Supporting Materials Chapter 15 Can be used for clarification or proof Can be used to support your...

Supporting Materials

Supporting Materials

Chapter 15Chapter 15

Can be used for clarification or proof

Can be used to support your claims

Can be used as amplification

Can be used for clarification or proof

Can be used to support your claims

Can be used as amplification

Sprague Chapter 15 2

Supporting MaterialsSupporting Materials

A ‘logical definition’ - is a dictionary definition

Etymological definitions - root meaning of the word

Historical definitions – linked to some historical event

Operational definitions – tell how the object works

A ‘logical definition’ - is a dictionary definition

Etymological definitions - root meaning of the word

Historical definitions – linked to some historical event

Operational definitions – tell how the object works


Define Unfamiliar Words And Concepts

Define Unfamiliar Words And Concepts

Definition by negation – explain what the word is not

Definition by Authority – person with most credibility gets to define the term

Definition by Example – by pointing at it verbally or literally

Definition by negation – explain what the word is not

Definition by Authority – person with most credibility gets to define the term

Definition by Example – by pointing at it verbally or literally


DefinitionsDefinitions

Use factual examples Are sufficient examples given? Are the examples representative? Are negative instances accounted

for?Use hypothetical examples – not

factual but it should be a likely or realistic example Extended Brief

Use factual examples Are sufficient examples given? Are the examples representative? Are negative instances accounted

for?Use hypothetical examples – not

factual but it should be a likely or realistic example Extended Brief


Make Frequent Use of Examples

Make Frequent Use of Examples

Make sure your examples are not biased

Use the appropriate amount of detail Analyze the amount of detail you

need

Make sure your examples are not biased

Use the appropriate amount of detail Analyze the amount of detail you

need


ExamplesExamples

Test the accuracy of statistical evidence Who collected the data? Why were the data collected? When were the data collected? How were the data collected?

Test the accuracy of statistical evidence Who collected the data? Why were the data collected? When were the data collected? How were the data collected?


Use Statistical EvidenceUse Statistical Evidence

Avoid misleading statistics The fallacy of average The fallacy of the unknown base The fallacy of the atypical or

arbitrary time frameMake your statistics clear and

meaningful

Avoid misleading statistics The fallacy of average The fallacy of the unknown base The fallacy of the atypical or

arbitrary time frameMake your statistics clear and

meaningful


Statistical EvidenceStatistical Evidence

Testimonies call on statements from other people to get our point across Direct quotation Paraphrase

Testimonies call on statements from other people to get our point across Direct quotation Paraphrase


Draw on Testimonies from Authorities

Draw on Testimonies from Authorities

Does the authority have access to the necessary information?

Is the authority qualified to interpret data?

Does the authority have access to the necessary information?

Is the authority qualified to interpret data?


Evaluate the Credibility of the Authorities You Cite


Is the person acknowledged as an expert on this subject?

Is the authority figure free of bias and self-interest?

Do not distort quotations

Is the person acknowledged as an expert on this subject?

Is the authority figure free of bias and self-interest?

Do not distort quotations




Cite the sources of your supporting materials

Use a variety of lead-ins -- a study published in the Journal of Advertising last year said ...’ ‘there was an article in Newsweek magazine early this year that said ... ‘ In an article in the New York Times in 2010 ...

Cite the sources of your supporting materials

Use a variety of lead-ins -- a study published in the Journal of Advertising last year said ...’ ‘there was an article in Newsweek magazine early this year that said ... ‘ In an article in the New York Times in 2010 ...


Cite Your Sources SmoothlyCite Your Sources Smoothly

Sample questions...

Definitions, examples, statistics and testimony all fall into what the text

calls ----- for your speech.



Supporting materials

Which should come first: --selecting evidence / supporting materials -- practicing delivery --setting up the basic structure of your speech--doing an audience analysis

Which should come first: --selecting evidence / supporting materials -- practicing delivery --setting up the basic structure of your speech--doing an audience analysis

--setting up the basic structure of

your speech

We refer to supporting materials as --, even though it may be impossible to ever

prove a point completely.

