctuary Cove, Sovereign Island and the Gold Coast. From the year 2000, the company

branched out and began building commercial and industrial buildings throughout south

east Queensland.

Shane’s clients benefit from his proactive engagement with the building industry and the

community by having superior access to industry issues and information.

• Chairman (Gold Coast) Queensland Master Builders Association (QMBA) - 2005 -

2008

• Current Councilor (Gold Coast Representative) for Queensland Master Builders

Association (QMBA) - 2004 - 2009

Shane has a passion for the trade and supports the training and development of the next

generation of skillful tradesmen and quality builders.

• Chairman (Gold Coast) - Construction Training Queensland (CTQ) - 2003 - 2004

• Development of Apprenticeships Expo - to promote apprenticeships and training 2004

• Master Builders panel representative for the development and selection of the technical

courses for builders and builders licensing at Construction Training Australia- 2002

• New member of the Australian Industry Trade College- 2009

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Home

SS Constructions specialize in the building and construction of luxury homes, commercial

and industrial buildings in South East QLD. SS Constructions is an award winning,

privately owned Australian company based on the Gold Coast.

Formed in 1993 by Shane Summers, SSC provides building and construction services for

commercial, industrial and residential projects in South East Queensland and the Northern

Rivers area of New South Wales.

From project planning, scheduling, legal certification, material selection and support after

completion SS Constructions offers a complete building solution. You can take comfort

in SS Construction’s wealth of experience, underpinning knowledge to perform work

professionally and to your satisfaction.

The company employs exceptional staff with diverse backgrounds and experience, not

only in construction but also in the support services.

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Name of satisfied organization

• M/S JCB India Limited. (Ballabgarh)

• M/S Escorts Limited. (Faridabad)

(a). Plant –1 (Engineering Division)

(b). Plant-3 (Construction Equipment Division).

(c). Agri. Machinery Group.

(d). Ford Limited.

• Claas Limited. (Faridabad)

• Yamaha. Motors India Pvt. Limited (Greater Noida & Faridabad)

• Glaxo Smith Cline Beechem consumer Health care.(Maan feed Ltd)

• Consolidated Coin Company. (Division of Nepcon turbo charger Ltd)

• Fibertex Pvt. Limited.(Faridabad)

• Asia brown Bovary Limited. (ABB) (Faridabad)

• Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. (M&M) (Hyderabad and Haridwar)

• Knorr Bermse India. (Faridabad)

• Defence Land System India. (DLSI) (A unit of Mahindra at Haryana)

• Federal Mogul Goetze India Ltd. (Patiala and Bangalore)

• Jackson Developer Pvt. Ltd.(Owner of v3s mall, Crowne plaza)

• Suzuki Motorcycle Pvt. Ltd. (Gurgoan)

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Name of satisfied organization

• �Kunj Bihari Processors Pvt. Limited. (Faridabad)

• Orbit resorts Limited. (Gurgoan)

• J.B.M Limited. (Gurgoan)

• Parson nutritional limited. (Horlicks). (Sahibabad (U.P)

• Khemka Container Pvt. Limited. (Noida. U.P)

• International print-o-pack. (Noida. U.P)

• Embassy of Israel. (New Delhi)

• Enpro India limited (Noida)

• C.T.C Limited (Auditorium) (New Delhi)

• TruTrac Limited. (Gurgoan)

• Oswal Electrical Limited. (Faridabad)

• JBES Limited. (Gurgoan)

• Food and Health Care (Himachal)

• Hotel Oberoi (EIH) (New Delhi)

• Tecumseh India Limited. (Faridabad)

• V3S mall. (Laxmi Nagar New Delhi)

• Radisson Hotel. (Pashim Vihar, New Delhi)

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Awards

SS Saib Constructions has been recognized by the building and construction industry for

its success in building and residential construction. SS Saib Constructions has received

the following building awards:

• 2009 Tourism & Hospitality Facilities up to $8 Million

• 2004 Best use of site

• 2004 Housing on sloping sites


• 1997 Best Contract House over $1,000,000

• 1997 Innovated use of timber


• 1997 Innovative use of Technology

• 1997 Energy Efficiency in Housing

• 1997 Gold Coast House of the Year

• 1996 Queensland’s best house over $1,000,000

• 1995 Workmanship Award

• 1995 Best Home Renovation

• 1994 Best Interior Construction

• 1994 Best Use of Site

• 1994 Gold Coast Best House

• 1994 Workmanship award

• 1994 Gold Coast House of the Year

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Testimonials

“I needed someone to build a prestige home on our prime waterfront property at

Sanctuary Cove on the Gold Coast. SS Constructions did more than just build the home.

They managed the project so I could concentrate on my business. SS Constructions

managed and co-ordinated the whole process with such competence that I didn’t have to

worry about if the job was being done properly. The finish of the home is of very high

standard. We have been in the home for several years now and the house is good as the

day it was built, which is testimony in itself to the skill and experience available from the

builder.”

