Supported by the Government of India, Ministry of Drinking ... · drinking water supply to the...

T o o l k i T f o r T h e P r e Pa r aT i o n o f a D r i n k i n g WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a n

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Supported by the Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Water and Sanitation Program

February 2015


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T o o l k i T f o r T h e P r e Pa r aT i o n o f a D r i n k i n g WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a nT o o l k i T f o r T h e P r e Pa r aT i o n o f a D r i n k i n g WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a n

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Supported by the Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Water and Sanitation Program

February 2015

ToolkiT for THE PrEParaTion of a Drinking WaTEr SEcuriTy Plan


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forEWorD

The government of india along with the States and union Territories has been focussing on ensuring safe

drinking water supply to the rural communities from 1972-73 onwards through various national rural drinking

water supply programmes. Being a vast and diverse country, india is facing many challenges in ensuring reliable

and safe drinking water on a sustainable basis.

The government of india—subscribing to the statement—‘It is difficult to manage what is not measured’,

has been developing its Drinking Water Security Plan with an inventory of drinking water resources, systems,

institutional arrangements, energy charges, sanitation aspects, etc., in an integrated participatory way under its

pilot project national Drinking Water Security Pilot Project (nDWSPP).

There is a need for a holistic and participatory planning approach, with clear guidance on institutional roles and

responsibilities and financing to address issues on sustainability.

gram Panchayats and Village Water and Sanitation committees need to prepare Drinking Water Security

Plans which address source sustainability, water quality (both bacteriological and chemical), operation and

maintenance issues, as well as provisions for replacement and expansion.

This Toolkit has been prepared for use by support agencies, field level engineers, gram Panchayat secretaries,

Panchayat development officers, etc., who can facilitate the preparation of drinking water security plans using

the necessary tools, techniques and templates to ensure that a systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted

throughout the process.

This document, Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan, has been prepared in

association with the Water and Sanitation Program with inputs from the user community, gram Panchayats,

State nodal officers and Support organisations.

We acknowledge the inputs provided by nodal officers, Support organisations and gram Panchayat functionaries.

i wish to place on record our appreciation for associating with us and bringing out this Toolkit.

VIJAYLAXMI JOSHI I.A.S.

SecretaryGovernment of India

Ministry of Drinking Water and SanitationC-3 Wing, 4th Floor, Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi-110003

Tel.: 24361670, 24361671, 24361572 Fax: 24361669 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.ddws.nic.in

lfpoHkkjr ljdkj

is;ty ,oa LoPNrk ea=ky;

fot;y{eh tks’kh ,bZ. ,. ,l.

Vijaylaxmi Joshi

new Delhi

6th february 2015

,d dne LoPNrk dh vksj / Sanitation is next to godliness


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acknowledgements

This Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan has been prepared by the

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS),

government of india, as part of the technical assistance to the national Drinking Water Security

Pilot Project of MDWS.

The team that prepared this Toolkit comprised Mr. Mariappa kullappa, Senior Water and

Sanitation Specialist, Water and Sanitation Program, and Mr. Manohar S.P. (consultant)

with support and inputs from Dr. Manish kumar, Senior institutional Development

Specialist, Dr. Suseel Samuel, Water and Sanitation Specialist, and Ms. Vandana Mehra,

communication Specialist.

officials from state, district and block levels of the participating states and representatives of

Support organisations engaged for the national Drinking Water Security Pilot Project provided

critical inputs in addition to facilitating meetings and field visits to pilot blocks. State nodal

officers from the participating states and concerned sector specialists provided comments on

the draft Toolkit.

acknowledgments are due to:

• Mrs.SwetaBanarjee,DistrictNodalOffice,MaharashtraandMr.RaviPrakash,TeamLeader,

for providing inputs and facilitating interactions with field functionaries, gram Panchayats

and communities in their respective pilot blocks;

• GramPanchayatfunctionariesofDomakGramPanchayat,Morshiblock,Amravatidistrict,

Maharashtra, and of hebbani gram Panchayat, Mulbagal block, kolar district, karnataka

for all the support extended during designing and field testing activities in their gram

Panchayats; and

• Officialsfromstate,districtandblocklevelsoftheparticipatingstatesandrepresentatives

of Support organisations of the national Drinking Water Security Pilot Project for providing

critical inputs as well as comments on the draft Toolkit.

The guidance and support provided by Ms. Vijaylaxmi Joshi, Secretary; Mr. Satyabrata Sahu, Joint

Secretary (Water); Mr. Sujoy Majumdar, Director; Mr. Dinesh chand, advisor; Ms. Sandhya Singh,

Joint Director; and Mr. Sanmugasundaram (consultant nrc) of MDWS, government of india,

are gratefully acknowledged.

references used in the preparation of the Toolkit are included in the Bibliography.

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foreword vacknowledgements vii

abbreviations 10

glossary of Terms 12how to use this Toolkit 15

chapter 1 Water Security Planning 171.1 Background and need 181.2 Water Security Planning 181.3 framework for Drinking Water Security 191.4 Technical Support to gP/VWSc 191.5 about the Toolkit 19

chapter 2 Project Phases 212.1 Project Phases 222.2 input, Process and output 242.3 note to facilitator 26

chapter 3 Process Planning 273.1 Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P) 283.1.1 institutional Support (activity code P-1) 283.1.2 compilation of Data (activity code P-2) 283.1.2.1 Baseline Data 303.1.2.2 Delineation of the hydrological unit 333.1.2.3 groundwater Prospects Maps 343.1.2.4 Toposheet 353.2 Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and Planning (c) 353.2.1 gP McM (activity code c-1) 373.2.2 gram Sabha 1 (activity code c-2) 393.2.3 VWSc formation/Strengthening (activity code 3) 413.2.4 Participatory rural appraisal (activity code c-4) 423.2.4.1 Social Mapping (activity code c-4.1) 423.2.4.2 Water resource Mapping (activity code c-4.2) 473.2.4.3 Timeline (activity code c-4.3) 493.2.4.4 Seasonality (activity code c-4.4) 513.2.4.5 community-led Total Sanitation (activity code c-4.5) 533.2.5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to users (activity code c-5) 603.2.6 establishment of rain gauge Station (activity code c-6) 643.2.7 WTQQ Monitoring (activity code c-7) 67

Table of contents

3.2.7.1 groundwater Table 67

3.2.7.2 Discharge Measurement 69

3.2.7.3 Water Quality 69

3.2.8 Water Budget (activity code c-8) 70

3.2.8.1 assessment of Water availability 713.2.8.2 assessment of Water Demand 733.2.9 Women’s Meeting (activity code c-9) 763.2.10 School level Programme (activity code c-10) 77


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list of figures figure 2.1: Phases of Drinking Water Security Planning 22figure 2.2: Phase 1: Preparatory Phase with expected outputs 22 figure 2.3: Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and Drinking Water Security Plan 23 and expected outputsfigure 2.4: Phase 3: implementation and expected outputs 23 figure 2.5: Phase 4: Monitoring and expected outputs 23figure 3.1: institutional arrangements 29figure 3.2: an example of the Delineation of a hydrological unit 34figure 3.3: Sample groundwater Prospects Map Showing Watershed Boundaries and 34 Watershed-wise groundwater Prospectsfigure 3.4: Phase 2: outputs 35figure 3.5: a Sample Social Map on cloth 45

list of Tables Table 2.1: Phase-wise inputs, Processes and expected outputs 24Table 3.1: Baseline Data of gram Panchayat 30Table 3.2: Phase 2: activities and expected outputs 36Table 3.3: Stakeholder Details—format 37Table 3.4: Meeting report format 40Table 3.5: Survey format: Social Mapping 46Table 3.6: Survey format for Water resource Mapping 48Table 3.7: example of Seasonal calendar 52Table 3.8: Basics: key attitudes and Behaviours 56Table 3.9: clTS: Monitoring and reporting formats 58Table 3.10: checklist to identify Water Security, Water Supply System and o&M issues 61Table 3.11: format for Water Supply System issues, challenges and Possible Solutions 63Table 3.12: rainfall Data log 66Table 3.13: format for computing irrigation Water Demand 74Table 3.14: consolidation of information for a DWSP 81Table 4.1: roles and responsibilities of agencies involved 84Table 4.2: activities within the DWSP 85Table 4.3: checklist for fgD 88Table 4.4: Water Tariff calculation 89Table 4.5: Suggested Monitoring and evaluation framework 92

list of Boxes Box 3.1: Social Map—a Dynamic Monitoring Tool 44Box 3.2: clTS Principles 58 Box 4.1: o&M and Water conservation 90

3.2.11 cross Visit (activity code c-11) 783.2.12 VWSc Workshop-2 (activity code c-12) 803.2.13 gram Sabha 2 (activity code c-13) 823.2.14 gP Workshop 2 (activity code c-14) 82

chapter 4 implementation and Monitoring Process 83

4.1 implementation Stage 844.1.1 VWSc Meeting (activity code i-1) 854.1.2 Periodic Joint review of Works (activity code i-2) 864.1.3 operation and Maintenance (activity code i-3) 874.2 Monitoring 91

Bibliography 93

annex: Template for Drinking Water Security Plan 97


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aPl above the Poverty line

aSha accredited Social health activist

BPl Below the Poverty line

Brc Block resource centre

cBo community-Based organisation

clTS community-led Total Sanitation

cu m cubic metre

DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission

DWSP Drinking Water Security Plan

fgD focussed group Discussion

goi government of india

gP gram Panchayat

ha hectare

hh household

lpcd litre per capita per day

lpd litre per day

m metre

mm millimetre

M&e Monitoring and evaluation

McM Mobilisation & convergence Meeting

MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MgnregS Mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee Scheme

Mou Memorandum of understanding

MVS Multi Village Scheme

ngo non-governmental organisation

nrDWP national rural Drinking Water Programme

abbreviations


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aPl above the Poverty line

aSha accredited Social health activist

BPl Below the Poverty line

Brc Block resource centre

cBo community-Based organisation

clTS community-led Total Sanitation

cu m cubic metre

DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission

DWSP Drinking Water Security Plan

fgD focussed group Discussion

goi government of india

gP gram Panchayat

ha hectare

hh household

lpcd litre per capita per day

lpd litre per day

m metre

mm millimetre

M&e Monitoring and evaluation

McM Mobilisation & convergence Meeting

MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MgnregS Mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee Scheme

Mou Memorandum of understanding

MVS Multi Village Scheme

ngo non-governmental organisation

nrDWP national rural Drinking Water Programme

nrW non revenue Water

oBc other Backward classes

o&M operation and Maintenance

oD open Defecation

oDf open Defecation free

Phc Primary health centre

PheD Public health engineering Department

Pra Participatory rural appraisal

Sc Scheduled caste

Shg Self-help group

SlSSc State level Schemes Sanctioning committee

SMc School Management committee

ST Scheduled Tribe

STa State Technical agency

So Support organisation

sq km square kilometre

SVS Single Village Scheme

SWSM State Water and Sanitation Mission

VQaT Village Quality assurance Team

VWSc Village Water and Sanitation committee

WSP Water and Sanitation Program

WSSo Water and Sanitation Support organisation

Wli Water level indicator

WTQQ Water Table, Quantity and Quality

Wuc Water users committee

ZP Zilla Parishad

a B B r e V i aT i o n S


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glossary of Terms

activity: educational process or procedure intended to stimulate

learning through actual experience.

aquifer: an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or

unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or silt) from which

groundwater can be extracted using a water well.

catchment: a catchment, or drainage basin, is a discrete area of land with a

common drainage system. a catchment area includes the water

bodies that convey the water, as well as the land surface from

which water drains into these bodies.

Environment: The physical and biological factors together with their chemical

interactions that affect an organism.

facilitator: a person who helps to bring about an outcome (i.e., learning,

productivity, or communication) by providing indirect or

unobtrusive assistance, guidance, or supervision.

Hydrogeology: The area of geology that deals with the distribution and

movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the earth’s

crust, commonly in aquifers.

indicator: a measurable or tangible (concrete) sign that something has

been done.

input: information/data/facilitation that helps someone make a

decision in order to achieve a desired goal.

Mapping: The process of gathering information about community water

supply by having community members create their own map.

They can draw the map on the ground or on a sheet of paper

with sufficient details to facilitate identification of the source,

utilities, consumption centre and risk zones.

Participatory a rapid and inexpensive assessment of the most important

rural appraisal: features of the living conditions of a population and an

environment. The assessment, done primarily by an

interdisciplinary team, takes place in the field.

Primary Data: observed or collected directly from first-hand experience.


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Process: Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at

every stage, consume one or more resources to convert inputs

into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next

stage until a specified goal is reached.

Secondary Data: Published data and data previously collected by other parties.

Stakeholder: a person, group or organisation that has some form of interest

or concern in an organisation. Stakeholders can affect or be

affected by the organisation’s actions, objectives and policies.

Transect Walks: Systematically organised walks with key informants through

the area of interest, while observing, asking questions, listening

and identifying problems and solutions. Walking through, a

community helps participants to understand power divisions,

environmental issues, solid and liquid waste management,

construction quality, operation and maintenance, etc.

Water Demand: Water requirements for a specified purpose (e.g., municipal

supply, irrigation, ecology, plant transpiration or storage).

Water Security: availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water

for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and productive activities,

coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people,

economies and the environment.

Water a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management

Security Plan: approach embracing all the different steps in water supply, from

catchment to consumer.

Water Quality: refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of

water. it is a measure of the condition of water relative to the

requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human

need or purpose.

g l o S S a r y o f T e r M S


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This Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan provides a model for taking a gram Panchayat/Support organisation through an action planning process. The Toolkit includes a basic action planning format. it is a step-by-step process, covering practical guidelines and a water security plan template. The Practical guidelines are designed to standardise and streamline water security planning for all the pilot blocks.The Toolkit focusses on the planning and community mobilisation as well as the institutional and financial aspects of implementing a drinking water security programme in pilot blocks.

Target audienceThe Toolkit has been prepared for use by support agencies, field level engineers, gram Panchayat secretaries, Panchayat development officers, etc., who can facilitate the preparation of drinking water security plans using the necessary tools, techniques and templates to ensure that a systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted throughout the process.

overviewThe Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan contains four chapters:

1. Water Security Planning: This chapter provides background information, and outlines the objective of the piloting and pilot blocks.

2. Project Phases: The national Drinking Water Security Pilot Project is planned to be implemented in gram Panchayats and their

habitations in four phases, leading to drinking water security in project villages. The phases and relevant activities of each stage in the process are described in this chapter, based on the government of india concept note and expected outcome of convergence of input to the gram Panchayats/Village Water and Sanitation committees.

3. Process: This chapter describes the purpose of the activities to be undertaken in each phase. it also serves to indicate how the activities will be pursued (objective, methodology, duration, facilitator, process and expected outcome), as well as their expected outcomes.

4. implementation and Monitoring: This chapter describes the process-based activities and the process of empowering gram Panchayats, Village Water and Sanitation committees and the community during the implementation and monitoring phases.

Template for Drinking Water Security PlanThe Drinking Water Security Plan provides documentary evidence of the planning process: input, process and outcome of each activity, together with a situation analysis, a stakeholder analysis, solutions and source of funding.

in order to streamline the content and standardise the Drinking Water Security Plan an appropriate template is annexed.

How to use this Toolkit


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WaTEr SEcuriTyPlanning

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1.1 Background and needThe drinking water sector institutions have been effective in building infrastructure, and most habitations in rural india currently have access to hand pumps or piped water supply systems. however, high rates of non-use of hand pumps and piped schemes persist due to lack of ownership, poor operation and Maintenance (o&M), lower groundwater tables and water sources going dry or becoming quality affected.

at the same time, competition for water use continues to increase rapidly and drinking water supply can no longer be addressed separately from agricultural and industrial use. although water for domestic drinking purposes is accorded first priority in india’s national Water Policy, it represents a very small proportion of water use. around 80 per cent of the total water resources withdrawn in india are used for agriculture. a parallel need exists to develop and implement a system of safeguards to satisfy drinking water demand.

a new approach is required to achieve drinking water security and sustainability. a holistic and participatory planning approach is clearly needed, with clear guidance on institutional roles, responsibilities and financing. gram Panchayats (gPs) and Village Water and Sanitation committees (VWScs) need to prepare water security plans which address source sustainability, water quality (both bacteriological and chemical), o&M issues, as well as make provision for system replacement and expansion. This can be achieved by the gP and VWSc with appropriate technical and financial support provided by the departments concerned.

While Block resource centres (Brcs) have a key role in facilitating technical support and training, District Water and Sanitation Missions (DWSMs) need to provide overall planning coordination. This should include making decisions on expanding water resources, merging funding arrangements from different development programmes, and monitoring implementation and performance. Technical support is required from Public health engineering Department (PheD) engineers and local professionals to ensure the preventive maintenance of hand pumps, supply of spare parts and o&M of piped water supplies. financing needs to be made available to address sustainability issues through immediate and longer term investment planning (physical and operational), annual budgeting and periodic review of village water security plans.

Drinking water security planning is thus a comprehensive approach that involves addressing engagement, involvement and ownership at all levels, particularly at the community level.

