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ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF TIRANA RESIDENTS TOWARDS DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION: SURVEY REPORT REPORT BY IPSOS 2020
Executive Summary
ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF TIRANA RESIDENTS TOWARDS DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION:
SURVEY REPORT
REPORT BY IPSOS
2020
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This Survey Report prepared by Ipsos is part of the activities of SEE Change Net and EDEN Center within the development process of a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for the City of Tirana. This takes place as part of the regional project “Sustainable Urban Mobility in SEE Countries II” (SUMSEEC II) under the Open Regional Fund for South-East Europe – Energy Efficiency (ORF-EE). The project is implemented by GIZ and funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
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Executive Summary This report presents the results of a face-to-face survey, which was realised by Ipsos Albania in December 2019 with a population sample of 500 adult residents (18+) from the City of Tirana. The survey explores citizens’ perceptions and attitudes towards different modes of transport and gathers insights about motivational factors which might cause a switch from driving to more environmentally friendly modes of transport, such as public transport, walking, and cycling.
The survey applied the CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing) data collection method. The sample is representative of the population with regards to age, gender, and administrative units of the City. Three stage random representative stratified sample was used. Statistical documentation used to design the sample were census 2011 data from the Official Statistical Office in Albania, estimations for 2017. Sample universe were households with respondent aged 18+. The sampling frame was drawn from polling stations territory (approximate size of census units) within strata defined by urban administrative units.
Additional factors about the survey respondents were documented through the survey, including financial situation of the household, education level, employment status, as well as specific transport-related factors, such as car ownership, main mode of mobility, and several others.
Some of the main outcomes of the survey are:
Overall satisfaction and use of transport modes:
• The population of Tirana is moderately dissatisfied with their ability to move and reach places they need to visit. Observed dissatisfaction is more prevalent among car drivers than the others.
• For almost a third of the population, the most decisive feature of transportation is reliability, spontaneously reported by 32% of respondents.
• Among all the existing modes of transportation in Tirana, citizens usually walk to reach the desired destination. The next most frequently used mode of transportation is public transport (50%), followed by using a car either as a passenger (43%) or as a driver (24%). Finally, the least used mode of transportation is cycling (10%).
• When calculating the prevalence of transportation modes, public transport is the most widespread compared to other modes of transportation. Although, for some people, cycling might be a substitute for buses since those who ride cycles are less likely to use buses and the other way around.
• When it comes to frequency of transportation by car, more citizens use it always or very often as a passenger (43%) than as a driver (24%). More likely to drive a car are men, citizens between 30 and 45 years old, those who are employed, and those who report making enough money. Either way, none of these applies to more than a half of the population (54%) who never drive a car.
• There is a gender imbalance in the use of transportation modes - men drive cars more often than women, and women use public transportation more often than men.
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Perception of car use in Tirana:
• Three quarters of citizens of Tirana think that driving makes air pollution in Tirana worse. At the same time, only 5% prioritise the environmental impact when deciding which mode of transportation to use.
• Only half of the citizens state that they consider the carious costs (service, tax, petrol, etc.) when deciding whether to drive a car or use other transport modes (51%).
• Regarding perception of other people’s driving, 3 out of 10 citizens strongly believe that other people don’t show safe and polite driving behaviour.
• 6 out of 10 citizens support the enforcement of strict safety regulations and measures (such as speed limits, traffic signs, etc.), to reduce the number of traffic accidents.
• Parking seems to be big problem for citizens of Tirana, since almost three quarters don’t believe that it is easy to find parking in Tirana.
Perception of public transportation in Tirana:
• When it comes to positive aspects of public transportation, 92% of citizens report having public transport near the place they live.
• Most citizens feel discomfort with the lack of space in the buses, unavailable and inaccurate schedules, difficulties to use mobility aids, and poorly maintained vehicles.
Perception of walking conditions in Tirana:
• 57% of citizens do not feel safe as pedestrians. • One quarter of residents of Tirana strongly believe there aren’t enough sidewalks
and that existing sidewalks are not in good shape (e.g. they are not wide enough, there are hydrants and other obstacles etc.). At the same time, 37% of citizens are dissatisfied with the number of places for rest (e.g. benches) and the amount of greenery that make shade for pedestrians.
• High percentage of residents believe they would be very motivated to walk more often if there would be more car-free zones and more greenery and places to rest. Also, better quality of sidewalks, better street safety, more attention from car drivers, vicinity of key services within walking distance and raising awareness about the benefits of walking for personal health and for clean air in Tirana, are perceived as very strong incentives for walking by vast majority of citizens.
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Content
Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6
1.1 About the Project ............................................................................................... 6
1.2 Vision for Tirana in 2030 ................................................................................... 6
1.3 The Role of the Attitudinal Survey in the SUMP Development .......................... 6
2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Sample .............................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Research Method ............................................................................................ 10
2.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Research Method ..................................... 10
2.4 Questionnaire .................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Demography .................................................................................................... 13
3. Analysis and Results ............................................................................................ 16
3.1 Transportation in Tirana .................................................................................. 16
3.1.1 Satisfaction with mobility in Tirana............................................................ 16
3.1.2 Key Aspects for Choosing a Transportation Mode ................................... 17
3.1.3 Use of Different Transportation Modes in Tirana ...................................... 18
3.2 Car as a mode of transportation ...................................................................... 22
3.3 Public Transport as a Mode of Transport ........................................................ 24
3.4 Walking as a Mode of Transport...................................................................... 27
4. Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 31
Annex ....................................................................................................................... 33
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1. Introduction 1.1 About the Project
SEE Change Net (an organisation based in Sarajevo) and EDEN Center (based in Tirana) are partners in the regional project "Sustainable Urban Mobility in Southeast Europe II" (SUMSEEC II) within the Open Regional Fund for South East Europe - Energy Efficiency (ORF-EE). The project is implemented by GIZ and funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
Within this project, a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for the City of Tirana is under development. A SUMP is a strategic plan designed to satisfy the mobility needs of people and businesses in cities and their surroundings for a better quality of life.
