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CONTENTSYOUR SOLAR LABORATORY VSaw that p iz za box ! v ii

I W H A T IS SOLAR ~..nRC:Y? 1. Inthe heart of the sun,] '"Sun Fun : Make a model Ear th and s un 5The Earth's power p,,"t 6You are solar -powered ' 8Sun Fun: How mu ch sunshine do you eat? 9

2 SUNSHINE'DOESM" STIMK 11The Earth is.a piggy bank 13Yoursolar a llowance 14Sun Fun,Which ones ar e renewable? 15Sun Fun: Find south 16Sun Fun: Fol low the le ader 18

3 JOURNEY TO TH~ ANCIENT WORLD 19Arts-who? 20Do our eyesdecei ve us? 20Sun Fun: Shadow t ri cks 21Sun Fun : li ke , a t ota l e cli pse . man ' 22Sun Fun: Dialinto the sun 23The golden chariot travels two Toads 26Sola r or po lar ? 28Keep ing your coo l 29Sun Fun: Connect-the-dots portico 30Sun Fun : Amodel pr oje ct 31Sun Fun: Youcan bui ld a Greek Revival dog house 33'" A ROMAN ENERGY CRISIS 38Greenhouse, 39Sun Fun Test a del i-container 9,eenholJ ', 40Old ,deds in new houses

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Solar energy is a clean, renewable fue l . Most of t he o ther f ue ls we use today, l ike oiland coal, are running out . They also cause dangerous pol lution. Yet these fuels powermost ofour factories, heat ourhomes. IUn machines and computers . They power OUTcars, trucks, trains, and airplanes. Today, just as in the Rome of long ago, we are turn-ing to sola r ene rgy t o repla ce t he se fuels . The re' s a lo t so le r ener gy can a lr eady do .T he re 's m uc h m or e to be d is ce ve re d. M a yb e y ou w il lmake some ~Athose discoveries!

, ,' ~ f < c~~SUNFACT \Enough sunshine fallsona 3',3' square to cook18 hamburgers eve ry hour.This amount o f sunshinecould also b rew 40 cap s

o f cof fee, o r fry 100 eggs!SUN FACT

In just one second. the sun makes enoughenergy to s up pl y . 11 1he power people willneed for the next 2.000 years.

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\.,I. J'.,fi- ,-'!,'Turn Cast Cood c~ntai:l'].e:rsinto hot projectsAll t inkerers and inventors know this secre1: Th e s tu ff mony people throwaway can be just the thingyou need for your nex t exper iment. Here's a l is to f things to col lect for your solar junk. box-so youcan k ee p on ha nd th e kind ot junk t h o l' s good for bui ld ing the solor projects tn thiS b o ok . I f y o u hkep izza , sodo, and McDonald's, you won't hove much t roub le f inding what y ou n e ed . lHol1the Ivn ISeating what comes i n the con1a ine r f i r s t r l

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.'4SUN FACTOnce you start saving thing for vour junk be". vou ont have troubleb.,lieving that evcrv family in the U.S creal,," abau' 100 rounds of qarbaq.i?\e!',' week! Altogether. people in Ih" u.S. L1l 3 rrull ion lon' ol lood. p~p

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Save::1 sodo drink cups, lops, and straws! r in s e 1hem and let d ry l ) ' .. 1 pizza boxes ' . .'., shiny foil snack'packages ~ ~ :~~ })tchips, popcorn, etc.) ~: ; uc : ; ; ~ ~ ~ : ~ t ~ ~ e ~ : W " : : ; l w n~ , \ f \t.~' i /~/' ..~t o s av e a few really big bags _ A.;-and several emetter-eizea ones. .".... , J" ~

, p rcsnc del i con ta iners r " ' 'o,../__/ ~~;;:s~~=r~~~ry);h (v\r""'~come in lhese (McOonakl 's, Wendys) ~ j \as well as a/he.' kinds 01 rea!iy-made : i \deli foods. Try to find some with.// ~I \;blaCk bottoms and clear tops / ' ,

, Dunk in ' Donur bo xes(Kentucky fr ied C h ic k en , 1 0 01

:J the p a pe r b o gs tal :e-out f oo d s c om e in. , l it tl e w hi te c of fe e c re a m er confainers:J bubble pack:J quisp (styrofoam pocking peanuts):1empty sodo can [rinsed out):'I big cardboard b ox es o f many sizes SUN FACT

Americans use over 66 billionaluminum cans a ,'ear. If connectedend-to-end, the;' ....ould make a chainthat could circle the 5un-1W(CE!That's over six mill ion miles long 1

SUN FACT'~~~r~ - ! - r . _ : over 130000 fast f O ( J d

,. 'c, 'duranT...: .ir: !h~U.SVII!

Soja' comes f rom the Lat in word solarts,rneaninq sun.

Cautions and hints for solar scientistsNEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN, even with SUn~lat;se5 on!The sun is so bri ght it can bl ind you.USE SHADOWS TO FIND THE SUN.When you need to aim an experiment atthe sun, just l ook at it s shadow. Turn youre xp er imen t un ti l t he s ha dow fal ls st raigh tbehind i t. The aim will b e pe rf ect and youwon't even have to peek at the sun,

SUN FACT

WEAR SUNGlASSES. Sunglasses keepreflections out of your eyes. They makeit easier to see when you work in brightsunltght.SLATHER ON THE SUNSCREEN .The rays of the sun are very powerfu l.They can heat water-or burn yourskin if you stand in the sun toolong. To protect your skin, use asunscreen lotion {with ultraviolet-UV-protectionj on all thebare pl ac es expo se d to the s un .

Inthe United Stares. there arc o-cr100,000 home, i>. 'th 501" elecl'ici1','.Over 1.5 mil lion fa,nilie, rake b"lh, IJ)

,olarheated water.and 300.000 famiile,l ive in house, h~alprl b~'the

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..~,~:-.

Arnericans use15 million

plastic drink bottlesevery hour.

: . ', a : ' ,SU1~l~ACTIn 1880. the firstsolar-powered

printing press went on exhibit in Paris.Crowds w.oched as 500 copies

ofthe Sola, Journal were printed .using sunshine for power.The sun's heat boiled waterto make s team toruna steam engine thattumed the press.

HOT!! Most t empe ra tu re s in the se exper iment s won 't b urn you . But always be s afe. Before youpick up thing s he at ed with the sun, lest how hot they are with a quick touch of your finger.Too hot ? Use pot holder s or t owels.THERMOMETERS are helpful if you want to know how well your solar experiments areworking Try t o' f in d a mercury-type the rmometer tha t reads between 50~ and 150" Fahrenheit.A candy thermometer ca n work wel l. bu t b e ca re fu l~ th ey r e f ra gi lelTHE BEST TIME 10 experiment is between 10 AM and 3 PM. O( c ou rs e. t he b est t ime of ~'eari, sl immer and "": warmer days of spring and fal l. Clear s ki es mean more s un sh ine and the b estch:lnce (rx ,ucce,,(uJ xperirneutsFOR BEST RESULTS. -vhen pain! and piastic arc called for. try to use a flat black paint{r,,!rj(p,;c. water-based lalex!. and clear pbslic (like Sarallwrap)_

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1WHA T ISSOLAR ENERGY?HAYE YOU EVER . ?

wondered how the sun makes l ight and heat?. . . Maybe not. MOst people tend to take the

sun for gran ted. Af te r a ll . i t hasbeenthere in the sky practically iorever.

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~ . . ! L . , _~~SU~T

If you could c'iw a car 93 mil lionmiles f rom the E ar th 1 0 the sun,

it wou ld take T50 Y"a ,~ 10get there.Because light trawls much faster( 180,000 mil es per second],

IT takes only 8minutesfor 1he sun's lightto r each the Earth.

The sun is the star at the cen te r of oursolar s.,stem and the source of solarenergy. Solar energy is s en t to Earthin invisible rays by the light and hea tof the sun.

Before this cen tury . many of the greates tSCien tists thought the sun might be a sortof bonfire in space, made of coal orwood. These scienti st s wer e maki nggue ss es a bou t the s un . S in ce they knewthe sun was 864.000 miles through themiddle. t he y de cide d that a lump of c oa ltha t b ig cou ld burn for about 5.000 years.But then scientists learned that theEar th was over four b il li on ye lI rs o ld .and tha t d inosaurs were running aroundover 200 million years ago The suncould not be made of coal. Then newdi sc ov er ie s r ev ea le d that t he sun wasactually made of hydrogen and helium,dements which ar e gases on Earth.

.e.. ~ ~ - : i t~ ~ ' ; : , -SUij ' ;TzACTThe wry fi.."tlime scientists got

a look a t the sun from space was int he 1 95 05 . whe n Ihe first satelliteswere put into orbit by rockets,

In the heart of the sunThe sun is a ctua ll y more l ike a g lowingelectric stove bumer. When you boil water. theelectricity passing through the coils and causesthem to g low red hot. but the re 's no fire. Deepinsi de t he sun, radiation causes t he gases thatsurround the center of the sun to get super hot.These gases give off heat and l ight wit hout r eallybur ni ng. The r adiation in the core of the sun comesf rom fus io n. (To f in d out more a bou t fusion . c he ck outthe "sun fac t" below.)Th e en ergy f rom the s un' s c ore t ake s 50 million yea rs to reach the surface .whe re i t b ec omes l ig ht a nd t ra vel s into s pac e, The suns hine you feel o n yourfac e tod ay was crea te d mil li on s o f y ea rs be fo re pe ople ev er walke d on the Ear th '

SUN FACTThe Nobel Prtle-win",ng ,cientiSI, Hans Bethe . f ir st figured out i n 1938 how enecg\ "ascreatc. l h,. the sun Tr.c .ore of Ir..' sun is trem"ndousl~ hot~27 million degre~s Filnrenheil.H"dmg en a tom :),WQ into each other r onsrartlv. like peDp:~ ,,,,ing to g

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U, y . - ~SU~T

Solar wind iscreated when the sun sends high-energyparticles into space As the solar wind hlows by the Earth,

it CduSO'Shuge, beau1iful sheets of light to dance in the polar sky ,These displays are called the aurora bor ea l is , Or northern l ights.

