1

Supplementary Material

CHAPTER 2

Consequences of a large-scale fragmentation experiment for

Neotropical bats: disentangling the relative importance of

local and landscape-scale effects

This supplementary material contains:

Figure S1 Map of the study area

Figure S2 Vegetation principal components analysis

Figure S3 Capture rate across interior-edge-matrix (IEM) and fragment-size gradients

Table S1 Bat species sampled

Table S2 Summary of vegetation structure variables

Table S3 Vegetation principal components analysis variable loadings, eigenvalues and

proportion of variance explained

Table S4 Species richness and evenness multiple pairwise comparisons

Table S5 Abundance multiple pairwise comparisons

Table S6 Ensemble-specific capture rates across IEM- and fragment-size gradients

Table S7 Ensemble-specific multiple pairwise comparisons

Table S8 95% confidence set of models investigating local and landscape-scale

relationships with bat response metrics

Table S9 Model averaging of the most parsimonious models investigating local and

landscape-scale relationships with bat response metrics

Table S10 Moran’s I values of the most parsimonious models investigating local and

landscape-scale relationships with bat response metrics

2

Fig. S1 Map of the study area at the BDFFP, Central Amazon, Brazil. Black areas denote the forest fragments in Dimona, Porto Alegre, and

Colosso camps and dark grey stands for the continuous forest reserves in Cabo Frio, Florestal and Km 41 camps. Light green areas represent the

secondary forest matrix and dark green the continuous forest.

3

Fig. S2 Principal components analysis examining the covariation between vegetation structure variables. CC = canopy cover, CH = canopy

height (m), DBH = average of the DBH measures of trees ≥ 10 cm, L = number of lianas, P = number of palms, S = number of woody stems

(DBH < 10 cm), T = number of trees (DBH > 10), VC = number of Vismia and Cecropia trees, VFD = vertical foliage density.

4

Fig. S3 Mean (± SE) capture rate (bats/mnh) across the interior-edge-matrix as well as fragment-size gradient, considering all species and

excluding the most common one (Carollia perspicillata). Asterisks denote significant differences relative to CF interiors (*** P < 0.001; ** P <

0.01; * P < 0.05).

5

Table S1 Bat species sampled in the BDFFP, Central Amazon, Brazil. Ensemble abbreviations: AEIN = aerial insectivore; FRUG (C) = canopy

frugivore; FRUG (S) = shrub frugivore; GLAN = gleaning animalivore; SANG = sanguivore.

Continuous Forest Fragments

Taxon Ensemble Interior Edge Matrix Interior Edge Matrix Total

Emballonuridae

Centronycteris maximiliani AEIN 1 1

Cormura brevirostris AEIN 2 2 3 7

Saccopteryx bilineata AEIN 1 2 3

Saccopteryx leptura AEIN 1 3 1 1 6

Furipteridae

Furipterus horrens AEIN 1 1

Phyllostomidae

Ametrida centurio FRUG (C) 2 1 2 2 7

Anoura caudifer NECT 1 1 1 1 1 5

Artibeus cinereus FRUG (C) 13 3 2 7 4 7 36

Artibeus concolor FRUG (C) 4 11 9 8 9 28 69

Artibeus gnomus FRUG (C) 10 6 2 6 5 10 39

Artibeus lituratus FRUG (C) 24 3 8 5 1 15 56

Artibeus obscurus FRUG (C) 23 4 5 25 31 46 134

Artibeus planirostris FRUG (C) 10 1 8 3 22

Carollia brevicauda FRUG (S) 18 23 19 29 16 28 133

Carollia castanea FRUG (S) 3 3

Carollia perspicillata FRUG (S) 300 127 134 637 427 513 2138

6

Choeroniscus minor NECT 1 6 7

Chrotopterus auritus GLAN 3 2 5

Desmodus rotundus SANG 7 1 2 1 11

Glossophaga soricina NECT 2 5 1 8

Glyphonycteris daviesi GLAN 3 2 5

Glyphonycteris sylvestris GLAN 1 1

Lampronycteris brachyotis GLAN 1 1

Lonchophylla thomasi NECT 13 1 1 16 3 1 35

Lophostoma brasiliense GLAN 1 4 5

Lophostoma carrikeri GLAN 1 1 2 1 5

Lophostoma schulzi GLAN 4 1 2 1 1 9

Lophostoma silvicolum GLAN 52 4 1 14 10 9 90

Mesophylla macconnelli FRUG (C) 16 5 2 1 24

Micronycteris hirsuta GLAN 1 1 2

Micronycteris megalotis GLAN 1 1 1 1 4

Micronycteris microtis GLAN 5 1 3 3 1 2 15

Micronycteris schmidtorum GLAN 1 1

Mimon crenulatum GLAN 26 15 14 16 12 9 92

Phylloderma stenops GLAN 7 1 1 3 2 2 16

Phyllostomus discolor NECT 3 3 3 1 10

Phyllostomus elongatus GLAN 21 2 7 2 1 33

Phyllostomus hastatus GLAN 1 1 1 3

Platyrrhinus helleri FRUG (C) 2 1 3

Rhinophylla pumilio FRUG (S) 117 41 34 180 83 89 544

Sturnira tildae FRUG (S) 1 1 5 1 4 14 26

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Tonatia saurophila GLAN 32 2 2 25 4 2 67

Trachops cirrhosus GLAN 71 6 5 30 2 11 125

Trinycteris nicefori GLAN 4 1 2 2 1 10

Uroderma bilobatum FRUG (C) 1 2 2 5

Vampyressa pusilla FRUG (C) 1 1

Vampyriscus bidens FRUG (C) 10 3 5 1 19

Vampyriscus brocki FRUG (C) 2 1 3

Mormoopidae

Pteronotus parnellii AEIN 118 22 14 53 25 40 272

Vespertilionidae

Eptesicus brasiliensis AEIN 1 1 1 3

Myotis nigricans AEIN 1 1 1 3

Myotis riparius AEIN 16 18 3 26 13 10 86

Rhogeessa io AEIN 1 1

Total captures 946 305 269 1151 680 859 4210

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Table S2 Summary of vegetation structure variables. CC = percent canopy cover, CH = canopy height (m), DBH = average (cm) of the DBH measures

of trees ≥ 10 cm, L = number of lianas, P = number of palms, S = number of woody stems (DBH < 10 cm), T = number of trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm), VC =

number of Vismia and Cecropia trees, VFD = vertical foliage density (values for CH, DBH, L, T, VC and VFD are also presented in Farneda et al

2015, Table S2). Results are presented as mean ± 1SD.