As part of this project, a survey was conducted to explore the perceptions and attitudes of Tirana residents towards different modes of transport and gather insights about motivational factors which might cause a switch from driving to more environmentally friendly modes of transport, such as public transport and walking.
1.2 Vision for Tirana in 2030
The SUMP is based on the following vision for Tirana in 2030: „A smart Tirana, responding to community needs as a liveable, clean, healthy, attractive city, offering innovative, multi-modal and wide-ranging mobility, available, affordable and equal for everyone.“
The vision serves as a crucial guiding element for the further SUMP planning process and provides the basis for subsequent more technical steps, such as the development of strategic objectives, of effective packages of measures, and of the implementation of selected interventions.
1.3 The Role of the Attitudinal Survey in the SUMP Development
The people’s needs should be at the centre of the SUMP development for the City of Tirana. The involvement of citizens and stakeholders in the whole process is a crucial factor for revealing local knowledge about mobility issues, particularly concerning people’s needs, their values, their perception of problems, their priorities, and their proposals for solutions to existing problems. Ideally this would increase public awareness and acceptance of the plan and would minimise the risks for decision-makers. Important part of the SUMP development is this survey with the aim to explore the perceptions and attitudes among citizens of Tirana towards the different modes of transport and to gather insights about the motivations and potential for future mode shift from cars to other modes of transport. The methodology of this survey and an analysis of the results are outlined in this report. The survey builds on the SUMP vision for Tirana in 2030. The survey results feed into the analysis of the status quo and thus deliver valuable insights for the development of a
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comprehensive package of measures. The survey results also serve as data based on which later implemented focus groups with transport workers and/ or users will be developed. This attitudinal study provides baseline data. If repeated over a longer time period during and after the implementation of SUMP measures, it will allow to measure the change in public perception of different modes of transport and thus provide an indicator for the success of the SUMP in Tirana.
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2. Methodology 2.1 Ipsos
The survey was conducted by Ipsos, one of the three largest survey-based market research companies in the world. It is currently the only large global research company primarily managed by researchers and focused solely upon survey research. Ipsos has offices in 87 countries and conducts research in more than 100 countries. The corporation has over 16,530 full-time employees and more than 5,000 clients around the world. Ipsos interviews just over 50 million individuals every year. Ipsos delivers robust, rigorous survey-based research that helps decision-makers across the world understand public views on the contemporary societal and economic problems they face.
Ipsos Albania, as a part of Ipsos Strategic Puls group, is a full-service agency for market, media research, and public opinion polls, founded in 2005 in Tirana. Today, Ipsos Albania has employees of various educational backgrounds and with several years of experience in public opinion and market research.
Ipsos Albania has, since 2005, developed a large and stable network of coordinators and interviewers in the territory of Albania, covering the entire country and every bigger town. The entire fieldwork is supervised by a field manager that personally oversees and organises the activities of seven regional coordinators. Ipsos Albania has capacity to conduct more than 30 field works monthly and can organise data collection and data analysis at the convenience of the client.
Here is the shortlist of the most relevant projects that Ipsos Albania conducted in the last few years:
§ Quantitative research to gauge the perspective of Albanian citizens and businesses on the awareness about and the impact of EU support to public administration and public finance management reforms in Albania, for the project office of the technical assistance to support the strengthening of the capacities for the implementation of the public financial management strategy project, Ministry of Finance, 2018.
§ Research on children's experience and internet use in Albania, for UNICEF Albania, 2017. § Quantitative data collection and analysis of the socio-economic position of marginalised
Roma in the Western Balkans and Turkey, for UNDP and the South Caucasus for Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 2017.
§ STEP Skills Measurement Program Albania - Employer survey, for World Bank Group, 2016 – 2017.
§ CSO baseline survey in Albania, for TACSO, 2016. § European working conditions survey in Albania, for Eurofound, 2014-2015. § Insight into education audiences in the Western Balkans in Albania, 2015. § Attitudes towards the LGBTTIQ community in Albania, for NDI, 2015. § Export survey in Albania, for GIZ, 2014-2015.
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2.2 Sample
The survey was conducted with 500 adult residents (age 18 and older) living in the urban area of the City of Tirana. The sample is representative of the population with regards to age, gender, and administrative units of the City. Figure 1: Administrative Units of the City of Tirana.
A three-stage random representative stratified sample was used. Statistical documentation used to design the sample were census 2011 data from the Official Statistical Office in Albania, estimations for 2017. Sample universe were households with respondent aged 18+. Sampling frame was drawn from polling stations territory (approximate size of census units) within strata defined by urban administrative units. Polling stations territories enable the most reliable sample selection, due to the fact that for these units the most complete and updated data are available. PSU – Polling station territory Definition: Polling stations territories are defined by street(s) name(s) and dwelling numbers; polling station territory comprises in average approximately 200 households, with exception of the settlements with less than 300 HH which are defined as one unite. Type of sampling of the PSU: Probability proportional to size (PPS). Method of selection: Lachirie (cumulative). SSU - Household1 Definition: One household comprises people living in the same apartment and sharing the expenditure for food. Type of sampling of the SSU: Simple random sampling without replacement.
1 Eligible households are only those households where there is at least one household member who is aged 18+.
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Method of selection: Systematic sample with random choice of the starting point and equal steps of choice. TSU – Respondent Definition: Member of the HH, 18+. Type of sampling of respondent: Simple random sampling without replacement in case there is more than one HH member aged 18+. Method of selection: Randomly chosen respondent aged 18+. If we consider that the total adult population of urban areas of Tirana is 198,278 inhabitants and that the sample of 500 respondents is representative, according to the formula for calculating the confidence interval, we obtain that the confidence interval is +/- 4.382. The confidence interval tells us the interval at which population parameters may deviate from the results obtained. The confidence level on the basis of which we calculated the confidence interval is 95%, which means that with 95% certainty we can claim that the results obtained on the selected sample could be generalised to the entire adult population of urban areas of the City of Tirana, that means that a deviation from the obtained results is possible with a maximum of 4.37%. For example, according to the calculated confidence interval with 95% certainty, we can say that if in our study 55% of respondents opted for a particular claim in the overall population, this claim would be chosen between 50.62% and 59.38% of respondents. 2.3 Research Method The survey was conducted using the CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing) data collection method. The face-to-face interview is probably the most popular and oldest form of survey data collection. In a face-to-face survey, an interviewer is physically present to ask the survey questions and to assist the respondent in answering them. This method of data collection is still the best form of data collection when researcher wants to minimise nonresponse and maximise the quality of the data collected. Face-to-face interviews are often used to solicit information in projects that can be considered to be very sensitive.