(They happen at the South Pole, too.)

SUN FACT

" F ive mil lion tons o f the sun 's masschanqes into energy every second,ye t the sun wil l keep on shiningfor b il li ons o f y ea r s to come.- -

.~ / / fi. "/~:// ..I.> /'. - - - - . _ - - - - - -

SUN FACTCan you grasp the fac t tha t a mil lion Ear ths cou ld f it ins ide the sun?Would it hel p i f you knew the Ear th is a bal l 8 ,000 miles through i tsm iddle. whi le the sun :5 a bal l 864 ,000 miles through i ts m iddle'

SUN FACT.)01." flare~ are ge\-,sO'",of sunlight

: f 'd t ~ r u r. t f rom the sur face o f the sunThere ~ .. :.nough energV ir. o ne s o! ar H ar e~"J Otl~.e r a ll o : r ars, marhine;,.. houses

and faclorj(>. . , for one bH~ionV(~rlr:;~

'\\\ {'/. ~ , . , . , -Mode ls hel p us under sl and l hi ngs i n t he r ea l worl dthat are too big or 10 0 smo ll for our eyes, hands,and minds 10 grasp. T h e r e al sun and Ear th ore sohuge , i t' s a lmos t impossi bl e to imagi ne t hem Butwhat if the sun were only as bi g as a f amily -s izep iz zo? Then t he Eart h woul d be abou t t he Sill' 01 ap la in m&m' '' '. Now we can ge t some perspective onth in gs -l ik e how f or a po rt t he y ar e in spoce. \Jh~( if (h< Sun ," ,

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The Earth's power plantWithou t sol ar ene rgy. t he Ear th wou ld be dark . fr ozen.and empty. Alt hough the sun warms al l the p lanet s.many scienti st s don't think there i s cur ren t ly l ifeon any o ther p lane t i nour so lar syste rr - .What makes Earth special?

TQL t

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t 1 Z \ 2 } YO: are solar-powered!v / / r DID YOU KHOW .. ?- - "_____ " ... that leaves are sorer-cowered food factories?~~ But unlike most factories, leaves are quiet.Youwon't hear any machinery clankingaway jf you s t.3nd next to a t ree.And here's another difference:

imtead of pollution, leavesproduce oxygen-ju5t whatyou need :0 breathe!!

All plants have a substance in their leaves calledchlorophyll, a chemical that captures solar energy.The captured solar energy lets the leaves turnwater and carbon dioxide from the air into foodfor the plant.

Light from the sun gives plants the energy theyneed to grow. The plants giveyou the oxygenyou need to breathe. But the cellsof your skincannot use solar energy to make food.People and animals have to eat plants

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SUN FACTWhales are the biggest creatures alive-even biggerthan dinosaurs, These giants ofthe ocean eat some

01the tin iest plants, called plankton _They can swallow3 'I, tons i r. a s ingle gulp_ In other words, it takesa lotofsunshine to keep a whale alive!

ljo"",,, ~'U.c:h .s'U.Zlshi:r}.e do yo-u. eat?Plants toke time to grow from a .iny seed, Each day t he pl an tg rows by changi ng sol ar e ner gy i nt o f ood and s lo ri ng i t u p i n i t sleaves, seeds, o r f ru jt t er s say thaI one day o f sunsh ine equalsone s tored-up sun day of energy_ When you eat a plant (like 0romctol. you r bod y u se s t ho se s to re d- up sun days t o keep a li ve _Write down your favor ite: vegetable _ fruit _ cereol _

sun days _sun days _sun days _

To f ind out the sun days for each, go to a gorden store and lookat seed pocke ts , S ome t omat oe s, f or exampl e, t oke 90 days t ogrow. Or ask a former May be your family grows a garden andyou wil l a lr eady know the answer.Y ou won 't f in d cer ea l s eeds , Youneed t o know wha t k in d o f q romyour cereal is made from and find out the sun pays for that.Wer e you sur pr is ed b y how much sunsh in e you eat ?

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SC'i~:nC'e tair IdeaWon' to amaze people and maybe ear n a gold slar at !he next science fair?Then f indau' how much solar energy you run OIl eadl day.Keep truck of a U l he food you eot in on e day. Then Iface each food'0 its original source in the plan, world. Keep things slmple---iuslpick I he m a in "~redient. Fo r instance. !he moin thing ina .andybar i s sugar. 'Sugar comes from sugor cone. How many sundoys ore s lo red up i n sugar cane?Th is acti vi ly is a b ig chall enge because you don 't eo l ju stvegetables. You might hove a glass or milk, or a hamburger.Milk comas fr om cows Wha t p ian' does the C(YIN eat to s tayolive and make milk? How long does it .ake 10 grow? Howlong does a cow five before it is ki l led for hamburgers?How many su n days does a cow eat d ur in g t ho se m an ymonths? Youmoy wont to to lk to a biologist to f ind cui!

Make a chorllisting each food , the main ingred ient .ils source in the pion. worid, an d Ihe su n days.Ad d up aU ,he su n days to get a g ra n d toto!.

Go f or a d ou ble g old : indude plcll:resof t he f oo d s and ~ir plant sources!

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That's pollution. If your school bus we re powered wit h sola r e le ct ri ci ty .you wouldn't be l ef t s tandi ng i na b la ck . s ti nky c loud. Most o f t he fuels weuse cause pollution. When coal is burned in factories, it makes dirtysmoke. Oi l is b la ck and qooev, When it is shipped in huge oil tankers. itsomet imes spi ll s out , conterninatlnq the ocean. Nuclear =ncrqy is used tomake elect rici ty . But i ta l so makes dangerous radioactive waste

Fuels are sources of energy c Energy is absolutely necessary to modern Jile.Ener gy keeps t he li gh ts on . It heats your house. It keeps your food cold. ormakes it hot wi th a qu ick zap in the microwave. Computers need enerov Sodo te levis ions. When so lar ener gy is used to hea t a house. Or warm lip hathwater. 01' make el ec tr ic it v, it doc s not po ll ute . No th ing i sbur ned up . Ther e "no smoke.

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~ tn3:r:r 1"U!Jrolla...,. the LeaderPantscont walk around,but they dofollow the sunas " movesacross thes k y _ tn t'1emorning,carefullyobservea houseplant. or a f lower in a field.W hic h w ay is it f a ci n g? t n the afternoon.look again. Have the leaves or thef lowers moved? .

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--A." .... .A.... __ o u " .& . .... ... t .: t. . , . . . . . , . , .y . ."_ .~ .",,'T~~ ..... ~ f'.. ,,.

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3lOURMEYTO THEAMCIEMTWORLDHAVE YOU E V ER ?. measured your shadow at noontimeand found it shorter in the summerthan in the winter?. noticed. as the months passby.that the sun risesat a differentplace in the east and sets at adifferent place in the west?

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r~ l'U.11J'S'kado-w- tricksAristorchus reo lized tha t the s ize o f 0 shadowchanges as on obiect gels closer or fartheraway ifom the l ight . Shadow t ricks are easy Puta l amp OIl a table n so r a bare wal l. Toke of t thes h ad e . M a k e shadows on the wal l with yourhand or other objeds.This will work best if the lamp i s t he onl y l ig ht i nthe room 00 t he shadows o f o bj ec ts l oo k l ik ethe reel thing?

I

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'-~'~"'''''"''''.'''~_''''~.''.'~ . "~"",~. ;:~"~~< j.... '.~ :'/1' .'''' Don't be a /001. Follow this ;:;"e: 'iI"

Never watch a solar eclipse 'without special equipment.

SUN FACTIn a lunar eclipse, the Earth getsbe!>A-een the sun and the mono.

blOCKSthe sun's light,and casts a shadow on the moon.It is safe to wat ch ~ lunar eclipse.In a solar ecl ip se , the moon getsc etween the Earth and the sun.

The moon is exactly the r ight s iz ea n d e x ac tl y the right distancefrom the Earth to CO\Ierupthe surlace of the sun.

Like, a total eclipse, yp.a.rt!By s tudy ing shadows, A ristorchus cou ld tel l you lhe s iz e o f a t re e o r bui ldi ng no matterwhe re he s to od Tho1 's why he was able 10 f ig ure out t hi ngs obou t t he su n when hesow the shadow of the ~arth on the f ace o f the moon during a lunar ec l ip seCan you moke a lunar eclipse With your shadow lamp? "Try u Sing two differentplotes~o big one for the Ear th and a smal l o ne f or t he moor A sk a !fiend 10 help youl ine t hem up

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",

t ' 1 J : r J :ttS~)fDial into tke. 3'tl2l. ..