Greg Matthews

“SS Constructions built a commercial factory for us at Logan home. We are based in New

Zealand and as such required more of a project manager than a standard construction

company. SS Constructions, and more specifically Shane Summers co-ordinated the

building from concept design, consent and construction. We would not hesitate to use SS

Constructions again, with them having successfully completed our building project and

would highly recommend them.”

Brian Blanchard

"Since 1994, SSC has completed a number of projects for me to my complete

satisfaction. Shane has a highly developed ability to understand his clients’ needs and to

work effectively with or without an architect’s involvement, to produce high quality

outcomes in sometimes difficult and demanding situations. I have no hesitation and much

pleasure in giving this endorsement to a builder who in my opinion produces work of the

highest possible quality."

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Services in

Residential Building

SS Constructions has provided a premium building service to the luxury housing market

since 1993. Building luxury homes on the Gold Coast, SS Constructions places a high

priority on attention to design, detail and finish that has resulted in building awards for

design and workmanship.

Not just builders- SS Constructions provide a complete management service that includes

employing and coordinating suitable local design consultants for custom projects,

preliminary budgeting and cost management, obtaining approvals, compliance and

certification.

From past experience some of our clients may only see the project on a few occasions

during the building process. We understand that our clients are too busy with their core

businesses and lifestyles to attend to all of the organizing, so we work with our clients,

and fill the gaps to overcome the obstacles professionally.

SS Construction thrives on challenges and gets excited about difficult projects where

other builders waiver. Our approach to our work is to overcome problems based on

experience and underpinning technical knowledge and management skill.

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Commercial Building

SS Constructions managing director Shane Summers spent 15 years managing

commercial construction projects before he built his first house. Whilst working for large

building companies when he was a younger man he developed his own successful

systems of construction, site management and cost control that always provided good

results for the clients both in quality and price.

Good projects just don’t happen. The right people need to be sourced and the right

conditions need to be established to achieve the best results. SS Constructions likes to

engage early on the project and either project manage the design team on behalf of the

client [the owner’s agent] from the outset or alternatively become part of the team

managed by the owners separate agent.

The client definitely benefits as we are not just builders and have a lot to offer in

experience.

SS Constructions is an established reliable business and has superior access to the best

personal, trade contractors and tradesmen living in and around the district. We are not

interested in just doing a job; we take pride in our work and do the best job we can.

SS Construction provided a total management service to the owner of the facility. We

employed and coordinated the design consultants, authority negotiations, approvals and

certification, construction works and hand over. A special feature to the project was to pre

manufacture the 1000m2 feature timber building off site at our factory at Coomera in

order to compensate for delays caused by council town planning negotiations. The

initiative resulted in the facility being operational for the Christmas trade which provided

the owner the opportunity to recover some of the building cost immediately.

- 35 -

Industrial Building

SS Constructions are a manufacturing company in the building industry. We are very

interested in manufacturing processes for other industries. It is so important to employ

someone interested and understands the importance of time and motion, manufacturing

processes and equipment installations. This is very exciting providing technical assistance

and expertise to another manufacturer.

Building the Tuscany Stone Facility

We achieved good results for the directors of the Tuscany Stone Co project in Ashmore

on the Gold Coast where they manufacture marble and granite products for the building

industry. The facility includes warehousing stock and handling equipment, wet sawing,

moulding and polishing equipment, office and administration facilities and worker

facilities. SS Construction project managed the design, construction and certification of

the project.

- 36 -

Sustainable Building

New challenges are presenting themselves right now for the collection of water and

recycling water for manufacturing, conservation of energy for the operation of the

buildings and thermal control, and the operation of equipment, using sustainable methods

and materials and providing a good and safe environment for workers.

SS Constructions are interested and active in using sustainable and suitable products and

materials and investigating the integration of the products into the project.

This year we have performed extensive investigated into structures made from plantation

forest pine being a 100% renewable material for commercial and industrial use. We have

engaged with Hyne Timbers, being the largest and most experienced manufacturer of

timber products in Australia. Our research indicates that we overlooking the advantages

that timber can offer over steel framed buildings under the right circumstances.

This year we also engaged with Ritek Building Solutions with their insulative roof and

wall systems and cladding materials where we can vastly improve the energy efficiency

or energy control for heating and cooling buildings.

SS Constructions are interested in researching products that are an advantage to our

clients.

- 37 -

Company’s Site View

- 38 -

Site View of JCB India Ltd.

Roofing work including toughened glass and

Aluminium composite panel Glazing, painting

work and Landscaping work.

(Pre coated 0.50 mm thick sheet used Area

covered 5000 Sq.mt Aprox.)

(Project completed- 25 Days)

Structure Steel work for EOT crane for 10

TON Capacity.

(Total Qty of Steel 150 Ton)

(Project Completed - 1 month)

- 39 -

Jib cranes.

Up to 1 – 4 Ton Capacities.

