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SUR T U B + L I AT h e o r y S e m i n a rS u m m e r 2 0 1 1

F i n n G e i p e lK e n K o c hK a t j a T h o r w a r t h



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Imprint:

© LIA, Berlin 2011

Prof. Finn GeipelKatja ThorwarthKen Koch

Editorial:Alison Harason

Maya AtidiaJonas Tratz

Texts:Seminar participants (see appendix)



SURT U B + L I AT h e o r i e S e m i n a rS u m m e r 2 0 1 1

F i n n G e i p e lK e n K o c hK a t j a T h o r w a r t h



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Most European cities developed along rivers. With the increasing number of oods and increasing water pollutthe last century, cities dissociated from water. Today, the problem of avoidance and restructuration overlaps question of the relation of nature and city, but also the question of the consciousness for water in general.

The research focus is the renaturation of the existing riverbanks. Restoring the self-cleaning and self-regenera

pacity of rivers will create original new landscapes. Instead of relying on preventive measures by restricting ctions in ood areas, we want to introduce urbanity in this new landscape - thus to densify and to reconquer vurban space.

INTRODUCTION



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ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTSBlockSolitaireDockMega-BlockTemporal Interventions

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUESPillarBridge

PontonDockIslands/HillsFluvial Energy Generating SystemsWater Cooling SystemsWaste/Purication Plant

URBAN PROJECTSUrban and Fluvial Interventions

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSMicro + Macro MobilityBridge + Walking Path

ECOLOGIESRiver DynamicsFlood Research

ANGERSAnalysis of Test Site

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CONTENT



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ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

BLOCKSOLITAIREDOCKMEGA-BLOCK

TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS



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BLOCK

Block construction is typically a concrete platform which is either oating or elevated above the water’s surfapillars. This technique can be used to support anything from singular buildings to an entire city.

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | B



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Lake Costanza, Germany1922-1941Reconstructed

In this german region on the nshore of Lake Constanza, ewas found of early Neolithicments. These dwellings weretructed between 1922 and 194on other neolitic and Bron

settlements as Wafferburg from 1100-800 BC.

The wood houses were built oform supported by 5m woodThese pilotis had to be long to protect the platform from tand oods.

They created rectangular pand connected them with lothin bridges, so the differenform-bridge is evident. Ovplatform they placed some leaving around 40% or 50%

platform as free space.

BODENSEE



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MVRDVAmsterdam, the Netherlands1995-2003

Silodam is located on the IJ River inWesterdoksdijk. It is perched on a120m long concrete platform which iselevated above the water on pylons.The river once served as a harbourfor Amsterdamwhen the harbour fell

into decline many of these silos andwarehouses became unused. In the80s there was a housing shortageand therefore architects began torefurbish them and new architecturebegan to emerge.

Silodam is a primarily residential buil-ding with 157 apartments as well asbusiness units and public spaces. Theprogrammatic arrangement of thebuilding is divided into four ‘neigh-bourhoods’ of varying characteristics.The program within these sub divisi-ons is stacked independently of each

other, and aims for a general balancein programmatic mix from sector tosector. Therefore, as in a town, thereare public, residential, and commer-cial spaces running throughout itsentirety.

SILODAM

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | BLOCK



Venice, Italy

As we all know, Venice is theof a lagoon connected to Sea. This lagoon is not very dits water is quite calm; althouare really remarkable.

The history of Venice beginsple wood dwellings built on

order to protect them from thand tides. These rst Venetiaded more terrain and more nent buildings, so they stabuild channels in order to dmuddy ground. They built m200 channels that started in tCanal and created 118 differenconnected by 400 bridges.

But the buildings still needebasement. They built a reaof underground wood pilotcame from Alarce and were in the terrain with wood gave

in order to protect the wood ferosion ad deterioration duewater, they covered the buildwhite limestone. Just a fact: uchurch Maria de la Salute wer1.106.000 pilotis.

Venice is structured in differle platforms connected onesothers with bridges. We canne Venice itself as a unique pconnected to the ground witbridge. Then, we can also bratwo different platforms sepathe Gran Canal. But, if we go

we will see there are much mplatforms, 118, connected verary by 400 bridges.

The density is very high andspace can be perceived perfthe negative of the fabric ma

VENICE




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Constant Nieuwenhuys1959-1974Concept Design

New Babylon is a concept for a newcity and culture for future living. Thisdesign is for a post-revolutionaryworld where one is free from work,family and any civic responsibili-ties, and can live a nomadic lifestyle.