We refer to supporting materials as --, even though it may be impossible to ever

prove a point completely.

proof

In helping the audience understand our terms and ideas, a(n) ---- definition is also known as dictionary definition.

In helping the audience understand our terms and ideas, a(n) ---- definition is also known as dictionary definition.

logical

ReasoningReasoningChapter 16Chapter 16


What is Reasoning?What is Reasoning?

Reasoning is the process by which we come to understand

something new, through analyzing and synthesizing

what we already know.


What is Reasoning?What is Reasoning?

** This concept is the foundation for thoroughly

developing a thesis...and for an audience’s critical evaluation of

the content used to support your thesis. **

Evidence can lead to more than one claim

People look for familiar patterns

Evidence can lead to more than one claim

People look for familiar patterns


Identify Where Reasoning is Needed to Link Points

Identify Where Reasoning is Needed to Link Points


Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning

Collecting enough instances to establish a pattern or drawing inferences/conclusions from

observations.

Base inferences on sufficient and representative cases

Recognize the degree of probability of your claim

Demonstrate your cost-rewards analysis

Specific-to-general approach

Base inferences on sufficient and representative cases

Recognize the degree of probability of your claim

Demonstrate your cost-rewards analysis

Specific-to-general approach


Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning


Deductive ReasoningDeductive Reasoning

Making verbal statements, or premises, according to formal

rules or reasoning from generalizations to specific

conclusions.

Finds the patterns in what you already know

In a formal deductive syllogism, the major premise sets up an absolute relationship

General-to-specific order

Finds the patterns in what you already know

In a formal deductive syllogism, the major premise sets up an absolute relationship

General-to-specific order



Probable premises can lead only to probable conclusions

Lay out all the premises of a deductive argument

Probable premises can lead only to probable conclusions

Lay out all the premises of a deductive argument




Causal ReasoningCausal Reasoning

Is the backbone of all speeches that deal with policy and problem solving and is

reasoning that one cause invariably leads to one effect

Test the validity of your causal relationships Do the alleged cause and alleged

effect occur together? Do the alleged cause and alleged

effect vary together?

Test the validity of your causal relationships Do the alleged cause and alleged

effect occur together? Do the alleged cause and alleged

effect vary together?



Do not simplify the relationship Some effects have multiple causes Some cause are also effects

Explain your causal claims fully and fairly

Do not simplify the relationship Some effects have multiple causes Some cause are also effects

Explain your causal claims fully and fairly




Reasoning by AnalogyReasoning by Analogy

When we reason by analogy, we compare two things that can be placed in the same

category

Compares two things in the same category

Be sure that the two cases are similar

Compares two things in the same category

Be sure that the two cases are similar



Do not confuse a literal analogy with a figurative analogy Literal analogy compares the

members of the same category Figurative analogy compares the

members of different categories

Do not confuse a literal analogy with a figurative analogy Literal analogy compares the

members of the same category Figurative analogy compares the

members of different categories



Ad hominem – attacking the person instead of the argument

“Setting up a straw figure” – setting up a poor argument, attributing it to the other side, and refuting it.

Ad hominem – attacking the person instead of the argument

“Setting up a straw figure” – setting up a poor argument, attributing it to the other side, and refuting it.


Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies


Extending an argument to absurd lengths – goes beyond a reasonable interpretation of the original point

Extending an argument to absurd lengths – goes beyond a reasonable interpretation of the original point




Slippery slope - false assumptions that if one takes a particular first step then they will automatically take other dangerous steps in the same direction.

Slippery slope - false assumptions that if one takes a particular first step then they will automatically take other dangerous steps in the same direction.




Circular reasoning - assumes as one of its premises the very conclusion it sets out to establish

Semantic fallacy – when meanings of word shift mid argument

Circular reasoning - assumes as one of its premises the very conclusion it sets out to establish

Semantic fallacy – when meanings of word shift mid argument




False dichotomy – is reasoning based on an either-or statement when the two alternatives are not mutually exclusive

False dichotomy – is reasoning based on an either-or statement when the two alternatives are not mutually exclusive



Faulty reversal of an if-then statement - affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent

Faulty reversal of an if-then statement - affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent



Hasty generalization - making a premature general conclusion

Confusing sequence with cause Post hoc fallacy

Hasty generalization - making a premature general conclusion

Confusing sequence with cause Post hoc fallacy



Organize points to show the logical relationship

Select language that shows the logical relationship

Organize points to show the logical relationship

Select language that shows the logical relationship


Show How Your Reasoning Links Your Evidence to Your Claim

Show How Your Reasoning Links Your Evidence to Your Claim

When we reason by -------, we compare two things that can be placed in the same category.