(Take 10 – 15 days to supply the Jib crane after getting a Confirm order)

Project Name – Engine Assembly for JCB machines (Air Conditioned Building)

Project Features

Total Qty of steel – 180 Ton

Mezzanine floor - 750 Sq.mt ( made of deck sheet and steel columns)

Precoated Sheets – 2500 sq. Mt for Partition

- 40 -

Cafeteria of Size 30M x 90M

Complete Steel Building using ISMB 300 x 300 Box

for columns, ISMC 450 steel section for Beam and

deck Sheet for slab.

Project Cost - 80 Lakhs

Time of Completion- 1 month

Chimneys for generators ( Including all Panelling

and Insulation of chimneys) and Steel structure for

supporting the Chimney and generators cable.

(Misc. Work)

- 41 -

Site View of Defence Land System India (A Unit of M & M Ltd)

Construction of mezzanine floor along with

juckting of R.C.C Columns over the basement

Area at 6mtr Height.

Side view of the going construction of new building Showing R.C.C Mezzanine floor, trusses,

R.C.C Beams, brick work etc.

- 42 -

Site View of Dharampal Premchand Ltd Agartala, Gawhati

80% of Steel was fabricated from our

Factory and rest 20% being fabricated

at site.

Fabricated 300 tons/ month.

Constructed 8 gantry For EOT Crane of

45 mtr in Length (Span) and weight of

each gantry is 35 tons and all four

gantries was fabricated at our factory.

- 43 -

View of Some Interior Design Works at different

Sites.

Site view Oberoi Hotel at Lodhi Road, New Delhi

Constructed a STEEL & GLASS STAIRCASE.

Width of the Staircase is 2.50 mtr, and

No support below the glass steps,

Thickness of each Toughened glass steps is 2 x 20 = 40 mm

Stainless Steel Cladding Done over the Steel Section.

Railing – 20 mm Toughened glass & top Rail of SS Steel pipe.

- 44 -

- 45 -

CHAPTER-4

- 46 -

Liquidity Ratios

Current Ratio Trends

This ratio explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities of a

business. The formula of calculating the ratio is:-

Current Assets

Current ratio = _________________

Current liabilities

Current Assets include those assets which can be converted into cash within a year’s

time.

Current Assets = Cash in hand + Cash at Bank + Short term investments + Debtors +

Stock + Prepaid expenses + Bank Receivable.

Current Liabilities include those liabilities which are repayable in a year’s time.

Current Liabilities = Bank overdraft + Bank Payable + Creditors + Provision for

taxation + Proposed dividend + Loans Payable within a year.

This ratio indicates the availability of Current Assets in rupees for every one rupee of

current liability.

YEAR C.A. / C.L. CURRENT RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 110/31.74 3.47:1

2010-2011 (in crores) 135.56/29.31 4.79:1

Table 4.1 : Current Ratio

- 47 -

Fig. 4.1 : Current Ratio

Significance:

As a conventional rule, a ratio of 2:1 or more is considered satisfactory. It means that

current assets should, at least, be twice of its current liabilities. The higher ratio, the better

it is, because the firm will be able to pay its current liabilities more easily.

Comments:

Although the high ratio says that we can easily meet up over current liabilities but too high

ratio is also not beneficial for the company as it shows that because of poor investment

policies of the management and poor control of inventory assets are lying idle and they

should be further invested.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

110/31.74 135.56/29.31

2009-2010 (in crores) 2010-2011 (in crores)

Year

Cur

rent

Rat

io

CURRENT RATIO

- 48 -

Quick ratio Trends

Quick ratio indicates whether the firm is in a position to pay its current liabilities within a

month or immediately.

Liquid assets

Quick Ratio = _____________________

Current liabilities

Liquid assets = Current assets – Stock – Prepaid expenses

Liquid assets mean those assets which will cash very shortly. All current assets accept

stock and prepaid expenses are included in liquid assets. Stock is excluded from liquid

assets because it has to be sold before it converted into cash. Prepaid expenses are also

excluded from it because they are not expected to be converted into cash.

YEAR L.A. / C.L. QUICK RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 79.71/31.74 2.51:1

2010-2011 (in crores) 97.85/28.31 3.46:1

Table 4.2 : Quick Ratio

- 49 -

Fig. 4.2 : Quick Ratio

Significance:

Generally, the quick ratio of 1:1 is considered to be satisfactory. Quick ratio thus more

rigorous test of liquidity than the current ratio ands, when used together with current ratio,

it gives a better picture of short term financial positions of the firm.

Comments:

Since quick ratio is increasing over the years, it gives a better picture of firm’s short term

financial position so firm is in a position to pay its current liabilities immediately or within

a month.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

79.71/31.74 97.85/28.31


Year

Qui

ck R

atio

QUICK RATIO

- 50 -

Cash Ratio Trends

Since cash is the most liquid asset, a financial analyst may examine cash ratio and its

equivalent current liabilities. Trade Investments and marketable securities equivalent to

cash; so they may be included in cash ratio.