1.2 Water Security PlanningThe main aim of a Drinking Water Security Plan (DWSP) is to ensure that:

lThe surface and ground water resource is conserved, protected, enhanced and managed to ensure that the quantity of drinking water is sufficient to meet the demands of the population. This includes measuring water availability and metering its supply (water budget), constructing rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge structures and instituting local self-regulation mechanisms, effecting

WaTEr SEcuriTyPlanning


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changes in agricultural practices and crop patterns, using more efficient irrigation systems, etc.

lThe quality of drinking water conforms to acceptable standards through the implementation of a series of preventive measures at the basin, source, system and household level (a ‘water security plan’), with monitoring through application of field test kits and district or sub-divisional water quality testing laboratories.

lThe water supply service is managed efficiently and sustainability with clear operational, maintenance and management procedures. Procedures include a clear o&M cost recovery policy together with transparent arrangements for the renewal, replacement and expansion of the source and/or the scheme (i.e., operating and service improvement plans).

1.3 framework for Drinking Water SecurityTo better understand how these procedures can be operationalised in different contexts throughout the country, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) initiated a national Drinking Water Security Pilot Programme in 15 blocks in 10 different states.

The pilot programmes have been designed and implemented on the basis of a community-driven approach involving the respective state-level nodal agencies and district-level teams. The states will use their regular allocations from the MDWS for these pilots and ensure effective convergence of other sources of funds such as the Mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee Scheme (MgnregS), State Sector funds, finance commission grants, etc.

The DWSP will be implemented through VWScs or Water users committees (Wucs) and gPs in coordination with the Brcs. The latter centres will facilitate technical support and training and the DWSMs are to be responsible for planning coordination. Qualified Support organisations

(Sos) are in place to assist the communities in implementing the Water Security Pilot.

1.4 Technical Support to gP/VWScThe planning approach to be adopted by the facilitator (So, Brc, DWSM) to achieve drinking water security is based on participatory bottom-up Village Water Security Planning.

all the planning activities will involve working with the community and will take account of local conditions, issues and challenges. The unit of management will be the block-level Panchayat. Village water security plans will be prepared overall at the block level, with the individual villages/gPs benefiting from the planning arrangements at a later stage.

The So and line department will be responsible for carrying out the following tasks in order to support the village/gP/block to prepare and successfully implement DWSPs and achieve long-term water security:

lcommunity mobilisationlinitial benchmarking at the local levels of

amounts of water available limprove water resources monitoring, protection

and recharge measureslimprove drinking water supply

system managementlensure water qualitylensure accountability through regular and

credible auditing and reportinglBuild capacity of the Brc’s stafflMonitor water security planning preparation

and implementation

1.5 about the Toolkitfield-level functionaries such as So practitioners, engineers, gP secretaries, development officers, etc., are required to facilitate the preparation of DWSPs using the requisite tools, techniques and templates with a view to ensuring that a systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted by the implementers. With this objective in mind, the

WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a n n i n g


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Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and MDWS have developed the Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan. The Toolkit explains the phases, tools and techniques in this process-oriented activity.

This Toolkit has been developed after close consultation with Sos/gP functionaries and the nodal officer.

The design of the Toolkit is based on the government of india’s (goi’s) concept note, institutional framework and a scope of work for Sos. The core content of the Toolkit includes an assessment of the social environment, a supply/demand assessment and opportunities/possible ways of addressing identified drinking water security issues.

key features of the planning process leading to Village Water Security Plans are:

lestablishment of meaningful partnerships through convergence

lParticipatory assessment and analysislassessment of the social environmentlTechnical inputs during the processlenvironmental concernslinstitutional and financial sustainability

Who can use the Toolkit?This Toolkit is aimed at the following categories of users:

lSos involved in project planning and implementation.

lgP functionaries, government agencies and VWSc members involved in project planning and implementation.

lagencies/individuals involved in the technical and administrative approval of the project.


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ProJEcTPHaSES

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2.1 Project PhasesThe national Drinking Water Security Pilot Project is planned to be implemented in the respective gPs and their habitations in four phases.

in order to prepare an effective DWSP for villages, the phases and relevant activities in each phase have to be thoroughly understood.

Based on the goi concept note and expected outcome of convergence of input to gPs/VWScs, the phases and relevant activity are described in the Toolkit. The purpose of each activity and the way to operationalise the relevant activity needs to be studied in advance.

The Phases of Drinking Water Security Planning is abbreviated as PciM:

Phase 1: Preparatory PhasePhase 2: capacity Building, Survey & Drinking Water Security Plan Phase 3: implementationPhase 4: Monitoring Since each of the phases is linked to the outputs of the preceding stage, monitoring the process at each stage and the quality of output against a schedule is vital for the success of the project. The broad outputs expected at each phase of the

project are as follows:

Outputs:• DWSM • Active BRC • Nodal person

from line departments• GP • Secondary data compiled and

approved by DWSM • SO in place

Figure 2.1. Phases of Drinking Water Security Planning

Figure 2.2. Phase 1: Preparatory Phase with Expected Outputs

Water Security

Phase 4

Phase 4

Monitoring

Monitoring

Implementation

Implementation

Capacity Building, Survey & Drinking Water Security Plan


Preparatory Phase

Preparatory PhasePhase 3

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 1

ProJEcTPHaSES


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considering the project objective, output of each stage and project duration, the DWSM should adopt a Dynamic logical approach for the entire project duration. This Dynamic logical approach is a combination of socio-technical and project management features. in this approach, the process outputs and quality are frequently measured with suitable performance indicators, and appropriate actions should be initiated in order to guide the project to achieve the desired objective within the specified timeframe and budget.

Outputs:• DWSP implemented • Drinking water conservation

• Knowledge camps with farmers on cropping patterns, groundwater awareness and local aquifers • 100% ODF • 100% water tariff recovery

Outputs:• Drinking water sustained • Decision making on cropping

pattern based on water budget • Water consumptionby sector • O&M by VWSC

• Water tariff based on volume

Outputs:• Active VWSC • Village DWSP • Plan for ODF village

• Water tariff initiated

Figure 2.3. Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey and Drinking Water Security Plan and Expected Outputs

Figure 2.5. Phase 4: Monitoring and Expected Outputs

Figure 2.4. Phase 3: Implementation and Expected Outputs

Phase 4

Phase 4

Phase 4 Monitoring

Monitoring

Monitoring

Implementation

Implementation

Implementation



Preparatory Phase

Preparatory Phase

Preparatory Phase

Phase 3

Phase 3

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 2

Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 1

Phase 1


P r o J e c T P h a S e S


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Activity Code

Phase Expected Output

P Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P)

P1 institutional arrangement for DWSP •Block-levelinstitutional arrangement covering DWSM, Brc and So , contact line department person for the water security plan to be put in place

P2 compilation of secondary data by District nodal officer

•DWSMapprovessecondary data for all gPs

2.2 input, Process and outputThe proposed activity under each phase with inputs, processes and expected outputs, leading to the DWSP, is shown in Table 2.1. The input, process, tools and techniques required to achieve

the output are explained in a subsequent section. it is envisaged that the DWSM will take necessary action to provide input and to monitor the process. activities are coded as per the PciM model.

Processes Tools & Techniques

Outputs

c Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and Planning (c)

c1 gP-level Mobilisation &convergence Meeting (gP-l-McM)

•Agreedtoparticipate•gP resolution to participate

c2 gram Sabha (habitation-level Meeting)-1

•GramSabharesolution to participate

c3 formation/strengthening of VWSc1

•ListofVWSCmembers,VWSCbankaccount and Swacchatha Dooth selection

c4 Participatory rural appraisal (Pra) •Socialmap•Resourcemap•Timeline&seasonality (wateravailability

and diseases)•Community- LedTotalSanitation(CLTS)and

development of sanitation plan

c5 Water transect—walk from source to users

•Identificationofissues

c6 establishment of rain gauge station •AtleastoneraingaugestationpergP, regular observation and recording of rainfall data

Table 2.1. Phase-wise Inputs, Processes and Expected Outputs

Inputs


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Activity Code

Phase Expected Output

c7 WTQQ (WT‐ Water Table, Q ‐Quantity and Q Quality) monitoring of selected bore/tubewell

•WTQQmonitoring and recording of data of selected bore/tube well

c8 Water budget estimation •Domesticanddrinkingwaterdemands for human consumption

• livestock, institutional demands•Currentdraft/useforagricultureandother

purposes, with current sources and their yield potential

•Gapanalysisof demand and supply•Equity&sustainability

c9 Women’s meeting • awareness-raising and updating water budget and input for plans

c10 School-level programme •Disseminationofinformationgathered during Pra and water budget

•Developingschoolactionplanfor DWSP and sanitation

c11 exposure visit—village implementing DWSP

•LearningDWSPplanand implementation, clarifying issues and constraints

•Exchangeofoutcomes of water budget and DWSP plan

c12 VWSc-2 Workshop—Water SecurityPlan Development

Moving towards water security planning•Technical•O&Mmanagement•institutional

c13 gram Sabha ii •ApprovalofDWSP

c14 gP-level compilation meeting (gP-2) •Consolidationand approval of village DWSP

i Phase 3: implementation Stage

i1 VWSc meeting•Detailsofworks•Modeofimplementation•formation of Village Quality

assurance Team (VQaT)

• VQATinplace• Projectcomponentstogether with project

cost is displayed in a prominent place

i2 Periodic joint review of works byVWSc, gP, PheD, Zilla Parishad (ZP)

• Projectprogressandquality reviewed by the VWSc and VQaT

i3 o&M of existing scheme and drinking water conservation programme

• O&MinitiatedbyVWSc• Waterconservation programme

implemented by VWSc• %reductionofwaterconsumptionand

electricity demonstrated

P r o J e c T P h a S e S


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Activity Code Phase Expected OutputM Phase 4: Monitoring

M1 Monthly monitoring of WTQQ • Watertable, quality of drinking water source monitored and quantity of other sector analysed

M2 Survey to assess the number of individuals using toilets

• %increaseinnumbercomparedto baseline data

M3 Water consumption survey for various sector s

• Sector-wide water consumption

M4 Media scanning • Increasednumberofsuccessstories and their dissemination at local, regional, national and international level

2.3 note to facilitatorlThe expected output of the each activity mainly

depends on the input and effectiveness of the processes adopted. This, in turn, depends on the effectiveness of the facilitation. The facilitating role of the So and line department is crucial.

lMost activities involve effective communication with communities, and our role as facilitators, as well as the community’s role as a stakeholder in the process. Therefore, it is important to realise that mere information dissemination to the communities is not enough.

lThe facilitator is also responsible for helping communities to interact, debate, discuss the information and arrive at appropriate organisational and technical decisions.

Some Tips for the facilitatorlSeating arrangements for the discussion meeting

should be circular as far as possible and the meeting place should have sufficient light and ventilation.

lalways start the meeting with appropriate greetings (namaskar, Pranam, etc.).

leveryone is encouraged to participate—at their own comfort level.

lallow everyone to be heard—no single person should dominate the discussion.

lall views will be respected—everyone’s input is valuable.

lkeep the group focussed on the content of the discussion.

lMonitor how well the participants are communicating with each other—who has spoken, who has not spoken—and attend to those participants whose points have not yet received a fair hearing.

lPut off intervening yourself as long as you can. Too many interruptions stifle discussion.

lDo not interrupt unless you are sure that the group has lost track of the discussion.

lallow participants to respond directly to one another. The most effective facilitator often says little, but is always thinking about how to inspire the group towards achieving its goals.

lDon’t be afraid of silence. it will sometime take a while for someone to offer an answer to the question you pose. People need time to think.


27

ProcESS Planning

3


28


3.1 Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P)The major output at the preparatory phase is the establishment of the institutional arrangement and approval of the data that have been compiled. The institutional support envisaged in the project design and the basic data required for the project planning are described below.

3.1.1: Institutional Support (Activity Code P-1)The institutional roles and responsibilities set forth in the national rural Drinking Water Programme (nrDWP) guidelines should be followed:

1. gram Sabha: The community submits its demands to the gram Sabha and approves decisions about water services based on techno-economic criteria.

2. The gP is responsible for ensuring that every person has access to an adequate supply of safe water.

3. Water operators: contracts set out caretakers’/operators’ tasks and respective payment.

4. The VWSc is a standing committee of the gP responsible for planning, implementation, o&M and management of the water supply system at the habitation level.

5. The Brc helps communities to prepare and implement plans by providing motivation, training and organising technical support from the PheD, as well as by providing information on water quantity and quality and public health matters. The gP/VWSc should contact the Brc to seek advice on any issues on which they need help.

6. District Support—Zilla Parishads (ZPs) and DWSM: The DWSMs are responsible for setting priorities for investment in the district based on their available budgets, reviewing and approving village plans and compiling them to form an overarching District Plan. The DWSMs also assist communities by organising finance, training and technical assistance.

7. State Support: The State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) provides policy guidance. The State level Schemes Sanctioning committee (SlSSc) approves schemes, supports activities to be undertaken and reviews implementation progress and operational performance. The Water and Sanitation Support organisation (WSSo) deals with the software aspects of rural water supply. The State Technical agency (STa) supports PheDs by providing technical expertise.

3.1.2 Compilation of Data (Activity Code P-2)This phase is of substantial importance in terms of obtaining baseline information on the village which can be used in discussion with community members during the planning stage. it is the District nodal officer’s responsibility to compile the gP-level information jointly with line departments through the Brcs and to get it certified by the DWSM. The following information/data and maps need to be obtained/compiled:

lBaseline data from various departmentslToposheetlgroundwater prospects maps

ProcESS Planning


29

Figure 3.1. Institutional Arrangements

P r o c e S S P l a n n i n g


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SL No. Details Village I Village II Totalname of village

1. Demographic profile

i Population—totala. Maleb. femalec. children

ii. no. of households—totala. aPlb. BPlc. Scd. STe. general

iii Literacylevelofvillage(%)

2. Socio-economic profile of village

i. occupationfarmersagricultural labourersartisansemployed in (govt./Private)

othersii. no. of Mgnrega job cardsiii. Village area in ha

a. forest area in hab. fallow land in hac. Barren land in had. cultivable wasteland in ha

e. uncultivable wasteland in haiv. landholding pattern

a. no. of landless farmer hhsb. no. of small farmer hhsc. no. of marginal farmer hhsd. no. of large farmer hhs

Table 3.1. Baseline Data of Gram Panchayat

3.1.2.1 Baseline DataThe format for the compilation of baseline data is shown in Table 3.1.


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SL No. Details Village I Village II Totalv. no. of educational institutions

a. anganwadib. Primary schoolc. Middle schoold. high schoole. others (higher Secondary)

vi. health facilitiesa. Phc/Dispensary/chc/Sub-centreb. Private clinics

vii. Power supplyavailability of electricity connectivity in villageaverage hours of electricity supply per dayno. of hhs with electricity connectivityno. of electricity connections for irrigation

viii Social organisationsa. VWScb. no. of Shgs

c. no. of youth clubsd. cooperative Societiese. others (specify)

ix. road connectivitya. Pucca (cemented/asphalt) roadb. kuchha (mud) road

x. agriculturea. area under cultivation in ha- irrigated area in kharif- irrigated area in rabi- irrigated area in summer- unirrigated areab. irrigation type (area in ha)- area irrigated by canals- Tanks- Dug wells- Dug-cum-bore wells- Bore well/tube wellc. Water lifting sources- Bullock drawn- Diesel pump- centrifugal pump- Submersible pumpd. Water-level issues%ofdefunctwells%ofdrinkingwaterwellsgoingdryinsummer%ofirrigationwellsgoingdryinsummer%ofwellswithfallingwaterlevels



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SL No. Details Village I Village II TotalPrincipal kharif crops (area in acres)

1. Jwar

2. Bajara

3. Tur

4. urad

5. Moong

6. groundnut

7. Til, corn

8. Soyabean

9. karali

10. cotton

11. kaddhanya, chilli, Vegetable, other

Principal rabi crops (area in acres)

1. corn, ginger

2. Vegetables

3. grain

4. chana

Principal Summer crops (area in acres)

1. onion

2. orange

3. chilli

4. groundnut

5. Vegetable

Water saving devices such as sprinklers, drips, etc. in use (number of farmers)

1. Drip

2. Pat

3. Sprinkler

animal Population (number)

1. ox

2. cow

3. Buffalo

4. Dog

5. goat

6. hen

7. other


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SL No. Details Village I Village II Total3. Drinking Water Systems (no.)

a. open wells

b. hand pumps—public

c. hand pumps—private

d. Piped water supply (SVS or MVS)

e. others (specify)

f. access to drinking water

- no. of hhs with own source

- no. of hhs depending upon public source

- Daily hours of piped water supply

f. Tariff of water supply

g. average monthly collection of water charges by gP

h. Water supply metered or not

4. Sanitation (numbers)

a. hhs with toilets

b. hhs without toilets

c. community toilets, if any

d. anganwadis without toilets

e. Schools without toilets

Note: APL: Above the Poverty Line; BPL: Below the Poverty Line; SC: Scheduled Caste; ST: Scheduled Tribe; ha: hectare; HH: household; PHC: Primary Health Centre; SHG: Self-help Group; SVS: Single Village Scheme; MVS: Multi Village Scheme.