This is a dynamic living environmentwhere one is encouraged to venturethroughout the network of spaces insearch of new sensations.

The structures are perched above theexisting city on pillars. They are madeup of a network of mega structures,each the size of a small city, connec-ted by bridges. Within each sectorConstant uses neutral productiontechnologies to allow for exibilitywithin the structure. Therefore alt-hough the entire network remains ri-gid, the individual structures are able

to evolve with time.Therefore within this network, as theindividual has no schedule, no xedlocation, and a constantly evolvingstructure, they are forced to live a no-madic lifestyle.

NEW BABYLON

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | BLOCK

Situatedonpylons abovetheoriginal city

Sectors

Perspecve view of one sector



Pl a n - 1 : 2 0 0 0


Kiyonori KikutakeMotobu, Okinawa1975

Aquapolis is a prototype for acity where people can live niously in the ocean. It was an Ocean Expo in Okinawa in

The structure is on a 100 squ

ter platform which is oatsemi submerged in the watconstructed on 10 columns wxed to lower hulls and bragether. Originally it was conin Hiroshima and as it is oatable to be towed and anchoresite.

The concept was for a self-sble city which is able to genown energy and heat, howevnology of time the prevented

AQUAPOLIS



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SOLITAIRE

Individual housing units or solitary structures linked or connected with pedestrian pathways.

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | SOL



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French Polunesia, France

The islands of Bora Bora feature sev-eral hotels and resorts which are pri-marily made up of over-water bun-galows, linked with boardwalks andtypical waterside pathways.

Though Bora Bora is part of FrenchPolynesia, and should thus be de-

scribed as having Polynesian archi-tecture, the architecture of theseover-water bungalows is often de-scribed as being Melanesian, anotherisland region. Though tradition is asignicant factor of island architec-ture, the reference to over-waterbungalows as being Melanesian haslittle to do with tradition and more todo with the form of the structures.

Melanesian architecture, though vary-ing with tradition within itself, mainlyconsists of ideas that use materialsthat are locally available and disas-

ter relief is mainly in the form of re-building with the plethora of readilyavailable materials. Another signi-cant feature of Melanesian architec-ture that is present in that of the BoraBora bungalows is the high regard inwhich they hold the ocean. Melane-sian architecture embraces the oceanas an asset and generally has one sideof the building open to the view of thewater. This is reected in Bora Borawith the common feature of a glassoor to show the water or a balconythat is open to the surrounds (water).

BORA BORA

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | SOLITAIRE



Seattle + Washington, USA

The rst houseboats in Seatbuilt in response to the lack space in the city and also outerty.

The houseboats of the 19the classics, characterized rounded “sprung” roofs and b

the craftsmanship of the boatThe real boom of houseboatstarted in the 1930s when peo‘temporary’ living quarters tothe depression.

Local ofcials in the 1950s the business of cleaning up ciwith urban renewal funds andboats were high on their delist. They were to be replaover-the-water apartments anesses and government projeencouraged to build wherevwere houseboat docks. In th

a sewage system around theof Lake Union was introducthe label ‘slum’ was no longedescription for the oating coty. This was one of the main which lead to the legality of day oating communities anevery houseboat is connectesewage system. This means land underneath the water, ooating constructions are belongs to the state but can aa private owner.

The majority of houseboats

oating communities in Seaoating structures that caaround to different mooraghouses are temporarily linpathways provided at suchages, sometimes by separatways leading to their entrancare required by law to be coto the sewage system providemoorage. Smaller groups ohouses have one main pathwseparate branching pathwadirect access to each housegroups have pathways leaseparate branches which thsequently, have separate pto private homes.

FLOATING HOMES




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Chong Kneas, Cambodia

The oating village of Chong Kneasin Cambodia is located south of SiemReap on one of South-East Asia’slargest fresh water lakes. The villageprovides essential housing to resi-dents who make their living from lo-cal industries including shermen,boat makers snd market vendors. The

community also includes a oatinghospital, a school, a police station andoating shops, amoung other socialfacilities.

Chong Kneas is considered to be agreat representation of the traditionalCambodian lifestyle and a remarkabletestament to the adaptability of theresidents on the water. The reasonsfor leading such a lifestyle began withthe excessive uctuating water levelof the Tonle Sap Lake and also theneed for shermen to live close to thesea for their shing and to the land

to sell their sh. Because of the mi-grating coastline, houses in the formof a oating substructure that movedalong with it were considered the log-ical answer.