Cash ratio generally helps in finding out whether the cash is being proper utilized in the

business not and to check that whether or not cash is lying ideal in the firm It shows that

debtors are not making prompt payments and company is not able to make better

utilization of cash.

Cash + Marketable securities

Cash Ratio = ____________________________

Current Liabilities

Table 4.3 : Cash Ratio

YEAR C+M/S / C.L. CASH RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 15.35/31.74 0.48:1

2010-2011 (in crores) 13.31/28.31 0.47:1

- 51 -

Fig. 4.3 : Cash Ratio

Significance:

Cash ratio generally helps in finding out whether the cash is being proper utilised in the

business or not and to check that whether or not cash is lying ideal in the firm, if yes then

to make proper utilization of cash.

Comments:

As we can see that circulation of cash has decreased over the past years. It shows that

debtors are not making prompt payments and company is not able to make better

utilization of cash.

0.464

0.466

0.468

0.47

0.472

0.474

0.476

0.478

0.48

0.482

15.35/31.74 13.31/28.31


Year

Cas

h R

atio

CASH RATIO

- 52 -

Leverage ratios

Debt-Equity Ratio Trends

Several debt ratios may be used to analyse the long term solvency of the firm. The firm

may be interested in knowing the portion of the interest-bearing debt (also called funding

debt) is the capital structure. It indicates the proportion of funds which are acquired by

long term borrowing in comparison to shareholders funds.

Debt Long term Loans

Debt Equity Ratio = ___________ OR _________________

Equity Shareholders Funds

Long Term Loans = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bank Loan + Loan from Financial

Institutions + Public Deposits.

Shareholder’s Funds = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Share Premium

+ General Reserves + Capital Reserves + Credit Balance of Profit and Loss Accounts –

Accumulated Losses and Fictitious Assets.

YEAR D / E DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 16.04/154.82 0.10:1

2010-2011 (in crores) 72/129.35 0.55:1

Table 4.4 : Debt Equity Ratio

- 53 -

Fig. 4.4 : Debt Equity Ratio

Significance:

The normally accepted debt equity ratio is 2:1, if the ratio is higher than 2:1, it means that

long term borrowing is more than twice in comparison to funds to provide by owners and it

will indicate a risky financial position.

Comments:

As we can see that the debt ratio of firm is decreasing over the years rather it borrowed

some funds in 2006-2007 but previous data is very sound, so it indicates that firm has a

better financial position to pay its long term debts and the ratio of previous year is less than

the required standards, which is satisfactory but it should control this increase in the last

year so that the firm can make use of market fund and increase activity.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

16.04/154.82 72/129.35


Year

Deb

t-Equ

ity R

atio

DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

- 54 -

Debt to Total Funds Ratio Trends

This ratio expresses the relationship between long term debt and shareholders fund. It

indicates the proportion of funds which are acquired by long term borrowing in

comparison to shareholders funds. This ratio is calculated to assess the ability of the firm to

meet its long term liabilities.

Debt

Debt to Total Funds Ratio = _________________

Debt + Equity

Long Term Loans (Debt) = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bank Loan + Loan from

Financial Institutions + Public Deposits.

Shareholder’s Funds (Equity) = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital +

Security Premium + General Reserves + Capital Reserves + Credit Balance of Profit and

Loss Accounts - Accumulated Losses and Fictitious Assets.

YEAR D / D+E DEBT-TOTAL RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 16.04/170.86 9%

2010-2011 (in crores) 72/201.35 35%

Fig. 4.5 : Debt- Total Ratio

- 55 -

Fig. 4.5 : Debt-Total Ratio

Significance:

Debt to total funds ratios of 0.67:1 (or 67%) is considered satisfactory. A higher ratio than

this is generally considered as the indicator of risk. Because it means that the firm depends

too much on outsides loans for the existence. Any withdrawal of funds by the lenders will

put the company in difficulties.

Comments:-

As we see that firm is able to make prompt payments since the debt-equity ratio shows a

gradual decrease and lastly firm has paid its debt in the current year. As it has a sound

position and the ratio was much lower compared to required standards which indicates a

good payment system. Now the company is free from any market liability.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

16.04/170.86 72/201.35

2009-2010 (incrores)


Year

Deb

t-Tot

al R

atio

DEBT-TOTAL RATIO

- 56 -

Proprietary Ratio Trends

This ratio indicates the proportion of total funds provided by owners or shareholders.

Equity

Proprietary Ratio = ________________

Debt + Equity

OR

Shareholder’s Funds

= ______________________________________

Shareholder’s Fund + Long-Term Loans

YEAR E / D+E PROPRIETARY RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 177.61/193.65 9%

2010-2011 (in crores) 194.07/266.07 35%

Table 4.6 : Proprietary Ratio

- 57 -

Fig. 4.6 : Proprietary Ratio

Significance:

The ratio should be 33% or more than that. A higher proprietary ratio is generally treated

as an indicator of sound financial position from long term point of view. Because it means

that firm is less dependent on external sources of finance. On the other hand lower the

ratio, the less secured are the long term loans and face the risk of losing their money.

