+ All Categories
Home > Documents > SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... ·...

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... ·...

Date post: 11-May-2018
Category:
Upload: phamduong
View: 236 times
Download: 3 times
Share this document with a friend
24
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION “I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)” Signature : ................................... Supervisor : DR. AHMAD KAMAL BIN MAT YAMIN Date : ...................................
Transcript
Page 1: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is

sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)”

Signature : ...................................

Supervisor : DR. AHMAD KAMAL BIN MAT YAMIN

Date : ...................................

Page 2: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

AN ASSESSEMENT OF CYLINDER DEACTIVATION IMPLEMENTATION

USING A RACE SYTYLE EXHAUST MANIFOLD

RAJA AFIQ AL-HAKIMI BIN RAJA TAJUDDIN

This report is submitted in accordance with requirement for the

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

JUNE 2015

Page 3: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

ii

DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for summaries and

quotations which have been duly acknowledged.”

Signature :...................................

Author : RAJA AFIQ AL-HAKIMI BIN RAJA TAJUDDIN

Date :...................................

Page 4: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

iii

This thesis is special

for

Dearest Dad & Mom

Raja Tajuddin Bin Raja Othman & Zaini Bt Abd Aziz

For they were the one who encourage me to finish this thesis

Page 5: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah S.W.T, I have been running my project of

Sarjana Muda for completing my studying at UTeM and getting gain invaluable

experience during the project has been run.

Special thanks are dedicated to my supervisor, Dr. Ahmad Kamal Bin Mat

Yamin for giving full faith to carry on this project. Beside that’s, thanks because

always give me a support, guidance, instruction and many more on this project.

I also would like to thankful for whole my family that give me the support and

advice. They are very helping me to give moral value during runs this project properly.

Lastly, I do not forget to my fellow housemate and classmate because help for

willing to share information and knowledge. Special thanks also to Universiti Teknikal

Malaysia (UTeM) and also my faculty, Mechanical Engineering Faculty (FKM)

Page 6: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

v

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of pumping losses often associated with weakness of engine

breathing and usually occurred during part load. Cylinder Deactivation System (CDS)

is one of the technology used to improve engine breathing and thus improving fuel

efficiency and reducing emission. Cylinder deactivation system not only require

cutting and ignition to desired cylinder but it also important to have the correct amount

of oxygen content for combustion on active cylinder. The aim of this thesis is to

propose a new concept to reduce the vehicle emission and fuel consumption by

implementing using 4-2-1 race style exhaust. This thesis will his thesis will try tracing

the new concepts of use cylinder deactivation system with implementation using race

style exhaust 4-2-1. Several experiments will be carried out to get some output as the

initial data to this concept, for example emission gas and engine vibration. The

experiment also will be conducted into several modes, for example, running on all

cylinder active, running at cut off one cylinder and running at cut off two cylinders. At

the end of this experiment, it will show the initial positive result that this system is

relevant to be implemented.

Page 7: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

vi

ABSTRAK

Fenomena mengepam kerugian sering dikaitkan dengan kelemahan pernafasan

enjin dan biasanya berlaku pada bahagian beban. Silinder penyahaktifan sistem (CD)

adalah salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk memperbaiki pernafasan enjin dan

sekali gus meningkatkan kecekapan bahan api serta mengurangkan kadar pelepasan.

Silinder penyahaktifan sistem ini bukan sahaja memerlukan pemotongan pancitan

bahan api dan pencucuhan silinder yang dikehendaki, tetapi ia juga penting untuk

mempunyai jumlah kandungan oksigen yang baik untuk pembakaran yang betul pada

silinder yang aktif. Tujuan tesis ini adalah untuk mencadangkan satu konsep baru

untuk mengurangkan penggunaan bahan api dan pelepasan kenderaan dengan

menggunakan 4-2-1 gaya ekzos. Tesis ini akan cuba mengesan konsep-konsep baru

menggunakan silinder penyahaktifan sistem dengan pelaksanaan menggunakan gaya

ekzos 4-2-1. Beberapa eksperimen akan dijalankan untuk mendapatkan output

beberapa sebagai data awal konsep ini, untuk contoh pelepasan gas dan enjin getaran.