When we reason by -------, we compare two things that can be placed in the same category.

analogy

Of the four patterns of reasoning, ------- is the simplest and most common, and consists of collecting enough instances to establish a pattern.

Of the four patterns of reasoning, ------- is the simplest and most common, and consists of collecting enough instances to establish a pattern.

Inductive reasoning

Among the various ‘reasoning fallacies,’ ----- is attacking the person instead of the argument

Among the various ‘reasoning fallacies,’ ----- is attacking the person instead of the argument Ad hominem

Language and Style

Language and StyleChapter 17Chapter 17

Once we have realistic content that is well organized and well supported through good evidence...

A good speech pulls the ideas togther through a performance

Once we have realistic content that is well organized and well supported through good evidence...

A good speech pulls the ideas togther through a performance


Strive for Clear LanguageStrive for Clear Language

Three communication resources...

Draw on your conversation skills Relaxed, spontaneous, etc.

Draw on your writing skills Research and evidence

Draw on your performance skills Timing, emotional build-up, eye contact

Three communication resources...

Draw on your conversation skills Relaxed, spontaneous, etc.

Draw on your writing skills Research and evidence

Draw on your performance skills Timing, emotional build-up, eye contact


Think back...Think back...

Be precise Use the proper word Don’t misuse your metaphor

Be precise Use the proper word Don’t misuse your metaphor



Use specific and concrete language

Be economical in your languageBUT … a really good presentation

has colorful, descriptive, emotive, connecting impact

Use specific and concrete language

Be economical in your languageBUT … a really good presentation

has colorful, descriptive, emotive, connecting impact



Adapt your language to the formality of the occasion

Use jargon or slang carefullyAvoid substandard usageUse language that is respectful

and inclusiveRemember ‘dialect’ impact

Adapt your language to the formality of the occasion

Use jargon or slang carefullyAvoid substandard usageUse language that is respectful

and inclusiveRemember ‘dialect’ impact


Use Appropriate LanguageUse Appropriate Language

Use imageryUse stylistic devices

Simile and metaphor Personification Hyperbole

Use imageryUse stylistic devices

Simile and metaphor Personification Hyperbole


Use Valid Varied LanguageUse Valid Varied Language

Use stylistic devices Repetitive language or structure Alliteration and assonance antithesis

Use stylistic devices Repetitive language or structure Alliteration and assonance antithesis



Use fresh languageVary the rhythm of your

sentencesAvoid monotonous deliveryAvoid constant, routine voice

deliveryHeightened conversation

Use fresh languageVary the rhythm of your

sentencesAvoid monotonous deliveryAvoid constant, routine voice

deliveryHeightened conversation



------- is a special vocabulary used primarily within a particular group.

------- is a special vocabulary used primarily within a particular group.

jargon

Definitions, examples, statistics and testimony all fall into what the text calls ----- for your speech.

Definitions, examples, statistics and testimony all fall into what the text calls ----- for your speech. Supporting materials




calls ----- for your speech. Supporting

materials

Vocal DeliveryVocal Delivery


Speak loud enough to be heard by the entire audience -- projection

Speak at a rate your audience can follow

Speak loud enough to be heard by the entire audience -- projection

Speak at a rate your audience can follow

Speak to be Heard and Understood


Sprague 57Chapter 25

Enunciate words distinctly and naturally

If you have accent or dialect issues, consider how to make useful adjustments

Enunciate words distinctly and naturally

If you have accent or dialect issues, consider how to make useful adjustments




Vary your pitch Vary your rate of speechPause appropriatelyVary your volumeAvoiding ‘monotone’ or ‘constant

vocal pattern’