3.1.2.2 Delineation of the Hydrological UnitThe administrative boundary and hydrological boundary of the project may not be the same. Therefore, during the preparatory stage, it is important to delineate the administrative boundary and hydrological unit. The Survey of india’s toposheet (1:50,000) should be used for delineating the hydrological unit.

groundwater does not operate independently but forms part of the larger catchment area of any hydrological system. Topography, rock type and the degree of development play a role in the occurrence of groundwater. The best unit for managing groundwater is the watershed except in cases where there is inter-basin flow. This is

especially true in the case of hard rock areas where groundwater occurs in an unconfined or semi-confined state. understanding the aquifer system, at least in hard rock areas, is thus directly related to the accurate delineation of the watershed.

Delineation of the aquifer system, in the case of inter-basin flows, is somewhat complicated and calls for a thorough study of the structural map, together with on-site checking. a standard procedure has yet to be developed for the delineation of these areas. The common assumption is that the inflow into the watershed/basin is equal to its outflow. a simple method for delineating the watershed is based on surface drainage, especially in hard rock areas (figure 3.2).



34


The drainage pattern should first be studied and independent units converging to form independent drainage networks need to be defined. The boundaries of the watershed need to be defined and examined in the field to enable visualisation of the ridge points and the basin outlet. calculations should be made using the mapped area of the watershed.

3.1.2.3 Groundwater Prospects Mapsgroundwater prospects maps are prepared under the rajiv gandhi national Drinking Water Mission by the MDWS. These maps show the locations of habitations, occurrence and distribution of groundwater prospects areas and location of site-specific recharge structures. further, they indicate the hydrological data including the river/stream

network and water bodies. These data are available on an integrated environment platform. The maps can be used as a suitable database for developing a groundwater-based DWSP for a habitation or group of habitations (figure 3.3). The DWSM is required to download/assemble the maps and use them at the planning stage. it is assumed that all the support agencies possess copies of groundwater prospects maps of the respective project area.

Figure 3.2. An Example of the Delineation of a Hydrological Unit

Figure 3.3. Sample Groundwater Prospects Map Showing Watershed Boundaries and Watershed-wise Groundwater Prospects

Source: Groundwater Prospects Maps, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GoI.


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3.1.2.4 ToposheetThe Survey of india, the national Survey and Mapping organisation, under the aegis of the Department of Science & Technology, has prepared topographic maps. These maps, based on a detailed survey of the areas concerned, show small areas on a larger scale. The Survey of india has published topographic maps covering relief features, rivers, land use, vegetation, settlements, roads, railway lines, administrative units and their boundaries. The maps are invaluable for planning a DWSP.

3.2 Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and Planning (c)The output of Phase 2 is the development of a DWSP based on the participatory planning process facilitated by support agencies/Brcs.

as a first step, this process involves a participatory situation assessment and analysis followed by the preparation of implementable action plans containing clearly defined roles, responsibility and milestones. The assessment process calls for the active involvement of the community, community-Based organisations (cBos), gP, VWSc, village-level key government functionaries and a technical expert group.

The objective of Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and DWSP, is to:

lenhance community capacity to manage water resources, the water system, water quality and sanitation to ensure delivery of safe and adequate drinking water

lPrepare a Village Water Security Plan

The key features of the VWSc planning process are:

lestablishing a meaningful partnershiplDemonstrationlParticipatory assessment and analysislTechnical inputslaction plan with clearly agreed ownership

and timelinelapproval of gram Sabha

The suggested process-oriented activities to achieve the desired output are explained in subsequent sections which indicate the tools/process required to undertake the specific activity. Support agencies can fine-tune the process based on the village dynamics/on-site circumstances. These changes in the process are acceptable provided the purpose of every step in the process is accomplished.

The duration required for the Phase 2 process may vary according to the population and size of the village. for planning purposes, 10 to 15 days can be considered adequate.

The suggested c1-c14 activities with expected outputs are as shown in Table 3.2. it is expected that the support agency/facilitator is thoroughly familiar with the baseline data of the gP and villages before initiating Phase 2 activities.

Figure 3.4: Phase 2 Outputs

Outputs:• Active VWSC • Village DWSP• Plan for ODF

• Water tariff initiated

Phase 4 Monitoring

Implementation


Preparatory Phase

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 1



36


Activity Code Phase Expected Outputsc Phase 2: capacity Building, Survey and analysis (c)

c1 gP-level McM (gP-l-McM) agreed to participategP resolution to participate

c2 gram Sabha (habitation level Meeting)-1 gram Sabha resolution to participate

c3 formation/strengthening of VWSc 1 list of VWSc members, VWSc bank account and Swacchata Doot

c4 Pra •Socialandresourcemap• Timeline and seasonality (water

availability and diseases)•Sanitationassessmentandcommunity-

level triggering creating demand and preparation of sanitation plan

c5 Water transect •Identificationofissuesofdrinking water supply scheme and environmental sanitation

c6 establishment of rain gauge station •AtleastoneraingaugestationperGPand regular observation and recording of rainfall data

c7 WTQQ monitoring of selected bore/tube well

•WTQQmonitoringandrecordofdataof selected bore/tube well

c8 Water budget estimation •Domesticanddrinkingwaterdemand for human consumption

•Demandforlivestock, institutional demand

•Currentdraft/useforagricultural and other purposes, with current sources and their potential yield

•Gapanalysisof supply and demand•Equity&sustainability

c9 Women’s meeting •awareness-raising and updating water budget and input for plans

c10 School-level programme •Disseminationofinformationcollected during Pra and water budget

c11 exposure visit—village implementing DWSP

•Exchangeofoutcomeofwater budget and DWSP plan

c12 VWSc 2 Workshop—draft water securityplan development

•Movingtowardswatersecurityplanning- Technical- o&M management- institutional

c13 gram Sabha 1—approval of DWSP •ApprovalofDWSP

c14 gP-level compilation meeting (gP-2 ) •ConsolidationofvillageDWSP

Table 3.2. Phase 2: Activities and Expected Outputs


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3.2.1: GP MCM (Activity Code C-1)

The GP owns/manages the water supply scheme for the community and is responsible for:a Liaison between the Gram Sabha and various programmes

a Approving annual budget and user charges after discussion in the Gram Sabha

a Approving Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs)/contracts with operators

a Coordinating with block and district SOs such as BRC

a Hiring trained mechanics for preventive maintenance of hand pumps and piped water supply

objective: Dissemination of information about the project purpose and principles and of the modalities of the drinking water security programme, seeking a gP resolution and inviting participation of all stakeholders (including line departments) at the gP level. The gP and all stakeholders at the gP level agree to adopt the drinking water security programme.

Table 3.3. Stakeholder Details—Format

S. No. Name Designation Department

Participants: gP chairman and members, gP-level functionaries, anganwadi and school teachers, accredited Social health activist (aSha) workers, Self-help groups (Shgs) and cBo leaders and other village leaders.



38


Methodology: chaired by the gP chairman, the Support organisation (So) coordinator explains the purpose and details of the DWSP and answers questions from the floor. all stakeholders, including line departments, agree on the process, phases and steps involded in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of the project.

agenda:1. To explain the purpose of the pilot

DWSP initiative.2. To share the project process and various phases

and steps involved.3. To explain the roles and responsibilities of the

different players.4. To agree on initiation of the project in the gP.

facilitator: So (Support organisation) coordinator and staff.

Duration: Three hours.

Process:1. inform participants well in advance of the

date and place of the gP meeting. Discuss the meeting agenda and process with the gP chairman and functionaries. a good idea is to hold this meeting at the gP office.

2. ask the gP Secretary to open with a welcome address and explain the purpose of the meeting.

3. explain to members, in clear terms, the project objective and the significance of water security, emphasising that the gP, all cBos and

functionaries have to play their part in steering the programme in the gP.

4. The gP takes a proactive role in managing the programme and driving the agenda to each of the habitations through ward members, community leaders and the gram Sabha, with support from line departments.

5. list of stakeholders prepared with respect to the water and sanitation components, to contain the names of respective functionaries/extension workers of the relevant departments (agriculture, Public health and engineering, health, irrigation, electricity, Social Welfare, etc.).

6. Drafting and signing a resolution agreeing to adopt the programme in the habitations of the gP.

7. an action plan to engage community leaders to operationalise the programme at the habitation level.

output: The gP, cBo leaders and functionaries approve the water security programme and commit to preparing, implementing and sustaining the DWSP.

The gP resolution will be submitted to the departments concerned with a request to assist the gP in the preparation and implementation of the DWSP.

Tip: ensure that the gP takes a leadership role in organising the event, with the So taking a back seat.


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objectives:lTo promote participation by all sections of

the village—women, Dalits, tribals and other marginalised groups—in the planning and implementation of the DWSP.

lTo prepare and approve the gram Sabha’s resolution for undertaking DWSP in the habitations.

Participants: The gram Sabha consists of all those registered on the village voter list.

Methodology: interactive session of gram Sabhas. location, date and time of meetings scheduled to ensure the participation of women and daily wage workers.

agenda: The agenda for this special gram Sabha on drinking water security can be organised to discuss water availability and usage issues. The gram Sabha agrees to participate, plan and implement the DWSP.

facilitator: The facilitator for the gram Sabha is generally the gP Secretary, and the meeting is chaired by the Sarpanch or President. a Support organisation staff member will, however, provide support through input on the DWSP.

Duration: up to three hours.

Gram SabhaThe Gram Sabha has been defined by the Constitution (Article 243 A) as an institution for exercising powers and functions at the village level according to the laws of the State. The Gram Sabha is responsible for safeguarding natural resources including water, forest land, minerals, etc., and for ensuring that resources are utilised in such a way that:

i) Livelihood means are sustained

ii) Inequality does not increase

iii) Resources are not confined to a few people

iv) Sustainability involves full utilisation of local resources

Process:1 The gP or its standing committee organises the

gram Sabha.2. The venue of the gram Sabha meeting to

be located to facilitate participation by all concerned, irrespective of caste, religion or political affiliation.

3. a notice about the gram Sabha meeting must reach the population at least seven days in advance. Written notices can be put up in public places. notice can also be given by beating of drums, or through Shg group leaders. The notice should contain information on the date, time and place and agenda.

4. The meeting of the gram Sabha to be chaired by the gP President/gP ward member, in accordance with the state directive.

5. at the beginning of the meeting, the Secretary welcomes the participants and informs them of the agenda.

6. as this is a special gram Sabha for DWSP, the objective, methodology and participatory process to be adopted for the planning, implementation of the DWSP should be presented by the So.

3.2.2 Gram Sabha 1 (Activity Code C-2)



40


7. The chairperson should ensure that everyone is allowed to speak, and avoid just a few people dominating the proceedings. Special care to be taken in case of women and marginalised groups.

8. During the meeting, the gram Sabha will discuss the agreement to participate in the programme and the roles and responsibilities of the gram Sabha and VWSc. if the VWSc is not formed earlier, a resolution to form a VWSc needs to be submitted for approval.

9. at the end of the meeting, minutes should be read out and signed by persons designated to do so. The minutes should be displayed in the gP office.

outputs:1. The gram Sabha agrees to undertake to

implement the DWSP in the habitations.2. The gram Sabha agrees to participate in the

planning process of the DWSP, and to propose, implement and monitor it.

Tip: Maximum participation of women and marginalised groups should be ensured by visiting the wards and canvassing for their participation.

format of the gram Sabha report

organisation of the meeting:

1. Date of the meeting held.2. When was the meeting notice issued?3. What were the main agenda items of the meeting?4. Were regular absentees especially requested to

attend the meeting?

conduct of meeting1. how many people attended the meeting: Scheduled caste (Sc): ; Scheduled Tribe

(ST): ; Women: ; other Backward classes (oBc): ; others:

2. Did members of Scs/STs/women participate in the discussions:

a. if “yes”, report the issues raised by each group.3. What were the topic discussed at the meeting?4. Were all members given a chance to express their

opinions before taking a decision? if “yes”, how?

objective: To establish and promote a habitation-level water and sanitation institution for managing the water security programme and to select a Swacchata Doot for the sanitation programme.

Participants: Members of the VWSc and gP ward members.

S.No. Topic discussed Views expressed Decision taken Mode of arriving at the decision

Table 3.4. Meeting Report Format


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The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP responsible for planning, implementation, O&M and management of the village DWSP. The VWSC is responsible for:

a Collecting household contributions and user fees

a Opening and managing a bank account

a Preparing the annual budget and recommendations for user fee charges

a Encouraging people to be vigilant about not wasting water and keeping water clean

a Ensuring professional support for hand pump caretakers and piped water supply operators.

It is important to check whether a VWSC has already been set up in the habitations under earlier programmes.

In the event that a VWSC exists and is active, it is a good idea to invite its members to participate in the water security programme. If it is not active, focus on the possibilities of reviving it. If a VWSC has never been established, consider setting one up under the aegis of the Gram Sabha.

Methodology: To invite members of the VWSc for an initial meeting on water security planning. facilitate the meeting and explain its purpose.

agenda: establishing/strengthening the VWSc for undertaking the implementation of the DWSP.

facilitator: Support organisation coordinator and staff and VWSc convenor.


Process:1. inform participants well in advance of the date

and place of the VWSc meeting. Discuss the meeting agenda and process with the VWSc convenor.

2. invite gP ward members to participate in the meeting.

3. clearly explain to members the project objectives and significance of water security, placing prime emphasis on the VWSc’s responsibility for managing the water security programme in the habitations.

4. The VWSc takes a proactive role in managing the programme and driving the agenda at the habitation level through community leaders and members.

5. an action plan to engage community leaders to introduce the programme at the habitation level.

6. ensure that the VWSc bank account is operational.7. raise the need for identifying Swacchata

Doots in the habitation to promote sanitation-related work.

8. after seeking suggested names, ask participants to select a few names for Swacchata Doots.

output: The VWSc is proactively engaged in water and sanitation programmes at the habitation level, especially those concerning water security.

Tips:lassess the VWSc by posing some questions to

provide a basis for reviving it, if needed:lWhen did the VWSc last meet?lDoes it have a bank account?lhow was the issue discussed last time resolved?

3.2.3 VWSC Formation/Strengthening (Activity Code 3)



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What is Participatory Rural Appraisal?Appraisal: The first stage in any project, to elicit information about the problems, needs and potential in a project area.

Participatory: People’s involvement in the process—a “bottom-up” approach requiring good communication skills and attitudes by project staff.

Rural: The techniques can, in fact, be used in any situation, whether rural or urban.

The PRA tool is a technique for enabling local communities to conduct their own analysis and to plan and take appropriate action. The PRA involves project staff learning about the village together with the villagers themselves. The aim of the PRA is to help strengthen the capacity of villagers to plan, make decisions and to take action towards improving their own situation.

The PRA materials suggested for preparing the DWSP are:

a A social map

a A water resource map

a A water timeline (historical map)

a Seasonality information (water availability and diseases)

a CLTS

Social mapping is a PRA tool used to present information on village layout, infrastructure, demography, ethno-linguistic groups, etc.

After completing the social mapping, a more detailed survey and Focussed Group Discussion (FGD) could also take place to follow up on specific thematic areas, such as population, water demand, sanitation, health, education, etc.

3.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Activity Code C-4)

3.2.4.1 Social Mapping (Activity Code C-4.1)


43

objectives:1. To learn about the social structures in the

village in terms of caste, religion, education and income.

2. To form a picture of how assets and services, such as water and sanitation facilities, are distributed.

3. To assemble human and animal population figures in order to help with assessing subsequent water demand.

Participants: a good number to work with is 10-12 participants, with up to 25 members prepared to stay for the whole session.

an inclusive approach sets a good example for future activities. Therefore, the number of literate community members (teachers, healthcare workers, village leaders, etc.) should be gender balanced, with participation also by seniors and people from vulnerable and marginalised groups.

Methodology: encourage discussion and understanding of issues with visual aids to facilitate communication.

The steps to be used are:

1. a map of the village is drawn on the ground by the community members using white powder.

2. Streets, houses, water and sanitation facilities are captured. information on existing water and sanitation sources and facilities are colour-coded (blue if these are in operation and red if a facility is deemed to be defunct).

3. The facilitator and note-taker take down details on the profile of the village and of the number of households (e.g., number of Sc/ST members).

4. The facilitator also captures hygiene and sanitation details (open defecation practices) and makes a note of the number of households that have built latrines.

5. To help assess water demand, a detailed survey is conducted of all the habitations to gather information on the number of people and animals in the households.

agenda: To capture, in a participatory mode, the social structures in a specific community or village and to assess water demand therein.

facilitator: a facilitator (So staff) together with a co-facilitator is required to facilitate the group and steer the procedure correctly. a note-taker is also needed to reproduce the map on paper and record the information arising from the discussion.

Duration: up to three hours (depending on the size of the ward/village).

Process:1. finalise the date, time and venue for the

exercise with community members. The purpose of social mapping must be made very clear to all participants in order to avoid the wrong conclusions being arrived at (e.g., perhaps giving them the impression that you will provide housing facilities or that there might be some political purpose behind the exercise).

2. use a prepared set of questions (refer to questions on the next page) to steer the discussions and draw a map of the community using the information collected. use different colours to indicate which groups live where, the location of water sources (functioning or not), and so on.

3. in addition to producing a map, it is essential to give someone specific responsibility for writing down all the information gathered, including the number and type of households, different ethnic and social groups, existence of facilities, etc.

4. review the map in the presence of the community members. is there anything else that should be entered on the map? ask members for their thoughts on the distribution of water and sanitation facilities on this map.

5. ask people the following questions: Who is responsible for providing water and sanitation facilities? Why do they think facilities do not reach everyone? What about service providers (if any)? how would they like the relationship with providers to be?