Habitat category CC CH DBH L P S T VC VFD

Continuous forest interior 85.4 ± 5.2 12.4 ± 3.2 24.8 ± 1.3 1.2 ± 0.4 14.4 ± 5.1 101.1 ± 27.8 10.9 ± 2.7 0.2 ± 0.4 519.4 ± 112.8

Continuous forest edge 78.6 ± 5.3 7.8 ± 1.8 17.7 ± 1.5 1.7 ± 1.2 5.7 ± 3.2 70.3 ± 10.7 11.3 ± 2.1 1.7 ± 0.6 455.3 ± 134.3

Continuous forest matrix 79.1 ± 0.3 8.6 ± 2.8 16.3 ± 1.5 1.7 ± 0.6 4.7 ± 2.1 83.7 ± 43 9.3 ± 1.2 2.3 ± 1.5 460.3 ± 164.1

100 ha fragment interior 83.6 ± 0.9 11.3 ± 1.6 23 ± 1.4 1 10.5 ± 6.4 92 ± 29.7 8 0 722.5 ± 98.3

100 ha fragment edge 74.2 ± 5.5 8.7 ± 0.6 17.5 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 0.7 4.5 ± 2.1 109.5 ± 13.4 11 ± 1.4 3 575 ± 89.1

100 ha fragment matrix 71.6 ± 2 7.1 ± 0.5 17 ± 1.4 2.5 ± 2.1 2 ± 2.8 105 ± 28.3 7.5 ± 0.7 2 463 ± 1.4

10 ha fragment interior 87.4 ± 1 9.7 ± 1.2 23 ± 3 2.3 ± 1.2 7 ± 1 96 ± 15.6 7.7 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.6 639 ± 53.7

10 ha fragment edge 79.6 ± 2.5 6.7 ± 0.6 20.7 ± 6.4 3 ± 1 4.7 ± 2.1 123.3 ± 54.2 8.7 ± 1.5 9.3 ± 10.2 438 ± 67.9

10 ha fragment matrix 76.5 ± 1.3 6.6 ± 1.5 14.3 ± 1.5 1.7 ± 2.1 2.7 ± 2.1 117.7 ± 32.1 8.3 ± 4.9 12.3 ± 9.3 362.7 ± 29.5

1 ha fragment interior 84.6 ± 2 7.6 ± 0.7 23.3 ± 3.8 2 ± 1 11 ± 5 88 ± 42.5 7.7 ± 0.6 0 547.7 ± 89.4

1 ha fragment edge 79.1 ± 10.2 7.1 ± 0.8 18 ± 3.6 2.3 ± 1.5 5 ± 4 130 ± 34.7 10 ± 2.6 2.3 ± 2.1 519 ± 24

1 ha fragment matrix 75.1 ± 6.7 7.3 ± 1.7 18.3 ± 2.3 3.3 ± 0.6 5 ± 3.6 95.3 ± 25.8 7.3 ± 2.3 4.3 ± 3.2 468.3 ± 137

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Table S3 Variable loadings, eigenvalues and proportion of variance explained by the first two axes of the principal components analysis examining the

covariation between vegetation structure variables.

Vegetation structure variables PCA 1 PCA 2

Canopy cover 0.39 0.30

Number of woody stems (DBH <10 cm) -0.09 0.66

Number of trees (DBH >10) 0.22 -0.13

Number of palms 0.38 0.13

Number of lianas -0.16 0.61

Number of Vismia spp. and Cecropia spp. trees -0.45 0.16

Average of the DBH measures of trees ≥10 cm 0.44 0.06

Canopy height (m) 0.40 -0.01

Vertical foliage density 0.28 0.22

Eigenvalue 3.80 1.30

% explained 42.02 14.20

Cumulative proportion 42.02 56.04

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Table S4 Results of multiple pairwise comparisons of GLMMs testing for differences in species richness and evenness across the Interior (I) - Edge

(E) - Matrix (M) gradient of continuous forest (CF) and different-sized fragments (F 1 = 1 ha; F 10 = 10 ha and F 100 = 100 ha). Significant (adjusted

P < 0.05) differences are highlighted in bold.

Species richness Evenness

Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)

CF (E) - CF (I) -1.455 0.376 -3.866 <0.01 -0.083 0.035 -2.342 0.436

CF (M) - CF (I) -2.012 0.376 -5.345 <0.01 -0.125 0.035 -3.530 0.021

F 1 (I) - CF (I) -3.383 0.376 -8.987 <0.01 -0.233 0.035 -6.566 <0.01

F 1 (E) - CF (I) -2.571 0.376 -6.829 <0.01 -0.122 0.035 -3.428 0.029

F 1 (M) - CF (I) -4.197 0.376 -11.149 <0.01 -0.343 0.035 -9.677 <0.01

F 10 (I) - CF (I) -2.912 0.376 -7.737 <0.01 -0.256 0.035 -7.227 <0.01

F 10 (E) - CF (I) -3.910 0.376 -10.386 <0.01 -0.360 0.035 -10.161 <0.01

F 10 (M) - CF (I) -2.949 0.376 -7.834 <0.01 -0.265 0.035 -7.471 <0.01

F 100 (I) - CF (I) -1.348 0.441 -3.054 0.090 -0.065 0.042 -1.574 0.915

F 100 (E) - CF (I) -3.445 0.441 -7.805 <0.01 -0.231 0.042 -5.553 <0.01

F 100 (M) - CF (I) -1.839 0.441 -4.166 <0.01 -0.145 0.042 -3.485 0.024

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.557 0.461 -1.207 0.988 -0.042 0.043 -0.970 0.998