Vary your pitch Vary your rate of speechPause appropriatelyVary your volumeAvoiding ‘monotone’ or ‘constant

vocal pattern’

Use Vocal VarietyUse Vocal Variety


Identify words that you habitually mispronounce

Check the preferred pronunciation of unfamiliar words

Examine: common words, names of places (library, okra, Colorado, Illinois ... )

Identify words that you habitually mispronounce

Check the preferred pronunciation of unfamiliar words

Examine: common words, names of places (library, okra, Colorado, Illinois ... )

Use Standard, Acceptable Pronunciation

Use Standard, Acceptable Pronunciation


Identify problems of voice quality Harshness Breathiness Nasality and denasality

Identify problems of articulation Vocalized pauses (um, so, you know,

like) Repetitious patterns of inflection

Identify problems of voice quality Harshness Breathiness Nasality and denasality

Identify problems of articulation Vocalized pauses (um, so, you know,

like) Repetitious patterns of inflection

Eliminate Distracting Vocal Characteristics

Eliminate Distracting Vocal Characteristics


Physical DeliveryPhysical Delivery


Be conscious of your appearance Manage your first impression Dress conservatively Dress up / no cap / jewelry?

Eliminate distracting mannerisms

Stand or sit with a relaxed but alert posture

Be conscious of your appearance Manage your first impression Dress conservatively Dress up / no cap / jewelry?

Eliminate distracting mannerisms

Stand or sit with a relaxed but alert posture



Make only purposeful and relevant movements

Make natural gesturesMaintain eye contactUse facial expressions to reflect

tone

Make only purposeful and relevant movements

Make natural gesturesMaintain eye contactUse facial expressions to reflect

tone



Attention & Interest

Attention & Interest


Activity or movement— appropriate movement of the speaker and a lively treatment of the content that creates a feeling of something happening

Reality—references to actual people, events, and places; being specific and concrete rather than abstract

Activity or movement— appropriate movement of the speaker and a lively treatment of the content that creates a feeling of something happening

Reality—references to actual people, events, and places; being specific and concrete rather than abstract


Use Appropriate Attention-Getting Techniques


Proximity—references to what is close at hand: people in the room, current events, local landmarks, and so on

Familiarity—the use of recognized examples, well-known phrases, and commonplace situations

Proximity—references to what is close at hand: people in the room, current events, local landmarks, and so on

Familiarity—the use of recognized examples, well-known phrases, and commonplace situations




Novelty—the opposite of the familiar: startling facts, odd turns of phrase, surprising images, and unusual combinations

Suspense—stimulation of curiosity about what will happen next through puzzles or provocative questions

Novelty—the opposite of the familiar: startling facts, odd turns of phrase, surprising images, and unusual combinations

Suspense—stimulation of curiosity about what will happen next through puzzles or provocative questions




Conflict—pros and cons, opposing viewpoints, competing schools of thought

Humor—playful remarks, silly or exaggerated images, amusing plays on words, ironic twists of fate, entertaining stories, and the like

Conflict—pros and cons, opposing viewpoints, competing schools of thought

Humor—playful remarks, silly or exaggerated images, amusing plays on words, ironic twists of fate, entertaining stories, and the like




The vital—references to things that are important to listeners, ranging from matters of survival to anything that saves them time, earns them money, or makes their life more pleasant

The vital—references to things that are important to listeners, ranging from matters of survival to anything that saves them time, earns them money, or makes their life more pleasant