. . If for roughly five billion years.The SUfI has been nSlng ond se l "1od :wor l: ; long before anyoneSome people say if'sos regular as c end 5 ri~gs and pendulums,buil t a mechanical clOck ,", :"Ilhi~~'mple ~eY i(e let them tell theIe invented 1he sunolo . IS I~Of day iust by t he shadow o f t h e sun

!-ta.terials.:J a f arg e o r iUmbo soda d ri nk cupwith i ts p last ic cover and s traw

Jwristwa tch or o ther por table c lock" block magic marker- . (p ermonen t i nk l: "I penci l and lope

1 . 4

81lildi%lg it . he s below the lop . Use the pendl to ~ke. Ih e c up about two If1(; . . f over !'\It the pleSjj( opPoke 0 hole in t he Side a . the botlom of I t 1 e c up s o II ~ n I~ i n t h e side. Have about. t hi s hole Pu t SO"1e Sl~S ~rough t he h o le in Ihe tap 000 itewon 't s lip out . Maybe irs notthe cu p Push t he s r aw id e lope this 10 !he cu p sa .:ha lf .inch pok ing through the s .g or geous , b ut i rs r eady t o u se

SUN FACTThe srrew is called a gnomon,f rom the Greek word gOOSIS, "

" who knows..~ = ~ ~

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Using itFi nd a spo t t ha I' s s unny f rom 10 AM unlU 3 PM. pur you r sundi al on Ih g round or a ta bl e.Be sure i1 i s l evel . f in d sou th Now, l um your sundial cup unl il Ihe strew points northOnce you have i t s et , be sure not 1 0move i l l or t he re st 0 1 th e expe riment . Make a markon Ihe side of the cup neor the bottom and a mark on the ground or lable This Willl eI y ou pul lh e sundi al b ac k i n the sanne p lace i f i t gels knocked over.Beginning al10 AM, use the magic marker 10 d raw t he shadow cos t by the strow on thep la st ic l op . Be nea t and s tra ig ht Repea t t hi s f!Vf!ry hour unf it 3 PM. LeOlle your sundial outovernight. Next day, see if you can I e! !who l t ime i l i s u si ng you r sundi al I ns te ad o f a c lo ck

U:nderstandins itThe shadow on your sundi al moved f rom 10AM 10 3 PM i n I he some d ir ec ti on I he honds r',) clock move So, the shadow moved clockwise. But If you did Ihis experiment in thesou thern hemisphere. every lh ing wou ld change. The sun IS in Ihe northern sky. Shadowspoint soulhl Shadows move the opposne d irec tion f rom the wa v they do In the northernhemisphere Tha t's why some people soy , i f c locks hod been inven ted sou th o f the border.They'd run borkwords

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The golden chariot travels. two roadsI n ear ly GTe.+ mythology, the sun was a god called ApIlo who drove aHery golden chllrio~I h I d Todau scientists know the sun isnt a fTerv chariot 'But the Greeksaonga e3venyroa.I"'-l, .'. hchariot idea helped them learn i~tanl things about t he sun. Tl,ey observed that t eId n chariot passed along a different road in the sky dunng d lf fuen t seasons of the year ..? : t:e winter. the sun t ravels a path low in the southern. sky. But in the summer. the ~un

. h h d W'th these basic' facts the Greeks Invented solar erchi tecture, whichtrave Is hlg over ea. 1 'means designing b',lildings that use the sun for l ight and heal.

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/ J . ~/ ", J . 4 ". . . . . . . ,... _ ...

. l f l '11c , : /

. ManV other c Lllruresinvented solar architecture ..Including the antient Chint'$e andthl?Pueblo Ind ians01the American S ou th w es t. T h ey b ui ll t he ir cities

u p th e s id es 0 1 cl if fs -th e s ou th ,i des l .W i th o n e a p ar tm e nt stacked on top of anmher,everyone gotqual amounts of sunshine.

Th e Ch in e se u se d solar architecture in Iheir temples.W,ndo\,O,.SW re (Overed with rice paper,wh ic h g l ow e d a b ea ut if ul golden color

when 1 m . sun shone through it.

You can see how the por ti co worked if ou . . .Connect all the matching numbers ' o g e i e r ~~n~r the dots In thIS P Ic tu re . Use a ruler .~ nes . Co lo r t he sun and th e l in es i n ,~ll~ c Joe~n h~ are a s un~m as you draw Iher

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Bu.ilding itCu' a skit in the backside of the box big enough for your hand 10slip inside, srond lhe box upon its f ro n t s o the rover f lop opens to make a por f tco. Trimanv Hapsaff ,he sides of the coyer.Foldthe cover inholfand cut along the crease. Now il isthe right sizefor Q portico.Youwill needtwo pillars to hold the pornco up. Measure how high the pillars have 10 be Mak.e'hem bV gluingcreamerstogether until they ore theright height. lO r rutlhe paper towel tube 10 fit.)Attach the pillars with glue or tope. You might want 10make a paper wal l around ya.!r houseto show the courtyard.

U8i21g itTapethe model house to a fab le top. Have your helper hold the l ight about two feet in fran'o f 'he houseand one foa l up in Ihe a ir . Putyour hand in the s ia l and lurn onthe l ight. Con youfeellhe warmth? Haveyour helper move the light three feel up. Now your hand is in shadow.Which posinon ofthe lamp is Ihe summer sun?Whichone is winter?

l-oiaterials::J cardboard box(see inslructions belowl

"J scissors or small so wnorbig boxesI.., slrong tape(like duct tape):J ruler or yardstick.:J waterproof point

Cardboard boxes are sturdy, easy 10 worI:. with.and fairly long-lasting Youwill only need a smallbox for a mouse, hamster , o r gu inea pig.ca ts and rabbi ts w il l won t a bigger bole-cpeck at the grocery s to re . D og s, unlessthey are very small, will need big boxes.Look for the kind leievisioos come Ill,or compulers , or furni ture . If youhave a Suint Bernard, bener ke epon eye out for a refrigerator bo)(!Whalever box you choose, il shouldbe about the leng th o f your pet onbolh sides. If should be obautlhat ,aft~100.

Use a strong tape for consl rud ior lScotchlope won't do .Duct ta pe is a good choice

WARNING!Do not put your pets in the sun justso they can have a Greek Reoiva!pel house. Make sure they havesome other kind 0/ shade toprotect them [ror rile sun. r, t hehot , I t h as special wmJows'h _ lose

. . rica They I .I IeTe firs t built by ;he'PueQjo (t,diwSSolar houses have a long his to ry InArne - . Indians 01New Mexico, l1w. r n a S a z io f the Amer ica n Sou thwe st a nd by the = . " It wa s much like the GTe? - 'tity otbuilt a city called Acoma. ",,>t;LChmeans n who l i v e d 'lh.,re__ oday, th~' aJ, moreO lynthi a. wi th s ol ar e ne rg y for ~ry perso , solar energy for h~1 :' tthan 300,000 homes i n the Unit ed St at es US I n g .0

- . . . ...

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~:liJi ;f'g2i)JStart your own .seedsAt Ihe spring equinox, i t is o ften 100 cold 10plant seeds outdoors. Mosl seeds like wormsoi l to s tart growing in, and t iny new plantsneed protection from the earl y spring chill.

In this protect. you willfind ou t if a greentnusecan help seeds and plantsget a head start campared

10 seeds and plan ts thaIorenl grown in a greenhouse.You might wonl 10 grow yourlavorile vegetable,listedin "HowMuch Sunshine Can Yeu EotrI S e e poge 9 .1

The tes t g reenhouses you p ic kshould hove0 taUlop so youcanleaveplants in os long as possible once theystart to grow.Tomake atoll greenhouse,jusl stackthe deli.containerson top of each other.Rectangularcontainerswith f I o t tops and bonoms-fikethe onesMcDonald'ssalads come in-workbest for this. S implvcut out the f la t part inthe top of one and the bol lam of another,then stople together. Be sure to leavesomeof the flat portfor the stoples. Youcan stockns rnonv a s you wont Ih,s way

44

l-iaterial.s_J your best deli-container greenhouse_J plant seeds--your favorites

thow about some sunflowersand cucumbers?")

_J several drink cups.J potting soil

Building itI f the pOIl;ngso il is dry ,mix i l Ina bowl with watersoit isdamp, bur nol soggy.Cut the drink cupsa i llhe way around, about twoinches from !he baltom.Fill as many cups with soil as will fit in yourgreenhouse. Thenplant your seeds in !hem. Plantthem only asdeepas thepackage says. Lobeleachcup with the nome of the plant you've put i n it .Water your seedslighlly-don't make them soggylPul the cupsin yourgreenhouse and dose it up.Now makeanother set o f seed cups with soi l andseeds to match Ihe onesin your greenhouse. Youwil l use these to make comparisons. Put them in'he bottom of a d e h -c o nmme r so they are easier 10movearound, but thistime leave the top off.

tl..sing itd1youaredoing this experiment when there isno danger of frost (iatespr ing, summer, and ear ly fal l! . thenyou cando i t ~ : Putyourgreenhouse in a spot that gets a lot o f sun, but where it Will no' getknocked over oy the wind. Put the other seed cups next ' 0 I I.Ifil iswinter, or ifIrost isslifllikely, put your greenhouse indOOl'S nearo window that getsa lot of sun. Putthe other seed cups near It. OrInanother window that gelS [ust as much sun.