2.4 Advantages and Limitations of the Research Method
The main advantage of the face-to-face interview is the presence of the interviewer, which makes it easier for the respondent to either clarify answers or ask for clarification for some of the items on the questionnaire. Also, interviewers can use visual aids (e.g. so-called show cards) to assist respondents.
2 The Margin of Error (MOE) is calculated according to the formula: MOE = z * √p * (1 - p) / √(N - 1) * n / (N - n) Where: z = 1.96 for a confidence level (α) of 95%, p = proportion (expressed as a decimal), N = population size, n = sample size. z = 1.96, p = 0.5, N = 198278, n = 500 MOE = 1.96 * √0.5 * (1 - 0.5) / √(198278 - 1) * 500 / (198278 - 500) MOE = 0.98 / 22.389 * 100 = 4.377%
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Compared with telephone surveys, face-to-surveys offer significant advantages in terms of the amount and complexity of the data that can be collected. Skip patterns, in which different respondents navigate different paths through the survey depending on their answers, can be more complicated. In addition, the use of graphic or visual aids, impossible by telephone, can be easily and economically incorporated into face-to-face surveys. Also, the face-to-face method guarantees full representativeness with regards to age, gender, and administrative units of Tirana. Non-existence of a relevant and updated database of landline phone users can be compensated to some extent with Ipsos’ database of mobile phones, but it still can’t provide representativeness with regards to any of the listed aspects. Face-to-face surveys also offer advantages in terms of data quality. More than any other survey delivery mode, a face-to-face survey allows researchers a high degree of control over the data collection process and environment. Interviewers can ensure, for example, that survey respondents do not watch TV or surf the internet during the interview, as they might do during a telephone survey. If the respondent finds a question to be confusing or ambiguous, the interviewer can immediately clarify it. Similarly, the respondent can be asked to clarify any answers that the interviewer cannot interpret. Perhaps the most important procedural variable affecting data quality in a survey study is the response rate, that is, the number of completed questionnaires obtained divided by the number of people who were asked to complete them. Since it is much more difficult for people to shut the door in the face of a live human being than hang up on a disembodied voice, face-to-face surveys typically offer the highest response rates obtainable (over 90% in some cases). The only disadvantage of face-to-face surveys in comparison to other methods (telephone or online) is higher price, but this is fully justified by all above mentioned advantages. CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) data collection method has some benefits, such as:
• Immediate control of interviewers’ work by supervisors or coordinators; • Convenient for short-length interviews; • In case of relevant database, very cost-efficient.
2.5 Questionnaire
The questionnaire prepared for this survey is available in the Annex. It consists of three sections, each aiming to obtain information about the following questions respectively: What mobility aspects are important to residents of Tirana when travelling? How do they perceive different existing transportation options? What would motivate them to change their mobility choices away from personal cars and towards more public transport, walking, and cycling? What role do the socio-demographic factors play in making mobility choices, given the specific travel needs and possibilities? The first version of the questionnaire was drafted by the SEE Change Net team and it was improved through iterative discussions and feedback with EDEN Center and Ipsos.
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The first section of the questionnaire has been designed to obtain information about the level of satisfaction of Tirana residents with their ability to move around Tirana to reach a desired destination (Q1) and to identify the three most important factors influencing their mobility choices. Reasons for choosing one mode of transport over another are determined by many factors. For the purpose of this survey several relevant factors, that can broadly be described as infrastructural/ physical/ service quality, socio-demographic, economic, psychological, and environmental, were identified using transport- and SUMP-related literature (Q2). While deeper explorations of travel patterns and behaviour go beyond the purpose of this study, the first section included also a question about the frequency of use of different modes of transport (Q3) to provide insight about the most usual mode of transport used by survey participants and how it corresponds with their responses to other questions. The second section is divided in three sub-sections, each corresponding to one of the three mobility options (cars, public transport and walking) (Q4-Q9)3. The scope of each sub-section includes a set of questions developed to respond to two separate but complementary objectives. The first objective addressed the perceptions and attitudes of survey participants on a given mobility option and it asks respondents to state their level of (dis)agreement with a number of statements related to the environment, economic, infrastructure, service, information and traffic conditions that are relevant to the context of Tirana mobility. The second objective (for all modes of transport except the cars) was to explore motivations and survey participants were offered a list of five to seven possible improvements related to a given mobility option and asked to what extent world each of them encourage them to use it more frequently. Given the hypothetical character of these questions, the list of proposed improvements was refined to ensure that survey participants will likely be familiar with it and can relate to it. The subsection on cars includes also a question about the ownership of car by a household. Section three focuses on socio-demographic factors that may significantly affect travel needs and possibilities and play an important role in the choice of means of transport. They include family status and household composition, their socio-economic and employment status, financial circumstances, and education level.
3 While cycling is also an important environmentally-friendly mode of transportation, this survey intentionally set the focus on walking and public transportation. Complementary data on cycling in Tirana are available from a separate survey, realised in December 2019 through the project „#DynaMob 2.0“.
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2.6 Demography The following figures illustrate the socio-demographic composition of the survey respondents, Figure 2: Gender of survey respondents (percentage distribution).
Figure 3: Age of survey respondents (percentage distribution).
4852
GENDER
Male Female
2824
31
17
1
15-29 30-45 46-64 65+ Prefer not tosay
AGE
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Figure 4: Education level of survey respondents (percentage distribution).
Figure 5: Occupation status of survey respondents (percentage distribution).
Figure 6: Occupation status of survey respondents (percentage distribution).