44


6. Summarise key points from the map: number of households, different groups, water sources, toilets and their distribution. Tell the community about plans for drinking water security, setting up a VWSc, identifying a Swacchata Doot.

7. Based on the number of households, conduct a survey after completing the social map exercise. This survey should cover information on the human and animal population, toilet availability and use.

Questions to steer the discussions:lhow many households are there in the village

and where are they located?lis the number of households growing or

shrinking (i.e., by migration)? Why has that happened?

lWhat religious and caste groups exist in the village?

lare there female-headed households in the village? Where are they located?

lWhat are the main water supply sources used for drinking, washing and cooking?

lWhere are these water supply facilities located in the village?

lhow many facilities are currently functioning effectively?

lis there open defecation?lhow many households have

constructed and are using latrines?lWhat resources do you have main

problems with?

Box 3.1. Social Map—A Dynamic Monitoring Tool

Map on cloth and Bindi Methodin most cases, the social map is transferred onto brown or white paper and retained in the

corresponding village file kept by the So/ngo and will soon be forgotten.

it is, therefore, important to transfer the social map onto white cloth (a3 size) to ensure its durability

and usefulness as a monitoring aid. a social map on cloth could be used subsequently at VWSc

meetings for discussions. using different coloured bindis to denote household status is a useful aid

to monitoring.

Component Legend—Bindi Colour

Household headed by women Pink

Household with differently-abled members Red

Household with toilet, but not used by all Brown

Household with toilet but not used at all Black

Household without toilet Yellow

Household with tap connection Blue

Household not paying water charges regularly Orange


45


Figure 3.5. A Sample Social Map on Cloth

Sam

ple

PR

A m

ap c

ourte

sy S

ahyo

g Yo

uth

Wel

fare

Soc

iety

. Vill

age

Dom

ak, b

lock

Mor

shi,

dist

rict A

mra

vati.


46


Table 3.5. Survey Format: Social Mapping

S. No. Name of head of household

Is this a female- headed household?

Family size

Any differently abled in household?

Toilet availability Yes/No

Used by members of household?

Animals

Cattle Sheep and goats

Dogs and cats

a sample social map, prepared for a similar project and transferred onto white cloth, is shown in figure 3.5. These maps should be treated as the first material assets developed by the VWSc and should be used for the monthly monitoring of houshold latrines, water charges and system functionality.

This household survey data will be particularly useful for assessing water demand.

outputs:1. Social map and community information on water

and sanitation.2. Sensitised community willing to take action.3. cBo formation and Swacchata Doot considered.

Tips:lSocial mapping requires well-prepared facilitation.

Be aware that some of the issues are sensitive within the community.

lBe flexible, patient and maintain a good sense of humour.


47

objectives: To learn about the villagers’ perception of which water resources are available in the community and how they are used.

Participants: Mixed groups consisting of men and women from the village. Participants who take part in the social mapping exercise can go on to lend a hand in village water resource mapping. as with the social mapping exercise, at least eight to 12 members should participate until the end of the exercise.

Methodology: Mapping of land, water and tree resources, land use, land and soil types, crop patterns, land and water management, productivity, watersheds, degraded land, treatment plans, etc. This is done by the villagers themselves with paper and pen (when mapped on paper) or with coloured chalk or powders (rangoli) when mapped on the ground.

agenda: Village water resource mapping to obtain a picture of the current situation through a process of joint observation, interaction and shared analysis aided by mapping.

facilitator: experienced So staff member.

Duration: Two hours.

The village water resource map is a tool to help us learn about the community and its water resource base.

A need exists to understand and value traditional management and livelihood systems, indigenous technologies, and the ways in which people feel, see, think and act in the project area, and their reasons for doing so. The main aim should be to focus on relationships rather than on any single event, feature or activity. This enhances participation and the generation of information and ideas.

The village map is a good tool to begin with. It is easy and fun for the villagers to make. It helps initiate discussion among community members and with the facilitating team. The map can display water sites and sources, agricultural plots (locations and crop varieties), soil types, slopes, elevations, woodland, grazing areas, etc.

3.2.4.2 Water Resource Mapping (Activity Code C-4.2)

Process:1. fix the date, time and venue for the exercise

with community members. The purpose of village water resource mapping must be made very clear to all participants so that they do not come to the wrong conclusions. it should be made clear that the exercise is a precursor to the development of a DWSP.

2. use a prepared set of questions to steer the discussions and draw a map of the community using the information collected. use different colours to indicate the location of water sources (functioning or not), etc.

3. in addition to producing a map, it is essential to give someone specific responsibility for writing down all the information assembled, such as that on water sources, nallahs, groundwater, tanks, canals, etc.

4. review the map with the community members present. is there anything else that should be marked on the map? ask them what they notice about how water is distributed on the map. Why do they think this is so?

5. ask people why they think there is water scarcity in the village and when.



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6. Summarise the key points from the map regarding water sources and distribution. Tell the community about plans for drinking water security, establishing a VWSc, etc.

7. Discuss the range of options for ensuring drinking water security throughout the year.

Questions to steer the discussions:

1. Which resource do you have the most problem with?2. What is the annual amount of rainfall?3. Where are the water sites and sources?4. how many ponds and lakes?5. how many open wells? how many of them contain water?6. how many bore wells? how many of them contain water?7. What is the average water table level?8. What is the average water yield?9. What is the capacity of pumps?10. What are the average pumping hours?11. Which crops use more water?12. Where do people graze their livestock?13. What kind of development activities do you carry out as a community?14. What is the approximate area under irrigation from bore wells/canals/ponds?15. What is the water period of canals?

Table 3.6. Survey Format for Water Resource Mapping

No. of Tanks Numbers—Capacity in cubic metre (cu m) canal ....... kilometre (km) in village area

....... area under irrigation

Bore well/open well with submersible pumps

....... number

....... average yield in litre per hours

....... Maximum depth ....... in metres (m)

....... average horsepower of each pump

....... hours of pumping

....... area under irrigation

....... approximate water drawn per year

Type of crop grown

non-functional bore wells/open well

output: 1. Village water resource map and information on

issues and options.2. Sensitised community willing to take action

leading to drinking water security.


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objectives:lTo explore the temporal dimension from

a historical perspective and to design a chronology of events as recalled by local people.

lTo provide a composite of various landmark events as perceived by local people.

lTo learn from the community what they consider to be important past events, to put current issues into historical perspective and to generate discussion on changes regarding issues of agriculture, irrigation practices, groundwater levels, groundwater quantity and quality.

Participants: about 10 elderly village persons.

Methodology: The facilitators meet a small group of villagers and discuss with them the most important events in the community’s past and prepare, with the information, a historical timeline which serves as the base for further work. it is important to involve different groups of the communities to get varied perspectives.

key questions

lWhen was the village established?

lWhat are the important events in the history of the village?

lWhat major changes took place?

lWhat are the reasons for these changes?

lWhen was the first bore well drilled, what was the yield and water table depth?

lWhen was a recent bore well drilled and what is the yield and water table?

lTimeline of crop grown

3.2.4.3: Timeline (Activity Code C-4.3)

A chronology of events referring to the evolution of the village, agricultural practices, availability of water and fluctuations in the groundwater table is prepared based on the consultation process.

The timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in chronological order. This is often a useful way of putting an individual’s or community’s history into perspective by identifying the broad framework of events which shaped its past.

It is a way of charting trends, showing how past events led to present situations and illustrating recurring themes. A timeline is constructed by looking back over a given period and mapping critical events to do with water and agriculture. This provides an opportunity to discuss who was present at that particular time, what happened and why, what were the factors that contributed to the event. In addition, can key trends be observed? What are they? Which key trends can be expected to recur in the future?

The timeline with basic events can be used for focussed discussions on water problems, social and technological innovations or on communities’ history of cooperation and activities which helped them to solve their problems successfully in the past.



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agenda: Timeframe and events, history, evolution of village, agricultural practices, etc., done by constructing a chronology of events that have taken place in consultation with the people. This is inputted into the DWSP.

facilitator: So staff member and agriculture extension officer.

Duration: one hour.

Process:1. identify some elderly persons in the village,

explain the purpose of the exercise.

2. ask key questions.

3. Make note of the key points on cards in bold letters.

4. once you feel that the list is more or less complete, ask them to put the cards in chronological order—earlier events on the top and the later events further down the pack.

5. read out the events and ask them whether they are happy with the order.

6. add years to the left side of events.

7. Triangulate with other elders in the village to check the correctness of information given in the timeline. Secondary sources of information can also be added.

output: information on timeline of events, changes and landmarks in the village.


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objectives: To learn about changes in the water resources and disease patterns across various months of a year.

Participants: Mixed group of women and men.

Methodology: a time chart or seasonal calendar is prepared by drawing a two-dimensional matrix and writing the time period (i.e., month, year) on one axis and the required variable on the other axis. Villagers are encouraged to fill in the matrix of the chart/calendar by marking the grid or by placing stones or other objects on the matrix.

agenda: a seasonal calendar is a Pra method that determines patterns and trends throughout the year in a certain village. for the purpose of DWSP, seasonality is used to elicit information on disease patterns and water issues.

facilitator: So staff member.


Process:1. find a large open space for the group. The

calendar can be drawn on the ground or very large sheets of paper/a large piece of cloth.

2. ask the participants to draw a matrix, indicating each month along one axis by a symbol.

3.2.4.4 Seasonality (Activity Code C-4.4)

Variables such as rainfall, labour, income, expenditure, debt, animal fodder, pests and harvesting periods can be drawn (or created with stones, seeds and sticks) to show month-to-month variations and seasonal constraints and to highlight opportunities for action.

An 18-month calendar can illustrate variations better than a 12-month calendar.

To obtain seasonal patterns of rainfall, employment, income and expenditure, debt, credit, food and nutrition, diseases, fodder, milk production, marketing, etc., use stones, sticks and different coloured seeds to represent months, quantities of rainfall, number of days of employment, income, etc.

3. it is usually easiest to start the calendar by asking about rainfall patterns. choose a symbol for rain and put/draw it next to the column which participants will now use to illustrate the amount of rainfall. ask the group to put stones under each month of the calendar to represent relative amounts of rainfall (more stones meaning more rainfall).

4. Move on to the next topic and ask people during which month water is usually scarce. Discuss the reasons why it is scarce and make sure that this information is shown on the map. continue like this, topic by topic, covering other water issues and the diseases suffered by people. Some of the topics that could be covered are:1) rainfall2) Water availability for human consumption

and livestock3) Water availability for irrigation4) Diseases over a 12-month period

5. after the calendar is finished, ask the group which linkages they see between the different topics on the calendar. encourage the group to discuss what they see.

6. Make sure that your copy of the seasonal calendar has a key explaining the different items and symbols used on the map.



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Table 3.7. Example of Seasonal Calendar

Month Disease Working Days GroundwaterTable Depth

Female Male

april

May

June

July

august

September

october

november

December

January

february

March

key questions1. What are the busiest months of the year?

2. at what time of the year is water/food scarce?

3. how does rainfall vary over the year?

4. how does water availability for human consumption vary over the year?

5. how does livestock forage availability vary over the year?

6. Which could be the most appropriate season for additional activities for men and women?

7. Which months do villagers have to visit hospital the most?

8. What time constraints exist and for what reason?


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output: Participatory assessment of sanitation situation with suggested action plan to achieve total sanitation through collective action and behaviour change.

objective:1. To analyse the sanitation situation in the

community and to encourage people to collectively internalise the disastrous impact of oD on public health and on the entire neighbourhood environment.

2. To encourage urgent collective local action aimed at becoming oDf.

Participants: The maximum number of community members, particularly community leaders, representatives of Shgs, etc.

Methodology: The clTS strategy focusses on:

lcollective outcomes as opposed to hardware inputs.

lMobilising the community as a whole rather than establishing contact with separate households.

The clTS method involves using certain tools and techniques in a participatory way to help community members diagnose their sanitation profile, appraise the situation and consider what action needs to be taken to remedy it. clTS is a ‘trigger’, best described as:

lan approach or concept/tool/event/situation, which makes people think and act.

lan approach that can be employed at both community and individual levels.

The trigger is useful for:lencouraging self-appraisal of

defecation practices.lDrawing attention to the link between oD

and impacts on health.lhighlighting a sense of disgust and shame

among community members.lMotivating and empowering rural communities

to stop oD.lSetting a precedence for working together

on future issues.

3.2.4.5 Community-Led Total Sanitation (Activity Code C-4.5)

CLTS is an innovative methodology for mobilising communities to eliminate open defecation (OD) completely.

Communities are encouraged with the help of a facilitator to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of OD and take action themselves to become ODF.

CLTS focusses on the behavioural changes needed to ensure real and sustainable improvement: investing in community mobilisation instead of hardware, and shifting the focus from toilet construction for individual households to the creation of ODF villages.

By raising awareness that, when even a minority of inhabitants continues to defecate in the open, everyone is at risk of disease, CLTS triggers the community’s desire for collective behaviour change, spurs people into action and encourages innovation, mutual support and appropriate local solutions, thus leading to greater ownership and sustainability.



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Trigger tools:lrapport buildinglDefecation area transectlcommunity defecation mappinglcalculation of amount of faeceslWater contamination flow chartlfaeces to mouth transmissionlWater quality testinglcosts of illness

What makes people change their

sanitation behaviour?lPrivacylconveniencelDignity/shamelPeer group pressurelfearleconomic reasonslDemonstration effectlhealthlBreach of trustlreward/incentive

The trigger can produce the following:lThe entire community analyses its own

sanitation situation.la sense of collective shame, disgust and

helplessness creeps in. lThe community is compelled to think and act.lThe community resolves to eliminate oD.lnatural leaders emerge.lcollective local action is initiated.

agenda: To employ clTS tools to sensitise the communities towards total sanitation through collective behaviour change and action.

facilitator: a well-trained, strongly motivated clTS triggering facilitator with appropriate attitude/behaviour, enjoying flexible support from his/her organisation(s).

Duration: one to two hours.

ProcessPre-triggering: SElEcTing a coMMuniTyThis is a crucial stage. communities respond

to clTS triggering in different ways. Some are inspired to make changes immediately while others are initially reluctant or undecided but come round after seeing or hearing how other communities have changed for the better. The more successful villages generally have enthusiastic leadership provided either by an established leader or by new leaders that emerge in the course of the process. natural leaders may come from different backgrounds: wealthy or poor members of the community, men, women, younger people, individuals respected for their skills such as village midwives, religious leaders, teachers, etc. in addition to leadership, many other local social, physical and institutional circumstances can play a key role in how communities respond to clTS triggering.

TriggEringfacilitating community appraisal and analysis involves arousing a collective sense of disgust and shame among community members when they are faced with the crude facts about mass oD and its negative impacts on the whole community. The basic assumption is that people cannot stay unmoved once they have learned that they are ingesting other people’s excreta. The facilitator’s aim is simply to help community members see for themselves that oD has disagreeable consequences and creates an unpleasant environment. empowered with this knowledge, community members can then decide how to take appropriate action to deal with the problem.

Transect walks are the single most important motivating tool. The embarrassment experienced during this ‘walk of disgust’ can result in an immediate desire to stop oD and get rid of these areas. although everyone sees the dirt and excreta on a daily basis with their own eyes, they only seem to wake up to the problem when forced to do so by outsiders.

a transect walk involves walking with community members from one end of the village to the other, observing, asking questions, and listening.


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a clTS transect walk can involve locating the oD sites and visiting the different types of latrines along the way.

Try to reach an agreement with the community on what constitutes an ‘unhygienic’ latrine. Visit latrines that are not covered or where the faeces are draining out into the open. flash a torch through the hole of open latrines. Make calculations of excreta and medical expenses. calculating the amount of faecal matter produced can help to illustrate the gravity of the sanitation problem. how much human excreta is being generated by each individual or household per day? households can use their own methods and local measures for calculating how much they are adding to the problem.

a figure for the whole community can be arrived at by adding up the calculations of all the households. a daily figure can be multiplied to know how much excreta is produced per week, per month or per year. The quantities can add up to several tonnes, which may come as a surprise to the community.

ask which household produces most, and ask everyone to clap and congratulate the family for contributing the most excreta to the village. identify the second, third and so on and show that you value their contributions. identify the family that produces the least. ask them why they produce so little excreta. This generates a lot of laughter but the facts emerge slowly, clearly and unobtrusively. ask people how much they spend on health treatment. Stand around the map. environment setters make the group go quiet. Point out the cards and ask them how much they spend for treatment and medicine for diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera and other oD-related diseases that they have identified. ask whether they want a monthly or yearly calculation, and then ask them to write the amount on their household card with markers. as with calculation of faeces, ask which family spends most. Point it out if they

live close to the defecation area or in the dirtiest neighbourhood. are they poor or rich?

Who suffers most—rich, middling earners or the poor?