4S

SUN FACT There ar e only two days in~ year when daytime andnighttime both last12 hoursThe first occurs sorneilmenear Ma rch 21 and i s (allecm e spr inq equ inox TheOfhl?r da~ - is tht.~auturr.nai- E K fU : fl Q ;< w h ic -~ 1 f){.(,r~.:l r ou n d Septeri", ,cr 2"2

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""" - "'" - "'" """ "''''' on ... ,"'" ""low _ ,.., - ..,. "'''' ... ",. .- - . . . ." ' - - - - " " ' , - " ' -a _' ' ' ' ' ' ' - - . . . . _ " " ' . . k n o w . . . . . . , , , " " . . . " " " " " " " ' - 0 _ _I"""..- ..- """"""""""..'" 0 0 --W ..~""""",_...container 10 Ie f 0UI1he heat. If it i s s um m er . y ou may h o ye t o o p e n fhe lop Of Y O U t plants W i l l J : : O O k . I" ' " ~ " ' " _ - - . a " , ;I~. ~roo t, ,.101. wh y 001 . r o w _ . 0 1 " "" pi""""""""" "" or .. ,_ b ;g -""" """ '"" o m ,., 001_ """ moo , s on doy,you r f o vO r il e s loke ' 0 grow from lillie se e d s unlil r h e y a re r eady to eat

Q. -W..&.rwe.t2. ~Q.VA"I(..IS

-WU>-rMli.Q.

~~ZDAn;.- s......? i I-Io..i r - . . .u..l ~7...",._? ~ ~.......,._~ .. . - .~( S . . ~- b r ' 5 ~'-I.J>IO.ISE ...;.CD..z,?

--

"----- ------- -

_;_

_-4.__ '" .. tit.. _....._. "!:.....~........ ... ' . .....t.";., "'....",.. '......5CA TCHIN G SUN SHIN E

When the summer sun i s s hi ni ng on a par ki ng Jo t ,wou l d you walk on the blacktop Withbaref eet ? No way, r ight ? And you wouk tn 'l t ouch a b lack car tha t '5 been parked in the sun, either.S o you a lre ady unde rs ta nd a bask: solar rule: Dark Objecb in sunshine abso rb light an d getvery hot The fact that light t ur ns i nt o hea t when j' i s a bso rbed makes i t po ss ib le fo r u s t ouse sunshine asa fuel .

On the other hand, light is r ef le ct ed o ft _ _ ~;~~~~~~~!~~hite an d mi r ro r - li ke su r fa ce s. Objectslike t hi s abso rb t he least amount ofsolar energy. Because they reflect thel ight. t hes e t hings s ta y coo le r. Tha t' sWhy tennis p l ay e rs w e ar whi t e c l o the5 .

SUN FACTTn e temperarure a! fne sur fa ce of the

sun-called th" photosphere_Is abuul70.000 Fanrt'nheil, A perfecf rdlectorCould "'creal" It" lemper3fur~ 0' rn "OhOlOspilerl' here on Ear th

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,~ "> ._::(~;~ ,SUN:PAcTIf silver reflects and is supposedto 'ta~' cool, wh y does the metalslide at the pla~'ground ge t 56.hut' If you looked at the metaJunder a microscope, y ou w o ul dse . ' . ; - ' ~ . ~ , ~ ' , ' ~ . ' . ' ". . . ,"-'\.. . . . . - . , , '. - ~ .: ." . - , , _,~. ,.,. -;",\; .~~-~ -; - - - ' , . -

,'.~, .

Set a cos t jron frying pan and a l ig ht -c ol or ed s to ne(about t he s iz e o f a pot al ol i n the sun on a windowsill. leave !hem t he re one hou r. Now f ee l t hem. Whi chone i s hol le r? Does I hi s p ro ve t he r ul e? I

! dt I !\ I i\

Now take the frying pon out of the s un. ( U s epot h ol de rs -i t m ig ht b e t o o hal 10 hold! llet i ls it f or o ne m inut e. I s i t s ti ll worm?The cost iron holds on to the sol ar energy itobsorbed-just like the walls and floor of aGreek house . But evenluo ll y i t gets cold. Howlong does tha t toke?Tr y t h is w in te r ' es t o n a not-too-cold, sunnyday, around noontime. Put a thin block pan1 0 black piz za tray works weill and a whitep la te on the snow in the sun , What happens?

Fire from the sunLong ago, peopl e l ea rned that d cu rved p iece o f shiny me ta l aimed a t the sun coul d li ghta fire. They called these things "burning mirrors." The ancient Chinese used them tol ight f ires for rel igious purposes. They considered the l ight of the sun to be holy an:l pure.so fir es made fr om sun li ght had specia l mean ing.Ear ly scienti st s dreamed of bui lding solar weapoJL~- like the laser beamsand deathrays of science f ic tion-with buruinq mirrors. They thoughtthey could s ink shi ps and burn down cas tl es v . . 1 t n solar power. Thereis no r ea l ev idence, however, that anyone succeeded in usi ngthe sun for weapons,

\

SUNFACTThe sha pe of ref lec tor t ha r wor ks b", 1 r s , he cur ve (il! . 'c i " po'aboia.Big "tell itO'dishes are parabolas. and 'h~ o

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A simple solarwater heater~srt$Wl fir:mll~__-,Solar sq-uirt

A garden hose l yi ng i n . he sun can make sol arhoi woter. se e f or ~ our se lf . T um t he spra ynoule 00 t he end o f t he hose of f a nd t he wot erf ov ce t o n Af te r t he hose has been l yi ng i n t hesun tor a while, spray some wat er i nt o abucke t. Check the tempera tu re o f the water inthe bucket with a thermometer.(Caut ion! ! Never spray the water d irec tl y ontoyour hond-il's ho'.!l

For most of human history, takinga bat h was a compl ic at ed th ing todo. People couldn't just turn onthe faucet and have hot watercome out. The water was mostlyheated by wood f ires . This meantyou hao to chop the wood. startt he fi re . t hen wai t f or t he wa te rto heat up before you couldtake a bath. Nobody justhopped in the shower. ~c.===-.r:.7'l...;~i!I~m~c![dAbout two hundred year; ago.ordinary Arnericens discoveredthey could heat up bath waterwith sunshine. No fancy reflectorswere neded. A metal tank andsome black paint did the job justfine. In the morning, they f il led theblack tank with cold water. I N h i I e thesun was sh in ing , t he tank absor bedsolar eneTgy and the water insidewarmed up. By a ft ernoon. the wa te rwas ho t enough fo r a bat hWith thi s s imple solar water heater, peoplecould have hot water for a bath on anysunny day. Let ti ng the sun hea t t he wat erwas a l ot e as ie r than choppi ng wood!

SUNFACTCarnoers. h ikers, and mountain, l imbers can havea hot shower

~r.~wh"", inthe world=the, jus!have !O rakealong a !ightv.:eight. blackplasrlc bag '....~~h shower head on it Th~ ! { rH it up. harg it i n ~he SU r. ,

iH~-dl- \r - .: : .'" rhe da~' i< ; dn~.e. they c a ll : :: 'n j o, ! - d nKI? -I-ro;~hO\\ . 'NNOI recOIT'rnended for Pr!ldf E . ! o . " r ~ o r p r < ~ . T

so 51

s u t c TE v e r v ~eJ

Iii byThtS mllHera I,A f t er t h e 1 < , 1

sun in 01solar-r-re!av r~~.ol rni!Olyr ru.

- , ~ Ie rorcn i . , .urror;empk- (, r_ :reece

" C It : ' noond~lV.arrled by'eS In ,c,ilousdnti -,~rthee held.

'--'::";S " C T0 Gold, . o, thereis a sol. ,',' ,',at look,like a i' . ""ered

with 1 5 ., mirrors.This "51Ispecialmake,from !:

"wers a,!' .ne !hal.,~' " , .: tr ic it y10 run

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zrrJ 1.T 'tJ:iJMake your o.....rn Jl1ini solar .....,aterh~aterMaki ng a s impl e sol ar wate r h eat er i s q ui ck .o nd ecsy . I n t he t ime i t l a ke s po in t t o d ry ,yo~ 'II be ready to try 0ut this project.

1-l~ter LaLs. . .J empty soda con. . .J f lat black point. . .J wristwatch orother portable clock

. . .J thermometer

.Bu.i1ding itPainl the outside o f on emptysoda can b la ck . Le i i t dr y .

U-Sing itfill the soda can with cold waler . Takethe temperature of the waler. RecordIhis on the chari on page 54.Set the can in Ihe sun. Toke Ihetempera tu re eyery 15 minutes . Recordt he t empe ra tu re s on I he cha rt l ab el ed"Mini Solar Hea le r. Don 't forge t to notethe wind conditions, and whether thesun WQsshining or behind 0 cloud.IMPORTANT: I f i l i s a very w in dy or col dday . d o t hi s e xperimenl i ndoo rs a lo ng asunny w in dow s il l. Can you f ig ur e out why?Feel Ihe water. Make a note when i t storts to feel w orm, and then egain when it feelswarm enough to use for a bath.

NOTE: Remember 10 recycle' Airplanes a re madeout of alurrunum because it il light and strong.Every three month). people in the United sretesthrowaway enough aluminum cam to rebuild at;the commercia! air,'nerl currently in use.

~nc:i .IC..I .~" i~J . . ! .~~ !:WIlen the chort is full, you w it l ~ quite a bit o f d ata about you r mini-heo le r . Transfer !his dol o tothe grid below the chart To d o Ihal , start with "lime zero.' Make a dol a long lhe "lime zero" linec lo s es t t o 1he l ine for the temperature yo u measured Do thi~wi lh on the other l ime l ines.Connect all the dots with straight l ines. Use a r ul er so they wil l be 0001. Now you hove 0 pictureo f h ow you r wote- hea ted up. Scien tisls cal l this p ic tu re a graph .If you wanllo be rea l l y toney, don " make dots . make c ir de s Use onopen cuc le IUJ if the doy wasSUflflV, a hoIt-blod:. drde t e J if i twas port ly cloudy, and a black circle tel if th;l sun was completelyt l idde f l by douds . Now your graph teUsyou 01 a glance eYerything thers in your notes-except dotoa b ou t t he wind. Con yo u t hi nK o f a way t o i ndude t he w in d i n I he gr aph, t oo?With this graph and your notes . you Con onswer quest ions l ike:* Did the tempera tu re r ise s lowly and s tead il y?* Did n rise quickly?'* ' Did it rise and fait?" * Did it reach a cer ta in tempera tu re , then s top?'' Wha t is 1h e hottest l he wat er g ot ?Since all the hea t is coming f rom the sun , see i f the way Ihe tempera tu re a c te d m a tc h e d what the.sun was doing (s hi ni ng or beh in d a c lo ud ], a nd what di ff er ence a b reel e mode.