7
46
32
15
0Completed
elementary schoolCompleted high
school.Completed three
years of university(Bachelor's Degree).
Completed fiveyears of universityor more (Master's
Degree)
Other
EDUCATION
12
12
19
7
50
Unemployed
Student
Retired
Housewife/ Homemaker
Employed
OCCUPATION
31
15
4
49
We make enough money, but we don'thave the money for luxury things
We live with difficulties, we can hardlycover even the most basic needs
We have enough money and can affordmore luxurious things (expensive
travel, gadgets, personal belongings)
We can only meet the most basic needs
FINANCIAL STATUS
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Figure 7: Administrative units where survey respondents live (percentage distribution).
17
85
710
1313
98
99
Other
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 11
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 10
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 9
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 8
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 7
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 6
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 5
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 4
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 3
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 2
Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 1
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
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3. Analysis and Results 3.1 Transportation in Tirana
3.1.1 Satisfaction with mobility in Tirana
The first finding of the survey which is a prerequisite for understanding all the others is related to the satisfaction of citizens in Tirana with mobility in the city. Conducted data shows that the population of Tirana is moderately dissatisfied with their ability to move and reach places they need to visit. While 41% of citizens express total or partial dissatisfaction, almost one-third (32%) is satisfied with possibilities for mobility. Additionally, focusing only on those who strongly expressed their feelings, there are far more completely dissatisfied citizens (21%) than those completely satisfied (6%). This finding indicates the considerable space for the improvement and the reasons which lie behind are assessed in detail in the following sections. Figure 8: In general, how satisfied are you with your mobility, that is the ability to get around in Tirana, when you want or need to go to places? Are you… Base: Total target population
Since the population is not homogeneous, a closer look at the differences between socio-demographic groups provides valuable insights. Firstly, different age groups do not express satisfaction to the same extent. While citizens who are between 30 and 45 years old are less satisfied with their mobility in the city than others (19% vs 26%), the opposite holds for citizens older than 65 – they express the satisfaction to a larger extent than rest of the population (39% vs 26%). Secondly, when it comes to people in different socio-economic situations, those who are employed are less satisfied with the mobility than retired citizens (48% vs 29%). Additionally, people using different modes of transportation do not hold the same feeling about mobility in the city. Among those driving a car, there are less satisfied citizens than among the others (21% vs 32%). Finally, the statistical difference is observable between areas of the city. Thus, those living in District 4 are more satisfied with the mobility that those living in District 2 and District 5 (for a map, see Figure 1 in Chapter 2.2).
21
20
41
27
32
26
6
Completely dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Sum -
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
Sum +
Satisfied
Completely satisfied
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3.1.2 Key Aspects for Choosing a Transportation Mode
When citizens decide which mode of transportation they are going to use, there are several important factors they consider. For almost a third of the population, the most decisive feature of transportation is reliability, spontaneously reported by 32% of respondents. Counting all the responses, reliability is followed by cleanliness, which is reported by almost every other respondent (45%), and punctuality, the time needed to get to a destination, and comfort, which are all important to more or less every third citizen. Figure 9: What is most important for you when choosing a mode of transportation?4 Base: Total target population
Regardless the socio-demographic background of respondents, reliability is the most decisive feature of transportation. The only exception in this regard are inhabitants of District 6 and District 11 who firstly take cleanliness into account when thinking which mode of transportation to use. Although reliability is the most decisive, the appreciation for other factors is not expressed to the same extent by all groups. Depending on the socio-economic status, place of living, and mode of transportation citizens use, there are different features after reliability which determine the choice of transportation.
4 Figure 2 shows two types of answers – first answer and all answers. This is due to the fact that the respondent might prefer more than one answer. In this case, the first answer shows what would be the main preference and all answers show the cumulative percentage when all preferences are taken into account.
32
14
13
12
8
8
5
3
2
2
1
50
34
33
45
30
22
23
11
9
5
3
Reliability
Punctuality
Time needed to get to destination
Cleanliness
Comfort
Cost
Safety
Availability of information about schedule,routes, and cost
Flexibility (routing, duration of travel...)
Environmental impact
Accessibility
First answer
All answers
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Thus, considering only the first response, comfort is more desired by male citizens (13%), those who report making enough money (14%), and car drivers (13%). In the same line, safety is the most important feature for every 10th retired citizen and 29% of those living in District 10. The time needed to get to a destination is the second most frequently reported feature by people with disabilities (45%) and inhabitants of District 7 (50%). Collected data indicate that there are certain areas of the city in which citizens appreciate cleanliness more than in others. This is the case for District 6 (for every forth dweller of this area, cleanliness is the most important feature of transportation) and District 11 (all responses: 85%), while inhabitants of District 4 care about cleanliness significantly less than others on average (all responses: 14% vs 45%). Finally, people who regularly walk in order to reach the desired destination, base their decision on flexibility and environmental impact to a greater extent than those who do not walk, while those who regularly use public transport appreciate cleanliness more than those who are not regular public transportation users.
3.1.3 Use of Different Transportation Modes in Tirana
Among all the existing modes of transportation in Tirana, citizens usually walk to reach the desired destination. The next most frequently used mode of transportation is public transport (50%), followed by using a car either as a passenger (43%) or as a driver (24%). Finally, the least used mode of transportation is cycling (10%). Hence, comparing frequency of using each mode of transportation, it seems that the least polluting mode – walking – is the most frequent. Yet, another eco-friendly mode of transportation – cycling – is regularly used by every 10th citizen. Figure 10: How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go? Base: Total target population
10
24
43
50
74
Cycling
By car as a driver
By car as a passenger
Public transport
Walking
Always + Very often
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3.1.3.1 Cars It seems that approximately 7 out of 10 citizens of Tirana have a car in their household. However, there is a discrepancy between number of car owners and number of car users. As it is already displayed, some people regularly drive a car, while some usually share it with others. Conducted data indicates that somewhat more than one third of the population of Tirana drives a car, every fourth citizen lives in a household with a car but does not have a driving licence, 8% own a car but due to various reasons they do not drive it. Slightly less than a third of the population does not have a car within the household. Figure 11: Does your household own a car, and do you use it? Base: Total target population
The analysis of socio-demographic data provides further insight into the discrepancy between owning and driving a car. Since many households consist of individuals of different gender, age, socio-economic status, etc., it is not surprising to find differences between these categories. The categories of the population which report driving a car in the majority are men, citizens between 30 and 45 years old, those who are employed make enough money, and those who report making enough money. Therefore, individuals belonging to other categories (women, younger than 30 and older than 45, individuals living in low-income household and unemployed) are less likely to drive a car.5 Table 1: Groups that are most likely and least likely to drive a car (only considering adults).