Percubaan juga akan dijalankan dalam beberapa cara, contohnya, berjalan pada semua

silinder aktif, berjalan di nyahaktif satu silinder dan berjalan pada dinyahaktif dua

silinder. Pada akhir eksperimen ini, ia akan menunjukkan hasil positif yang awal

bahawa sistem ini adalah relevan untuk dilaksanakan.

Page 8: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF UNITS xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

I INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Problem Statement 5

1.2 Aim 5

1.3 Objective 5

1.4 Scope 5

II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.0 Introduction 6

2.1 Internal Combustion Engine 7

2.2 Cylinder Deactivation System 8

2.2.1 Switchable Finger Followers 9

2.2.2 Switchable Pivot Element 10

Page 9: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

viii

2.2.3 Cam Shifting System 11

2.2.4 Cylinder Deactivation Via UniAir 12

2.3 Race Style Exhaust 13

2.4 Injector 14

2.5 Lambda Sensor 15

2.6 Engine Downsizing 15

2.7 Automatic Stop and Go 16

2.6 Variable Valve Timing and Lift 9

III METHODOLOGY 18

3.0 Introduction 18

3.1 Flow Chart 18

3.2 Engine Selection 20

3.2.1 Engine Setup 20

3.3 Experiment Setup 21

3.3.1 Vibration 22

3.3.2 CO2 Emission & Oxygen Content 22

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 23

4.0 Emission Analysis on K3-VE Engine 23

4.1 Vibration Analysis on K3-VE Engine 25

V CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation

REFERENCES 30

APPENDICES 32

Page 10: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

ix

LIST OF TABLES

NO. TITLE PAGE

1.0 European emission standards for passenger cars 4

3.0 Engine Specification 20

4.0 Cut-off two cylinder 24

4.1 Cut-off one cylinder 24

4.2 Running all cylinder 24

4.3 Emission result for all modes 25

Page 11: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

x

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. TITLE PAGE

2.0 Piston 8

2.1 Switchable finger follower 10

2.2 Pivot element 11

2.1 Two stage cam-shifting 12

2.2 Electrohydraulic, fully-variable UniAir valve train system 13

2.5 4-2-1 header 13

2.6 The Compartment of Injector 14

2.7 Engine management system 15

2.8 Graph of valve lift over crank angle 17

2.9 Basic component of MIVEC 17

3.0 Flow Chat 19

Page 12: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

xi

3.1 Wiring diagram of cylinder deactivation system 21

3.2 Accelerometer 22

3.3 Carbon dioxide experiment setup 22

4.0 Time domain of engine vibration at 4-cylinder modes 26

4.1 Time domain of engine vibration at 3-cylinder modes 26

Page 13: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

xii

LIST OF UNITS

ppm = Particle per Million

cm3 = centimeter cubic

λ = lambda

Page 14: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

1 CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

2 CO = Carbon Monoxide

3 NO = Nitrogen Oxide

4 UK = United Kingdom

5 EEV = Energy Efficient Vehicle

6 NAP = National Automotive Policy

7 CDS = Cylinder Deactivation System

8 RPM = Revolution per Minutes

9 ECU = Engine Control Unit

10 MIVEC = Mitsubishi Innovate Valve Timing Control

11 VTEC = Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic

Control

12 MAA = Malaysian Automotive Association

13 HC = Hydrocarbon

14 g/km = Gram per Kilometre

Page 15: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

xiv

15 UTeM = Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

16 SI = Spark Ignition

17 OBD = On-Board Diagnostic

18 O2 = Oxygen

19 BDC = Bottom Dead Center

20 TDC = Top Dead Center

21 IC = Internal Combustion

Page 16: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

NO. TITLE PAGE

A Gantt chart PSM 1 32

B Gantt chart PSM 1I 33

C CDS switch 34

D Emission test 34

E Final year project poster 35

Page 17: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Transport give a huge number on producing greenhouse gases such as Carbon

Dioxide (CO2). The CO2 emissions of a car are directly proportional to the quantity of fuel

consumed by an engine. Today’s on-road vehicles produce over a third of the carbon

monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO) in our atmosphere and over twenty

percent of the global warming pollution. In the United Kingdom (UK), The Climate

Change Act (2008) set a long-term legally binding framework for greenhouse gas reduction.