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160150140130

~.120

.( 110t 100t 90~ BO706050

I W ~ ~ R I W " 'T a Q . j ~ W A , r W i . Q .",hre.Q, 0 v r D 0 0 C 2 .. I TEJ-IP. TEMP. S ...., TE,",P, TEMP,T""'E L L D J C > S ? I L ~ ?v . / . . . r ; , ? 1 I Wr.> '0 I !153045

1 f . k z . .153D45

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6SOLAR . -EMERGj ' / J. .....'. fINA. fPIZZA80)(t

rAPIf o/i "LUS!ONACH BJ>.~ (SH1'f SJl# UP)J 'lfomfNSI46 eo".

... thought of building a solat ovenand baking smoreswith wnshine?

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. " " .Read the i~sl ruc ti ons ca re fu ll y be fo re you st ar t. You' ve l ea rl ld a lot a bout how to c at ch thesun to make heat. Try tl) iIlla~line how the solar oven is supposed to work, ev en b efore youbuild one. And read the TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL SOLAR COOKING at the end of thisc ha pt er . Th es e he lpful hint s c"nw l ro .n many young so lar SCien ti st s who hav e a lr eady bu il tand used a PIZZA BOX SOLAR OVEN. . .

' ..

..~.

Step 1 Cut t he seal ed ends o ff t he snack bogs , t hen wt them open along the seam. Wipe o ff the o ilon d crumbs on the shiny s ide with u poper towel, Work careful ly -don 'l leer the bogsStep 2 ' Open th e 14-i nch box . C le an ou t an v c rumbs o r d ri ed bi ts of c heese. Cover t he bol lom WIt hsnack bogs, shi ny s id e up. leave a one-i nch space between t he bags and ' he s id es o f th e box .Glue or tope them inp lace.St ep 3 Cove r t he sna ck bogs w it h th e bl oc k cans tru di on paper . G lu e or ta pe the paper into place.Do not go up the si des of the box with the pope..St ep 4 Close t he bo x. On t he lOp o f t he box , measure l:~ i nc hes i n f rom l he edge and make a ma rk .Do this in severol places 011 or ound t he t op . Now d raw a l in ea lo ng t he se ma rk s t omake I he ou ll in eof the flap. Nole where the hi nge of th e bo x i s. Wri te ' 00 NOTCUT ' al ong the line nea r the hinge'Step 5 Cut a lo ng lhe f ront ond two s ide l ines 'lo molce the flop. Work carefully.If yo u are using SCiSSOfS,yO U con ge l s tor te d by pok in g 0 hole with (Ipencil . . '-. "'- '\in the carner where lwO Unes meet. Be sure to tum the comers when you 're ''-._ - '" ".c ut 1i ng . _ _you1l ruin your box j f you cut to the edge~' An d r emembe r not ,'","' ','\.. .to cu t olong the l ine thaI will be the h inge o f the flap. '\.., 1 5 p o "

~ 11 ;.(.t< , .'\..:\, -.St.p 6 '" he lp s t o ho ve a port ne r for this port. I Place your !ruler oIong the uncut line lhol mar ks th e h in ge o f theflop. Gently pry open the f la p. Make th e f ol d onthe hinge crisp and neal.Step 7 Cut one of the bigsnack bags to the si ze of thef la p. Sp read gl ue on th e s id eof the f lop th aI f aces i nt o I hebox. (Don't use big gtobs ofglue-it will squish oul andmake a mess . T hi n, s qu ig gl ylines of glue work best.) Gluethe bog to the flop with theshi ny s id e up. Fl at ten oul al lthe wrinkles. Wi pe up anyglue smears with a damppaper towel before they dry .

l o i . a t e r i . a l . su one 14-inch(or medium-sizel corrugatedcardboard p izza box

Q block construct ion paperQ ex tr a-wi de t inf oi l o r emp ty snack

packages l pot ot o chi ps , p op co rn ,e lc .] w ith shiny foi l on the ins ide. You needot least two large ones for the ref lector f lops , anda bunch o f sma ll ones lor ext ra -wide t in fo il l t o insulatethe bottom.

oJ one sheet of clear plastic, a little bigger than Ihe 14-inch PZZO boxlosk 01 the hardware s to re for c rystal c lear p last ic window (over ingl

. . : . J g lue, tope, ruler (ayardst ick is bcsn. mog ic marker, SCISSo rs or an X -acto kni fe(ifon odutt is hE"ping you)Ja da rk me tol lr ay ( if y ou have one i n I he k it chen I t h ot f it s InSide the J01lZO boy

for t ry the b lock p last ic bot tom f rom a del i- conlcine r!

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Step 8 Close the box. Put it on the sheet of plastic Oraw the outline of the box on the plastic w l.hthe magIC rnorker. Remove the box .

__ /3~(}x._-:-~r,~a~p_0EIA/~_step 9 Put the plosnc on lop of yourbo x and line up the oul li ne w ith th eedges D raw a l ine all around , hal fwaybelween the edge 01 the box and the~ap. [N helps 10 h o v e a par ln er h ol dthe p ia , t ic s li ll whi le vou do t hi s. l Thearea ins ide lhese l ines is the window.Cut a long lhe l ines you ius l d rew.Step 10 O pe n Ihe box an d klpe thep l as ti c t o t he inside of Ihe l op o f the box. .Tope one S Ide first, then the opposites id e. Make it light so IT looks assmooth as gloss. tooe the other !we-sides. Sea l it tight all around. Close upt he box and open the flop

YOUR PIZZA BOX SOLARO VE N 15 R E ADY TO U SE !

SrEP ~ C err: I"'LASJ-/C TO TN/.!ALL 4I'f!QUII.t:J,

NOTE . Once the Window ISIn place.be careful not to push down on the flopo r you' ll h ave t o t o pe i t a ll o ver a ga in I

S8

l.lsing itl:fo.,., to Yl1ake solar S'Yl1oresiI~Q graham crockersQ ma r shma ll ow f lu f fQ Hershey 's m ilk choco la te bar

I

To make: Break graham crackers in half. Put a blob of fluff in the center. Placetwo squares of the chocolate bar on top. The sol ar S'more is ready to cook.INote Do not pul another graham cracker on top as you would for regular5 'mores . Can you guess why?)

S9

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'rips for 'U.si:t1.g the pi~~a .bo~ solar oyen,Theuse of a dark metal pizzatroy is highlyrecommendedforbest results. Th e melal heats up hollerthan the block paper alone-it obsort Is solor energy bellef!I fvoucon help it, do not use the thin, groyboord type of pizzo box. Theserip easily,and becausethey do not hove trapped air like corrugated cardboard, they don't hold in the heat verywe~. II yo udo hoveto use thiskind, be very careful as you cut things 0 1 . 1 1 , an d be especially careful as youfoldthe flapfor neatness a n d e a se o f assembly, be sure the sna ck bog y ou u se f or the flap is'big enough 10 cover il in onecontinuous piece.Sometimes, while glue 'Nillno! hold the snack bog rnalerio1 10 !hecardboard very w el l. I f Ihe fo~ on Ihe f lap starts to peel of f , l opearound the edges to hold it in place. If Ihis doesn't work, try astronger glue. Snock bags n o t w or i: in g auI? Trytinfoil.Besure to usethe shiny side!Set up the oven on bladtop, brick, or cement,close to Ihe south side of a bui lding. Sheltertheoven from any winds.Tryto m t the ovenup a l it tle on thenorth side. but not so much thatthe load s li des of f Ihe t roy.Thi she lps ge t ri d o f theshadows cas! by theedges of the box.

7SOLAR HOT WATERDAY" MIGHT

HAVE YOU EVER ... ?... blown on a cup of ho t chocola te

to cool it down? What happens?

The wind is like the breath of the sun.When i t blows over a s imple solar waterhe at er . t he water i n the tank justcan't get hot enough for a bath

In 1891, an American mventornamed Clarence M. Kempsolved that problem SO people

could count on hav ing solar hotwater more often. M r. K er";J k new

what the Romans had diSC:lverdabout glass. SO he put the rank .nside amirua tu re g re enhouS The wat ", in C;simproved solar heater warmed up fas :~r.got hotte r. and stayed warm ec,~, ar'",rthe sun went down

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.fj"15:rr '1"'tJ1'[h:p.pro ...e your I}:I.i:qi solar wilter heaterI n this p ro jed. you wil l do the some k ind o f lest fho t Mr. Kemp did over one hundred years agoWill your results be the some? .

l-iater LaLsJ our min i solar water heo 'e r_J a del i- COnf oi ne r g re enhouse b ig enough to hol d t he soda co nI lo ok l or o ne t ha t ho ld s a who le r oa st ed chi cken Of a cleaLquart -s ize salad con ta iner , o r a shoebox Witha p last icWIndow in the cover--{)[ use the method descr ibed in' St ort Y our Own Seeds' o n poge 44 .)