Put up the flip chart and ask people to calculate how much the whole community spends in a month, a year, over 10 years. Put this chart next to the calculation of amounts of excreta by month, year and 10 years. Tell them that they must be well off indeed to be able to spend so much. ask if any poor families had to borrow money for emergency treatment of diarrhoea for any family member.

if so, what was the amount? Where and from whom did the money come from? Was it easy to borrow money and repay it? Who lends money for emergency treatment and at what rate of interest? ngos, middlemen? never suggest halting oD or constructing toilets. you are not in the business of suggesting or prescribing solutions.

from open excreta to open mouthask where all that excreta goes. if your listeners answer that it is washed away by the rain or leaks into the ground, simply draw a picture of a lump of excreta and put it on the ground. Put cards and markers near it. ask people to pick up the cards and draw or write down the different agents or pathways which cause excreta to enter the home. for example:

lflieslrainwaterlWindlhooves of domestic animalslchickens that eat excreta and have it on their

claws and wings

at this point ask the community members to confirm whether the excreta is returning to them through various media such as flies. ask them if a fly comes in and lands on rice, do they avoid eating the rice. confirm that they do, in fact, eat it. Then



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make the point again that fly-transmitted excreta lands on the rice and that they are eating excreta-contaminated rice!

Point out that if excreta flows with rainwater and reaches domestic drinking water sources, it pollutes those sources. confirm that this is the case and tell them that they are drinking water polluted with their own (and others’) excreta.

The above triggering leads to shame and disgust and spurs the listeners to react or agree to act.

Based on their response, ask a simple question: from what date do you want to stop ingesting each other’s excreta. refer to a village which has achieved this in one day.

The clTS action plan will, therefore, have a single output—an oDf date, on which an action plan can be initiated by community leaders, etc.

output: a date when oD in the village ceases and a simple action plan to achieve this outcome.

DO DON’T

facilitate their own appraisal and analysis of the local sanitation profile

educate, lecture or tell people what to do

let people draw their own conclusions about the situation through their own analysis

Tell people what is good and bad

facilitate triggering self-mobilisation Push for or demand action

Stand back, leave it to local leaders remain in charge

Be cool and allow conversation between listeners prior to the triggering moment

interrupt when less restrained community members start shaming their own people for oD practices or other anti-hygienic behaviour

Take a neutral stand and allow heated group discussion for and against oD. remember their comments are symptoms of the approaching triggering moment

Discourage members of the communityfrom arguing among themselves or shaming each other, or quickly conclude that the‘shaming’ element between community membersshould be avoided as being culturally insensitive

appreciate those who take a lead and are fully engaged

overlook emerging natural leaders

always encourage women and poorer sections of the community to participate

overlook women, children and others who often get left out from the discussion

appreciate community members’ offers to help poorer members

overlook people who come forward to help

let people innovate simple latrines Promote particular latrine designs

Trigger local action, encourage self-help offer hardware subsidies

Be bold yet cautious Be too humble or too polite. Don’t try to convince too politely

listen attentively to everything interrupt

Table 3.8. Basics: Key Attitudes and Behaviours


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Two elements are crucial:

1. The attitudes and behaviour of facilitatorsnot everyone can be a good facilitator. facilitating clTS is an aptitude. it can be learnt, but it will come more naturally to some than to others. it is different from facilitating conventional participatory processes such as Pra. Behaviour and attitudes are crucial. What works best for triggering clTS is a combination of boldness, empathy, humour and fun, demanding a hands-off approach, not teaching or lecturing, but facilitating to enable people to confront their unpalatable realities.

2. The sensitive support of institutionsnot every organisation is suitable for promoting clTS. institutional support needs to be consistent and flexible. any top-down target and disbursement-driven approach is liable to undermine clTS.

general sanitation campaigns can be effective, provided they are used in a ‘community empowerment’ mode rather than a ‘prescriptive’ and ‘target achievement’ mode. Two significant dangers are too much money, because clTS requires relatively little, and rapid recruitment and inadequate guidance, training and socialising of staff. This demands a form of restraint that is difficult to achieve in many bureaucracies.

four different types of triggering outcomes have been experienced which provide a possible basis for employing different strategies:

lMatchbox in a gas station: Where the community is fully energised and all members are prepared to start action forthwith, explain about high and low cost toilet options and the sources of availability. facilitate an action plan and the formation of a local committee. facilitate the weekly list of toilet constructions for communities making the oDf commitment and fix the probable date for completion of household action. Decide mutually-acceptable dates for follow-up. facilitate a process of initiation of community monitoring using the social map drawn by the community. Try to

identify someone from the community to be the liaison between the supplier and the community to ensure the supply of pans and other fittings.

lPromising flames: Where the majority has agreed but a fair number is still undecided, thank them for the detailed analysis and seek their permission to leave. if someone from the community agrees to initiate local action, bring that individual to the front and encourage him/her to share thoughts on how he/she is going to make a start. ask everyone if they are interested in knowing how other communities have built low-cost toilets.

if all agree by raising hands, draw and explain simple direct pit latrines using locally available low-cost materials. facilitate the weekly list of commitments of toilet construction and probable date of completion. Decide mutually-acceptable dates for follow-up. facilitate a process of initiation of community monitoring using the social map drawn by the community. Try to identify someone from the community to be the liaison between the supplier and the community to ensure the supply of pans and other fittings.

lScattered sparks: Where the majority of people are undecided (fence-sitters) on initiating collective local action but where only a few have decided to go ahead, thank community members for the detailed analysis and seek their permission to leave. ask how many of them (by raising hands) are going to defecate in the open tomorrow morning. Tell them that you are surprised that this community is fully aware that they are ingesting each other’s excrement and are willing to continue to do so. at this stage identify those who have decided to initiate local action to stop oD and bring them to the front. it might be the case that all members of the community were not present during the main presentation and analysis process. if necessary, fix a date with the community for a second round of Pra within a week or so.



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lDamp matchbox: Where the entire community is not at all interested in initiating local action, thank them and leave. Do not pressurise. Tell them that you are surprised this community is fully aware that they are

Box 3.2. CLTS Principles

lnot limited to raising awareness but with emphasis on mobilising and helping people to analyse their own sanitation practices and hygiene behaviour

lusing Trigger Tools for behaviour change

lcollective decision and action is the key

lSocial solidarity and cooperation are seen in abundance

llocal diversity and innovations are the main elements

lThere is no space for subsidies

lno externally determined mode of development or blueprint

lnatural leaders emerge from collective local actions which can lead to future collective initiatives

lcommunity-based monitoring

Table 3.9. CLTS: Monitoring and Reporting Formats

format 1: Pre-triggering report

reporting period: from ............................. to .............................

name of Team: ........................................... Team leader: .............................

Name of Village Date of Pre-triggering Remarks on Quality of Triggering

ingesting each other’s excrement and are willing to continue to do so. finally ask them if they would be interested in visiting a village where oD has been made history by the community itself.


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Tips:lMapping requires well-prepared facilitation. Be

aware some issues discussed are sensitive within the community.

lBe flexible, patient and maintain a good sense of humour.

lavoid complicated words and concepts.lencourage and motivate participants and ensure

that shy and quiet members of the group are given an opportunity to express their views.

lMake sure the groups keep to the topic but be flexible in dealing with important additional information that may emerge.

llisten attentively and do not teach.lrepeat what people say in order to confirm that

there is good understanding of the discussions.

remarks of coordinator:

format ii: Triggering report

reporting period: from ............................. to ..............................................

name of Team: ........................................... Team leader: .............................

Name of Village

Date of Pre- triggering

Quality of Triggering ODF Explained

No. of House Toilets

No. of Houses with Kuccha Toilets

No. of Houses with No Toilets

Anganwadi Toilets

School with Toilets

School without Toilets

Poor Average Good



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Participants: VWSc members, gP Secretary, Village Water Person, School Management committee (SMc) members, gP members, aSha workers, health club members, Shg members and others (men and women).

Methodology: interactive session and Transect Walk from Source to users.

agenda: To identify water security, water supply system and o&M issues.

facilitator: So.

Duration: eight hours.

Process:1. assemble all community members at a central

place in the village. explain the purpose and nature of activities involved in the preparation of the DWSP.

2. Begin the discussion about the water journey. with “how water travels from source to the user”. listen to the responses carefully and involve the participants by asking:

a. is your drinking water source protected from contamination?

b. is there any leakage in the system (transport main and distribution system)?

c. Do all the water connections have taps?

d. have your tanks been cleaned regularly?

e. Do all households have service connections?

3. Start the water journey and give participants a copy of the checklist to complete with yes/no. answers. in a large village, participants can be divided into two groups and the water journey can be divided into (a) source to tank or (b) tank to distribution system.

3.2.5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to Users (Activity Code C-5)

The Water Transect, involving a walk from source to users, is a tool for onsite assessment of the water source, relevant equipment, O&M of facilities and monitoring compliance with the public water system.

The Source to User Water Transect also provides an opportunity to educate community members about water safety at the water source, transport main, reservoir and in the distribution system.

It is a technique that records visible faults and deficiencies that could lead to the pollution of drinking water. It combines physical observation and reference to the checklists.

Involving women in the Water Transect may throw light on some new issues that have never been considered previously.


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Checklist Present Status

Issues

Drinking Water Source

is the source protected by a strong fence to prevent animals entering? is the ground around the source clean?

yes/no

are animal or humans prevented from drinking water/defecating or leaving garbage around the source?

yes/no

latrines or seepage from latrines around the source? yes/no

effluent from poultry, livestock, schools or houses entering the source? yes/no

are people prevented from bathing, doing laundry or washing animals or vehicles at the source?

yes/no

is there a signboard “Drinking Water Source—keep it clean”? yes/no

Pumping Machinery

is the pumping logbook kept up-to-date? yes/no

is the machinery shaking and making noise when operating? yes/no

Does the pump lift water as per its capacity? yes/no

Does it fill the elevated storage reservoir/ground-level storage reservoir within the expected time?

yes/no

is a stand-by pump provided? yes/no

is servicing of pumps done periodically? yes/no

is the meter board well maintained and with no loose wires? yes/no

Does the pump house have a working electric meter? yes/no

is the earthing in good working order? yes/no

is a safety toolkit available? yes/no

are the electricity bills based on actual consumption of electricity? yes/no

rising Main

is a non-return valve provided? yes/no

are there leaks in the rising main? yes/no

Storage Tank

are the storage tanks kept clean and fenced? yes/no

are there leaks in the storage tank? yes/no

are the storage tanks cleaned once a month? yes/no

are washing dates recorded? yes/no

is there a fixed water-level indicator and lightning conductor? yes/no

is there a ladder inside and outside the storage tank? yes/no

is there a lid? is it kept closed? yes/no

is there leakage near to the valve in the storage tank? yes/no

is there an overflow outlet? is it connected to the distribution line? yes/no

is chlorination done regularly? yes/no

is the chlorine powder stored properly? yes/no

Table 3.10. Checklist to Identify Water Security, Water Supply System and O&M Issues



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Checklist Present Status

Issues

Distribution network

are there leaks in the distribution system? yes/no

is there leakage in the valves fitted on the distribution system? yes/no

are the chambers and covers in good condition? yes/no

are taps fixed on the standpost and private connections? yes/no

are there illegal service connections? yes/no

is there misuse of water? yes/no

are meters fixed for all connections? yes/no

are the school and anganwadi provided with service connections? yes/no

Hand Pump

is the platform of the hand pump in good condition? yes/no

is there a proposed arrangement to dispose of wastewater around the hand pump?

yes/no

is there any problem in the functioning of the handle? yes/no

o&M issues

is an o&M budget for the water supply scheme in place? yes/no

is the water tariff sufficient to meet costs? yes/no

is o&M income and expenditure managed by VWSc? yes/no

Does a logbook exist for pumping? yes/no

has VWSSc and water person received training in o&M? yes/no

Solid and liquid Waste Management

is solid waste disposed of in a scientific way? yes/no

Does a proper arrangement exist for wastewater management (sullage, soak pits, gutters, etc.)?

yes/no

4. on your return from the water journey, assemble participants in the central place and consolidate the

water supply system issues, challenges and possible solutions. alternatives should be discussed and

outcomes noted on the chart.


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Components Possible SolutionsDrinking WaterSource

•erecting a fence, cleaning the source area, oDf, putting up a signboard, installing other signboards to prevent bathing and laundry

•Considersourceconservationmeasures,e.g., plantation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, etc.

•roofwater harvesting for schools and public buildings•Suitablewatertreatment,ifrequired•groundwater recharge structure, recharge shafts•Discountingfloodirrigation•Adoptingdripandsprinklerirrigationsystem•harvesting surface runoff by constructing check dams,

subsurface dykes, etc.•Softwareactivity:Sensitisation and awareness-raising

programme•Additionalsource (surface/ground water) if required

PumpingMachinery

•Repairpumphouseandpumpingmachinery,check pumping capacity, electrical installations, etc.

•ensure proper approach to the pump house•Repairandup-keep of the meter board•Maintenanceofthelogbook

risingMain

•Reassessmentofdiameterof pipe material and number of valves required, replacement of pipeline in event of serious problems such as frequent pipeline bursts

•Stopping any leaks

Storage •repair of tank•Additionalstorage (if required)

DistributionSystem

•extension of coverage•Replacementwithpipematerialof a suitable diameter•Valvesandzoning•100%service connection•Replacementoftaps•Bulkandindividualmetering

o&M issues •Technicalmanagement•Financialmanagement•CapacitybuildingofVWSCandWaterPerson


•repair of drains•Newsullage drains

household Sanitation

•100%sanitation coverage•Awarenessraising•Healthand hygiene education

Table 3.11. Format for Water Supply System Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions



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one rain gauge station needs to be established per gP.

When installing a rain gauge station, the following should be noted:

lThe site should be on level ground and easily accessible.

lThe site should be an open space with no obstructions in the form of trees, walls, etc.

lThe horizontal distance between the rain gauge and the nearest object should be twice the height of these objects.

lThe site should face away from a continuous wind force.

lin hilly areas, where level ground is difficult to find, the rain gauge should be located where wind cannot form eddies.

lThe rain gauge needs to enclosed by a barbed wire fence.

lThe gauge should be truly vertical.

lThe observer must visit the gauge station regularly in order to ensure that it is ready for measurement.

3.2.6 Establishment of Rain Gauge Station (Activity Code C-6)

Rain is a Primary Source of WaterSince rainfall, the number of rainy days and the duration of rain occurrence vary from GP to GP (or rather village to village), each GP needs to acquire knowledge about its own rainfall pattern.

After the rainy season, heavy rainfall is rare. Rainwater is retained in nature by vegetation, soil, and underground water pore spaces inside rocks and decomposed rock.

Although rainfall may occur only for few days a year, the biological world sustains the whole year. Modern agricultural practices have radically changed the traditional way of life in the villages and the choice of crops, horticulture, livestock rearing. etc., can be reformulated at GP/village level to ensure water availability throughout the year.

The water security plan is primarily based on GP/village-specific rainfall data corresponding to the year for which water budget estimates are carried out. It is therefore appropriate to establish a GP-level rain gauge station.

The rain gauge stations are non-automatic and VWSC members, GP functionaries and volunteers need to be trained in the use of rainfall recording devices.

At least one rain gauge station needs to be established per GP project.


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rainfall Measurementrainfall measurements are based on the level of rainwater collected in the appropriate receptacle.

The volunteers should be instructed to collect the amount of rainfall received on every rainy day at 8:00 a.m. The steps to be followed:

1. Measuring jar taken to the rain gauge station.

2. The gate is unlocked, then the rain gauge is unlocked.

3. The conical flask is removed by unscrewing it from the fixed part of the rain gauge.

4. The collection jar is removed.

5. The water collected in the jar is carefully poured into the measuring jar.

6. if the water collected is more than the capacity of the measuring jar, the first filling

is discarded and the remaining water is poured into the measuring jar.

7. if water still remains in the collection jar, step 6 is repeated.

8. number of measuring jar fillings is noted.

9. in the final measuring, if the water only partly fills the measuring jar, the reading on the measuring jar is noted.

10. The number of fillings and the last reading is added to calculate the rainfall received on that day.

11. The value is noted in the Mr. The gP office should display rainfall data and share it with schools and other departments.



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Table 3.12. Rainfall Data Log

name of Station ........................latitude ...........longitude ...........altitude ..........................................................

Station operating from ..........................................................................................................................................

name of VWSc .......................................................................................................................................................

Annual Rainfall (in millimetre) in the YearJune July aug Sep oct nov Dec Jan feb Mar april May Total

Date

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Total


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3.2.7 WTQQ Monitoring (Activity Code C-7)Drinking water schemes depend on the groundwater source. Thus the development of a DWSP crucially depends on the input of groundwater levels, discharge and quality. The water budget calculation should be based on village-level data obtained within the study area. Village-level monitoring of water levels, discharge and quality generates interest within the community and proves to be cost effective.

The groundwater observatory well needs to be identified and monitored according to the following schedule and parameters (WTQQ monitoring):

S. No. Parameter Frequency1 Water Table once every 7 days

2 Water Quantity once every 15 days

3 Water Quality once every 3 months

The actual number of monitoring wells depends on the ground situation. however, for the sake of convenience, 15 to 20 bore/tube wells per gP can be considered.

a complete inventory of wells in the hydrological unit needs to be made during the Pra exercise.

The project hydrogeologist must prepare a provisional list of observation wells inputting from the state/district groundwater cell. The guiding principles that need to be considered when selecting the observation wells are that:

lThe observation wells should be equally dispersed over the drainage basin.

lat least two wells are located in the recharge area, two in the central sector of the watershed and one at the mouth of the watershed.

lcare should be taken to ensure that the highest yielding, lowest yielding and failed bore wells are included. The production wells are selected as observation wells, since the aim is to obtain a picture under pumping conditions.