Be specific and use real life examples

Keep your audience involvedUse the names of people in your

audience Refer to details in the immediate

setting or from common experiences

Be specific and use real life examples

Keep your audience involvedUse the names of people in your

audience Refer to details in the immediate

setting or from common experiences


Use Techniques that Enliven Your SpeechUse Techniques that Enliven Your Speech

Actively involve your audienceUse variety and movement to

energize your speechUse humor when it is

appropriate

Actively involve your audienceUse variety and movement to

energize your speechUse humor when it is

appropriate



Look for the humor in your everyday experience

Be selective when you draw on collected humor

Look for the humor in your everyday experience

Be selective when you draw on collected humor



Link your topic to your listeners’ self-interest

Incorporate storytelling techniques

Link your topic to your listeners’ self-interest

Incorporate storytelling techniques


Convert Attention to InterestConvert Attention to Interest

Avoid questionable attention grabbers

Don’t let a story or joke take over your speech

Don’t tell jokes unless you can tell them well

Don’t let audience participation cause you to lose control

Avoid questionable attention grabbers

Don’t let a story or joke take over your speech

Don’t tell jokes unless you can tell them well

Don’t let audience participation cause you to lose control


Avoid Common Attention Pitfalls

Avoid Common Attention Pitfalls











CredibilityCredibilityChapter 19Chapter 19

Are you perceived as Competent? Concerned about your audiences

welfare?Are you perceived as

Trustworthy? Dynamic?

Are you perceived as Competent? Concerned about your audiences

welfare?Are you perceived as

Trustworthy? Dynamic?


Assess Your Speaking ImageAssess Your Speaking Image

Provide the contact person with information about your qualifications

Help the person introducing you set a favorable tone

Manage your image during contact with the group before the speech

Provide the contact person with information about your qualifications

Help the person introducing you set a favorable tone

Manage your image during contact with the group before the speech


Build Your Credibility Before Your Speech

Build Your Credibility Before Your Speech

Present your credentialsDemonstrate a thorough

understanding of your topic

Present your credentialsDemonstrate a thorough

understanding of your topic


Build Your Credibility Through Your Content


Be sure your material is clearly organized

Present a balanced and objective analysis

Express your concern for the audience

Be sure your material is clearly organized

Present a balanced and objective analysis

Express your concern for the audience




Motivational AppealsMotivational Appeals


Devoid of emotionModerate emotionExcessive emotion

Devoid of emotionModerate emotionExcessive emotion


Consider the Emotional Impact You Want to Create or Avoid

Consider the Emotional Impact You Want to Create or Avoid

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Physiological needs Safety needs Love and belongingness needs Self-esteem needs Self-actualization



Relate Your Speech to the Needs of Your Listeners







Buying a car?Gas saving, low cost, safetyColor, style, status

Buying a car?Gas saving, low cost, safetyColor, style, status


Rational vs. emotional appealsRational vs. emotional appeals

Link the issues of your speech to the value of your audience

Appeal to your listener’s sense of community

Avoid excessive and inappropriate motivational appeals

Link the issues of your speech to the value of your audience

Appeal to your listener’s sense of community

Avoid excessive and inappropriate motivational appeals


Relate Your Speech to the Values of Your Listeners

Relate Your Speech to the Values of Your Listeners

Informative StrategiesInformative Strategies


Avoid information overloadGive listeners a framework for

organizing the informationSelect and implement a

specific organizational pattern: Topical, spatial, chronological, causal

Avoid information overloadGive listeners a framework for

organizing the informationSelect and implement a

specific organizational pattern: Topical, spatial, chronological, causal


Help Your Listeners Grasp Your Information


Speeches about objects / itemsSpeeches about processesSpeeches about eventsSpeeches about concepts

Speeches about objects / itemsSpeeches about processesSpeeches about eventsSpeeches about concepts


Major Content Types of Informative Speeches

Major Content Types of Informative Speeches

Move from the simple to the complex

Move from the familiar to the unfamiliar

Move from the simple to the complex

Move from the familiar to the unfamiliar




Use organizers Sign posts Emphasis cues

Use examples liberally

Use organizers Sign posts Emphasis cues

Use examples liberally


Use Common Techniques of Clear Explanation


Use analogiesUse multiple channels and

modesUse repetition and redundancy

Use analogiesUse multiple channels and

modesUse repetition and redundancy




Presentation AidsPresentation Aids


Decide if a visual aid is appropriate

Use when there is a benefitDetermine the form and

technology for your purposePresent info conversationally

Decide if a visual aid is appropriate

Use when there is a benefitDetermine the form and

technology for your purposePresent info conversationally

Plan How to Use Presentation AidsPlan How to Use

Presentation Aids


Decide the best way to represent an object or concept visually Graph/picture Line graph Pie graph Flowchart Table or grid

Decide the best way to represent an object or concept visually Graph/picture Line graph Pie graph Flowchart Table or grid