Comments:

Higher proprietary ratio is treated as the indicator of sound financial position from the

long-term point of view because it is less depended on external sources of finance. The

company’s proprietary ratio is ranging between 92% to 100% which is quite good. As

clearly depicted by the calculations.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

177.61/193.65 194.07/266.07



Year

Prop

rieta

ry R

atio

PROPRIETARY RATIO

- 58 -

Interest Coverage Ratio Trends

This ratio is also termed as ‘debt service Ratio’ or ‘Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio’. This

ratio is calculated by dividing the net profit before charging interest and Income Tax by

‘Fixed Interest charges’.

Net Profit before interest and taxes

Interest Coverage Ratio = __________________________________

Fixed Interest Charges

Net profit before interest and taxes is to be taken for the calculation of this ratio because

this is the amount of profit out of which interest and taxes are to be paid out. Fixed interest

charges include interest on fixed (long term) loans or debentures.

YEAR NP/FIC INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 31.10/0.62 50.16 times

2010-2011 (in crores) 30.62/0.98 31.24 times

Table 4.7 : Interest Coverage Ratio

- 59 -

Fig. 4.7 : Interest Coverage Ratio

Significance:

This ratio indicates how many times the interests charges are covered by the profits

available to pay interest charges. A long term lender is interested in findings out whether

the business will earn sufficient interest to pay the interest charges regularly. The higher

the ratio, more secure the lender is in respect of payment of interest regularly. An interest

coverage ratio of 6 to 7 times is considered appropriate.

Comments:

Normally acceptable interest coverage ratio is 6 to 7 times, when as the actual of the

company is 31.24 times in current year, it means that profits of the company are 31 times

in comparison to fixed interest charges. So the firm is able to pay the interest on long term

loans regularly.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

31.10/0.62 30.62/0.98


Year

Inte

rest

Cov

erag

e R

atio

INTERESTCOVERAGE RATIO

- 60 -

Activity Ratio

Inventory Turnover Ratio Trends

Inventory turnover indicates the efficiency of the firm on producing and selling its

products. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory.

Cost of Goods Sold

Inventory Turnover Ratio = _______________________

Average inventory

Cost of goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct Charges – Closing Stock.

OR

Cost of goods Sold = Net Sales – Gross Profit.

Table 4.8 : Inventory Ratio

YEAR COGS/Av. Inventory INVENTORY RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 178.95/24.73 6.22 times

2010-2011 (in crores) 211.93/34.08 6.21 times

- 61 -

Fig. 4.8 : Inventory Ratio

Significance:

This ratio indicates whether or not the stock has been efficiently utilized. It shows the

speed with which the stock is rotated into sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is, since it

indicates that the stock is selling quickly. In business where stock turnover is high goods

can be sold at low margin of profit and even then the profitability can be high.

Comments:

Inventory turnover ratio of the company is quite good earlier it means that there is proper

outflow of the stock and goods do not remain in the godown for a long time. As we can see

that the inventory turnover is decreasing which shows that there is overspending in stock

which is left unused.

6.204

6.206

6.208

6.21

6.212

6.214

6.216

6.218

6.22

6.222

178.95/24.73 211.93/34.08


Year

Inve

ntor

y R

atio

INVENTORY RATIO

- 62 -

Debtors Turnover Ratio Trends

This ratio indicates the relationship between the credit sales and average debtors or debtor

of the current year.

Net Current

Debtor Turnover Ratio = _______________________________

Average Debtors + Average B/R

Bills receivable are added in debtors for the purpose of calculation of this ratio. While

calculating this ratio, provision for bad debt and doubtful debt is not deducted from total

debtors, so that it may not give a false impression that debtors are collected quickly.

Net Credit Sales = Total Sales – Cash Sales.

Average Debtors = (Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors)/2

Average Bills Receivables = (Opening B/R + Closing B/R)/2

YEAR SALES / D+B/R DEBTORS RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 89.79/37.57 2.38 times

2010-2011 (in crores) 123.51/45.25 2.72 times

Table 4.9 : Debtors Ratio

- 63 -

Fig. 4.9 : Debtors Ratio

Significance:

This ratio indicates the speed with which the amount is collected from debtors. The higher

the ratio, the better it is, since it indicates that amount from debtors is being collected more

quickly. The less the risk from bad debt, and so the lower the expenses of collection and

increase in the liquidity of the firm.

Comments:

Debtor turnover ratio of the company is 2.72 which is quite good it means there is efficient

credits sales policy of the management. So there is less risk of bad debts but there is

increase in the ratio from the last year.

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

89.79/37.57 123.51/45.25


Year

Deb

tors

Rat

io

DEBTORS RATIO

- 64 -

Average Collection Period Trends

This ratio indicates the time within which the amount is collected from debtor and bills

receivable.