3.2.7.1 Groundwater Tablegroundwater is under constant so-called hydrostatic pressure resulting from underground water movement. When untapped, wells maintain a water level known as the water table or piezometric level (the upper limit of the groundwater reservoir). When the groundwater draft exceeds the recharge, the pressure is decreased, resulting in the lowering of the water table. The water level in wells is thus a direct indication of the status of the groundwater resource.

Water-level measurement can be done using different types of equipment. The choice of equipment depends on several factors, including the accuracy or ease of measurement required, type of structure (bore well/open well) and the pumping activity of nearby wells.

chalked Steel TapeThis method utilises a graduated tape with a weight attached at one end. a quality steel tape has limited elasticity and, with sufficient weight attached, it will hang vertically down the well.

The lower part of the tape is coated with chalk and the tape is lowered into the water until the lower part of the tape is submerged. By lowering the tape slowly the contact of the weight with the water’s surface can be heard.

for wells with deep water levels, it may be necessary to know the approximate depth of the water or to attempt several measurements to ensure that the tape is not submerged below its chalked length.

The tape is held at the reference point and the tape position is recorded. The depth to the water level below the reference point is determined by subtracting the length of wet tape (indicated by wet chalk) from the total length of tape lowered into the well. The measurement should be repeated to ensure its accuracy and to ascertain that the measured water level is static.



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Electric Measuring Tapeelectric measuring tapes typically consist of a pair of insulated wires whose exposed ends are separated by an air gap in an electrode and contain a source of power in the circuit such as flashlight batteries. When the electrode comes into contact with the water surface, a current flows through the tape circuit indicated by an ammeter-needle deflection, a light and/or an audible signal.

The “hold” depth against the reference point on the well is read directly from the tape as depth to water. Because the tape medium might be easily bent and the weight is often less than that used on steel tapes, electric tapes are considered less accurate. The tape can be calibrated against a steel tape, and if several electric tapes are used in a study, they should all be calibrated against a steel reference tape.

all the brands work on the same principle, with a liquid-sensitive probe. When the probe comes in contact with water or liquid, the electronic circuit is completed and a ‘beep’ is generated, indicating contact.

The following procedure is recommended:

1. The time elapsed since last pumping is noted.2. The water-level indicator (Wli) is opened and

checked to see if functional.3. if the Wli is functional, the probe with the

measuring cable is slowly lowered into the well.

4. lowering is stopped once the ‘beep’ is heard.

5. The measuring cable is slightly lifted and jerked, before lowering it again.

6. The jerking and lowering is repeated twice or thrice to ensure that the exact still water level is represented.

7. The reading on the measuring cable is noted.8. Subsequently the well is pumped

continuously for at least two hours.

9. Just before the power is switched off or expected to be cut, the pumping water level is noted, by repeating the above steps.


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3.2.7.2 Discharge MeasurementBore well discharge can be measured using several methods. The volumetric method is simple and affordable for rural communities. a calibrated drum with a capacity of 100 or 200 litres can be used together with a stopwatch to measure the discharge of the observation well. ready-reckoning conversion tables can be developed for converting the discharge in terms of litres per minute. The Sintex type of drum can be used for this purpose. The dimensions of the discharge drum vary depending on the height of the delivery pipe from ground level. The white 100 litres capacity drum is also used depending on the field situation and suitable conversion tables have to be used. a steel encased stopwatch is preferred to a digital sports watch, being robust and simple to use.

Measuring bore well discharge is also recommended on a fortnightly basis. on fixed days, discharge measurement should be done twice. The first measurement is done after one hour of pumping. The second measurement should be done before shutting down the pump.

The drinking water supplied to the community must conform to relevant standards in order to minimise health hazards to the community.

Water quality is usually tested twice a year.

Water quality parameters are classified as of a physical, chemical and biological nature.

Regardless of its nature, the water may become contaminated due to cross-connections and back-siphonage. Thus a regular water quality test needs to be undertaken consisting of a systematic sanitary survey to identify the source of contamination, and necessary preventive measures taken.

The procedure followed for measuring bore well discharge is:1. The calibrated drum should

be placed under the pipe and the stopwatch started.

2. When the water touches the 100 litre mark (or 200 litre mark if it is a 200 litre drum), the stopwatch reading is noted.

3. The discharge should be computed.

4. The measurement should be carried out at least thrice and the average calculated.

3.2.7.3 Water QualityWater quality testers can be used for onsite

measurement for limited parameters. other

parameters need to be properly calculated at a

PheD-approved water quality testing laboratory.

records of water quality test results needs to

properly stored with the VWSc and the gP, to be

subsequently used for preparing the DWSP.



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Water availability/supply (A) Water demand (B)

a1. Surface water retained in the watershed/area

B1. Domestic water demand

a2. groundwater recharge B2. irrigation water demand

B3. industrial and/or other water demand

Total water supply = cubic metres (cu m)/per annum

Total water demand = cu m/per annum

The water budget, calculated on the above basis,

should serve as an indication and in practice

3.2.8 Water Budget (Activity Code C-8)

A water budget is a tool for understanding and accounting for the movement and uses of water on, through and below the earth’s surface.

The budget should take into account the following questions:

a Where is the water? Where are the hydrologic elements located in the watershed?

a How does the water move between these hydrologic elements? What are the pathways through which water travels?

a Where are water users located and how much water are they using?

a What are the trends? Are water levels declining, increasing or constant?

Water budget (WB) = Total water available (A) – Total water demand (B)

The water budget estimates provide a useful understanding of the demand for drinking water in the GP/block compared to total water demand. The results of the water budget estimate will not make a difference in the water supply situation unless they are properly understood and followed up by the required changes in water use practices.

may vary by at least 10-15 per cent due to the

uncertainties of land use and rainfall.


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The water availability in the project area should be assessed based on the ground and surface water available.

a. groundwaterTo calculate groundwater recharge, generally the percentage of rainfall for the watershed (village) area and about 10 per cent of the rainfall for the agricultural area is considered to be groundwater

3.2.8.1 Assessment of Water AvailabilityThe primary source of water is rainfall.

The estimation of total rainfall received over the entire area is based on the total area and total rainwater received over that area. The amount of rainwater will be stored on the surface in ponds,

lakes and reservoirs and some of it as groundwater.

1. area of village ........ hectare ........ square kilometre (sq km)

2. rainfall received from June to September (monsoon)

millimetre (mm) ........ metre (m)

3. Projected rainfall from october to May (non-monsoon)

........ mm ........ m

4. Total rainfall from June until May the following year ........ mm ........ m

5. Total rainwater received over the area 1 x S. no. 4 ........ cu m

recharge. Both the village’s and agricultural areas must be computed to arrive at the total annual groundwater recharge, estimated according to:

a) recharge due to rainfallb) recharge due to seepage from canalsc) recharge due to irrigation

d) recharge due to seepage from tanks

Total area available for recharge ........ ha ........ sq minfiltration factor • Sandyarea: 20-25%rainfall

• Areawithhigherclaycontent:10-20%rainfall

• Weatheredandfracturedareas: 10-15%rainfall

• Un-weathered:5-10%rainfall

• Vesicularandjointed basalt: 10-15%rainfall

• Weathered basalt: 4-10%rainfall

• Limestone,sandstone, quartzite, shale areas: 3-10%rainfall

Total groundwater recharge %xrainfall ........ cu m

a) recharge due to rainfall



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b) groundwater recharge due to seepage from canal. a certain portion (10 per cent) of canal water will seep into the groundwater and can be accounted for as shown below:

d) groundwater recharge due to seepage from tanks

c) groundwater recharge due to irrigation. artificial irrigation from canal/bore well water will recharge groundwater. it is generally considered to be 40 per cent of the total water delivered by the canal irrigation system and 35 per cent of the total water delivered for a bore well-based irrigation system.

i) length of the canal in the area ........ m

ii) Wetted area of canal ........ sq m

iii) annual water available in canal i x ii = ........ cu m

iv) Seepage available as recharge from canal 0.1 x (iii) above = ........ cu m

number of irrigation tanks

Water spread area of irrigation tanks ....... sq km

Seepage as recharge from irrigation tanks: 0.45 m/year

....... sq km x 0.45 = ...............

Water delivered by canal for irrigation ........ cu m

return flow from canal irrigation:40% 0.4 x ........ cu m = ................

Water delivered from bore well for irrigation ....... cu m

return flow from groundwater-based irrigation 0.35 x ........cu m = ...............

Total groundwater recharge

a) recharge due to rainfall ........ cu m

b) recharge due to seepage from canal ........ cu m

c) recharge due to irrigation ........ cu m

d) recharge due to seepage from tanks ........ cu m

Total groundwater recharge ........ cu m


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Water that is stored in tanks, ponds and other water-harvesting structures such as check dams or farm

ponds, etc., is considered to be available surface water. These values may nevertheless vary depending

upon rainfall, its distribution and different land uses.

b. Surface Water

number of tanks/ponds ........ tanks

Total storage capacity of surface water of each tank ........ cu m

Total water available/supply = groundwater recharge + Storage of surface water

........ cu m cu m

........ cu m

3.2.8.2 Assessment of Water DemandThe water demand assessment for the project area is estimated under the following headings: a) irrigation water demandb) Water requirement by animalsc) Water requirement by households d) Water demand by industriese) ecological water demand

a. irrigation water demandirrigation water demand needs to be calculated separately for the kharif, rabi and summer seasons. Water-intensive crops such as paddy and sugarcane require 1.0 hectare metre (ha m) or 10,000 cu m while other crops such as maize, jowar, sunflower, groundnuts, etc., require less than 0.5 ha m (5,000 cu m). Where the land is irrigated, the total area under different crops in each season has to be computed in order to quantify the irrigation water

requirement for the whole year.



74


Projected Water Pumped from WellsDuring the Pra and resource mapping of the village, identify the number of open wells and bore wells fitted with power pumps. Based on the established average pumping rate from the open well/bore wells for irrigation and drinking water wells and the known hours of electricity, water pumped can be estimated thus:

Table 3.13. Format for Computing Irrigation Water Demand

CropSown

Kharif Crop (Monsoon) Rabi Crop (Winter) Summer Crop Plan

Area Sown(Bigha/Acre)

WaterRequired (cu m)

Area Sown(Bigha/Acre)

Water Required (cu m)

Area Sown (Bigha)

Water Required (cu m)

PerBigha

Total PerBigha

Total PerBigha

Total

Total

Total water required for various crops

number of functional open wells with power pumps ........ no.

number of functional bore wells with power pumps ........ no.

average pumping discharge ........ litre per hour

average pumping hours per day

average pumping hours per year

Total water pumped from groundwater for irrigation

Total water pumped from ground by drinking water source

Total water pumped from ground

in areas where irrigation demand exceeds availability and affects the drinking water supply, suitable corrective measures in crop choice and seasons for specific crops need to be developed on a participatory

basis, involving all the stakeholders in order to enforce this on an annual basis through social regulation.


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b. Domestic water demandDomestic water demand consists of water for human and livestock consumption, and maintenance. The demand from local institutions such as schools, anganwadis (including water for sanitary facilities), Primary health centres (Phcs), market places, offices and public places, also needs to be taken into account.

c. industrial and/or other water demandWater demands by industries, livelihood enterprises such as dhobi ghat, tanning, fibre extraction, pottery, etc., and for other needs (e.g., cremation grounds) within the village limits, need to be assessed to

quantify the village water demand.

Type Standard Unithuman consumption (includes drinking water, domestic use)

55litrespercapitaperday(lpcd)(assuming50%population has house connection with 70 lpcd and others with 40 lpcd)

livestock (includes buffaloes, cows and oxen) 30 litres per day (lpd)

Small ruminants (goats, sheep, etc.) 20 lpd

Schools and anganwadis 10 lpd

offices, markets and public places 5,000 to 10,000 lpd depending upon activities

Total domestic water demand per day will be the sum total of the above. This will be multiplied by 365 days to arrive at the annual water demand.

Total water demand of the village per annum = Domestic + irrigation + other water needs

Projected water balance

Water balance can be further analysed based on the available water versus total water demand.

Total Available Groundwater ....... cu mTotal agricultural water demand ........ cu m

Total water demand for drinking purposes and other uses ........ cu m

Total animal water demand ........ cu m

Total water demand ........ cu m

amount of water used in excess of supply ........ cu m

Summary of balance estimate

Stage of groundwater development= (Total water demand/Total available groundwater) x 100

........%

Percentage of agriculture water use out of total water use= (Total agricultural demand/Total available groundwater) x 100

........%



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objectives1. To share the village water demand assessment

produced by the survey

2. functionality of water supply systems

3. user charges issues

4. Water security issues

5. inputs for developing the DWSP

Participants: Members of all women’s Shgs of the village.

Methodology: Discuss with the village women federation leaders the proposal for a meeting to provide inputs to the water demand assessment and drinking water security planning. Decide the venue, date and time for the meeting. organise the meeting, share the water demand assessment results.

agenda: The agenda of the special women’s input meeting to DWSP will consist of:

la presentation and discussion on the water demand assessment results.

lissues in current water supply and its functionality.

3.2.9 Women’s Meeting (Activity Code C-9)

Women’s SHGs are increasingly seeking a more vibrant role in village programmes and are participating more in village development activities. All SHGs of a habitation generally come together as a village-level organisation or federation. This provides an opportunity for involving women in village development activities. Women’s inputs for developing a DWSP are crucial, given that women are the undisputed managers of domestic water. Following the village survey and water demand assessment, it is vital to share the survey and water supply/demand result in the village with women’s groups. This will also help to obtain the necessary inputs.

Women’s meetings to update the water budget may be organised as a separate meeting or form part of their monthly meeting. Water demand, water security issues, distribution of water supply to all areas and issues such as user charges and their collection should be discussed.

lissues concerned with water availability and accessibility.

lWater scarcity issues.

lissues threatening water security in the village.

lProposed measures for addressing water security.

facilitator: The women’s federation convenor to chair the session and So staff member to facilitate the proceedings.


Process:1. Before the meeting, prepare the water demand

assessment results on a chart. 2. The venue of the women’s meeting to be

located in order to facilitate participation of all group members.

3. The meeting to be chaired by the convenor of the village federation.

4. at the beginning of the meeting, the chairperson should inform those present of the purpose of the meeting and then hand over the proceedings to the So staff members.

5. Presentation of water demand assessment findings to the members and their discussions.


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6. Discussions on the issues of water system functionality, scarcity and water security.

7. The facilitator should keep a note of all the issues raised by the group members.

8. The chairperson should ensure that everyone is allowed to speak and avoid a few people dominating the proceedings. Special care to be taken in the case of women from Sc/ST groups.

9. Time should be allowed for individuals to present proposals and resolutions.

output:1. review of water demand assessment findings.2. inputs to the water security plans.

Tips:1. ensure participation of all members of all Shgs

in discussions.2. ensure that all members are present for

the meeting.3. ensure that inputs are recorded and

incorporated into the DWSP.

3.2.10 School-level Programme (Activity Code C-10)

objective: To inform and involve school management and children in DWSP planning, implementation and monitoring.

Participants: School principal, teachers and children.

Methodology: With the approval of the Principal, school interface meetings and events with children should be held with interactive facilitation provided by the So, focussed on water security and sanitation topics.

agenda: The following agenda is suggested for the school programmes: 1. What are water budget and water security?2. Methods for addressing water security issues.3. roles and responsibilities of various parties in a

community to address water security issues.4. Sanitation progress and issues in the habitation.

facilitator: ngo coordinator/staff member and/or school teacher.

Duration: 30 minutes to one hour.

Process: With the active participation of the school management, the support agency (ngo) should organise school-level educational programmes related to dissemination of water security plans, such as quizzes, an essay-writing competition, debates, etc. This should lead to school children learning how to play a simple role in water security interventions and sanitation plans.

output: School-level action plans for the development of water security and sanitation plans.



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advantages of a cross Visit:lThe visiting groups take lessons which are learnt

from people who live in similar circumstances very seriously.

llearning takes place in a real life situation, which allows visiting groups to ask questions about the development activity being implemented and obtain first-hand feedback.

lit is practical, not theoretical, experience-based learning.

lBroader information exchanges often take place between the two groups, going beyond the core topic.

in the context of drinking water security planning, creating a forward view for the community is an important pre-planning activity. When a cross visit to a habitation already implementing DWSP is imminent, this will enable the aspirant VWSc to consider the possibilities, understand the strengths and limitations, explore opportunities and develop its own vision of a secure drinking water village.

objectives:1 To expose members of the VWSc to a habitation

already implementing DWSPs.2. To help the VWSc gain insights and inputs for

developing its own DWSP.

3. Subsequently to identify measures to be taken by the VWSc to address any impediments.

Participants: VWSc members, gP members from the habitation and any other key/opinion leaders.

Methodology: Discuss the proposal of a cross visit to a habitation implementing DWSP with the VWSc members in their meeting. Seek their willingness, decide the date and place of the visit and formulate a brief plan.

agenda: The following agenda could be used in the cross visit:1. Transect the village.2. Discussions on the DWSP developed by the

target village.3. Discuss issues of implementation and successes

in overcoming obstacles.4. understand various methods of addressing

water security issues in the village.5. Programme and issues for making progress on

sanitation in the habitations.6. Discuss roles and responsibility-sharing in a

community with regard to sanitation and water security issues.