Most likely Least likely Men Women
30 – 45 years old 65+ years old Employees Students, housewives, retirees
Making enough money Hardly covering basic needs When it comes to the frequency of transportation by car, more citizens use it always or very often as a passenger (43%) than as a driver (24%). However, when the frequency of usage is observed separately, it seems that car drivers are more consistent with their choice of transportation. More precisely, while 69% of drivers always use a car, it is 24% of passengers
5 It should be noted that the sampling frame is restricted to the adult (18+) population of Tirana. If children and youth younger than 18 who in general do not drive would be considered, the overall percentage of the population who does not drive, would be significantly bigger (especially in such a young City like Tirana).
31
8
26
35
No, the household does not have a car
Yes, but although I am a driver I don't drive it
Yes, but I don't drive it because I am not a driver
Yes, and I drive it
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who always opt for this mode of transportation. On the other hand, the share of non-users is higher among car drivers than passengers. While more than half of the adult population never drive a car, only 8% of those who never go in a car driven by someone else. In line with previous socio-demographic data, passengers are more likely to be female, students and those between 15-29 years old, but also those living in District 11. Figure 12: How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go? – Cars Base: Total target population
3.1.3.2 Public Transport Every other citizen of Tirana regularly uses public transport, which makes public transport the second most frequent mode of transportation in Tirana (most citizens always or very often walk when they want to reach a certain destination in the city). However, when calculating the prevalence of transportation modes, public transport is the most widespread compared to other modes of transportation. In other words, 7% of citizens report never using public transport, while the proportion of those who never use other modes of transportation is higher. Thus, the widespread use of public transport indicates that this is the most important mode of transportation for the population of Tirana. Figure 13: How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go? – Public transport Base: Total target population
Looking at the socio-demographic structure, it is more likely to find regular public transport users among women, students and those living in District 11. On the other side, those regularly using cycling and those living in District 10 (downtown) use public transportation to a lesser extent. This data implies two findings. The first is that there is a gender imbalance in the use of transportation modes - men drive cars more often than women, and women use public transportation more often than men. Second, the fact that, on average, the share of cyclists
10
16
32
7
26
10
24
13
8
54
By car as a passenger
By car as a driver
Always Very often Sometimes Rarely Never
30 21 17 25 7Public transport
Always Very often Sometimes Rarely Never
21
among regular public transport users is lower than the share of other population categories, implies that public transport and cycling are to some extent substitutes for each other. In other words, citizens who regularly ride the bus are less likely to use cycling, as on the other hand, citizens who regularly bike, use buses to a lesser extent. 3.1.3.3. Walking Taking both short- and long-distance transportation into account, it seems that citizens of Tirana, most commonly do not use any transportation vehicles. Almost half of the respondents report to walk always when needed to reach the desired destination, somewhat less than one third reports to do it very often, and 9% never. In comparison to these results, none of the socio-demographic groups show a statistically significant difference. However, differences can be captured when groups are compared within the socio-demographic categories of gender and district area. In this line, a higher share of women report to walk always or very often compared to men (79% vs 69%), and the same holds for inhabitants of District 2 and District 5 compared to those living in District 4 (both 88% vs 56%). These differences between districts show that people who live near the city centre (District 2 and District 5) tend to walk more frequently than those living in the periphery (District 4). Figure 13: How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go? – Walking Base: Total target population
3.1.3.4 Cycling Although walking is the most common mode of transportation, another eco-friendly option – cycling – is the least presented. One-quarter of citizens cycle, of which 9% cycles regularly (always and very often), 6% sometimes, and 10% rarely. When it comes to differences between men and women, there is a larger share of men than women for whom cycling is a regular mode of transportation. It seems that women do not more commonly use eco-friendly transport modes, but rather less expensive transportation than men. When it comes to other socio-demographic groups that stand out by the frequency of cycling, the data shows that there is a smaller share of retirees and regular public transport users (as discussed in the previous section) among regular users of cycling.
45 29 11 7 9Walking
Always Very often Sometimes Rarely Never
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Figure 14: How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go? – Cycling Base: Total target population
3.2 Car as a mode of transportation
When it comes to the attitudes of the surveyed citizens of Tirana about the use of cars, it can be observed that the respondents are in general aware of certain rules that must be followed in order to ensure the safety of all traffic participants. 6 out of 10 citizens support the enforcement of strict safety regulations and measures (such as speed limits, traffic signs, etc.), to reduce the number of traffic accidents. Those who are employed, those who are active drivers as well as those who live in District 6, are more likely to have this attitude. Further, one half of citizens state they consider various costs (service, tax, petrol etc.) when deciding whether to drive a car or take other forms of transport (51% agree or strongly agree with this statement). Residents of Tirana whose households have enough money but don’t have enough for luxury things, as well as those who are employed, who are active drivers, and who live in District 6 more commonly share this attitude. When it comes to the behaviour of car drivers, there is a considerable gap between self-perception and perception of others. On the one hand, approximately 45% of respondents report to always slow down or give way to pedestrians at pedestrian crossing and to actively watch out for cyclists when they drive, on the other hand, only 14% agree with the statement that other people show safe and polite driving behaviour. The positive self-perception is common among men, those whose household have enough money but don’t have enough for luxury things, those who are employed, and those who are active drivers. When it comes to some specific actions which increase safety in driving, need for improvement becomes apparent as well. While 5% of citizens strongly agree with the statement that they sometimes text or make call while they drive (the percentage is probably even higher since the negative answer is socially desirable) there is 5% of citizens who state (strongly agree) that passengers in backseat always wear seatbelt when they drive. Citizens who admit they text or make calls while driving, are more likely to be men and residents of Tirana who are 30-45 years old are more likely to single out that passengers in backseat always wear seatbelt. Three quarters of citizens of Tirana acknowledge that driving makes air pollution in Tirana worse. This attitude is evenly distributed among all socio-demographic categories. However, when compared with the above-mentioned importance of features that determine the selection
5 4 6 10 75Cycling
Always Very often Sometimes Rarely Never
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of transportation mode, there is a discrepancy between the opinion and the behaviour of citizens. While the perception of the negative impact of driving on the environment is widespread, only 5% of citizens decide which mode of transportation to use based on this criterion. Finally, the biggest problem for citizens in Tirana is parking, as almost three quarters don’t believe that it is easy to find parking in Tirana and this attitude is evenly widespread among all socio-demographic categories.