Average Debtors

Average Collection Period = ___________________ * 100

Credit Sales

OR

365

= _________________

Debtors Turnover

YEAR 365/SALES AVERAGE PERIOD

2009-2010 (in crores) 365/2.38 153 days

2010-2011 (in crores) 365/2.72 134 days

Table 4.10 : Average Ratio

- 65 -

Fig. 4.10 : Average Ratio

Comments:

Although the average collection period of the firm decreased. The current year is good

according to the functioning of the firm because it has been noticed that the inventory

turnover (10.91 times) and the debtor turnover (2.93 times), which fully satisfies the

activities of the firm. This ratio is an indication of efficient working of the management.

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

365/2.38 365/2.72



Year

Ave

rage

Per

iod

AVERAGE PERIOD

- 66 -

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Trends

Assets are used to generate sales. Therefore, a firm should manage its assets efficiently to

maximize sales. The relationship between sales and assets is called assets turnover ratio.

Assets turnover ratios can be calculated.

Cost of Goods Sold

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = _________________________

Net Fixed Assets

Net Fixed Assets = Fixed Assets – Depreciation + Capital Work-in-Progress

YEAR COGS/F.A. FIXED ASSETS RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 178.95/120.86 1.48 times

2010-2011 (in crores) 211.93/168.45 1.27 times

Table 4.11 : Fixed Assets Ratio

- 67 -

Fig. 4.11 : Fixed Assets Ratio

Significance:

This ratio is of particular importance in manufacturing concerns where the investment in

fixed assets is quite high. This ratio reveals how effectively the fixed assets are being

utilized, compared with previous year.

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

178.95/120.86 211.93/168.45



Year

Fixe

d A

sset

s R

atio

FIXED ASSETS RATIO

- 68 -


Gross Profit Ratio Trends

This ratio shows the relationship between Gross Profit and Sales.

Gross Profit

Gross Profit Ratio = ________________________ * 100

Net Sales

Net Sales = Sales – Sales Return

YEAR G.P. / NS GROSS PROFIT RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 27.58/59.79 31%

2010-2011 (in crores) 25.67123.51 21%

Table 4.12 : Gross Profit Ratio

- 69 -

Fig. 4.12 : Gross Profit Ratio

Significance:

This ratio measures the margin of profit available on sales. No ideal standard is fixed for

this ratio, but it should be adequate enough to meet not only operating expenses but also to

provide for depreciation, interest on loans, dividends and creation of reserve.

Comments:

As the figure clearly states that the revenue generated from sales is increasing but the profit

is going down by few digits because of increase in manufacturing activities. But still the

ratio of the current year is quite significant but still the company need to find the reason for

this continuous decrease in this ratio which might be problematic in new future.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

27.58/59.79 25.67123.51



Year

Gro

ss P

rofit

Rat

io

GROSS PROFIT RATIO

- 70 -

Net Profit Ratio Trends

This ratio shows the relationship between the net profit and the sales. Net profit is used to

measure the overall profitability of business.Net profit margin is considered as an indicator

of the success of the management to operate the business successfully.

Net Profit

Net Profit Ratio = ______________ * 100

Net Sale

YEAR N.P. / N.S. NET PROFIT RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 10.35/89.79 12%

2010-2011 (in crores) 15.43/123.51 12%

Table 4.13 : Net Profit Ratio

- 71 -

Fig. 4.13 : Net Profit Ratio

Significance:

Net Profit ratio is used to measure the overall profitability of business. Net profit margin is

considered as an indicator of the success of the management to operate the business

successfully. It is possible the gross profit ratio may be increasing but net profit ratio may

not be increasing or even show a decreasing trend.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

10.35/89.79 15.43/123.51


Year

Net

Pro

fit R

atio

NET PROFIT RATIO

- 72 -

Operating Profit Ratio Trends

This ratio establishes the relationship between all the operating expenses and sales.

Operating Profit

Operating Profit Ratio = ________________________ * 100

Net Sales

Operating Profit = Gross Profit – Operating expenses (efficient and administrative

expenses selling and distribution expenses, discount, interest on

short-term debts etc.)

YEAR O.P. / N.S. OPERATING PROFIT RATIO

2009-2010 (in crores) 20.21/89.79 23%

2010-2011 (in crores) 22.72/123.51 22%

Table 4.14 : Operating Profit Ratio

- 73 -

Fig. 4.14 : Operating Profit Ratio

Significance:

This ratio measure the rate of net profit earned on sales. It helps in determining the overall

efficiency of the business operations. As increase in the ratio over the previous shows

improvement in the overall efficiency and profitability of the business.

Comments:

The net profit ratio also shows a decrease the operating expenses have increased in

comparison to net year. So they should keep a watch on their operating activities and try to

reduce the expenditure incurred on them.

To the figure clearly states that the revenue generated from sales is increasing but the profit

is going down by few digits because of increase in operational activities. But still the ratio

of the current year is quite significant but this continuous decrease in the ratio might be

problematic. Current year is quite significant but this continuous decrease in the ratio

might be problematic. Quantity is decreasing but rate increased that is why there is profit

otherwise there would have been loss.