Chong Kneas is made up of differenttypes of structures- some oatingand some xed; all in a seemingly ran-dom formation with connections be-tween also seemingly random groupsof structures. The oating structuresare connected to each other or an-chored to the muddy lake oor andthe standing structures are on long

poles stuck in the mud. The more per-manent structures in this village areconstructed out of wooden boardsand stand a couple of metres abovethe water’s surface at any given time,though the water level changes dras-tically according to the season. Make-shift ‘driveways’ with boats tetheredto poles and ladders that lead upto the indoor living space are com-monplace, even with oating homeswhere most living spaces are offsetfrom the surface of the water

FLOATING VILLAGE OF CHONG KNEAS




Tangram ArchitectsAmsterdam-Osdorp, NetherlaSBDN vof, Warmenhuizen/Be1999

The “tangram” project is a twith concrete pedestals coninto a dike. Its plan is linear acated in an area with manyOnly one-third of the buildin

face area is in contact with thHouses are arranged in a 2 bmation.

Each house has an outdooing platform which is accesthe base. The integral stairs pair of dwellings form a midtion between the dwellingssufcient height to leave theof the natural water environmdisturbed whilst providing space for the occupiers. The cpedestals of the dwelligns arect contact to the water – an

tant aspect of the project’s cHowever, additional privacy hconsidered where reed bordebeen planted, allowing growheight of 2 metres in summer Ecologically the building is thas the new housing developAmsterdam is to be part of logical zone. The roof is ewith sedum mats, welcominand insects. The timber frambuilding allows for higher exthe interior lay-out.

The houses are energy-efcto the use of wood and cand through taking advantagavailable natural light. The sfaçade with its sun room iscompletely open, while the nside is almost completely cloexterior space consists of a the living level, and a jetty dwater level. The decks can closed by glazing.

A nal element of the desmultifunctional centre like a symbol and a landmark at thtime.

DE AKER




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Architectenbureau Marlies Rohmer +Atelier Zeinstra Van der PolSteigereiland Ijburg, Amsterdam,NetherlandsOntwikkelingscombinatie WaterbuurtWest +Woningstichting Eigen Haard2001

These Steigerdam-Amsterdam dwell-

ings are situated on the rst island inthe IJburg island chain. Waterbuurt isdevided into two dwellings: the east-ern part designed by Atelier Zeinstravan der Pol and the Western part, onwhich I’ve concentrated, has been de-signed by Architectenbureau MarliesRohmer.

The geometrical structure on the tri-angular site – which is a result of di-agonal slicing of the basin due to sus-pended power lines – the architectsaimed to give the plotting along thejetties a perception as though they

were a seemingly detached informallayout of water dwellings. Ambiance,movement, a sense of individuality,and a boat docked at home – are key-words for settlements at the Wate-buurt West.

Three different dwelling typologiesexist for the project. The rst typeinvolves oating houses supportedby concrete pillars, which sit half astorey underwater. These buildingsare optionally equipped with oatingterraces, boardwalks are extended tothe main structure and create pos-

sibilities to walk around the homes -like on a boat – which means directcontact to the water. The secondtypology involves dike homes, sus-pended on pylons above the dike onthe edge of the basin.The third build-ing typology for this project is piledwellings supported by pillars xedto the ground. These are known asLighthouses: three storey structureswith a social function.

The IJburg district is a modernneighbourhood, with jetties insteadof paved footpaths and city plazaswhich allow for the growing enthusi-asm for living beside or on the water.

WATERBUURT




MVRDVPampushaven, Almere, NetheHet Oosten Kristal, AmsterI.C.W. Municipality of Almere2006Feasibility Study

Pampus Harbor Almere is aproject – it includes a vision oplex of oating houses, create

Dutch group of architects MV

It is strategically located betwtwo Dutch cities of AmsterdAlmere. This will transform interfront settlement which wtain the forward-thinking planAlmere-Amsterdam devearea.

The movement aims to invittain living-typology for peodesire lifestyle, yet a particupendence and roughness wcharaceter and context form

sis of. Therefore this should the right opportunities for ding a water settlement with sstructed and casco dwellings

The architects created a sprangement which encourageinteraction. Their proposal houses allows for the optimudom and individuality of houregular planning of houses cowith chaotic paths comprisestlement, which is completelyand therefore completely mothis way, the architects hav

oped a typology which is comadaptable to change and mofor the future. Five typologibeen developed, which relaadequately to the water, badifferent organisation principoating techniques. The imenvironment’s diversity cancreased through the addition ing gardens.