F 1 (I) - CF (E) -1.928 0.461 -4.181 <0.01 -0.150 0.043 -3.449 0.027

F 1 (E) - CF (E) -1.115 0.461 -2.419 0.384 -0.039 0.043 -0.886 0.999

F 1 (M) - CF (E) -2.742 0.461 -5.947 <0.01 -0.260 0.043 -5.989 <0.01

F 10 (I) - CF (E) -1.457 0.461 -3.160 0.066 -0.173 0.043 -3.988 <0.01

F 10 (E) - CF (E) -2.454 0.461 -5.324 <0.01 -0.277 0.043 -6.384 <0.01

F 10 (M) - CF (E) -1.494 0.461 -3.240 0.052 -0.182 0.043 -4.187 <0.01

F 100 (I) - CF (E) 0.107 0.515 0.208 1.000 0.018 0.049 0.363 1.000

F 100 (E) - CF (E) -1.990 0.515 -3.860 <0.01 -0.148 0.049 -3.045 0.093

F 100 (M) - CF (E) -0.384 0.515 -0.744 1.000 -0.062 0.049 -1.274 0.981

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F 1 (I) - CF (M) -1.371 0.461 -2.974 0.112 -0.108 0.043 -2.479 0.344

F 1 (E) - CF (M) -0.559 0.461 -1.212 0.987 0.004 0.043 0.083 1.000

F 1 (M) - CF (M) -2.185 0.461 -4.739 <0.01 -0.218 0.043 -5.019 <0.01

F 10 (I) - CF (M) -0.900 0.461 -1.953 0.718 -0.131 0.043 -3.018 0.100

F 10 (E) – CF (M) -1.898 0.461 -4.116 <0.01 -0.235 0.043 -5.414 <0.01

F 10 (M) - CF (M) -0.937 0.461 -2.032 0.662 -0.140 0.043 -3.218 0.056

F 100 (I) - CF (M) 0.664 0.515 1.288 0.980 0.060 0.049 1.230 0.986

F 100 (E) – CF (M) -1.433 0.515 -2.780 0.184 -0.106 0.049 -2.177 0.556

F 100 (M) - CF (M) 0.173 0.515 0.336 1.000 -0.020 0.049 -0.406 1.000

F 1 (E) - F 1 (I) 0.812 0.461 1.762 0.833 0.111 0.043 2.562 0.293

F 1 (M) - F 1 (I) -0.814 0.461 -1.766 0.831 -0.110 0.043 -2.540 0.306

F 10 (I) - F 1 (I) 0.471 0.461 1.021 0.997 -0.023 0.043 -0.539 1.000

F 10 (E) - F 1 (I) -0.527 0.461 -1.142 0.992 -0.128 0.043 -2.936 0.124

F 10 (M) - F 1 (I) 0.434 0.461 0.941 0.999 -0.032 0.043 -0.739 1.000

F 100 (I) - F 1 (I) 2.035 0.515 3.948 <0.01 0.167 0.049 3.447 0.028

F 100 (E) - F 1 (I) -0.062 0.515 -0.120 1.000 0.002 0.049 0.040 1.000

F 100 (M) - F 1 (I) 1.544 0.515 2.995 0.106 0.088 0.049 1.811 0.806

F 1 (M) - F 1 (E) -1.626 0.461 -3.528 0.020 -0.222 0.043 -5.103 <0.01

F 10 (I) - F 1 (E) -0.342 0.461 -0.741 1.000 -0.135 0.043 -3.102 0.079

F 10 (E) - F 1 (E) -1.339 0.461 -2.904 0.134 -0.239 0.043 -5.498 <0.01

F 10 (M) - F 1 (E) -0.378 0.461 -0.821 1.000 -0.143 0.043 -3.301 0.044

F 100 (I) - F 1 (E) 1.223 0.515 2.372 0.416 0.056 0.049 1.155 0.992

F 100 (E) - F 1 (E) -0.874 0.515 -1.696 0.865 -0.109 0.049 -2.252 0.501

F 100 (M) - F 1 (E) 0.732 0.515 1.419 0.958 -0.023 0.049 -0.481 1.000

F 10 (I) - F 1 (M) 1.285 0.461 2.786 0.180 0.087 0.043 2.001 0.684

F 10 (E) - F 1 (M) 0.287 0.461 0.623 1.000 -0.017 0.043 -0.395 1.000

F 10 (M) - F 1 (M) 1.248 0.461 2.707 0.216 0.078 0.043 1.802 0.810

F 100 (I) - F 1 (M) 2.849 0.515 5.527 <0.01 0.278 0.049 5.719 <0.01

F 100 (E) - F 1 (M) 0.752 0.515 1.459 0.949 0.112 0.049 2.312 0.459

F 100 (M) - F 1 (M) 2.358 0.515 4.575 <0.01 0.198 0.049 4.083 <0.01

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F 10 (E) - F 10 (I) -0.997 0.461 -2.163 0.567 -0.104 0.043 -2.396 0.399

F 10 (M) - F 10 (I) -0.037 0.461 -0.080 1.000 -0.009 0.043 -0.199 1.000

F 100 (I) - F 10 (I) 1.564 0.515 3.035 0.095 0.191 0.049 3.930 <0.01

F 100 (E) - F 10 (I) -0.533 0.515 -1.033 0.997 0.025 0.049 0.522 1.000

F 100 (M) - F 10 (I) 1.073 0.515 2.082 0.625 0.111 0.049 2.293 0.472

F 10 (M) - F 10 (E) 0.961 0.461 2.084 0.625 0.095 0.043 2.197 0.542

F 100 (I) - F 10 (E) 2.562 0.515 4.970 <0.01 0.295 0.049 6.073 <0.01

F 100 (E) - F 10 (E) 0.465 0.515 0.901 0.999 0.129 0.049 2.665 0.237

F 100 (M) - F 10 (E) 2.071 0.515 4.017 <0.01 0.216 0.049 4.436 <0.01

F 100 (I) - F 10 (M) 1.601 0.515 3.106 0.079 0.200 0.049 4.108 <0.01

F 100 (E) - F 10 (M) -0.496 0.515 -0.962 0.998 0.034 0.049 0.700 1.000

F 100 (M) - F 10 (M) 1.110 0.515 2.153 0.574 0.120 0.049 2.471 0.349

F 100 (E) - F 100 (I) -2.097 0.565 -3.714 0.010 -0.166 0.053 -3.111 0.077

F 100 (M) - F 100 (I) -0.491 0.565 -0.870 0.999 -0.079 0.053 -1.494 0.940

F 100 (M) - F 100 (E) 1.606 0.565 2.844 0.156 0.086 0.053 1.617 0.899

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Table S5 Results of multiple pairwise comparisons of GLMMs testing for differences in abundance, with and without considering the most common

species (Carollia perspicillata), across the Interior (I) - Edge (E) - Matrix (M) gradient of continuous forest (CF) and fragments (F). Significant

(adjusted P < 0.05) differences are highlighted in bold.