21%22%22%22%22%22%23%23%23%23%

20.21/89.79 22.72/123.51



Year

Ope

ratin

g Pr

ofit

Rat

io

OPERATING PROFITRATIO

- 74 -

Return On Investment (ROI) Trends

This ratio reflects the overall profitability of the business. It is calculated by comparing the

profit earned and the capital employed to earn it.

Profit before tax, interest and dividends

Return on investment = ________________________________________ * 100

Net worth

YEAR PROFIT / NET WORTH RETURN OF INVESTMENT

2009-2010 (in crores) 20.21/52.85 38%

2010-2011 (in crores) 27.72/57.64 48%

Table 4.15 : Return of Investment

- 75 -

Fig. 4.15 : Return of Investment

Significance:

This ratio helps in taking decisions regarding capital investment in the new projects. The

new projects will be commenced only if the rate of return on capital employed / net worth

in such projects is expected to be more than the rate of borrowings.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

20.21/52.85 27.72/57.64


Year

Ret

urn

of In

vest

men

t

RETURN OFINVESTMENT

- 76 -

Return on Equity (ROE) Trends

Equity shareholders of a company are more interested in knowing the earning capacity of

the fields in the business. As such, this ratio measures the profitability of the funds

belonging to the equity shareholders. Since the profits available to equity shareholders will

be the profit left after payment of interest, taxes and dividend on preference share capital.

Net profit after interest, tax and

Preference dividend

Return on Equity Shareholder’s Funds = ___________________________________ * 100

Equity Shareholder’s Funds

Equity Shareholder’s Funds = Equity Share Capital + All Reserves + Credit Balance

of P&L A/c – Fictitious assets – Debit Balance of P&L

A/c.

YEAR PROFIT / EQUITY RETURN OF EQUITY

2009-2010 (in crores) 10.35/4.14 3%

2010-2011 (in crores) 15.43/4.14 4%

Table 4.16 : Return of Equity

- 77 -

Fig. 4.16 : Return of Equity

Significance:

This ratio measures how efficiently the equity shareholder’s funds are being used in the

business. It is true measures of the efficiency of the management since it shows what the

earning capacity of the equity shareholders funds. The higher the ratio, the better it is,

because in such a case equity shareholders may be given a higher dividend. But the graph

is fluctuating; this shows that the shareholders are not getting constant return on their

investment.

We can compare the earning capacity of firm with the other firms with the help of this

ratio. Similarly, by comparing the previous year’s ratio with that of the current year of our

business we can ascertain whether the return on equity shareholder’s funds is increasing or

not. Their ratio may also be used for declaration of dividend and creation of reserve for

future growth.

0%

1%

1%

2%

2%

3%

3%

4%

4%

5%

10.35/4.14 15.43/4.14



Year

Ret

urn

f Equ

ity

RETURN OF EQUITY

- 78 -

FINDINGS

After collection and analyzing the data, the researcher has to accomplish the task of

drawing interferences. It’s only through interpretation that researcher can expose relations

and processes that underlie his findings. Thus interpretations a device through which the

factor that seems to explain what has been observed by researcher in the course of the

study can be understood better. So for the simplification I have divided my findings in four

parts.

Liquidity Ratio

Current ratio increases over the year which shows good sign on the part of management

functions as we notice that it is below the required standard. But idleness of assets has to

be taken care of. They should be utilized in some beneficial investment.

Quick Ratio also increases which shows that company is carrying enough amount of

liquid assets.

Cash ratio has also gone down which means debtors are not making prompt payments.

Leverage Ratio

Debt ratio of the firm is decreasing which indicates that the firm is able to pay its debts in

time.

Debt to total funds ratio is also decreasing and firm is finally paid all of its debt in the

current years which tell that firm is free from all outside liabilities.

Proprietary ratio of the firm is also much higher than 33% which is the indicator of sound

financial position as firm is less dependent on external sources of finance.

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Turnover Ratios

Fixed assets ratio revels how efficiently the fixed assets are being utilized in the business

indicated by an increase this shows proper utilization of assets.

Inventory turnover ratio is quite high which indicates that stock is regulated into

business at regular intervals and one can also measure the sales policies of the firm.

Debtor turnover ratio also shows an increase which indicates that the amount is regularly

collected by the debtor so there is less risk of bad debts and collection period also satisfies.


Gross profit ratio compared with the previous years shows a gradual decrease which

sounds problematic for the company.

Net profit ratio decrease with the high volumes compared in the previous year. Thus is

due to depreciation and increase in manufacturing and operating expenses.

Operating profit ratio also shows a decrease in comparison to past years.

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CHAPTER-5

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• The liquidity ratio shows that the liquidator’s position of the company is quite

satisfactory. All the ratios such as the current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio show a

significant increase in comparison with past years. The company has to make full

utilization of its assets.

• Leverage position of the company is good as we can see that the ratio continuously

decreases and lastly the firm is able to pay all its debt in current year. So the firm

should try to maintain it and should invest its money in some profitable activities.