Jwristwerlch or o ther por table dock:: r thermometer

Usi21.g ItFi ll t he soda can w it h col d wat erTake the tempera tu re . Record this onthe chart labeled "Mini Solar Hea te r"Ion page 54, under " Improved Heate r" 'Pu t t he fu ll c an i n t he de li -c on tai ne r Make a hol ethrough t f]e p last ic for your the rmometer . This way. you (ontoke the tempera tu re in the can without opening the greenhouse.Put the experiment in the sun Be su r e the cl ear side is lacing Ihe sun

NOTE: You could do thil experiment outside on awindy day The greenhouse protects your simpleWater heater from [he wind and cold. jU5! as [hecold frerr e protected t'1e Emperors cucumbers.

DON'T LOOK AT THE SUN.\' ,- ,u con t el! th e con ta iner i s ai rned ju st r i" hlIIili'il t ts s liadou: ful ls direc ti '; ; bcill/I(i 11

Measure and record !he l empera lu re every 15minutes jusl as yo u d id before I reviewins truc lions on page 5 2 1 . Once youhave a ll t he dol o, t ran sf er i t t o t hesame ,graph you used 10 testyour simple solar . .. .. ter heaterUse a d if fe rent co lored penor penci l 10 make thernorks, end draw theconnecting line in thissome color.Did your im~oved sol ar. .. .. rler hea le r get hotter,'aster, just like Mr.Kemp's? You Can Iell at aglonce. look a1 the graphand ask yourself: Whichcol or line is above Iheother one? If that colorbelongs 10 the improvedheater. !hen that on e workedthe best.Review the ques1lons INCasked earlierabout the si mple solar healer. Are theOFlSVv'ersdifferent lor the improved version?

So~thiXlg rally iJZ1pre.s.siveCan you think of a wov to odd insulation to yourimp ro ved wat er h eot er ? I f y o u con , maybe you shoul dr un ano th er t es t t o see i f i t work s e ven be tt er , Use a t hi rdcol or t o re co rd t he re su lt s o n you r g ra ph . Now you havea graph thor tel ls quite a story. " w ould impress sol arscientists everywhere I11wou ld al so make a g reer l d is pl ay f or a s ci en ce f ai r, Besure to inc lude each version o fyour m in i- so la r hea le r andmake s ig ns t hat e xp lai n f hi ng s t o peopl e who s lo p by

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*'t:S1iJ 't"0j,U', "'Water 'Jl1Agic

Most things shr ink when lIlev freeze, but not H20.If you haven" not iced how waler exp

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J 3 J ' ! 3 : i ' i f roW!A. solar l11apCoror in 'his mop of the. U ni ted States. Use red , p ink,o range, and yellow crayo,Is. Now you have 0 p ic tu re o fwhe re t he sun shi ne s ho tt es t ond Iongesl-oll the red andpink places! The nex t b es t p la ce s for sol ar e ne rgy a reorange. If you rive in the US. , wha t color d o y ou live in?

,0 "j , a . . .ai.i '~0>Color aU the number ones (T )red. Color a ll the twos (2) p ink.Color a ll the threes (3) orangeand the fours (4) yeUow. '--.j

\.., 1 \,"'~L \J-r'" . . . ... _ -UA,,~T

Dr. Telkes stored heat in a special saltsolution called Glaubef's salts, whkhabsorbed enormous amounts of heatWhile other scientists needed 17,000gal ions of wa ter t o s tor e eno uch he atto keep their solar houses warm,Dr Telkes only needed 1000 gallons

0 1G h l Ub er s s al ts

living with the sunDr.Maria TelkesDr. Maria Tel ke s was one of the. s ci en tist s who" '0 rked at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. Her col leagues were t rying to s toresolar heat in huge water tanks, but she had herown ideas about a better way to store heat.In 1948. Dr Tel!ws convr nce d a wealthy Boston lady. Am~'!a Peabody. to bui ld a solar houseIII Dover, MdS"dC~lI'>etls It would be the fir-t one en!lH~ly h"dted hv r i o , "lin. AmeliaP"dnody S archucr r Eleclnur R"vmrmd. dc-siqned the hr)[J

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A very big water heaterOne type of solar heating system is like a giant solar hot water heater. Severalflat plate collectors are put on the roof of ilhouse. The roof has to face south,The water that f lows through the col lectors comes from a huge tank in !he basementof the house, While the sun shines. pumps push the water through th e pipes oft he colle cto rs . All day l ong, t he wa te r get s hot te r and hotter, Th e t ank i sso wel linsulated that it can stay warm for many deys+cven if the sun doesrr't shine, Atnight. no water flows into the collectors, Instead. the hot walerm the tank ispumped to radiators in the house. The radiators release the stored solar heatinto the air. and the house warms up, There is so much hot water in the tankt ha t it on ly coo ls down sl ight ly dur ing the n ight.

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Stormy daysTh e water stored in the tank is very hot.1$ will be able to heat the house for manydays, rain or shineBut what i f douds hang a roundfo r a week, an d the water getscold? Another source of heat.called back~p beat, must beuse d unt il the sun shines again.back-up heat can come from an oil orp ropane or wood furnace.

Livingwith the sunA solar schoolThe fi rs t so la r- hea ted publi c build ing was t he Rose Bementa rySchool in Tucson, Arizona, bui lt in 1948,The school' s solar col lector not only caught sunshine- it a lso keptthe r ai n out o f the schoo l. The coll ec to r was t he r oof o f t he school.made of a luminum t roughs l ai d si de by side. Th e top was paintedb la ck . Ai r f rom the r ooms was b lown th rough t he t roughs by f ans ,When the sun was shining. the air heated up, then went backinto the rooms. Everyone ins ide s tayed cozy.Winter temperatures in Tucson rarely go below 50 cF , so it didn'ttake much solar energy to keep the rooms comfortable. Thiss imple solar heating system suppl ied nearly aU the heat needed bythe school.

~~.SU~T

High school students in Oxford, Messachusens, designed and buil t a gr..enhouscat Ih,,;, school, Inside the greenhouse were 2.000 gallons of waterfor storinq solar heat. The compurer class designed aulomalic computer (antral,and monitoring devtces forth.. gr..enhouses solar system

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America's first solar villageWisconsin is far north. has bad winters, and the weather is oftendoudy. 1 1 " 5 the k ind of st at e wher e many peopl e th ink so lar ene rgywon' t work . Bu t the c iti zens o f Sold ie r's Grove, Wiscons in , d idn 'tbel ieve that. In 1978, they made alaw that ne w buildings had to gethalf their heat from solar energy. Sincethat yea r, Oll er rwenty businesses, theCommunit y l ib ra ry, the Pos t Off ic e, anelderh; housing complex, and severalhomes have been built in town. Allof them get at least half theirhea t f rom the sun. I,;

Another place with very cold winters is Snowmass, Colorado.Amory Lovins lives there in the Ro cky Mou nt ai n instiMe,wh ich is bot h h is house an d an ene rgy labor ato ry . Hebelieves we can run the ent ire wor ld on clean, renew-able energy. To demonst ra te thi s, the Ins ti tute getsall its hea t, hot wa te r, and e le ctr ic it y f rom the

suo. Amory Lovins grows bananas in hisgreenhouse. He picks ripe ones in themiddle of the winter!

SUNFACTJUS! as the Romans did so l ong ago. Thecinzens of Soldier', Grove ""ssed sun lawsThe", la"'5 make sure that one personcan't take awayanother person's sunshineby building too high. or b, pldntillg tree,

tha r wou !d shade . .,omeone e ls e' OS-solar heatin9 ","'tem

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%ind the. be.stin.lN.IAt ionSoler -hea ted houses in p laces l ike Wiscons in wou ldnot be possible without insulat ion. Sokir-heoted waterc ou ld n o . S lay warm overn ight II the lank were notinsulated . Insulat ion is a lmoS l as impor tant fO f solarheat o s t he sun is!

Fiberglass insulation comes in big pink rolls, like thickblankels. and is use d i n !he wal ls of houses. Inside lhe walls

or roofs of houses lor wrapped around ! he hot wat er t on k) ,lhese blankets 1fop !he hea l t ha I i s t ry in g t o e scape to theoutdoors. If you squashed !he blanket flot however, it wouldn'twork . It's no l the fiberglass that Slops the escape 01 hea t; i rs a llthe little pockets of a f t " f ro pped i n t he b la nket . Hea l d oe s notmove v e r y e a s i ly t h fough t iny oir spaces.

Many different thifl9s make good insulation. In this projed you w ilt build an insulati on testchomber . With it, you'll be able to test di fferent things ond see how well they keep the heat in acup of hot water.C heck i n your solor junk box lor things like pocking peanuts, toke-out bogs Itear them up andmake t iny crump led paper bollsl, bubble pock, and cotton balls saved from vitamin and medicinebottles. Got any mil kweed flutn Test as mony things as you like. In fad, you might w ont to bui ldmor e I han one t es t c hamber , o r i nv it e a f riend to bring one over

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MaterialsQ 2 small paper hoI drink cups with on e plastic top

(Paper coffee cups work besl. Avoid styrofoam:Ihe chemicals used 10 mole i t d esl roy t heozone loyer.J

Q 1 quart-size yogurt, cottage cheese, or slmilardeli-container with top

Q white r ice, Rice Kri"pies, and venousother Ihings 1 0 lest as insulalion

Q thermometerQ t imer o r dock

COurAI N6I'f

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- _ .... .,.....- .,~,pr' ,~~ ~ "Fr~ -.~ .-~. .Y'-~.>:-:"," .",,1U.sins: it < , . , . ~ ; r ,4"..... ...~f

First, get the ronIroi case. rconlrol" ~awo:.r l ' sc~use. n rneons the part 01 on experirnenlWherethe SCientist sees what would h I I I p p e i l if h e: pt'w lJodn't looled around with things in the . f i r s t place. forthis project, the! means 1 i n d I n Q o o I . Jw r . Y fast the water cools down in 0 plain cup wilhoul insulutionl

Fill a sm o ll c u p with hoI water f rom 'he tap Put the cover 00.Slipthe thermometer in, Write down the tempera tu re on Ihe chart inthe "lime zero' box undef ~on trol . Check the tempera tu reevery five minutes and Wftle down the number in the cor rectbox . Be sure to wiggle the thermometer to stir up the waterbefore you read off the temperature.