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Figure 15: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about driving by car in Tirana? Base: Total target population
3.3 Public Transport as a Mode of Transport The citizens of Tirana evaluate the functioning of public transport in two ways. While, on the one side, most of them are satisfied with the dispersion of public transportation network and ticket prices. On the other side, most citizens are unhappy with comfort and timetables.
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It is easy to find parking
Other people show safe and polite drivingbehavior
Passengers in the backseat always wear a seatbeltwhen I drive
Sometimes, I text or make a call while I am driving
I actively watch out for cyclists when I drive
I always slow down or give way to pedestrians atpedestrian crossings
I take into account service, tax, petrol, insuranceand parking costs when I decide whether to drive a
car or take other forms of transport
I support the enforcement of strict safetyregulations and measures to reduce the number of
traffic accidents.
I think that driving makes air pollution in Tiranaworse
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree I don’t know/ I am not a driver
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When it comes to positive aspects of public transportation, 92% of citizens report having public transport near the place they live. The high level of satisfaction with the network of public transportation is also indicated by 76% of citizens who agree with the statement that in most cases public transport goes where they need to go. Regarding these two aspects, there are no statistically significant differences between socio-demographic groups. In other words, people of all gender, age, socio-economic status and areas of living are satisfied to the same extent. The third positive aspect of public transportation is related to the cost-effectiveness of public transportation use. Three out of four citizens believe it is cost-effective to use public transport. This holds for all the respondents, except those living in District 2 who are significantly less satisfied than others (44% vs 91%). Considering negative aspects of public transportation, the majority of citizens feel discomfort with the lack of space in the vehicles, unavailable schedules, uneasy use of mobility aid, poorly maintained vehicles and inaccuracy in timetables. The least accepted statement about public transportation is related to the space for passengers in the vehicles which is strongly opposed by 58% of citizens, regardless of their socio-demographic background. Going into details, it looks like seniors (citizens more than 65 years old) are dissatisfied with cost-effectiveness to a greater extent than others (25% vs 14%) and citizens living in District 5 are unhappy with the possibility to use public transport with mobility aids far more than others (94% vs 66%).
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Figure 16: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement about public transport in Tirana? Base: Total target population
There might be many things that can provide incentives for people to start using public transportation more frequently, but according to the public opinion of citizens in Tirana, it is a better quality of vehicles that would make the biggest impact. Quality is here understood in terms of heating, cooling, hygiene and more seating – aspects currently under the critic of the majority of citizens (as it is shown in Figure 16). Among other improvements that would motivate citizens to use public transportation, there are measures related to safety, reliability of timetables, bus infrastructure, accessibility of information, and more accessible
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On public transport, there is enough room for allpassengers
It is easy for me to get up-to-date informationabout fares, routes, and schedules
It is easy to use public transport when using awheelchair or other mobility aid
Public transport vehicles (i.e., buses, trams) areclean and well maintained
Public transport is reliable so I arrive at the desiredtime
I feel safe when using public transport
In most cases public transport goes where I needto go
It is cost-effective to use public transport
There is public transport near where I live
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree I don’t know
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vehicles especially for people with disabilities. Considering specific categories within the population there are no statistically significant differences. Figure 17: To what extent would the following changes motivate you to use public transport more often? Base: Total target population
3.4 Walking as a Mode of Transport
Citizens of Tirana think that there is a lot of space for improvement of conditions for using walking as a way of transportation. Most residents of Tirana are not happy with the conditions and overall environment for pedestrians. Namely, 68% of citizens think (disagree or strongly disagree) that cars are not parked properly and they interfere with pedestrians moving to their destination, slightly above half of citizens are not happy with drivers’ awareness toward pedestrians and 57% of citizens do not feel safe as a pedestrian. Hence, again, it seems that there is a significant discrepancy between self-perception and perception of others, since 45% of citizens think they care about others while driving.
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Public transport is available near where I live
More accessible vehicles (for example, easierboarding for people using wheelchairs, strollers)
Easily and quickly accessible information aboutthe arrival times of bus and tram
If there was a better bus/tram stopsinfrastructure (better lighting, shelter from rain,
benches)
Reliable timetables and more adequate routes(e.g., better connectivity)
Better safety measures on buses/trams (e.g.,against pick pocketing and bullying)
Better vehicle quality (e.g. heating, cooling,hygiene, more seating)
I would be very motivated 2 3 4 I would not be motivated at all
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Regarding dissatisfaction with cars that are not parked properly, this attitude is more widespread among those who are older than 65 years, those with only primary school education and residents of Districts 3 and 4. Speaking of attitude toward drivers’ behaviour, it is more commonly stated by those who live in District 3. Housewives/ homemakers and residents of District 3 feel more unsafe as pedestrians than the total population of citizens of Tirana. Also, a quarter of residents of Tirana strongly believe there aren’t enough sidewalks and that existing sidewalks are not in good shape (e.g. they are not wide enough, there are hydrants and other obstacles etc.). At the same time, 37% of citizens are dissatisfied with the number of places for rest (e.g. benches) and the amount of greenery that povides shade for pedestrians. Residents from District 5 more frequently state that there are no enough sidewalks and those who are 30-45 y.o. and live in District 5 more commonly point out that existing sidewalks are not in good shape. Furthermore, citizens who are 30-45 y.o. and those who live in Districts 5 and 6 were more likely to state that there are not enough places for rest and there is not enough greenery.