Plan How to Use Presentation AidsPlan How to Use

Presentation Aids


Wi-Fi Radio PlansWi-Fi Radio Plans

Home wi-fi radioHome wi-fi radio

Making Money: The SoundExchange Problem

Making Money: The SoundExchange Problem

NAB - SoundExchange Settlement

2006 - $.0008 2007 - $.0011 2008 - $.0014 2009 - $.0015 2010 - $.0016 2011 - $.0017 2012 - $.0020 2013 - $.0022 2014 - $.0023 2015 - $.0025

NAB - SoundExchange Settlement

2006 - $.0008 2007 - $.0011 2008 - $.0014 2009 - $.0015 2010 - $.0016 2011 - $.0017 2012 - $.0020 2013 - $.0022 2014 - $.0023 2015 - $.0025

Make sure the entire audience can see (and hear) your aid

Keep it simple and clearDesign for maximum audience

impact

Make sure the entire audience can see (and hear) your aid

Keep it simple and clearDesign for maximum audience

impact

Prepare Your Aids to be Clear and Manageable

Prepare Your Aids to be Clear and Manageable


Practice with your aidsHave your aid ready to goMaintain eye contact with your

audience

Practice with your aidsHave your aid ready to goMaintain eye contact with your

audience

Blend Your Aids Smoothly into the Speech



Keep talking while using your aidBalance them throughout the

speechDon’t let it become a distractionDon’t spend too much time on itKeep eye contact with audience

Keep talking while using your aidBalance them throughout the

speechDon’t let it become a distractionDon’t spend too much time on itKeep eye contact with audience




Keep your text slides simpleMaintain consistencyUse clip art sparinglyTechnique for showing at

appropriate timeGive source credit (you are

plagiarizing if you use a visual created by someone else)

Keep your text slides simpleMaintain consistencyUse clip art sparinglyTechnique for showing at

appropriate timeGive source credit (you are

plagiarizing if you use a visual created by someone else)

Use Presentation Software WiselyUse Presentation Software Wisely


Persuasive Presentations

Persuasive Presentations

Some Types of Persuasive Presentations

Some Types of Persuasive Presentations

Sales PresentationsProposalsMotivational SpeechesGoodwill SpeechesDebate

Sales PresentationsProposalsMotivational SpeechesGoodwill SpeechesDebate

StrategiesStrategies

Based on sound logical analysisTakes audience attitudes into accountOutline must begin with

Specific Purpose (proposition) Thesis Statement Type of Proposition & Organizational

pattern followedYou must list this and follow it‘D’ speech maximum without it

Based on sound logical analysisTakes audience attitudes into accountOutline must begin with

Specific Purpose (proposition) Thesis Statement Type of Proposition & Organizational

pattern followedYou must list this and follow it‘D’ speech maximum without it

Persuasive StrategiesPersuasive Strategies

Appeal to the Needs of Your AudienceHave a Realistic GoalFocus Appeals on Critical Audience

SegmentDefer Thesis With Hostile AudiencePresent Ample Evidence to Support

Claims -- cite sources / explain source

Appeal to the Needs of Your AudienceHave a Realistic GoalFocus Appeals on Critical Audience

SegmentDefer Thesis With Hostile AudiencePresent Ample Evidence to Support

Claims -- cite sources / explain source

Persuasive StrategiesPersuasive Strategies

continued...Consider Citing Opposing IdeasAdapt to the Cultural Style of an

Audience

continued...Consider Citing Opposing IdeasAdapt to the Cultural Style of an

Audience

Maximizing Speaker Credibility

Maximizing Speaker Credibility

Demonstrate Your CompetenceEarn the Trust of Your AudienceEmphasize Your Similarity to the

AudienceIncrease Your Appeal to the AudienceDemonstrate SincerityPersonalize

Demonstrate Your CompetenceEarn the Trust of Your AudienceEmphasize Your Similarity to the

AudienceIncrease Your Appeal to the AudienceDemonstrate SincerityPersonalize

What kind of proposition?What kind of proposition?