SI'IIALLC.6NrAJNERS,rs 11./NIJLE. curIii I.A/t$c. D~rAIIII!If LU>

When the chart is full,subtroci each lemperoiurefrom th e o ne a bov e it tofigure out how manydeg rees !he w a fe r c oo le doff during each 1ive-minuteperiod.

: ~' ,

.flis.u ' t . - 1 J r r fOJJM.Ar'6IUAL.

Next, try l he r ice. Poor some inlo lhe tes t chamber Se1 the smo ll (UP in. If the smallc up i sn 't e ven wi th t he r im o f t he cont ai ne f, pour some mor e ri ce i n th e bot tom.When you gel the cup even with the r im , f il l i na round the s ides . Use the cover 10keepIhe r ice f rom dropp ing into the cup .

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Put o n the big top. filllhe 0 1 1 1 < ! - 1 Sff iQU cup with hot lap waler, PU I on I he l op , and s li de i li nro the les t Chamber . Slip the thermometer i < J . Wr i te down the t emperatU ie at " time lero'under "Rice" on the chert , Clled 'he temperal'Jre e v e r y fiveminutes and write down thaInumber in Ihe Correct boxRepeal the abave w it h R ice Kr lsp ies, and thenl\01th differenl things VOll chooseTesl as mony as you l ik e. Compare your chart s and think about t hese ' quest ions :'* Which moterials Wor~ed the best?* Is ther e ony lh ing the besl ones shwe in common?Ar. . they l ight , heO'l )' , in s lrands. in chunks. fluffy, or dense"* Did any of thetest materials let the water get Colder t han the COntrol?Bet ter t hink of a d if fe rent nome for I hot s tu ff f fl on insui -1 li anl

NOTE: Whan mOHimportant in thisexperiment is howmany degrees theWater cools downevery five minutes.That informationtell5 us how well themdterial works asinsulation. The bet terthe insurtltion, thefewer degrees theWater cooh downeach time.

-~--- .- --~

-' -. - .. - ' - _ . : . . . . _ - - - ; , . t ---

ij'ere'.s & cJudle:ngi:qg de.sig:q prohle:t}1Heat r ise s. B ut t he l op o f our t est chamber, ~re most of the heal will escape, i s not i nsulafed ata ll . C a n you des ign a tes t chamber that Us you iXJt the insulal ton over Ihe l op , a s wE:1as the bottomand s ides? Remember, you wdl need some way to check the temperature every l ive minutes WithoutuncOWlring the cup

;, (

..-L..SUN'PACT,'[)Q you ever read a nev.spaper Iv,'ice?It take,trees 20 years 10 9papersmade from them afterjust a f e \ < , 'm in u te s 0 1 reading. Ove r 500,000 t re es a r e

used in evety Sunday e di ti on -a n e nt ir e forest'O ne wa y 10give old newspapers ne w l if e i s t ou se t he m f or i ns ul at io n. I f t he paper is groundUP . !hen blown between the waUs in houses.

it W i l l sa ve e n er g y f or d ec a de s!

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Solar energy in the cityThe Greeks could heat a city with solar energy 2,000 years ago-can we do it today?A project on ThoIT 'pson Street in Nor th Phi ladelphia gives us a g limpse o f what t hesolar dty of the . future might look l ike.The north side of a row of 23 at ta ched houses fa ce s t he s tre et. They l ook just li keo rd ina ry ci ty house s. Bu t on the south s ide, ever y room has windows that l et in l ightand solar heat. One part of the south waH is a huge flat plate solar collector. whichmakes hot air from sunshine. The solar rowhouses use 63 percent less heat from afurnace than the regular rowhouses just across the street. and the fuel bills of thepeopie in the solar houses are hail as much. Bet ter yet, theyre causing only half asmuch pollution!

/ ~ LSU~

Solar heat collectors bullt into the wallofa house are cal led "trornbe walls."The Philadelphia rowhouses have concrelel II~Wi~~~1 ~. behlnd the glass to absorb the sun.

-:: (~ Other trombe wall d esigns use tubesor barrels of water.

Skyscrapers cast huge shadows onthe buildings w~ down below them.!f only someone had thought tomake Sun Laws when American

cities were growing!

9TI_E TO TURN UPTHE HEATWhat do you do when you want something to cook faster on a regular kitchen stove?You turn up the heat with a twirl of the dial. But w can't turn up the sun!

The PIZZA BOX SOLAR OVEN.you built earlier probablyreached a temperature ofabout 150F Tha t was goodenough to cook solarS'rnores. but not much el se .Pizza, fo r ins tance. i s pftencooked a t 100F! So if wewent to cook ot~r fastfoods like pizza, ~hos;o r ta cos, we '' III i got t ofind a way to turn.up the heat .

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The temperature a solar oven reaches depends on how much sun-shine goes into it and how well the heat s tays i n there (and , ofcours'. how well -made the oven i s). The window let s i n a certainamount of sunshine. The f lap isthe same sizeas the window, andref lects most of the sun aimed at i t into the box, Thats like havingtwo windows of sun i n one p lace . Twi ce as much solar energymeans twice as much heat.Overlapping sunshine l ike this is the only way to increasethe soiar heat available in a f ixed area l ike the oven. SU~:FACT

O n a ve ra g e, about 1 ,0 00 w at ts of solarenergyfaiton a 3' x 3' patch ofground-about the sizeof a sidewalks qu ar e, T ha t's e no ug h p ow er to light

t en l O a- wa H l ig ht bulbs!J!rtJ:;'J t ' t ; S : r rLet's Zllake .a two-flapper -solar o....nInthis project. y ou w in n es t th e P iz zo B ox Solar Oven inside a no th er p tz zo b o x. Thiswill mak.eanother re l lector flop_ It W 1 1 1 also g iv e u s s po ce 10put some insulationaround lhe sidesof the oven, with muchmore sunpouring in.and insulofionhelping10hold in the heat. lhe temperatureso'-lghl10be impressive'In foct. the temperofure will be highenough to cook mini-pizzas. nachos, or tacos!

loiaterialsJPizzoBoxSolarOven Irom chapter 6J1 6 "- 1 8" p iz za b o xJrhesamematerials you used inchapter 6.except lor the clear plosfic (pagO'561

SUNFACTS(IIft:~R (/eJ,!.

BtJX~

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lfow- t.o Tl1Ake a Tl1ini-pi:t:tAtngted ients.J Eng lish muf fins or p ita b read

I loos ted, i f you l ike crusty p tzzo ].J pizzo sauceJshredded cheese.J topplng--pepperoni,

mushrooms, block olives,O f ... .!slice ltery thin)

'I'o wakeSplit the muffin or pito pocket in half. Spread each holfwith a thin loyer of sauce. Sprinkle on some cheese, butnot too thick . Leave some spot s o f s auce showi ng. Pu t ont wo p ie ces o f t o pp in g.' Once t he cheese l ook s mel te d, t hernml- p izzas are ready to ect

SUNFACTThe 0+'"gestpizza ever made wa.;,122 fee l. 8 Inches in d iamete r.

; '. . -; ISrrade a.t Norv.;ood Hvpenntlrkl.?lS(,;,h Airica. on De

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* B~'adding another f lap, we inc rea sed the amoun t o fsolar energy pouring into the oven by one-thi rd, Didthe temperature go one-thi rd higher? For example, if theon",nal oven hit lOO 'F , we would expect the two-f iapper toreach about 133F (~of 100 + 100), If tI'lis didn't happen withyour oven. why not? Remember, nothing is perfect! W as theweather the same? Th e outdoor temper at ure too? How .aboutthe wind?'* D'd the two-f lapper get even hot ter than expected?Couid the in su lat ion have some th ing to dowith that?

'* Did the window fog up? What's happening?* Would i t be a good i dea if the f laps were adjustable?Take off the twist-tie and move them around, I s t her ean ang le , o the r t han st ra ight up, t ha t s eems to r ef le ctmore sun i nto t he oven? If so , c an you th ink of animprovement to make adjustable flaps?

+: Of cours e, i f the f laps a ren 't s tr ai gh t up, t he re 's a b iggap be tween t hem. Any way t o ca tch that sunshine?

i: r What if you wanted to cook something in pots-like a stew,o r some ri ce? How wo ul d the desi gn have to change?