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Figure 18: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement about walking in Tirana? Base: Total target population
There are lot of factors that can motivate citizens of Tirana to use walking as a way of transportation more frequently. A high percentage of residents would be very motivated to walk more often if there would be more car-free zones and more greenery and places to rest. Also, better quality of sidewalks, better street safety, more attention from car drivers, vicinity of key services within walking distance, and raising awareness about the benefits of walking for personal health and for clean air in Tirana, are perceived as very strong incentives for walking by vast majority of citizens. All these attitudes are evenly widespread among all socio-demographic categories.
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Cars are parked properly and in a way thatdoes not interfere with pedestrians moving to
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Drivers have enough awareness forpedestrians and keep an eye on them in
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I feel safe when I am a pedestrian
There are enough places to rest (for example,benches)
If sidewalks exist, they mostly in a goodcondition (e.g. wide enough, without hydrants
and other obstales)
There is enough greenery and tree alleysproviding shade for pedestrians on sunny
days
There are enough sidewalks
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree I don’t know
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Figure 19: To what extent would the following changes motivate you to walk more often? Base: Total target population
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Vicinity of key services within walking distanceof where I live (e.g., schools, kindergartens,…
Learning more about the benefits of walking formy personal health and for clean air in Tirana
More attention from car drivers
Better street safety (from pickpockets, bullies, stray dogs…)
More car-free zones (for pedestrian andrecreational use)
More tree alleys and greenery and places to restto make walking more comfortable
Better quality of sidewalks for walking (e.g. nopotholes, poles, and other obstacles)
I would be very motivated 2 3 4 It would not motivate me at all
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4. Conclusions Overall satisfaction and use of transport modes:
• Conducted data shows that the population of Tirana is moderately dissatisfied with their ability to move and reach places they need to visit. Focusing only on those who strongly expressed their feelings, there are far more completely dissatisfied citizens (21%) than those completely satisfied (6%). In this respect, drivers show less satisfaction than the others.
• For almost a third of the population, the most decisive feature of transportation is reliability, spontaneously reported by 32% of respondents as most important aspect. Counting all the responses (also including second and third priorities), reliability is followed up by cleanliness, which is reported by almost every other respondent (45%), and punctuality, the time needed to get to a destination, and comfort, which are all important to more-less every third citizen.
• Among all the existing modes of transportation in Tirana, citizens usually walk to reach the desired destination. The next most frequently used mode of transportation is public transport (50%), followed by using a car either as a passenger (43%) or as a driver (24%). Finally, the least used mode of transportation is cycling (10%).
• When calculating the prevalence of transportation modes, public transport is the most widespread compared to other modes of transportation. Although, for some people, cycling might be a substitute for buses since those who ride cycles are less likely to use buses and the other way around.
• When it comes to frequency of transportation by car, more citizens use it always or very often as a passenger (43%) than as a driver (24%). More likely to drive a car are men, citizens between 30 and 45 years old, those who are employed and those who report making enough money. Either way, none of these applies to more than a half of the population (54%) who never drive a car.
• There is a gender imbalance in the use of transportation modes - men drive cars more often than women, and women use public transportation more often than men.
Perception of car use in Tirana:
• Although, three quarters of citizens of Tirana think that driving makes air pollution in Tirana worse, only 5% prioritise the environmental impact when deciding which mode of transportation to use.
• One half of the citizens state they consider the various costs (service, tax, petrol etc.) when deciding whether to drive a car or take other forms of transport (51%).
• Almost half of the surveyed citizens state that they always slow down or give way to pedestrians at pedestrian crossings and that they actively watch out for cyclists when they drive (44% and 45% respectively). However, self-perception is not congruent with the perception of others. Thus, 3 out of 10 citizens strongly believe that other people don’t show safe and polite driving behaviour.
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• Additionally, bad practices are reported by 5% of citizens when it comes to texting and calling while driving. Moreover, only 5% of citizen state that passengers in the backseat always wear seatbelt when they drive.
• 6 out of 10 citizens support the enforcement of strict safety regulations and measures (such as speed limits, traffic signs, etc.), to reduce the number of traffic accidents.
• Parking seems to be big problem for citizens of Tirana, since almost three quarters don’t believe that it is easy to find parking in Tirana.
Perception of public transport in Tirana:
• The positive sides of public transportation are dispersion (stations are located near the place where people live), good network (buses operate where people need to go) and cost-effectiveness (it does pay off to use public transport)
• On the other side, negative aspects of public transportation are related to lack of space in the vehicles, unavailable schedules, uneasy use of mobility aid, poorly maintained vehicles and inaccuracy in timetables.
• As citizens express, in order to use public transport to a greater extent, quality of vehicles need to be improved.
Perception of walking conditions in Tirana:
• 57% of citizens do not feel safe as pedestrians. • Cars are not the only issue for pedestrians. A quarter of residents of Tirana strongly
believe there aren’t enough sidewalks and that existing sidewalks are not in good shape (e.g. they are not wide enough, there are hydrants and other obstacles etc.). At the same time, 37% of citizens are very dissatisfied with the number of places for rest (e.g. benches) and the amount of greenery that make shade for pedestrians.
• A high percentage of residents would be very motivated to walk more often if there would be more car-free zones and more greenery and places to rest. Also, better quality of sidewalks, better street safety, more attention from car drivers, vicinity of key services within walking distance and raising awareness about the benefits of walking for personal health and for clean air in Tirana, are perceived as very strong incentives for walking by vast majority of citizens.
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Annex QUESTIONNAIRE
[Greeting],
The agency Ipsos is conducting a survey about the mobility of Tirana citizens and the sustainability of the transportation system for the needs of City of Tirana.