The Act requires the UK Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 34% by

2020 and 80% by 2050 from 1990 levels in the UK. Based on that, The European Union (EU)

introduces stricter limits on pollutant emissions from light road vehicles, particularly for

emissions of nitrogen particulates and oxides through EURO 6. Table 1 shows European

emission standards for passenger cars. Realizing the importance of reducing

environmental pollution, the automotive industry has introduced Energy Efficient

Vehicle (EEV). In Malaysia, under the National Automotive Policy (NAP) 2014

Page 18: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

2

government seriously wants to become an EEV hub. Based on this vision, about 85%

of vehicles produced in Malaysia in 2020 will be EEVs. Ongoing research is done to

increase car production rates based on EEV.

Continuous development in automotive technology playing an important role

to ensure the production of the vehicle meets the EEV specification. A lot of aspects

that become a focus to produce an EEV. A world more focusing on the method used

to achieve higher engine efficiency like, by improving engine breathing. Application

of valve, variable valve timing & lift, force induction and cylinder deactivation

allowing to run at wider

CDS currently not a new technology in automotive industry. It’s included as

one of the technology used in modern car especially passenger car. CDS is selectively

disabled some of the cylinders in an internal combustion engine to improve fuel

economy and reduce CO2 emissions when the full power of the engine is not required.

When the power requirements of the engine are low, the engine does not run at its peak

performance level. CDS effectively decreases the displacement of the engine by

closing the intake and exhaust valves and cutting fuel injection for a particular

cylinder. The pistons in the deactivated cylinders compress the trapped gases and are

pushed back down, thus expending zero networks. The remaining cylinders

compensate for the loss in power due to the inactive cylinders by operating at a higher

combustion pressure. As a result, for a given load on the engine, the throttle valve is

more open (wide open throttle), allowing the cylinder mean effective pressure to be

closer to the optimal level and increasing the efficiency of the engine. The basis of the

system is built to overcome the phenomenon of pumping losses. When the throttle air

intake is minimal and the intake of air to the cylinders is more difficult. Not only is

more force required to overcome the internal vacuum, but the cylinders do not

completely fill with air. With less air in the cylinder, the combustion pressure is

reduced. This situation is commonly referred to as pumping loss and can significantly

reduce the efficiency of the engine.

The implementation of cylinder deactivation today more about changing the

valve train of the engine by variable the camshaft profile of the engine. On this day,

the researchers believe there is still room which can be improved to increase the

efficiency of energy use. In this study, the focus would be directed to the use of a

Page 19: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

3

cylinder deactivation system with using 4-2-1 race style exhaust. Relevant use of this

exhaust is to change the position of the oxygen sensor of the read signal voltage to

each cylinder to a cylinder only. With this, the engine computer units will not accept

signal the excess oxygen in the engine combustion process. This system also, expected

to promote the same result as the previous system.

Page 20: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

4

Table 1.0 European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km

Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOX HC+NOX PM P[#/km]

Diesel

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 - - - 0.97 0.14 -

Euro 2 January 1996 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -

Euro 5a September 2009 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -

Euro 5b September 2011 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 6×1011

Euro 6 September 2014 0.50 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 6×1011

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 - - - 0.97 - -

Euro 2 January 1996 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -

Euro 5 September 2009 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005 -

Euro 6 September 2014 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005 6×1011

Page 21: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

5

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Cylinder Deactivation System (CDS) is one of the methods used to increase

engine breathing at part load by allowing the throttle to open wider. Using 4-2-1

race style exhaust manifold to implement CDS does not require and modification

at the top of the engine especially camshaft profile.