All species Excluding Carollia perspicillata

Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)

CF (I) - CF (E) -0.527 0.074 -7.142 <0.001 -0.382 0.096 -3.976 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.059 0.085 -0.687 0.981 -0.164 0.118 -1.384 0.717

F (E) - CF (E) -0.083 0.098 -0.850 0.952 -0.487 0.131 -3.706 0.003

F (I) - CF (E) -0.274 0.095 -2.880 0.039 -0.494 0.123 -4.004 <0.001

F (M) - CF (E) 0.120 0.097 1.247 0.792 -0.197 0.127 -1.548 0.610

CF (M) - CF (I) 0.468 0.075 6.220 <0.001 0.218 0.102 2.140 0.247

F (E) - CF (I) 0.443 0.104 4.261 <0.001 -0.105 0.132 -0.796 0.964

F (I) - CF (I) 0.253 0.101 2.498 0.110 -0.112 0.124 -0.907 0.939

F (M) - CF (I) 0.647 0.103 6.299 <0.001 0.185 0.128 1.448 0.676

F (E) - CF (M) -0.025 0.099 -0.249 1.000 -0.323 0.136 -2.380 0.149

F (I) - CF (M) -0.215 0.096 -2.235 0.198 -0.330 0.128 -2.580 0.093

F (M) - CF (M) 0.179 0.098 1.831 0.413 -0.033 0.132 -0.253 1.000

F (I) - F (E) -0.190 0.049 -3.910 0.001 -0.007 0.079 -0.094 1.000

F (M) - F (E) 0.204 0.052 3.936 0.001 0.290 0.085 3.415 0.008

F (M) - F (I) 0.394 0.046 8.606 <0.001 0.297 0.072 4.136 <0.001

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Table S6 – Capture rate (bats/mnh) of all frugivores, shrub frugivores, canopy frugivores, gleaning animalivores, aerial insectivores (Pteronotus

parnellii) and nectarivores for interior, edge and matrix sites of the different habitat categories (continuous forest and 1 ha, 10 ha and 100 ha fragments)

across the BDFFP landscape. Values represent mean ± SE.

Habitat Frugivores Shrub

frugivores

Canopy

frugivores

Gleaning

animalivores

Aerial

insectivores Nectarivores

Continuous forest interior 0.088 ± 0.013 0.072 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.012 0.041 ± 0.004 0.020 ± 0.004 0.003 ± 0.001

Continuous forest edge 0.219 ± 0.08 0.189 ± 0.019 0.030 ± 0.063 0.031 ± 0.006 0.022 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.002

Continuous forest matrix 0.219 ± 0.071 0.189 ± 0.019 0.030 ± 0.051 0.029 ± 0.010 0.014 ± 0.002 0.001 ± 0.001

100 ha fragment interior 0.135 ± 0.008 0.118 ± 0.006 0.017 ± 0.002 0.028 ± 0.007 0.022 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.002

100 ha fragment edge 0.200 ± 0.008 0.192 ± 0.004 0.007 ± 0.003 0.022 ± 0.016 0.013 ± 0.007 0.003 ± 0.003

100 ha fragment matrix 0.236 ± 0.015 0.184 ± 0.001 0.052 ± 0.013 0.007 ± 0.007 0.016 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.003

10 ha fragment interior 0.265 ± 0.045 0.252 ± 0.002 0.013 ± 0.043 0.032 ± 0.008 0.005 0.010 ± 0.002

10 ha fragment edge 0.374 ± 0.158 0.328 ± 0.033 0.046 ± 0.124 0.020 ± 0.002 0.005 ± 0.001 0.001 ± 0.001

10 ha fragment matrix 0.399 ± 0.162 0.333 ± 0.052 0.066 ± 0.011 0.030 ± 0.010 0.021 ± 0.005 0.001 ± 0.001

1 ha fragment interior 0.100 ± 0.016 0.091 ± 0.003 0.009 ± 0.014 0.006 ± 0.004 0.007 ± 0.004 0.002 ± 0.002

1 ha fragment edge 0.110 ± 0.034 0.095 ± 0.007 0.015 ± 0.029 0.012 ± 0.006 0.011 ± 0.010 0.002 ± 0.001

1 ha fragment matrix 0.205 ± 0.043 0.193 ± 0.005 0.012 ± 0.042 0.008 ±0.004 0.008 ± 0.003 0

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Table S7 Results of multiple pairwise comparisons of GLMMs testing for differences in abundance of total frugivores, shrub frugivores, canopy

frugivores, gleaning animalivores, aerial insectivores (Pteronotus parnellii) and nectarivores across the Interior (I) - Edge (E) - Matrix (M) gradient of

continuous forest (CF) and fragments (F). Significant (adjusted P < 0.05) differences are highlighted in bold.

Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)

Frugivores

CF (E) – CF (I) 0.849 0.086 9.815 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (I) 0.847 0.087 9.773 <0.001

F (E) - CF (I) 0.891 0.120 7.448 <0.001

F (I) - CF (I) 0.614 0.117 5.232 <0.001

F (M) - CF (I) 1.104 0.118 9.329 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.002 0.095 -0.022 1.000

F (E) - CF (E) 0.042 0.110 0.383 0.999

F (I) - CF (E) -0.235 0.108 -2.180 0.221

F (M) - CF (E) 0.255 0.109 2.338 0.158

F (E) - CF (M) 0.044 0.110 0.402 0.998

F (I) - CF (M) -0.233 0.108 -2.160 0.230

F (M) - CF (M) 0.257 0.109 2.357 0.151

F (I) - F (E) -0.277 0.052 -5.285 <0.001

F (M) - F (E) 0.212 0.055 3.874 0.001

F (M) - F (I) 0.490 0.049 9.928 <0.001

Shrub frugivores

CF (E) – CF (I) 0.871 0.094 9.274 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (I) 0.873 0.094 9.294 <0.001

F (E) - CF (I) 0.910 0.126 7.199 <0.001

F (I) - CF (I) 0.667 0.124 5.388 <0.001

F (M) - CF (I) 1.075 0.125 8.581 <0.001

16

CF (M) - CF (E) 0.002 0.102 0.023 1.000

F (E) - CF (E) 0.039 0.116 0.340 0.999

F (I) - CF (E) -0.204 0.113 -1.798 0.433

F (M) - CF (E) 0.204 0.115 1.778 0.447

F (E) - CF (M) 0.037 0.116 0.320 1.000

F (I) - CF (M) -0.206 0.113 -1.820 0.419

F (M) - CF (M) 0.202 0.115 1.759 0.459

F (I) - F (E) -0.243 0.055 -4.415 <0.001

F (M) - F (E) 0.165 0.059 2.816 0.047

F (M) - F (I) 0.408 0.052 7.784 <0.001

Canopy frugivores

CF (E) – CF (I) 0.730 0.219 3.333 0.010

CF (M) - CF (I) 0.700 0.221 3.161 0.017

F (E) - CF (I) 0.722 0.316 2.283 0.180

F (I) - CF (I) 0.090 0.315 0.285 1.000

F (M) - CF (I) 1.268 0.305 4.151 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.030 0.256 -0.117 1.000

F (E) - CF (E) -0.008 0.313 -0.026 1.000

F (I) - CF (E) -0.640 0.312 -2.054 0.284

F (M) - CF (E) 0.538 0.302 1.780 0.447

F (E) - CF (M) 0.022 0.315 0.069 1.000

F (I) - CF (M) -0.610 0.313 -1.949 0.342

F (M) - CF (M) 0.568 0.304 1.869 0.390

F (I) - F (E) -0.632 0.176 -3.602 0.004

F (M) - F (E) 0.546 0.158 3.449 0.006

F (M) - F (I) 1.178 0.155 7.588 <0.001

Gleaning animalivores

CF (E) – CF (I) -0.291 0.192 -1.519 0.638

CF (M) - CF (I) -0.387 0.200 -1.938 0.365

F (E) - CF (I) -0.855 0.183 -4.687 <0.001

17

F (I) - CF (I) -0.639 0.142 -4.492 <0.001

F (M) - CF (I) -0.949 0.188 -5.043 <0.001

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.096 0.257 -0.376 0.999

F (E) - CF (E) -0.564 0.240 -2.352 0.165

F (I) - CF (E) -0.348 0.211 -1.649 0.551

F (M) - CF (E) -0.658 0.244 -2.693 0.072

F (E) - CF (M) -0.468 0.246 -1.898 0.389

F (I) - CF (M) -0.251 0.218 -1.151 0.852

F (M) - CF (M) -0.561 0.251 -2.239 0.210

F (I) - F (E) 0.216 0.175 1.239 0.808

F (M) - F (E) -0.093 0.214 -0.437 0.998

F (M) - F (I) -0.310 0.180 -1.717 0.506

Aerial insectivores

CF (E) – CF (I) -0.019 0.245 -0.077 1.000

CF (M) - CF (I) -0.469 0.293 -1.600 0.585

F (E) - CF (I) -0.705 0.300 -2.352 0.165

F (I) - CF (I) -0.650 0.262 -2.478 0.124

F (M) - CF (I) -0.237 0.274 -0.867 0.951

CF (M) - CF (E) -0.450 0.342 -1.316 0.766

F (E) - CF (E) -0.686 0.327 -2.100 0.275

F (I) - CF (E) -0.631 0.293 -2.156 0.248

F (M) - CF (E) -0.218 0.303 -0.721 0.978

F (E) - CF (M) -0.236 0.364 -0.648 0.986

F (I) - CF (M) -0.181 0.334 -0.541 0.994

F (M) - CF (M) 0.232 0.343 0.676 0.983

F (I) - F (E) 0.055 0.243 0.228 1.000

F (M) - F (E) 0.468 0.255 1.833 0.430

F (M) - F (I) 0.412 0.210 1.967 0.348

Nectarivores

CF (E) – CF (I) 0.468 0.509 0.920 0.932

18

CF (M) - CF (I) -1.139 1.033 -1.103 0.864

F (E) - CF (I) -0.545 0.526 -1.037 0.892

F (I) - CF (I) 0.579 0.327 1.769 0.451

F (M) - CF (I) -1.058 0.641 -1.652 0.530

CF (M) - CF (E) -1.607 1.101 -1.460 0.660

F (E) - CF (E) -1.013 0.648 -1.564 0.589

F (I) - CF (E) 0.111 0.501 0.222 1.000

F (M) - CF (E) -1.526 0.744 -2.051 0.284

F (E) - CF (M) 0.594 1.108 0.536 0.994

F (I) - CF (M) 1.719 1.029 1.671 0.517

F (M) - CF (M) 0.081 1.167 0.069 1.000

F (I) - F (E) 1.125 0.484 2.324 0.163

F (M) - F (E) -0.513 0.733 -0.700 0.979

F (M) - F (I) -1.638 0.607 -2.698 0.065

19

Table S8 The 95% confidence set of models investigating the relationship between local and landscape-scale attributes and species richness, evenness,

total abundance and abundance of frugivores and gleaning animalivores at five focal scales across the BDFFP, Central Amazon, Brazil. For each

model, the model rank, the number of estimated parameters (K), sample-size adjusted Akaike’s information criterion (AICc), Akaike differences (Δi),

Akaike weights (wi), cumulative Akaike weight (CumW), log-likelihood (log(L)), marginal R2 (mR2) and conditional R2 (cR2) are presented. Variable

abbreviations: VEGETATION = 1st axis of the vegetation structure Principal Components Analysis; FC = forest cover; ED = edge density; PD = patch

density.