Proposition of fact Draw inferences from available date Is / is not

Proposition of value Good or bad, right or wrong

Proposition of policy Most common, most complex Advocates specific course of action Should / should not

Proposition of fact Draw inferences from available date Is / is not

Proposition of value Good or bad, right or wrong

Proposition of policy Most common, most complex Advocates specific course of action Should / should not

Types of claims (proposition)Types of claims (proposition)

When addressing whether something is true or not, or something will or won’t happen--make a claim of fact

When addressing an issue that relies on individual judgment of right or wrong for its resolution, make a claim of value.

When proposing a specific outcome or solution to an issue, make a claim of policy.

Write specific purpose to include one List yours specifically on the outline

When addressing whether something is true or not, or something will or won’t happen--make a claim of fact

When addressing an issue that relies on individual judgment of right or wrong for its resolution, make a claim of value.

When proposing a specific outcome or solution to an issue, make a claim of policy.

Write specific purpose to include one List yours specifically on the outline

Organizing Persuasive Messages

Organizing Persuasive Messages

Problem-solution (p. 135, 153) Comparative Advantages (p. 295) Refutation Pattern (p. 296) Reflective or Proposition to Proof (‘Day 9’ on course outline) Motivated Sequence (p. 294 & course outline)

1. Attention2. Need3. Satisfaction4. Visualization

5. Action You must use one of these -- list before Intro on

your outline – see sample Persuasive outline

Problem-solution (p. 135, 153) Comparative Advantages (p. 295) Refutation Pattern (p. 296) Reflective or Proposition to Proof (‘Day 9’ on course outline) Motivated Sequence (p. 294 & course outline)

1. Attention2. Need3. Satisfaction4. Visualization

5. Action You must use one of these -- list before Intro on

your outline – see sample Persuasive outline

DeliveryDelivery

Dialect impact / some: accent impact Eye contact, posture, gestures, movement Articulation, pauses, emphasis ‘Expressiveness’ -- vocal variety Enthusiasm ‘Natural’ vs. ‘trained’ Conversational vs. ‘speech-like’

Dialect impact / some: accent impact Eye contact, posture, gestures, movement Articulation, pauses, emphasis ‘Expressiveness’ -- vocal variety Enthusiasm ‘Natural’ vs. ‘trained’ Conversational vs. ‘speech-like’

Visual AidsVisual Aids

Two different TYPES (use / balance) Help make a point / clarify (can we see it?) Don’t look at the visual aid Show only when using Don’t put multiple ones on one page Use document camera or PowerPoint

(deadline Wednesday for Informative and Friday for Persuasive -- note separation page)

Two different TYPES (use / balance) Help make a point / clarify (can we see it?) Don’t look at the visual aid Show only when using Don’t put multiple ones on one page Use document camera or PowerPoint

(deadline Wednesday for Informative and Friday for Persuasive -- note separation page)

Audience Oriented SpeakingAudience Oriented Speaking

Do audience analysisFavorable / neutral / unfavorableMake message relevant to audienceShow audience how change benefits

themAddress topics audience feels strongly

aboutSeek minor changes

Do audience analysisFavorable / neutral / unfavorableMake message relevant to audienceShow audience how change benefits

themAddress topics audience feels strongly

aboutSeek minor changes

Problem-SolutionProblem-Solution

I. The Nature of the ProblemII. Reasons for the ProblemIII. Unsatisfactory SolutionsIV. Proposed Solution

I. The Nature of the ProblemII. Reasons for the ProblemIII. Unsatisfactory SolutionsIV. Proposed Solution

The Bottom LineThe Bottom Line

Read and peruse lots of sourcesUse the best 10 or so sourcesMust use several retrievable, non-URL

sourcesMake it clear to the audience where

your information comes fromDefine terms, identify peopleKnow the topic well and speak with

conviction

Read and peruse lots of sourcesUse the best 10 or so sourcesMust use several retrievable, non-URL

sourcesMake it clear to the audience where

your information comes fromDefine terms, identify peopleKnow the topic well and speak with

conviction

What type evidence?What type evidence?