1.2 AIM

To assess a new approach of CDS applied to a small SI engine using a race-style

4-2-1 exhaust manifold.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The objective of this research is to investigate the implementation of a cylinder

deactivation system using 4-2-1 race style exhaust on small SI engine. At the end of

this study, there is a few objective need to accomplish:

To measure the pollution emissions and oxygen content during idling at

different modes of CDS.

To measure the engine vibration during idling at different modes of CDS.

1.4 SCOPE

Conduct an experiment by applying cylinder deactivation system at idling

(1000 RPM)

Conduct an experiment by applying cylinder deactivation system during no

load

Page 22: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

6

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will give focus on the development of the technology of the

cylinder deactivation system and will further explore the problems encountered

regarding this system. This chapter as well, it will give focus on technologies that lead

to a reducing fuel consumption, improved performance of the vehicle and carbon

dioxide emissions as well. To better understand this system, a few small headings will

explain about some of the systems and components that are closely related to the

cylinder deactivation system.

The rapid development of the automotive industry gives a lot of negative

impact on the environment. The increasing number of vehicles over a year and the rate

of the number of production vehicles a year also began to show negative effects on the

environment. The release of harmful gas emission also has a negative impact on human

Page 23: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

7

health. In an effort to save the environment, automotive industry indeed needs to

contribute ideas in dealing with this problem.

2.1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Internal combustion engines date back to 1876 when Otto first developed the

spark-ignition engine and 1892 when Diesel invented the compression-ignition engine.

Since that time these engines have continued to develop as our knowledge of engine

processes has increased, as new technologies became available, as demand for new

types of engine arose, and as environmental constraints on engine use changed.

Internal combustion engines are seen every day in automobiles, trucks, and buses. The

name internal combustion refers also to gas turbines, except that the name is usually

applied to reciprocating internal combustion (I.C.) engines like the ones found in

everyday automobiles. There are basically two types of I.C. ignition engines, those

which need a spark plug, and those that rely on compression of a fluid. Spark ignition

engines take a mixture of fuel and air, compress it, and ignite it using a spark plug.

Figure 2.0 shows a piston and some of its basic components. The name `reciprocating'

is given because of the motion that the crank mechanism goes through. The piston-

cylinder engine is basically a crank-slider mechanism, where the slider is the piston in

this case. The piston moves up and down by the rotary motion of the two arms or links.

The crankshaft rotates which makes the two links rotate. The piston is encapsulated

within a combustion chamber. The bore is the diameter of the chamber. The valves on

top represent induction and exhaust valves necessary for the intake of an air-fuel

mixture and exhaust of chamber residuals. In a spark ignition engine a spark plug is

required to transfer an electrical discharge to ignite the mixture. In compression

ignition engines the mixture ignites at high temperatures and pressures. The lowest

point where the piston reaches are called bottom dead center (BDC). The highest point

where the piston reaches are called top dead center (TDC). The ratio of BDC to TDC

is called the compression ratio.

Page 24: SUPERVISOR DECLARATION - Universiti Teknikal …eprints.utem.edu.my/16505/1/An Assessement Of... · SUPERVISOR DECLARATION ... Cylinder deactivation system not only require cutting

8

Figure 3.0: Piston

2.2 CYLINDER DEACTIVATION SYSTEM

One of the ways manufacturers can minimize fuel consumption is to downsize

the engines they offer. A cylinder’s volume can only be restricted to a certain extent,

however, if the thermodynamically ideal volumetric capacity of 400 to 500 cm3 per

cylinder is to be retained. In practice, downsizing therefore frequently leads to a

reduction in the number of cylinders. “Temporary downsizing” in the form of cylinder

deactivation offers an attractive compromise, since this allows an engine to shift its

operating mode to achieve the specific consumption figures it is rated for, especially

when low loads and operating speeds are encountered. At the same time, the driver

still has a sufficiently powerful engine at his or her disposal that ensures the same level

of driving pleasure and comfort with regard to acoustics and vibration characteristics.

It is not practical to also disengage the moving parts of the crank drive during cylinder

deactivation. Deactivating the valve stroke sequence, on the other hand, can be realized

with a comparably moderate outlay. The following options are available for this

purpose:

Switchable bucket tappets

Switchable finger followers


Recommended