Spatial scale

(m) Model structure

Model

rank K AICc Δi wi CumW log(L) mR2 cR2

Species richness

250

FC 1 5 116.97 0 0.33 0.33 -52.57 0.24 0.68

FC + ED 2 6 117.30 0.33 0.28 0.61 -51.34 0.32 0.64

FC + PD 3 6 119.06 2.09 0.12 0.73 -52.22 0.22 0.71

VEGETATION + FC 4 6 119.36 2.39 0.1 0.83 -52.37 0.31 0.70

FC + ED + PD 5 7 119.99 3.02 0.07 0.9 -51.19 0.29 0.70

VEGETATION + ED 6 6 121.23 4.27 0.04 0.94 -53.3 0.21 0.68

500

FC 1 5 108.54 0 0.45 0.45 -48.36 0.59 0.70

FC + PD 2 6 110.68 2.15 0.16 0.61 -48.03 0.63 0.71

VEGETATION + FC 3 6 110.92 2.38 0.14 0.75 -48.15 0.58 0.70

FC + ED 4 6 111.10 2.56 0.13 0.87 -48.24 0.59 0.70

750

FC + PD 1 6 110.07 0 0.48 0.48 -47.72 0.72 0.72

FC 2 5 111.74 1.67 0.21 0.69 -49.96 0.68 0.68

FC + ED + PD 3 7 112.95 2.88 0.11 0.80 -47.67 0.72 0.72

20

FC + ED 4 6 113.19 3.12 0.1 0.90 -49.28 0.69 0.69

1000

FC + PD 1 6 116.74 0 0.27 0.27 -51.06 0.66 0.66

FC 2 5 116.76 0.02 0.26 0.53 -52.47 0.58 0.65

VEGETATION + FC 3 6 116.98 0.23 0.24 0.77 -51.18 0.60 0.67

FC + ED + PD 4 6 118.45 1.71 0.11 0.88 -51.91 0.66 0.66

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 5 7 119.72 2.98 0.06 0.94 -51.05 0.67 0.69

1500

VEGETATION + FC 1 6 116.29 0 0.32 0.32 -50.83 0.58 0.69

FC + PD 2 6 116.96 0.67 0.23 0.55 -51.17 0.66 0.66

FC 3 5 117.25 0.96 0.2 0.75 -52.71 0.57 0.66

FC + ED 4 6 118.92 2.63 0.09 0.83 -52.15 0.60 0.67

VEGETATION + FC + PD + ED 5 8 119.3 3.01 0.07 0.9 -49.25 0.69 0.69

Evenness

250

VEGETATION + ED 1 6 -60.97 0 0.49 0.49 37.8 0.38 0.54

FC + ED 2 6 -58.11 2.86 0.12 0.6 36.37 0.39 0.49

VEGETATION + ED + PD 3 7 -57.99 2.98 0.11 0.71 37.8 0.38 0.53

VEGETATION 4 5 -56.85 4.12 0.06 0.77 34.34 0.15 0.53

FC 5 5 -56.66 4.31 0.06 0.83 34.24 0.23 0.46

VEGETATION + FC 6 6 -55.96 5.01 0.04 0.87 35.29 0.55 0.55

VEGETATION + FC + PD + ED 7 8 -55.91 5.06 0.04 0.91 38.36 0.25 0.49

FC + ED + PD 8 7 -55.39 5.58 0.03 0.94 36.5 0.50 0.50

500

FC 1 5 -69.76 0 0.47 0.47 40.79 0.60 0.60

VEGETATION + FC 2 6 -67.81 1.95 0.18 0.65 41.22 0.61 0.60

FC + ED 3 6 -67.26 2.5 0.13 0.78 40.94 0.60 0.60

FC + PD 4 6 -67.17 2.59 0.13 0.91 40.90 0.60 0.60

750

FC 1 5 -69.83 0 0.38 0.38 40.82 0.60 0.60

FC + PD 2 6 -69.04 0.79 0.26 0.64 41.83 0.62 0.62

VEGETATION + FC 3 6 -68.14 1.69 0.16 0.8 41.38 0.61 0.61

21

FC + ED 4 6 -67.37 2.46 0.11 0.91 41.00 0.60 0.60

1000

VEGETATION + FC 1 6 -64.71 0 0.37 0.37 39.67 0.58 0.58

FC 2 5 -64.46 0.25 0.33 0.70 38.14 0.54 0.54

FC + PD 3 6 -62.47 2.25 0.12 0.82 38.55 0.55 0.55

FC + ED 4 6 -62.28 2.43 0.11 0.93 38.45 0.55 0.55

1500

VEGETATION + FC 1 6 -63.18 0 0.46 0.46 38.9 0.56 0.56

FC 2 5 -61.38 1.8 0.19 0.65 36.6 0.50 0.50

FC + PD 3 6 -60.87 2.31 0.14 0.79 37.75 0.53 0.53

FC + ED 4 6 -59.79 3.39 0.08 0.87 37.21 0.51 0.51

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 5 8 -58.89 4.29 0.05 0.93 39.85 0.58 0.58

Abundance

250

VEGETATION + ED 1 5 3049.21 0 0.25 0.25 -1519.51 0.01 0.17

ED 2 4 3050.18 0.97 0.15 0.4 -1521.02 0.01 0.15

VEGETATION + FC 3 5 3050.42 1.21 0.14 0.54 -1520.11 0.03 0.14

VEGETATION + ED + PD 4 6 3051.26 2.05 0.09 0.63 -1519.49 0.03 0.19

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 5 7 3051.85 2.64 0.07 0.70 -1518.74 0.05 0.14

FC + ED 6 5 3051.96 2.75 0.06 0.76 -1520.88 0.05 0.13

PD + ED 7 5 3052.24 3.03 0.06 0.82 -1521.02 0.03 0.18

VEGETATION 8 4 3052.28 3.07 0.05 0.87 -1522.07 0.03 0.15

NULL MODEL 9 3 3053.27 4.07 0.03 0.90 -1523.6 0 0.13

FC 10 4 3053.5 4.29 0.03 0.93 -1522.68 0.03 0.13

500

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 1 7 3037.61 0 0.44 0.44 -1511.62 0.06 0.14