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Sever al spec ia l p roj ec ts ar e le ach ing peopl e a round t he world how to buil d their ownsola r ovens . One proj ec t in Arequ ipa . Peru , t augh t young peop le ju st like you how tobuild so la r cooke rs . The children 5pilkSpanish. Solar cookers are called "cocinassolares" in their language

Guess what they used to build theircookers? Cardboard boxes andtinfoil' And for insulation. theyused crumpled-up newspaper.Seems they had a solar junkbox. too

To find out what's going onwith "cocinas solares" aroundthe wor ld. get in touch withthis group:Solar Cookers International1724 11th St re etSacramento. CA 95814U.S.A.(916) 444-6616

" " " 1 :' .St.i~~ACT

A poor famil~.can spend one day~ach week gathering fIreWOod just10 cook their food. Ii m ey do nothave wood. Ihe." use kerosene tu"l...hid. is '"e~ expensive. Half of allthe money the famil, earns me, tw

'pent Juston kerr,sen~SUN FACT

TornBurns used to run a restaurant.Now he designs and builds huge. portable solar oven,cal led "The Vil lag~r Each oven weigh, 700 POll ndsand slls on a trailer,They travelfrom ,'il."ge 10 villaqeinpoor count ries The Vil lage, can cook 50 loaves

01bread a tonce , Ten minutes a fter it i5 aimed ill the sunthe temperature inside will reach -l00 F.

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10ELECTRICITYFROI4 SUN SHIN Er-\\.

...............

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soter cellsMost s ol ar c el ls a re made o f pur if ie d si li co n, a n el emen t found in sa nd. Th e si li co n i smel te d in afurnace . and a ribbon of "seed crystals" is added 10 the molten silicon. (If you've ever made rockcandy by pul1ing a strinq in a ~ ,1a5' of super-sugarv water. you can guess what happens next .. JAs more and more s il icon crystals "grow" around the seed crystal , the furnace . f il lswith a thickrod o f s il ico n, ca ll ed a n ingot. After t he i ngot i s r emoved fr om the fur nace and V1)I slowly.cooled, it issliced into thin wafers. Special coating-; are added, along with itmetal foi lback Wiresare attached ;0 the top and bottom. When sun ligh t shines on a solar cel l, i t generates e lectrici ty .

Why do solar cells work?Solar c el ls work be cau se the en ergy in l ig ht knock sel ectr ons of f the si li con atoms in t he solar cell . This iscall ed the photo,"oltaic effect, discover ed byF re nc h phys ic is t Edmund Becquerel i n 1839. SUN FACT

The s il icon inone ton ofsand, madeinto solar cells. would deliver as muchene rgy a s 500,000 ton s o f coal.

SUN FACT

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The d isc ov ery tha t si li co n makes the bc s: s ol ar c el ls was an i l( "cide nl . In 1954_ sc ie nt is ts atthe Bell Telephone Labra rories W(' re exparirnentinq w;,h s il icon for use in e lectronic dev iceslike computer chips. Thev happened to shine a light on t he ir bi t o f s i li co n and the ne edl e onthe ir power meter Jumped The silicon solar cell was born

SUN FACTS o la r f la r es are qeysers of sunlight thaterupt from the surface of the sun. Thereis enough energy in one soler flare topower all our cars. machines. houses,and factories Jorone bi!lion ,'ears'

SUN FACTnh ' :lr~1

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Down to EarthOn Ear th , so la r ce ll s su pply e le ct riLi ty towarning buoys in t he ocean, to weathers tat io ns on mountain top s. a nd to hous eson isl ands. In r emote Af ri can vi llages,

HAVE YOU EVER ?. .. imag in ed l if e w ithou t el ec tr ic it y?No lighH. TV~. computer s. o rvideo games? Half the people inthe wor ld don' t ha ve e le ct ri ci tyin the ir homes .

P eople a ll ov er the wor ld are d is cove ring s ol ar powe r.All that's needed are some solar panels and batte riesIt only takes a f ew days t o put a solar electric systemon your house' Solar power can go wher ever peopleg0. Most s ol ar p ane ls a re a bout on e foot by three fee twide and weigh about the same as a gallon of milk

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Roof wAttsHere's a solcr-powered cokulotion lor you Find.ou l the oreo ofyour school' s roof. You wil lneed toknow how long 'he ouildimJisand how wide itisin feel. MultiplyIhese Iwo numberstogether. Thot gives you the area in square feet Eachsquare foo t ofsolar ponel can createaboul 10 watts o f e l e c tr i c it y . If you multiply the a rea of the roof by 10 watts, then divide byIwo. you will hove a rough estimate of how much solar electricity your school could makewhen Ihe sun isshining. !Youdivide by Iwo be couse the solar ponels hove 10 be forenoughaport nOI 10shade each othe r- so s ome spoce con't be used fa produce electricity.)

SUN FACTBtcycles are already soiar-powered.

Do you know why?

Sunshine in the tankSolar cars make no pollution. They are quiet.Imagine what ci ty st re et s wou ld b e like if all thebuses and trucks and cars were solar-powered 'Many states are experimenting with electric vehiclecharging stations. Instead of putting solar cells on thee le ct ri c c ar s. e ng in eer s pu t them on the chargingst at io ns at commuter p arking lot s o r o n the roo fs ofshopping malls. The driver just plugs t he c ar int cJ the "p arking meter a nd drops in a few coins. Clea n " ,->Iarene rgy gets zapped Into the batte ries while the d-.ve ris at work or shoppinq'

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fllYOLATOR ~WER50lar electr ic carsare not the only way to go.Carsand truckswith diesel engines can run onused oil from cooking french tries. Tankgettinglo .... JuH drive in to your favorite fast foodplace. tel l them to hold the fries and pour inthe oil! Over 500,000 gallonsof fryolator oilare used every year. If's made from plant

seeds. And in renewable!!

SUN FACTWhat should every solarhouse have?A s ol ar r ob ot l aw nmo we r! These reallyexist and look like nniles with solar cellshells. Whenever the sun sh ines, therobot roams around the lawn nibbling

the grass with tir.ycutters.

SUN FACTYou're not likely t o see one o fthose tancv, nign j( 'ch solar robot

l ew nr no we rs B ut k ee p 'ifl eye oulf or a low-tech, solar-poweredlawnmower=-that is. " goat.

sheep. Or COl..."98

A day at the solar racesAll over the United States. kids have been (lesigrung. building. and racing theirown solar elect ric car models for several years . These races are part of the Junior SolarSpr int project sponsored by the U . S . Department of Energy. Every racer getsexactly the same kind of solar panel and motor. bu t eve ryt hi ng e ls e about the car i sup to them. The point is to build the fastest. snazziestlooking solar racer on two, .'t hr ee. or f ou r whee ls .Often. science classes In one school will hold a Jumor Sprint race for several nearbyschool s. J ust l ike r eal ra ce s on a dr ags tr ip in el imi na ti on rounds. I he winner s moveup unt il a champion is found. If you would like to find out more about having a .solar race in your school or town, contact theNat ional Renewab!e Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGo lden, CO 80401(303) 231-1000.

SUN FACTA ne" k in d o f , o la r c el l IS no t fragile. Made 011 a fle,ibl" s he et o f plastiC or mel"l ., (C'Ole' h ug e r oll s a nd can be molded 10 the shapes o f t hi ng s. l ik e rar bodies and h. , ;(1 'c,g< S'j(y

these solar cells will take the place of regular roof>on house". Th", ' re c a li M ' ' c , , , , ,~r9'''' .99

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Big solar power plantsSo lar cells ar e not t he only way to make elect ridly with solarenerffi .' .A solar power plant in the California d e s e r t uses burningmirrors set up in 1 C Y . 1 9 rows. TI le special curved mirrors reflectsunhght onto black pipes filled with water. TI le pipes get hot andtum the water into s team. Hundreds of mir rors must be used tomake enough steam for the power plant.The steam runs a turbine generator that makes elect rici ty . Thissolar power plant makes enough elect ridty for 500,000 homes.

SUN FACTThe swimming s tadium forthe 1996 Summer Olympicsin Atlanta, Georgia, had a

50Iar electric power plant onils roof. The solar panelsgenerated 340,000 watts

of solar electricity.

A pocket power plant for youDO YOU .. ? . . use toys tha t need bat te ries? . . have a portable radio or casserte deck? , . like to go overnight camping?

read by f ra sh li gh t a ft er " Ii gh tl o ut "?Then you coul d use a sol ar ba tt er y cha rger. Thesedevices have a solar panel and a compartment forbat te ri es . Rechargeable bat te ri es a re p la ced i n thecharger. Af te r two or th ree day'S in the sun. they' r~ready to use . When the bat te ri es run down . Justr'op them back in the charger' The Real Good,Trading Cornpanv sel ls sular bat tery chargers andrnanv other fun things. Call them for Q ca ta log at( 1 "1 0 0 ) 76 2 7 3 25.

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SUN FACTAmericans throw aw.ay over

two h-Il ton ba t tu i" , every vear.Batteries poison the Earth.L~fs use recharqeables!

$1'1311:1:r(1)IBeco2l1e .a . 301.ar engiZleerMake a l is t o f a ll y ou r I hi ng s t hat use bafl er ie s- li ket ape r ecor de rs , f lashl igh ts , a nd to ys . C ir cl e t he onesyou think c ould have solar c el ls on them mstecd ofbatteries-just like a solar c alc ul ator. Who! w ouldyour t hi ng s l oo k l ik e w it h sol ar c el ls f or p ower ?Now you are a solar engineer!Which of your thi ngs would you l ike to use at night?Can you think o f {1way f a u se sol ar e ne rg y f or t hem,e ven i n t he dar k?Why not ta ke some o f your sna zzy de si gn s and make t hemwor k w it h r ea l s ol ar c el ls ? To f ind rea l sotor cells, motors.gears, and other sluff, ccntocr the Edmund ScientificCompany t o a sk f or a cal al og . Cal l (609) 573-6260. or Wfitethem 01 101 E Gloucester Pike, Barrington, NJ 080071380HAPPY T I NKER ING '

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