Would you be willing to participate in this survey? It should take circa 10 minutes. Any information you share will be kept strictly anonymous.
1. In general, how satisfied are you with your mobility, that is the ability to get around in Tirana, when you want or need to go to places? Are you…
- Completely satisfied
- Satisfied
- Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
- Dissatisfied
- Completely dissatisfied
2. What is most important for you when choosing a mode of transportation? Please select no more than three options.
- Reliability.
- Punctuality.
- Availability of information about schedule, routes, and cost.
- Time needed to get to destination.
- Flexibility. (in terms of routing, duration of travel...)
- Cost.
- Comfort.
- Accessibility.
- Cleanliness.
- Safety.
- Environmental impact.
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3. How often do you use each of the following modes of transport to reach the destination where you need or want to go?
Always Very often Sometimes Rarely Never
By car as a driver.
By car as a passenger (when someone else is driving me).
Public transport.
Walking (including using a wheelchair or other mobility aid).
Cycling
Personal Cars
4. Does your household own a car and do you use it?
1. Yes, and I drive it.
2. Yes, but I don't drive it because I am not a driver.
3. Yes, but although I am a driver I don't drive it.
4. No, the household does not have a car.
5. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about driving by car in Tirana? Use a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means “I completely agree”, 2 “I agree”, 3 “I neither agree nor disagree”, 4 “I disagree”, and 5 “I strongly disagree.”
Strongly agree (1)
Agree (2) Neutral (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly disagree (5)
I don’t know./ I am not a driver so I can’t respond.
It is easy to find parking.
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Other people show safe and polite driving behaviour.
I think that driving makes air pollution in Tirana worse.
Sometimes, I text or make a call while I am driving.
Passengers in the backseat always wear a seatbelt when I drive.
I actively watch out for cyclists when I drive.
I always slow down or give way to pedestrians at pedestrian crossings.
I take into account service, tax, petrol, insurance and parking costs when I decide whether to drive a car or take other forms of transport.
I support the enforcement of strict safety regulations and measures (such as speed limits, traffic signs, etc.), to reduce the number of traffic accidents.
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Public Transport
6. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement about public transport in Tirana)? Use a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means “I completely agree”, 2 “I agree”, 3 “I neither agree nor disagree”, 4 “I disagree”, and 5 “I strongly disagree.”
Strongly agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neutral (3)
Disagree (4)
Strongly disagree (5)
I don’t know.
There is public transport near where I live.
In most cases public transport goes where I need to go.
Public transport is reliable so I arrive at the desired time.
Public transport vehicles (i.e., buses, trams) are clean and well maintained.
On public transport, there is enough room for all passengers.
It is easy for me to get up-to-date information about fares, routes, and schedules.
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It is cost-effective to use public transport.
I feel safe when using public transport.
It is easy to use public transport when using a wheelchair or other mobility aid.
7. To what extent would the following changes motivate you to use public transport more often? Please use a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 means “I would be very motivated” and 5 “It would not motivate me at all.”
1. Public transport is available near where I live.
2. Reliable timetables and more adequate routes (e.g., better connectivity).
3. Easily and quickly accessible information about the arrival times of bus and tram.
4. Better vehicle quality (e.g. heating, cooling, hygiene, more seating).
5. More accessible vehicles (for example, easier boarding for people using wheelchairs, strollers, etc.)
6. Better safety measures on buses/trams (e.g., against pick pocketing and bullying).
7. If there was a better bus/tram stops infrastructure (better lighting, shelter from rain, benches)
8. Faster arrival at destination, for instance through stricter enforcement of priority lanes for public transport.
Walking
8. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement about walking in Sarajevo? Use a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means “I completely agree”, 2 “I agree”, 3 “I neither agree nor disagree”, 4 “I disagree”, and 5 “I strongly disagree.”
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Strongly agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neutral (3)
Disagree (4)
Strongly disagree (5)
I don’t know.
There are enough sidewalks.
If sidewalks exist, they mostly in a good condition (e.g. wide enough, without hydrants and other obstacles).
Drivers have enough awareness for pedestrians and keep an eye on them in traffic.
Cars are parked properly and in a way that does not interfere with pedestrians moving to their destination.
I feel safe when I am a pedestrian.
There are enough places to rest (for example, benches).
There is enough greenery and tree alleys providing shade for pedestrians on sunny days.
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9. To what extent would the following changes motivate you to walk more often? Please use a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 means “I would be very motivated” and 5 “It would not motivate me at all.”
1. Better quality of sidewalks for walking (e.g. no potholes, poles, and other obstacles).
2. More car-free zones (for pedestrian and recreational use).
3. More attention from car drivers.
4. Better street safety (from pickpockets, bullies, stray dogs…).
5. Learning more about the benefits of walking for my personal health and for clean air in Tirana.
6. More tree alleys and greenery and places to rest to make walking more comfortable.
7. Vicinity of key services within walking distance of where I live (e.g., schools, kindergartens, health centre, library, supermarkets, and other important services).
About Yourself
10. In which administrative unit of the City do you live?
- Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 1 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 2 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 3 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 4 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 5 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 6 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 7 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 8 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 9 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 10 - Njësia Bashkiake Nr. 11 - Other (please specify)
11. Please tell us how old you are.
- ________________
- Prefer not to say.
12. What is your latest education level?
1. Completed elementary school
2. Completed high school.
3. Completed three years of university (Bachelor’s Degree).
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4. Completed five years of university or more (Master’s Degree, PhD).
5. Other
13a. How many members does your household have?
- In total: ____
13.b. How many of them are…
- Children 6 years and younger: __
- Children between 7 and 19 years: __
- Children over 19 years:___
14. Please tell us if you are…
1. Employed
2. Unemployed
3. Student
4. Housewife/ Homemaker
5. Retired
15. Finally, which of the following best describes your household?
1. We live with difficulties, we can hardly cover even the most basic needs.
2. We can only meet the most basic needs.
3. We make enough money, but we don't have the money for luxury things.
4. We have enough money and can afford more luxurious things (expensive travel, gadgets, personal belongings).
Thank you for your time!