FC + PD 2 5 3038.66 1.05 0.26 0.70 -1514.23 0.05 0.13

FC + ED + PD 3 6 3038.8 1.19 0.24 0.94 -1513.26 0.06 0.01

750

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 1 7 3039.25 0 0.38 0.38 -1512.44 0.05 0.14

FC + PD 2 5 3040.47 1.23 0.21 0.59 -1515.14 0.05 0.13

FC + ED 3 5 3040.82 1.57 0.17 0.76 -1515.31 0.05 0.13

22

FC + ED + PD 4 6 3040.82 1.57 0.17 0.94 -1514.27 0.05 0.13

1000

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 1 7 3039.73 0 0.28 0.28 -1512.68 0.07 0.15

FC + ED + PD 2 6 3039.84 0.11 0.27 0.55 -1513.78 0.08 0.16

FC + PD 3 5 3040.22 0.49 0.22 0.76 -1515.01 0.06 0.14

1500

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 1 7 3044.3 0 0.35 0.35 -1514.97 0.05 0.14

FC + ED 2 5 3044.8 0.50 0.27 0.62 -1517.3 0.05 0.14

FC + PD + ED 3 6 3045.21 0.91 0.22 0.84 -1516.47 0.04 0.13

VEGETATION + FC 4 5 3046.91 2.61 0.09 0.94 -1518.36 0.02 0.14

23

Table S9 Summary results of model averaging of the most parsimonious generalized linear mixed models (Akaike differences < 2 from the best

model) investigating the relationship between local and landscape-scale attributes on species richness, evenness, total abundance and abundance of

frugivores and gleaning animalivores at five focal scales across the BDFFP, Central Amazon, Brazil.

Spatial scale

(m)

