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Supply of wood energy from the forest related to climate
and sustainability Hillevi Eriksson,
Swedish Forest Agency
Contents
• Climate– Mitigation, debate– Effects on production
• Sustainability– Where are we now– What may change?
Mitigation
• Climate mitigation policies will discriminate fossil fuels– C emission trading, C tax, less subsidies..
• Knowledge development and debate on GHG impact of biomass fuels– Direct/indirect, incl relative undisturbed forest– Reflected in policies, control systems,
36 %
Pulp & Paper
16 % Pulp chips
13 % energy (bark, sawdust, etc)
20 %Sawn wood46 %
Saw logs
8 % energy (direct harvest)
23 %
energy (black liqour, etc)
46 %pulpwood
Annual harvest~ 90 mill m3
Source: Skogsindustrierna, 2003 and Official Statistics of Sweden
Wood use in the Swedish forest sector~6-8 % of tot biomass harvest: energy (branches and tops (and stumps))
4
Bioenergy development in
Sweden 1970-2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
TWh
Share of domestic energy consumption
•1970: 9%
•1980: 11%
•1990: 15%
•2000: 20%
•2009: 29%
Impact of climate change on forests- growth- damage- management
Growing season (days > 5°C)
• •
B2
A2
Källa: Rossby Centre, SMHI
1961-90 2011-40 2041-70
year
8
Swedens annual air temperatures 1860-2008
Relative production increase [%] (B2)Picea abiesPinus sylv.Betula verr.
Källa: Johan Bergh, SLU
…but also more damage
• Storm-felling
• Fire
• More browsing
• Root rot, pine weevil and spruce beetle are all favoured
• Insects generelly favoured
• Spring frost
• Pathogens +/-
Hur ändras klimatet på Gotland?
11
SMHI: Frequency of winds >25 m/s for S Sweden
Källa: Wern, L och Bärring, L., ”Sveriges vindklimat 1901-2008 Analys av förändring i geostrofisk vind”SMHI rapport i Meteorologi Nr 138/2009
-Major conclusions
• Warmer and wetter climate, wind?• Improved agro/forest production but also higher
risk for damage/pathogens• Negative for biodiversity• Management adaptation
– Risk spreading (tree species, silviculture, etc)– Better roads– Improved techniques for machinery for less soil/water
impact– Developed considerations to biodiversity
Sustainability - where are we now?
• National legislation and recommendations
• UNFF/CBD/Agenda 21
• Forest Europe (LBA?)
• EU
Preserve biodiversity• Leave ”eternity trees”, shrubs and old dead wood
(snags)• No WTH where endangered species could be affected
negatively• Leave slash of less common species• Leave part of the slash (> 20 %)• Avoid deep track formation near water
14
Forest environmental problems at present in Sweden
• Not enough forest area preserved• Not enough ”pro-biodiv management” of
preserved areas?• Reports about harvest of snags • Reports about increased damage on
moist soils and brooks• Level of ash recycling yet not sufficient
to counteract acidifying effect