Examples, stories, testimony, facts, statistics…

Distortion -- what is truth? Historical vs. contemporary views Sources of your evidence Sources of visual aids APA style -- accurate does matter

Examples, stories, testimony, facts, statistics…

Distortion -- what is truth? Historical vs. contemporary views Sources of your evidence Sources of visual aids APA style -- accurate does matter

Ethics and appealsEthics and appeals

Teleological vs. deontologicalEmotional vs. rational appealsAudience sensitivityLife Cycle analysisDemographics differencesCulture and subcultures

Teleological vs. deontologicalEmotional vs. rational appealsAudience sensitivityLife Cycle analysisDemographics differencesCulture and subcultures

Rules for Main PointsRules for Main Points

Main points should be stated as claims All points should develop the thesis A presentation should contain no more than five main

points Each main point should contain only one idea Main points should be parallel in structure whenever

possible

Main points should be stated as claims All points should develop the thesis A presentation should contain no more than five main

points Each main point should contain only one idea Main points should be parallel in structure whenever

possible

Adding Transitions / Connectives

Adding Transitions / Connectives

Functions of Transitions They Promote Clarity

They Emphasize Important Ideas

They Keep Listeners’ Interested

Functions of Transitions They Promote Clarity

They Emphasize Important Ideas

They Keep Listeners’ Interested

Common Organizational Problems

Common Organizational Problems

Taking Too Long to Get to the Point Including Irrelevant Material Leaving Out Necessary Information Getting Ideas Mixed up Too much of a main point comes from limited

sources

Taking Too Long to Get to the Point Including Irrelevant Material Leaving Out Necessary Information Getting Ideas Mixed up Too much of a main point comes from limited

sources

Functions of the Introduction (attention focusing material)

Functions of the Introduction (attention focusing material)

Capture the Listeners’ Attention Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen Set the Proper Tone for the Topic and Setting Establish Your Qualifications Introduce Your Thesis and Preview Your

Presentation No more than 1/10 th of the speech time

Capture the Listeners’ Attention Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen Set the Proper Tone for the Topic and Setting Establish Your Qualifications Introduce Your Thesis and Preview Your

Presentation No more than 1/10 th of the speech time

Types of Opening Statements (still attention focusing stuff)

Types of Opening Statements (still attention focusing stuff)

Ask a Question or Rhetorical QuestionTell a StoryPresent a QuotationMake a Startling StatementRefer to the AudienceRefer to the OccasionUse Humor

Ask a Question or Rhetorical QuestionTell a StoryPresent a QuotationMake a Startling StatementRefer to the AudienceRefer to the OccasionUse Humor

Planning the ConclusionPlanning the Conclusion

No more than 1/10th of the speech time Functions of the Conclusion

The Review The Closing Statement

Types of Closing Statements Return to the Theme of Your Opening Statement Appeal for Action End With a Challenge What is your clincher?

No more than 1/10th of the speech time Functions of the Conclusion

The Review The Closing Statement

Types of Closing Statements Return to the Theme of Your Opening Statement Appeal for Action End With a Challenge What is your clincher?

More ConclusionMore Conclusion

Humorous StoryRhetorical QuestionUnusual or Dramatic DeviceQuotationsSummary

Humorous StoryRhetorical QuestionUnusual or Dramatic DeviceQuotationsSummary

Bottom lineBottom line

Organize well Research well, proper APA style, non-URL

sources Practice, practice, practice (golf) Reveal sources well Be ethical Be sensitive to audience Content and organization = 75%

Organize well Research well, proper APA style, non-URL

sources Practice, practice, practice (golf) Reveal sources well Be ethical Be sensitive to audience Content and organization = 75%

If time...If time...

Impromptu SpeechesImpromptu Speeches


Critique SpeechesCritique Speeches

Speaker 1Speaker 2(previously done, above?)Darren LaCroix againToastmasters 2012

Speaker 1Speaker 2(previously done, above?)Darren LaCroix againToastmasters 2012

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOSADvJnrG8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whTwjG4ZIJg&feature=related


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUDCzbmLV-0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS4YCgtzXng

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOSADvJnrG8



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUDCzbmLV-0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS4YCgtzXng

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Supporting Materials Chapter 15 Can be used for clarification or proof Can be used to support your...

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