7. Question and answer session.

3.2.11 Cross Visit (Activity Code C-11)

The cross visit is an important part of the project in which the team gets an opportunity to observe and learn from other communities’ development activities. Exposure visits also help considerably to boost skills. This cross visit programme aims to enhance participants’ knowledge through exposure to the best DWSP practices. Cross visits are organised so that people living in one place can visit another location to observe and learn by direct interaction from another community’s relevant activities outside their own community. Participating communities may be located quite near one another (within the district) or some way off (in another district).


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facilitator: Support agency staff

Duration: Three hours in the village

Process:1. identify the village to which the cross visit

is planned 2. Seek permission of the village to organise a

cross visit of prospective VWSc members3. Share the agenda and finalise the programme

including date, time and schedule4. organise travel logistics including travel time,

tea and snacks, lunch, etc.5. Prepare a checklist for the visiting team to

observe items in the target village6. Share a copy of the checklist with all the

visiting team members and explain to them the checklist points and how to record their observations and discussion outcomes

7. inform the visiting team members that there will a discussion on the checklist points following the visit

8. on arrival at the target village, organise a brief meeting at which guidance is given to the visiting team about the host village’s VWSc, and about the DWSP they are implementing. Tea could be organised for the visiting group at this session

9. if possible provide copies of the target village DWSP to the visiting team

10. organise the village transect visit to locations benefiting from DWSP initiatives

11. a further meeting for question-answer sessions and discussions

12. return to own village13. Meeting to discuss observations

Ensuring the best results from a cross visit:lIt is important for the visiting group to be

fully involved in planning the visit.

The support agency can help to identify the host community and contacts

lEnsure that the visiting and host groups are both clear about the purpose and arrangements for the visit

lPrepare a programme for the visit. This makes it efficient and cost-effective regarding transport, accommodation and other expenses

lAllow adequate time for discussions and demonstrations where necessary

lArrange a translator if the two communities speak different languages

lPhotographs, audio or video can be used to record the experience

Inputs for Observation— Checklist 1. Basic information: village name, people

met, places visited

2. DWSP

3. VWSC functioning?

4. Financial management

5. Functionality of water supply system

6. Sanitation progress

7. Initiatives to halt water wastage

8. Initiatives on cropping pattern regulation

output: learning from the experience of others and inputs provided for developing DWSP

and programmes.



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3.2.12 VWSC Workshop-2 (Activity Code C-12)

objective: consolidation of the information and chalking out a precise DWSP.

Participants: VWSc members.

Methodology: Presentation by So and relevant concerned department.

agenda: approval of DWSP by the VWSc and the gram Sabha.

facilitator: So.

Duration: four to five hours.

Process:1. Before starting the session, please ensure

that the following are displayed in the meeting venue:

2. Begin the session praising the VWSc and gP officials for actively participating and for collecting the information displayed.

3. explain to the VWSc that they will now be finalising the plans with reference to:a. componentsb. Project intervention c. responsibilitiesd. Timeline e. Budgetf. Source of budget mobilisation

4 guide the VWSc to prepare the plan. explain the planning format and its link to the chart displayed. allow detailed discussion and help the VWSc members to arrive at a consensus. Provide technical input wherever necessary. ensure that all the households and habitations are covered by the plan.

output: Draft village DWSP.

S. No. Display Outcome of Activity

1. Social map printed/drawn on a3 size cloth Pra

2. resource map printed/drawn on a3 size cloth Pra

3. Water budget Water Budget

4. checklist—Walk from Source to user Walk from Source to user

5. issues identified, with possible/alternative solutions Walk from Source to user


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Table 3.14. Consolidation of Information for a DWSP

o&M issues 1. Supply of o&M ledger

2. Supply of tools

3. Training for Water Person and VWSc

Sanitation Plan


1. repair of existing drains

2. construction of new drains

3. identification of landfill and collection system

household Sanitation

1. awareness raising

2.

3.

Components Project Intervention Responsibility Timeline Budget Sources of Budget Mobilisation

Source Sustainability

Drinking Water Source

1. Surface water harvesting ZP

2. Drip irrigation facility for farmers

agriculture nr

3. Desilting of tank

4. roofwater harvesting

5. installation of rain gauge station

nDWSPP

6. additional source nDWSPP

System Sustainability

PumpingMachinery

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

rising Main 1.

2.

3.

Storage 1.

2.

3.

DistributionSystem

1.

2.

3.

4.



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3.2.13 Gram Sabha 2 (Activity Code C-13)

objectives: To discuss and approve the village DWSP.

Participants: gram Sabha consists of all the people registered on the village voter list.

Methodology: interactive session.

agenda: Discuss the findings of the planning process and village DWSP development.

facilitator: The facilitator for the gram Sabha is normally the gP Secretary. The gram Sabha is chaired by the Sarpanch or President. however, a So staff member will provide support by sharing information about the DWSP.

Duration: up to three hours.

Process:1. a notice about gram Sabha must reach people

at least seven days in advance. Written notices can be put up in public places, or people can be notified by beating of drums, or through Shg leaders to their groups. The notice should contain information on the agenda, date, time and place.

2. The meeting of the gram Sabha is to be presided over by the gP president/gP ward member in accordance with the official directive.

3. at the beginning of the meeting, the Secretary welcomes participants and informs them of the agenda.

4. Since this is a special gram Sabha focussed on the DWSP, its objective, methodology and participatory process to be adopted for planning and implementing the DWSP should be outlined by the So.

5. Some of the activities in the DWSP can be implemented immediately without any external support. Some activities, however, do need external support. This aspect should be clearly explained in the gram Sabha.

6. The proposed activities listed in the action plan should be discussed. activities should be categorised according to whether they can be undertaken through community participation/village-level funds or with the help of government schemes. The priorities and future direction of these activities should be clearly explained.

7. at the end of the meeting, the minutes should be read out and signed by the persons designated to do so. The minutes should then be posted in the Panchayat office.

output: gram Sabha approves the village DWSP plans.

3.2.14 GP Workshop 2 (Activity Code C-14)

objective: consolidation of the village DWSP at the gP level.

Participants: gP chairman and members, VWSc members, gP-level functionaries, anganwadi and school teachers, aSha workers, Shg and cBo leaders and village leaders.

Methodology: Presentation of the summary of the village DWSP and discussion and consolidation.

agenda:

1. introduction of VWSc members.

2. Discussion and approval of consolidated village DWSP plan.

3. roles and responsibilities for implementation of the village DWSP.

facilitator: Support agency coordinator and staff.


Process:1. inform participants well in advance of the date

and place of the gP meeting. Discuss the meeting agenda and process with the gP chairman and functionaries. This meeting should ideally be held at the gP office.

2. ask the gP Secretary to open the meeting with a welcome address and explain its purpose.

3. approval for the formation of the VWSc as a gP sub-committee.

4. Discussion on village-specific DWSP and gP’s consolidated plan.

5. gP’s role in the implementation of immediate, short-term and long-term plans.

6. Drafting and signing the resolution for DWSP approval.

7. an action plan to proceed further.

output: The gP resolution for DWSP approval will be submitted to the concerned department with a

request to assist the gP in implementing the DWSP.


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iMPlEMEnTaTion anD MoniToring ProcESS

4


84


Implementation and monitoring are important components of the DWSP. The roles of users/primary stakeholders are usually limited to the planning stage and implementation agencies take over the physical implementation of the plan with limited/no community participation during actual physical implementation. This can hamper the efforts of the support agencies/BRCs during the planning stage from empowering the respective GP and VWSC.

Therefore, it is vitally important to ensure that the participating GP/VWSC is involved at the implementation stage either through direct involvement or through the various implementation and monitoring sensitisation programmes.

as envisaged in the concept note, the roles and responsibilities of the relevant agencies are as shown

in Table 4.1.

Responsible Agency RoleDepartment of Drinking Water Supply

Strategic management of the pilot project involving establishing and chairing a national Working group, identifying the district/blocks. identification of ngos and providing necessary guidance to state, districts and blocks

State government/PheD identify the blocks/hydrological units, issuing required guidelines, implementing pilot programmes in their blocks

central ground Water Board/central arid Zone research institute

Technical support and monitoring

ngos/So Training, capacity building and continued support to empower gPs, VWScs and villagers

Department of rural Development, Department of land resources, Ministry of Water resources and Ministry of agriculture

ensure funding convergence at the local level, technical support and facilitation

Table 4.1. Roles and Responsibilities of Agencies Involved

iMPlEMEnTaTion anD MoniToring ProcESS

4.1 Implementation Stage


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it is envisaged that ngos will continue their support in empowering the gP, VWSc and villagers during the implementation and monitoring stages. The activities described in Table 4.2 will form part of the DWSP.

Activity Code Phase Expected Output

1 implementation Stage

11 VWSc meeting•Detailsofworks•Modeofimplementation•FormationofVQAT

•VQATinplace•Projectcomponentstogether with cost of the

project is displayed in prominent place

12 Periodic joint review of worksby the VWSc, gP, PheD, ZP

•Projectprogressandqualityreviewedbythe VWSc and VQaT

13 o&M of existing scheme and drinking water conservation programme

•O&Minitiated by the VWSc•Waterconservationprogramme implemented

by the VWSc•%reduction in water consumption and

electricity demonstrated

14 handing over and assuming control of scheme

•SchemeishandedovertoGP/schemefor further o&M

4.1.1 VWSC Meeting (Activity Code I-1)

objective: consolidate the information and chalk out a precise village DWSP.

Participants: gP and VWSc members.

Methodology: Presentation by So and the concerned department.

Table 4.2. Activities within the DWSP

agenda: formation of VQaT.

facilitator: So.


Process:1. Before opening the session, please ensure that

the following are displayed at the venue:

S. No. Display Outcome of Activity

1. Social map printed/drawn on a3 size clothresource map printed/drawn on a3 size cloth

Pra

2. approved DWSP Drinking Water Security committee meeting

3. implementing agency/contractor’s details

i M P l e M e n T aT i o n a n D M o n i T o r i n g P r o c e S S


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2. open the session by praising the VWSc and gP functionaries for actively participating, and update the VWSc about the approval status of DWSP, together with details of the implementing agency.

explain the approved VWSc:

a. componentsb. Total cost of project interventionc. responsibility and timelined. Source of budget mobilisatione. Defect liability period

3. guide the VWSc to evolve the plan for quality assurance and control on a daily basis:

a. a committee comprising four or five members of the VWSc to be formed as the VQaT, to be later trained by the implementing agency to ensure day-to-day quality supervision.

b. The name, contact details and value of contract, and a timetable to be displayed in a prominent place in the village.

c. The respective line department will train VQaT members.

output: clear understanding by VWSc members of the approved plan, implementing agency, role of VWSc and VQaT during implementation.

4.1.2 Periodic Joint Review of Works (Activity Code I-2)

objective: Progress and quality review of work onsite by primary and secondary stakeholders.

Participants: gP, VWSc members, VQaT members, PheD and ZP.

Methodology: field visit to work site.

agenda: Progress and quality review of works.

facilitator: PheD.


Process:1. engineer from the implementing agency will

brief the VWSc on the progress, materials used and quality issues.

2. a joint site inspection will be carried out and the VWSc will be updated about the following:

a. Progressb. Quality issuesc. Balance work and schedule

d. expenditure incurred to date

output: Proceedings of the VWSc concerning joint inspection of the works.


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objective: To initiate action towards the commitment of the VWSc to the o&M of the existing water supply scheme and drinking water conservation programme.

Participants: gP, VWSc members, VQaT members, PheD and ZP.

Methodology: fgD.

agenda: To identify the issues and challenges involved in operating and maintaining the facilities by considering technical, financial and institutional aspects, including water tariff calculation and drinking water conservation by adopting water tariffs based on volumetric consumption.

4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance (Activity Code I-3)

The sustainability of small piped water supply systems in rural areas is critical for securing improved service delivery over the long term. The main emphasis of the GoI’s NRDWP is therefore on source and system sustainability. Source sustainability depends on various factors. However, water conservation is one of the important aspects of source sustainability. System sustainability relies on adequate O&M, in both technical and financial terms.

Any project intervention to achieve a DWSP is incomplete without addressing the issue of Non Revenue Water (NRW). This is water that has been produced and “lost” before it reaches the customer. Losses can be ‘real’ (leaks, which are occasionally referred to as physical losses) or ‘apparent’ (e.g., through theft or metering inaccuracies). High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities, as well as to the quality of the water itself. NRW is typically measured as the volume of water ‘lost’ as a share of net water produced.

As observed in the concept note, “it is difficult to manage what is not measured”. In most rural drinking water systems, water is not measured or metered, leading to loss of water and revenue, and thus affecting source and financial sustainability.

Drinking water security programmes should aim to measure the amount of water supplied and design an appropriate programme to conserve drinking water.

facilitator: Support agency.


Process:

1. explain VWSc goals and topics to group members. it is important to tell them that they will be contributing as representatives of a group of people/organisation.

2. Divide the group into three smaller groups for a fgD, using the checklist (Table 4.3) as a basis

for the fgD.



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3. Display all charts on the wall and start a discussion about each. explain the issues associated with each point and then ask “what can be done to deal with this issue?” guide the discussion towards the o&M budget and water tariffs based on actual consumption.

4. Water tariff calculation. explain that there are two main categories of cost factors (operational costs and maintenance/repair costs) (Table 4.4). each category is sub-divided:

Group 1: O&M Budget Group 2: Water Quality and Energy Bills

Group 3: Water Conservation

• WhoisresponsibleforO&M?

• Describethesystemandfunctions of the various stakeholders involved in o&M

• is an annual budget of water supply facilities prepared?

• Howmuchis the water tariff charged in your village?

• Howmanyhouseholdspaywater charges regularly?

• Whatisthesystemofwatercharges collection?

• %ofwatercharges recovery?

• Whataretheissuesanddifficulties associated with collection of water charges?

• Whethertherateofwatercharges is sufficient?

• Whatisthesystemofpunitiveaction on defaulters?

• are water samples tested on a regular basis?

• is chlorination of water done regularly?

• has a water person been appointed as per requirement?

• are the energy bills received based on the actual meter readings?

• Howmuchwaterisconsumedper day by the village?

• Isthe public water system metered?

• are service connections metered?

• Does the water supplied match the water consumed?

• is the energy bill based on the actual meter reading?

Table 4.3. Checklist for FGD

a. operation cost: Salary of water person, electricity, chlorination, testing water samples and VWSc office expenses, bill collector’s commission.

b. Maintenance and repair costs: Maintenance and repair of water supply system, water source

and depreciation.


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5. How to calculate water tariff: in the instance of villages without metered service connections, calculating the water tariff will be interesting and fun. in cases where water tariffs are on a flat rate, this will lead to interesting discussions on water consumption.

Water tariff per person = Total o&M cost per year/ Total population

or

Water tariff per household = Total o&M cost per year/Total households

Table 4.4. Water Tariff Calculation

S. No Expenditure Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) Cost per Year (Rs.)

a operational cost

1 Salary of water person no. of water persons x monthly salary

1 x 12 months =

2 electricity bill 2a. fixed charges per hand pump x total hand pumps

2b. Pumping hours x hand pump x 0.75 x 31 x unit charges

2a x 12 + 2b x365 days =

3 chlorination (approx. 5 grams of Tcl per 1,000 litres)

4 Testing of water samples lump sum

5 VWSc office expenses/bill collector lump sum

B Maintenance and repair costs

1 Maintenance and repair of water supply system

lump sum

2 Maintenance and repair of source lump sum

c Depreciation cost

Total

at this stage, arguments will probably erupt and people will voice their opinions about the water tariffs. This will probably lead to discussion of a volumetric-based water tariff, which in general can save on water consumption by approximately 30-40 per cent, thereby contributing to

source sustainability.



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it has been observed that lack of attention to the important aspect of o&M of the majority of water supply schemes often leads to deterioration of the useful life of the systems, necessitating premature replacement of many components. regardless of investments in the systems costing millions of rupees, they are thus unable to provide effective services to the communities for which they have been constructed, given that they are defective or underutilised for most of the time.

Some of the key issues contributing to the poor o&M have been identified as:

llack of finance, inadequate information on o&Mlinappropriate system design and

inadequate workmanshiplMultiplicity of agencies, with

overlapping responsibilities linadequate training of personnelllow attraction of maintenance jobs in

career planning llack of performance evaluation and

regular monitoring linadequate emphasis on preventive maintenancellack of operation manualsllack of appreciation of the importance of facilities

by the community llack of real time field information, etc.

a need, therefore, exists for clear-cut sector policies and a proper legal framework, together with clear demarcation of responsibilities and mandates within the water supply sub-sector.

india’s experience reveals that, in the case of pumping schemes, around 20-40 per cent of the total annual o&M costs are generally accounted for by salaries and 30-50 per cent by power charges, with the balance utilised for consumables, repairs and replacement of parts and machinery, and miscellaneous charges. in most indian cities, the tariffs are so low that they do not even cover the annual o&M costs.

Measures such as leakage control and water metering will help to reduce wastage and increase revenues for the local providers to the maximum extent possible.