Local-scale Habitat amount Habitat configuration

Intercept Vegetation Forest cover Edge density Patch density

Species richness

250

Estimate 6.42 0.66 -0.24

Unconditional SE 0.39 0.16 0.15

95% Confidence

interval 5.66, 7.18 0.34, 0.97 -0.53, 0.05

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 24.31 50.63 23.89 1.18

500

Estimate 6.29 1.08

Unconditional SE 0.23 0.16

95% Confidence

interval 5.83, 6.74 0.77, 1.38

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 16.37 54.75 17.01 11.86

24

750

Estimate 6.16 1.07 -0.19 -0.3

Unconditional SE 0.13 0.19 0.18 0.15

95% Confidence

interval 5.90, 6.43 0.69, 1.45 -0.54, 0.15 -0.61, 0

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 19.01 60.54 10.45 9.92

1000

Estimate 6.22 0.28 1.09 -0.19 -0.30

Unconditional SE 0.20 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.15

95% Confidence

interval 5.84, 6.61 -0.05, 0.61 0.69, 1.49 -0.54, 0.15 0.61, 0

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 22.68 61.01 6.56 9.76

1500

Estimate 6.25 0.32 1.02 -0.40

Unconditional SE 0.22 0.16 0.21 0.15

95% Confidence

interval 5.82, 6.68 0, 0.64 0.62, 1.43 -0.7, -0.10

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 20.87 51.87 15.58 11.68

25

Evenness

250

Estimate 0.69 0.05 -0.04

Unconditional SE 0.02 0.02 0.02

95% Confidence

interval 0.64, 0.74 0.01, 0.08 -0.07, -0.01

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 30.99 34.7 33.33 0.97

500

Estimate 0.68 0.02 0.10

Unconditional SE 0.01 0.02 0.02

95% Confidence

interval 0.65, 0.71 -0.02, 005 0.07, 0.13

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 20.57 53.16 16.07 10.20

750

Estimate 0.68 0.02 0.10 -0.02

Unconditional SE 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01

95% Confidence

interval 0.65, 0.71 -0.02, 0.05 0.07, 0.13 -0.05, 0.01

26

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 22.95 59.88 9.00 8.17

1000

Estimate 0.68 0.03 0.09

Unconditional SE 0.01 0.02 0.02

95% Confidence

interval 0.65, 0.71 0. 0.07 0.05, 0.13

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 28.70 59.77 5.98 5.56

1500

Estimate 0.68 0.04 0.08

Unconditional SE 0.01 0.02 0.02

95% Confidence

interval 0.65, 0.71 0, 0.07 0.04, 0.12

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 27.68 50.3 14.00 8.00

Abundance

250

Estimate -1.59 0.08 -0.20 0.20

Unconditional SE 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.08

27

95% Confidence

interval -1.77, -1.41 0, 0.17 -0.38, 0.02 0.04, 0.36

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 26.26 7.94 63.07 2.72

500

Estimate -1.58 0.08 -0.32 0.19 -0.4

Unconditional SE 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.15 0.12

95% Confidence

interval -1.71, -1.45 0, 0.16 -0.54, -0.11 -0.11, 0.49 -0.63, -0.17

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 9.89 31.88 15.67 42.56

750

Estimate -1.58 0.08 -0.36 -0.17 -0.14

Unconditional SE 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.11

95% Confidence

interval -1.71, -1.45 0, 0.16 -0.53, -0.20 -0.38, 0.04 -0.35, 0.07

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 16.91 54.38 6.52 22.18

1000

Estimate -1.61 0.06 -0.34 -0.17 -0.23

Unconditional SE 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.11

28

95% Confidence

interval -1.79, -1.42 -0.01 0.14 -0.51, -0.18 -0.37, 0.02 -0.45, -0.01

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 17.03 58.62 11.19 13.16

1500

Estimate -1.59 0.07 -0.39 -0.36 -0.18

Unconditional SE 0.08 0.04 0.1 0.15 0.13

95% Confidence

interval -1.74, -1.43 -0.01, 0.15 -0.58, -0.2 -0.65, -0.08 -0.07, 0.44

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 18.13 53.63 24.18 4.06

Frugivores abundance

250

Estimate -1.87 0.11 -0.29 0.23 0

Unconditional SE 0.12 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.09

95% Confidence

interval -2.1, -1.64 0.01, 0.21 -0.55, -0.04 0.03, 0.43 -0.18, 0.18

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 28.49 16.41 54.47 0.63

500 Estimate -1.85 0.10 -0.51 0.21 -0.45

29

Unconditional SE 0.08 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.13

95% Confidence

interval -2, -1.7 0.01, 0.18 -0.76. -0.26 -0.13, 0.55 -0.7, -0.19

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 13.15 39.01 16.52 31.31

750

Estimate -1.85 0.11 -0.53 -0.18 -0.10

Unconditional SE 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.12

95% Confidence

interval -2.00, -1.70 0.02, 0.20 -0.72, -0.34 -0.4, 0.05 -0.34, 0.14

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 19.91 62.63 4.04 13.42

1000

Estimate -1.89 0.09 -0.49 -0.16 -0.23

Unconditional SE 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.13

95% Confidence

interval -2.11, -1.67 0, 0.18 -0.68, -0.30 -0.38, 0.06 -0.49, 0.02

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 21.18 65.34 5.41 8.08

1500 Estimate -1.86 0.10 -0.50 -0.34 0.23

30

Unconditional SE 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.16

95% Confidence

interval -2.06, -1.67 0.01, 0.19 -0.75, -0.25 -0.67, -0.02 -0.08, 0.53

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 21.97 56.41 17.42 4.21

Gleaning animalivores abundance

250

Estimate -3.89 0.47 0.13 0.09

Unconditional SE 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10

95% Confidence

interval -4.09, -3.69 0.26, 0.68 -0.08, 0.33 -0.11, 0.28

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 24.31 51.02 5.98 18.69

500

Estimate -3.89 0.3 0.39 -0.53

Unconditional SE 0.10 0.16 0.21 0.17

95% Confidence

interval -4.08, -3.69 -0.02, 0.63 -0.02, 0.79 -0.86, -0.2

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 26.58 18.93 13.45 41.04

31

750

Estimate -3.88 0.20 -0.04 -0.38

Unconditional SE 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.13

95% Confidence

interval -4.09, -3.67 -0.01, 0.4 -0.34, 0.25 -0.64, -0.13

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 24.97 14.43 20.43 40.17

1000

Estimate -3.88 0.12 0.17 -0.15 -0.36

Unconditional SE 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.15

95% Confidence

interval -4.11, -3.65 -0.07, 0.31 -0.03, 0.38 -0.46, 0.16 -0.66, -0.06

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 31.11 12.82 23.13 32.93

1500

Estimate -3.88 0.08 0.06 -0.44

Unconditional SE 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11

95% Confidence

interval -4.08, -3.68 -0.11, 0.28 -0.17, 0.29 -0.65, -0.22

Hierarchical

partitioning (%) 27.04 12.07 42.18 18.71

32

Table S10 Moran’s I values of the model residuals of the most parsimonious generalized linear mixed models (Akaike differences < 2 from the best

model) investigating the relationship between local and landscape-scale attributes on species richness, evenness, total abundance and abundance of

frugivores and gleaning animalivores at five focal scales across the BDFFP, Central Amazon, Brazil. Significant (P < 0.05) results are highlighted in

bold. Variable abbreviations: VEGETATION = 1st axis of the vegetation structure Principal Components Analysis; FC = forest cover; ED = edge

density; PD = patch density.

Spatial scale

(m) Model structure

I E(I) sd(I) p-value

Species richness

250 FC -0.22 -0.03 0.10 0.05

FC + ED -0.23 -0.03 0.10 0.04

500 FC -0.21 -0.03 0.10 0.06

750 FC + PD -0.07 -0.03 0.10 0.68

FC -0.02 -0.03 0.10 0.97

1000

FC + PD -0.21 -0.03 0.10 0.92

FC -0.01 -0.03 0.10 0.55

VEGETATION + FC -0.11 -0.03 0.10 0.38

FC + ED + PD -0.09 -0.03 0.10 0.50

1500

VEGETATION + FC -0.12 -0.03 0.10 0.30

FC + PD -0.01 -0.03 0.10 0.84

FC -0.10 -0.03 0.10 0.47

Evenness

250 VEGETATION + ED -0.21 -0.03 0.10 0.05

500 FC -0.01 -0.03 0.10 0.47

VEGETATION + FC -0.10 -0.03 0.10 0.43

33

750

FC -0.13 -0.03 0.10 0.28

FC + PD -0.13 -0.03 0.10 0.30

VEGETATION + FC -0.13 -0.03 0.10 0.30

1000 VEGETATION + FC -0.09 -0.03 0.10 0.50

FC -0.08 -0.03 0.10 0.60

1500 VEGETATION + FC -0.04 -0.03 0.10 0.90

FC 0 -0.03 0.10 0.80

Abundance

250

VEGETATION + ED 0 0 0.01 0.79

ED 0 0 0.01 0.78

VEGETATION + FC 0 0 0.01 0.79

500

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

750

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

1000

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.77

FC + PD 0 0 0.01 0.77

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.78

1500

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.78

FC + PD + ED 0 0 0.01 0.78

Frugivores abundance

250 VEGETATION + FC 0 0 0.01 0.80

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

34

VEGETATION + ED 0 0 0.01 0.81

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.80

500 VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.81

750

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

VEGETATION + FC 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

1000

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + PD 0 0 0.01 0.79

FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.80

VEGETATION + FC 0 0 0.01 0.79

1500

VEGETATION + FC 0 0 0.01 0.79

VEGETATION + FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.80

FC + ED 0 0 0.01 0.80

Gleaning animalivores abundance

250

FC 0.02 0 0.01 0.07

FC + ED 0.02 0 0.01 0.10

FC + PD 0.02 0 0.01 0.07

500

FC + ED + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.14

FC + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.18

PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.23

750

FC + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.14

PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.18

FC + ED + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.14

1000

FC + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.15

PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.20

VEGETATION + PD 0.01 0 0.01 0.15

ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.22

FC + ED + PD 0 0 0.01 0.15

FC + ED 0.01 0 0.01 0.17

1500 ED 0.01 0 0.01 0.17

VEGETATION + ED 0.02 0 0.01 0.16

35

FC + ED 0.01 0 0.01 0.16