• Gross profit ratio of the company is declining, this could be due to:

Increase in the prices of raw material.

Increase in the manufacturing expenses.

There is full in the prices of unsold goods, there by reducing the value of

unsold goods.

• Focused attention should be paid by including a special drive to expatiate recoveries

from sundry debtors.

• The net profit ratio of the firm also decreases. It shows the inefficiency and

unpredictability of the business. This decline is because in expenses borne by

operating activities.

• The operating profit ratio is less than previous year.

- 84 -

CONCLUSIONS

In today’s environment it becomes very important for organizations to retain their,

becomes very important for organizations to retain their employees. The top organizations

are on the top because they value their employees and they know how to keep them glued

to the organization. Employees stay and leave organizations for some reasons. The reason

may be personal or professional. These reasons should be understood by the employer

and should be taken care of. The organizations are becoming aware of these reasons and

adopting many strategies for employee retention. The project under study in the S.S.SAIB

CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE LIMITED FARIDABAD is having a large number of

employees, but with the large number of employees the organization is having moderately

good communication, recruitment, and performance appraisal system.

From the above study of employee retention system in S.S.Saib Construction Company I

observe that employee retaining techniques adopted by organization is moderately good.

In S.S.Saib Construction Company there are sufficient activities done to improve

employee retention and retain employees for longer time. But as in this competitive there

are some limitations in the organizations which the organization has to overrule to make

their organizations better than others like-

1. Lack of open communication.

2. Proper feedback is not given to employees which may demotivate the employees.

3. Lack of appropriate development opportunities given to employees.

4. Lack of transparent work culture

- 85 -

CHAPTER-6

- 86 -

- 87 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books:-

a) Gupta, Shashi K.&R.K. Sharma, Financial management, Kalyani publisher

(5 th edition)

b) Goel, D.K., Analysis of Financial Statements, Arya publications,

(5 th edition)

c) Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology, Sultan Chand publications,

(3 rd edition)

d) Pandey, LM, Financial Management, Vikas publications

(2 nd edition)

World Wide Web:-

• www.ssscpl.in

• www.india-today.com

• www.ssconstruction.net

• www.ssconstruction.au

• www.ssconstruction.com

- 88 -

- 89 -

CHAPTER-7

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- 91 -

Balance Sheet

Principal Groups 1-Apr-2011 to 31-Mar-2012

Principal Ratios 1-Apr-2011 to 31-Mar-

2012

Working Capital 1,81,38,665.53 Dr Current Ratio 1.50 : 1(Current Assets-Current

Liabilities) (Current Assets : Current Liabilities)

Cash-in-hand 80,167.50 Dr Quick Ratio 1.15 : 1Bank Accounts 21,51,174.75 Dr (Current Assets-Stock-in-hand : Current

Liabilities)

Bank OD A/c 1,02,96,889.34 Cr Debt/Equity Ratio 0.54 : 1Sundry Debtors 2,87,86,865.82 Dr (Loans (Liability) : Capital Account +

Nett Profit)

(due till today) 10,78,69,339.08 Dr

Gross Profit % 9.85 %

Sundry Creditors 3,31,31,488.20 Cr Nett Profit % 4.00 %(due till today) 7,97,64,430.24

Cr Operating Cost % 96.00 %

Sales Accounts 16,55,09,012.32 Cr

(as percentage of Sales Accounts)

Purchase Accounts 12,07,67,155.84 Dr

Recv. Turnover in days 56.66 days

Stock-in-hand 1,26,89,560.00 Dr (payment performance of Debtors) Nett Profit 66,16,325.77 Cr Return on Investment % 34.91 %Wkg. Capital Turnover 9.12 (Nett Profit / Capital Account + Nett

Profit )

(Sales Accounts / Working Capital)

Return on Wkg. Capital % 36.48 %

Inventory Turnover 13.04 (Nett Profit / Working Capital) % (Sales Accounts / Closing

Stock)

- 92 -

Data consolidated for financial analysis:

Particulars 2010 2009

Inventory (A) 37.73 30.44

Debtors (B) 73.24 51.59

Cash & Bank Balance (C) 13.31 15.35

Loans and advances (D) 11.29 12.61

Total Current Assets 135.56 110

(A + B + C + D)

Liquid assets 97.85 79.71

Fixed Assets 167.45 120.86

Current Liabilities 28.31 31.74

& Provisions

Share Capital (E) 9.19 9.19

Reserve & Surplus (F) 184.88 168.42

Shareholder’s Funds 194.07 177.61

(E + F)

Long-term Debt 72 16.04

Net Worth 194.07 177.61

- 93 -

Financial data of the company under study

Years 2010 2009

Sales 237.60 206.53

Other Income 6.59 5.05

Operating Profit 26.88 28.73

Profit before Tax 30.62 31.10

Tax 12.09 8.28

Profit after Tax 18.53 22.80

Gross Profit 25.67 27.58

Cash Sales 114.09 116.74

- 94 -

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