Several pilot studies conducted in india have shown water losses in the distribution systems to be of the order of 20-50 per cent of the total flow in the systems. it has been noted that maximum leakage (more than 80 per cent) occurs in the distribution system and house connections. Moreover, losses also occur at the source, points in the transmission system, as well as in the treatment plants and reservoirs, which may total a further 10-20 per cent of overall output.

in india, where water supply is often intermittent (supply hours ranging from three to 10 hours), external pollution may get sucked into the system through leakage points during non-supply hours (i.e., when the system is not under pressure), thereby causing health hazards.

a systematic approach towards wastage, leakage and preventive maintenance needs to form an integral part of o&M on a regular basis with the aim of saving considerable quantities of water, preventing contamination, improving pressure in the distribution system and increasing revenues in order to make the systems self-sufficient. if such measures are adopted by the water supply agencies in india, there could possibly be no immediate need to introduce schemes for increasing water supply.

Water metering is desirable from two points of view:

a) To minimise wastage

b) To maintain economically feasible water pricing

according to current practice, consumers own their domestic meters and, therefore, they have direct access to the meters. it would perhaps be worthwhile to explore the possibility of the respective water supply agencies and local bodies owning such meters themselves to ensure that consumers do not have direct access to the meters and avoid possible tampering.

Box 4.1. O&M and Water Conservation


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4.2 MonitoringMonitoring is the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules, and of the use of inputs, infrastructure and services by project beneficiaries.

Monitoring provides managers and other stakeholders with continuous feedback on implementation, identifying actual or potential successes and problems at an early stage to facilitate timely adjustments to project operation.

evaluation is the periodic assessment of a project's relevance, performance, efficiency and impact (both expected and unexpected) vis-à-vis stated objectives.

for monitoring:lidentify the activities/indicators/outcomes

to be monitored.lDecide how the findings will be acted on.lidentify sources for monitoring data and data

collection methods.lSchedule monitoring.lDesign and pre-test simple forms and

questionnaires for recording information.

for evaluation:lreview project objectives and relevant project

activities in terms of expected outcomes.lidentify indicators/outcome measures

for evaluation.lDetermine sources of data for evaluation and

data collection methods.lPlan for data collection, including schedule

and staff.

To plan for Monitoring and evaluation (M&e), specify the information that will be needed, how it will be used for decision-making and how progress and impacts will be measured. Plans for M&e should be prepared at the same time and merged with plans for the overall project. at the start of the planning process, decide how M&e data will be followed through. ensure that each piece of data that is collected has a purpose in order to ensure that M&e is a meaningful process that can benefit the project’s objectives. a suggested M&e

framework is shown in Table 4.5.



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Results Indicator Means of Verification

reduction in flood irrigation

no. of farmers and area under drip irrigation

Baseline, midline and endline survey reportagriculture Department Monitoring report

increased number of rainwater harvesting structures

no. of rainwater harvesting structures in catchment area

Baseline, midline and endline survey reportagriculture Department Monitoring report

improvement in water quality

Water quality data Water quality test reports

reduction of waterborne diseases

no. of cases of waterborne diseases

local clinic and hospital records

increased number oftoilets and their usage

no. of toilets constructed records provided by gP/VWSc

regular VWSc meeting no. of regular meetings held by the VWSc

VWSc meeting (and resolutions)

Preparation of o&M budget

annual o&M budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

Preparation of water budget

Water budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

improved water charges recovery

%recoveryofwatercharges VWSc and gP records

reduction in energy consumption

consumption of electricity per day/month

electricity bills

Drinking water conservation

consumption of water and electricity (needed for pumping)

electricity bills and meter-reading

improvement ingroundwater table

groundwater table records groundwater table monitored by VWSc/gP

increased number of elected representatives who engage with the project benefits

Parliamentarians, Members of lesgislative assemblywho can identify the benefits

interviews, baseline data

Media informed and motivated to report on DWSP

no. of news items and exposure in international, national, regional and local media

Media monitoring and analysis

Table 4.5. Suggested Monitoring and Evaluation Framework


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BiBliograPHy


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Document Title and Brief Summary Web LinkTitle: national Drinking Water Security Pilot Projects

PPT by Mr. Sudhindra Mohan Sharma, nodal officer, national Drinking Water Security Pilot Projects, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, government of india

Title: a handbook for gram Panchayats

http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/a_handbook_for_gram_Panchayats_on_managing_drinking_water_security_by_the_Department_of_Drinking_Water_Supply%20_hindi_2010.pdfhttp://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/gPhandbook.pdf

Title: guidelines and Tools forrural Water Supplies

This directory contains 42 sets of guidelines, manuals and toolkits on the delivery of rural water supply services. each resource is categorised according to whether its primary audience is an international, national or other type of organisation. icons and summary tables are designed to help you find guidelines that are relevant to your task. links and references are an aid to the original documents.

http://www.rural-water- supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-398-3-1348587119.pdf

Title: Scaling up Solid and liquid Waste Management in rural areas

Published by WSP and the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, goi, this handbook focusses on the planning, institutional/community mobilisation and the financial aspects of implementing a waste management programme in rural areas.

http://www.mdws.gov.in/sit es/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Handbook%20on%20SLWM%20WSP%20final%20May%202012.pdf

Some of the references which were helpful in developing the DWSP Toolkit are listed here.

BiBliograPHy


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Document Title and Brief Summary Web LinkTitle: ground Water Prospects Maps

Prepared under the aegis of the rajiv gandhi national Drinking Water Mission Project, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, goi, this Manual contains maps identifying potable groundwater sources which are sustainable for longer periods—a key issue in the supply of drinking water to india’s rural habitations. To address this issue, the former Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of rural Development, goi—the prime organisation concerned with the supply of drinking water in the country—requested the government’s national remote Sensing centre, india Space research organisation/Department of Space, to prepare groundwater prospects maps (hydro geo-morphological maps) on a 1:50,000 scale, using remote sensing and giS technology. The user Manual is invaluable for understanding the keys/legends and the various thematic layers and technical aspects of maps.

http://www.nrsc.gov.in/pdf/rgndwmum.pdf

Title: Towards Drinking Water Security in india, lessons from the field

Produced by WSP and the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation. lessons and case studies from the field.

http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP_compendium_Water.pdf

Various Success Stories and learnings

Title: Success Stories

Various success stories, published by the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, are contained in a useful document for facilitators.

http://www.mdws.gov.in/do cumentreportall/term/42

B i B l i o g r a P h y


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Document Title and Brief Summary Web link

Title: engaging non-state Providers in rural Water Supply Services

With the nrDWP prioritising household-level water security and movement (i.e., working towards adequate and safe water supply through house connections), massive investment for responding simultaneously to system and source sustainability issues is proposed for dealing with rural drinking water supply in future years. The sector’s human and financial requirements, including for o&M, are likely to increase significantly against a background of increasing and broad concern regarding the o&M of the existing infrastructure. unless these problems are addressed, it is likely that the significant future investments proposed in the sector will be at risk. There is a case, therefore, for exploring alternative o&M options that can ensure appropriate and timely preventive and corrective o&M by using dedicated, qualified staff at reasonable cost. Such alternatives, particularly mobilised through non-state providers, are already being considered in some states and the experiences to date are described in this document.

http://www.mdws.gov.in/sit es/upload_files/ddws/files/ pdfs/engaging_nonstate_Pr oviders_in_rural_Water_Sup ply_Services.pdf

Title: Manual on operation and Maintenance of a Water Supply System

Published by the central Public health and environmental engineering organization,Ministry of urban Development, goi, and World health organization, this Manual addresses issues such as wastage, leakages and high-energy consumption.

http://cpheeo.nic.in/operat ion.htm


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annEX


98


insert relevant picture/map from project area

Drinking Water Security Plan

gram Panchayat (insert name)

Block (insert name)

State (insert name)

Date (insert date) Prepared by gram Panchayat (insert name)Block resource centre & Support agency (insert name)

under the guidance of District Water and Sanitation Mission (insert district name)

TEMPlaTE for Drinking WaTEr SEcuriTy Plan


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gram Sabha resolution(Please attach the scanned copy of the gram Sabha

resolution for approval of the village DWSP Plan)

gram Panchayat resolution(Please attach the scanned copy of the gP

resolution for approval of the village DWSP Plan)

Sample format of Gram Sabha resolution This is to certify that the Village Drinking Water Security Plan has been prepared by a consultative process by the Gram Panchayat with assistance and support from the Support Organisation, the Block Resource Centre and the District Water and Sanitation Mission.

The final Village Water Security Plan was discussed in detail during the Gram Sabha held on ................

We request the DWSM to endorse the plan and provide us with technical and financial assistance for implementing the Drinking Water Supply Security Plan.

Chairperson ................... Gram Sabha VWSC President

Sample format of GP resolutionThis is to certify that the Village Drinking Water Security Plan has been prepared by a consultative process by the Gram Panchayat with assistance and support from the Support Organisation, the Block Resource Centre and the District Water and Sanitation Mission.

The consolidated Village Water Security Plan was discussed in detail during the GP meeting held on ................

We request the DWSM to endorse the plan and provide us with technical and financial assistance to implement the Drinking Water Supply Security Plan.

Chairperson/Sarpanch ............. GP GP Secretary

chapter 1: gP Profile

1.1 Project AreaBriefly describe project location, mentioning block, district and number of villages in the gP area. also the gP revenue area. Provide the reference of the toposheet and of the groundwater prospective

map of the project area.

Insert Toposheet scan copy (sample)

Insert Groundwater Prospects Map (sample)

a n n e X


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Profile

1.2 Socio-economic profile of GP(Describe the socio-economic profile of the gP: male and female population, sex ratio, children under 14 years, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, labour force, etc., access to the gP,

number of schools, anganwadi centres, etc.)

chapter 2: Planning Processkey issues: Was a participatory planning process adopted when preparing the DWSP facilitated by the

Brc, DWMS and So?

2.1 Planning ActivitiesDescribe the chronological order of activities undertaken with the aim of involving the community and local CBOs and SHGs in data collection, identification of issues and problem analysis and

which assisted the preparation of the DWSP.

S. No Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4

1 gram Sabha - 1 Date Date Date Date

2 gP Workshop - 1 Date Date Date Date

3 VWSc meeting - 1 Date Date Date Date

4 Pra Date Date Date Date

5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to users Date Date Date Date

6 establishment of rain gauge station Date Date Date Date

7 WTQQ monitoring of selected bore/tube well

8 Water budget estimation Date Date Date Date

9 Women’s meeting Date Date Date Date

10 School health programme Date Date Date Date

11 exposure visit Date Date Date Date

12 VWSc - 2 Workshop Date Date Date Date

13 gram Sabha - 2—approval of DWSP Date Date Date Date

14 gP-level compilation meeting Date Date Date Date

15 Video show/street play, etc. Date Date Date Date


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Provide gender-disaggregated data on participation together with quality analysis and quality

information which can be summarised as follows:

S. No Activity Female Male Total

1 gram Sabha - 1 no. no. no.

2 gP Workshop - 1 no. no. no.

3 VWSc meeting - 1 no. no. no.

4 Pra no. no. no.

5 Water Transect no. no. no.

8 Water budget estimation no. no. no.

9 Women’s meeting no. no. no.

10 School health programme no. no. no.

11 exposure visit no. no. no.

12 VWSc - 2 Workshop no. no. no.

13 gram Sabha - 2—approval of DWSP no. no. no.

14 gP-level compilation meeting no. no. no.

15 Video show/street play, etc. no. no. no.

2.2 VWSC

key issues: The VWSc has been established in each project village, necessary capacity building activities undertaken and the roles and responsibilities of the VWSc are clear

and well-established.

The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP responsible for planning, implementation, operation, maintenance and management of the village DWSP. It is important to build and facilitate a dynamic VWSC involving individuals of both sexes. Briefly explain the various processes facilitated in the establishment of a functioning VWSC. These processes can be listed as follows:

a n n e X

Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4 Total

Date of formation of VWSc Date Date Date Date

no. of female members no. no. no. no. no.

no. of male members no. no. no. no. no.

Total of VWSc members no. no. no. no. no.

Details of VWSc bank account

a/c no.Bank: Date account opened




enclose list of VWSc members.


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2.3 PRAkey issues: has the Pra been conducted in all the villages to identify and analyse the problems and

move towards alternative solutions?

Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4

Social Mapping Date Date Date Date

Water resource Mapping Date Date Date Date

Timeline Date Date Date Date

Seasonality Date Date Date Date

gender-disaggregated data for the Pra activity

Activity Female Male Total

Social Mapping no. no. no.

Water resource Mapping no. no. no.

Timeline no. no. no.

Seasonality no. no. no.

Total no. of households

Total population

no. of drinking water wells/sources

no. of irrigation wells/sources

historical background of water quality and quantity

historical background of groundwater table

historical background of cropping pattern

open defecation and household health and sanitation

Solid and liquid waste management aspects

enclose copies of Social and Water resource Maps.

attach photographs of Pra activity.

issues identified during the Pra


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2.4 Water Transectkey issues: onsite review of water facility and identification of water security issues and water supply system repair requirements done using participatory process.

explain in details the Water Transect—Walk from Source to user and summarise the identified issues regarding the following (enclose duly completed checklist as provided in the Toolkit):

lDrinking water sourcelPumping machinerylTransport mainlStoragelDistribution systemlo&M issueslSolid and liquid waste managementlhousehold sanitation

2.5 Establishment of Rain Gauge StationBriefly highlight the action taken to set up the rain

gauge station in the project area

2.6 WTQQ MonitoringBriefly highlight the action that has been taken to monitor groundwater levels, discharge and quality and the involvement of the community in identifying a well for monitoring WTQQ. The water budget calculation should be based on village-level data generated within the study area. Village-level monitoring of water levels, discharge and quality will generate interest in the community and is cost effective.

attach the detailed calculation.

a n n e X

2.7 Water Budget

Highlight the following: lWhere are the hydrologic elements located in the watershed? Where is the water?lhow does the water move between these hydrologic elements? What are the pathways

through which the water travels?lWhere are water users located and how much water are they using?lfuture trends? are water levels declining, increasing or remaining constant? The

supply/demand gap should be clearly emphasised.

S. No. Village Annual Water Consumption Availability Gap %

Drinking Livestock Agriculture Industries Total


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2.9 Drinking Water Security PlanThe DWSP should take account of source sustainability, system improvement, o&M and sanitation aspects. The summary for each village can be presented in the following format.

Summarise the water situation, highlighting:

lThe supply/demand gap

lWater quality

lWater consumption pattern for domestic,

agricultural and industrial use

2.8 Sensitisation/Awareness RaisingThe data/information generated from monitoring the

water table, water quantity and quality and the outcome

of the water budget should be shared with various

stakeholders by means of meetings, displays, street play,

etc. in this section, describe the various activities that

have been undertaken to raise stakeholder awareness.

Components Project Intervention

Responsibility Timeline Budget Source of Budget Mobilisation

Source SustainabilityDrinking WaterSource

1. Surface water harvesting

2. Drip irrigation facilityfor farmers3. De-silting of tank4. roofwater harvesting5. installation of raingauge station6. additional source

System SustainabilityPumpingMachinery

1.2.

rising Main 1.2.

Storage 1.2.

DistributionSystem

1.2.

o&M issues 1. Supply of o&M ledger2. Supply of tools3. Training for

Water Person and VWScSanitation Plan 1.Solid and liquid Waste Management

1. repair of existing drains2. construction of new drains3. identification of a system

for collectionhouseholdSanitation

1. awareness raising

2.3.


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a n n e X

chapter 4: implementation and Monitoring

4.1 ImplementationBriefly explain how the project will be implemented and describe the roles envisaged for various stakeholders during the implementation stage, particularly those of the DWSM, Brc, gP, VWSc and So.highlight the quality control and quality assurance aspects.

Phasing and implementation schedule (enclose bar chart—sample shown).

S. No.

Activity Year 2014 Year 2015

J f M a M J J a S o n D J f M a M J J a S o n D

1 Source Sustainability

2 Sustainability

3 rising Main

4 Storage

5 Distribution System

6 o&M

7 Sanitation

8 Solid & liquid Waste Management

9 household Sanitation


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4.2 Monitoringlist out the various indicators identified for monitoring project activity and intervention.

Indicator Means of Verification

Baseline Data

During Monitoring Period

no. of farmers and area under drip irrigation

Baseline, midline and endline survey report

agriculture Department Monitoring report

no. of rainwater harvesting structures in catchment area

Baseline, midline and endline survey report

agriculture Department Monitoring report

Water quality data Water quality test reports

no. of cases of waterborne diseases

local clinic and hospital records

no. of toilets constructed records provided by gP/VWSc

no. of regular meetings held by the VWSc

VWSc meeting (and resolutions)

annual o&M budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

Water budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

%recoveryofwatercharges VWSc and gP records

consumption of electricity on daily/monthly basis

electricity bills

consumption of water and electricity for pumping

electricity bills and meter-reading

groundwater table records groundwater table monitored by VWSc/gP

no. of news items and exposure in international, national, regional and local media

interviews, baseline data

Media monitoring and analysis


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a n n e X


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Water and Sanitation ProgramThe World BankHT House, 10-20 Kasturba Gandhi MargNew Delhi 110 001, IndiaPhone: (91-11) 41479301, 49247601E-mail: [email protected] site: www.wsp.org

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation4th Floor, Paryavaran BhawanCGO Complex, Lodi Road,New Delhi 110 003, IndiaPhone: (91-11) 24361043Fax: (91-11) 24364113E-mail: [email protected] site: www.ddws.nic.in

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