ALMERE 2030



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DOCK

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS |



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SnøhettaOslo, Norway2007

The project can be classied as a “ex-isting dockyard“ architectural typol-ogy and sited on what could be clas-sied as an introverted harbour sitelocation. The concept framing thedesign and programmatic arrange-

ment is of the combination of threeelements; the “Wave Wall“`the “Fac-tory” and the “Carpet”.

The peninsula is a key component ofthe harbour city, and acts as an inter-mediary between the city and the restof the world. The wave wall breaksdown the edge condition associatedwith dock typologies and acts as themediating point between water andground, in both real terms and on agurative level.The factory housesthe production facilities in a self-con-tained linear block at the back of the

building. Its rational layout and plan-ning allows for it to not affect the for-mal outcomes of the project (e.g. thewave wall and carpet).

Instead of using the linear typol-ogy most associated with docks andpiers, Snohetta has reactivated notjust the building interiors but also theroof . This is achieved by creating ahorizontal and vertically sloping car-pet on the “roof” this increasing ac-cessibility, in doing so breaking downcommon public private issues associ-ated with programs such as an op-

era house. It also orients itself to keypoints around the city and acts as anextension of the city and the fjordin both its design and dockyard siteplacement.

OSLO OPERA HOUSE

_(re)developed site

_key circulation causeways

_publicly accessible

_vital transport nodes in vicinity

_key sight lines dening urban conn

_proposed new development

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | DOCK



White Arkitekter ABKastrup, Denmark2004

The sea bath in Kastrup is oning component within its master plan, and has played gral role in the holistic reutof the waterfront. This has othrough the application of

dock typology, and in particupology associated with the characteristics of a pier. It is mbe sculptural urban artifact, ito be visible from land, sea with visual and physical conto the surrounding urban fabincludes the train station, maand transportation arteries,and airport as well as an attnegating edge condition betwbeach park and the low to density grid plan town that bagainst it.

The sea bath massing is thin following the need to preservboth to and from the structuits form allowing it to act astension of the ground plane the water as well as protectiocean winds. Sited as part of adistribution habour / waterfra beach park, it reclaims greenspace and browneldsvolved the construction ofbeach. It endeavors to breathe edge conditions associatpublic versus private/unusabin making the majority of the

front public accessible, excepmarina. Furthermore as parcontinual transformation of terfront, a new aquarium is toadjacent to the site.

_(re)deveoped site

_key circulatory causeways

_publicly accessible _proposed future development

_vital transportation nodes in the vicinity

_sight lines_buildings connection to context

KASTRUP SEA BATH




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Foreign Ofce ArchitectsYokohomo, Japan2002

This project is a key example of theimplementation of a new dock typol-ogy that reects the morphologicalnature of the architectural dock type.Primarily based on the pier typology,the development of this project has

resulted in a hybrid mix of programs.

Intended mainly for usage as a portterminal, the dynamic nature of theproject has allowed for the inclusionof civic/public space. Situated on theupper/roof portion of the terminal,vast areas of green space, set in anundulating timber landscape, providea welcomed addition to the publicrealm of the densely populated andskyscraper dominated environment.The reactivation of the site fromone solely of commercial use hasreshaped the way the area is both

perceived and used. Although stillanked by heavily industrial shippingports, the inclusion of this terminalhas prompted the planned develop-ment of numerous other sites withclose proximity.

_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed

_publicly accessible _civic hubs;;

_extent of dock (re)development _commercial/industrial/greenspace/civic

_vital transport nodes in vicinity _shipping_dashed _rail_solid

_key sight lines dening urban connectio

_proposed new development

_kitanaka-dori north project _minato mirai development

YOKOHAMA INTERNATIONAL PORT TERMINAL

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | DOCK



Lundgaard + TranbergCopenhagen, Denmark2008

The new addition to the culton Copenhagen’s waterfronNew Royal Theatre. It is averted dock typology that rehighly populated urban preci

The inclusion of this buildingthe area not only provides cilities for the Royal Danish Company, but also activates as a publicly accessible caand civic vicinity. Accessible train, car and on foot, the theaates a series of edge conditioreect both the dense naturcity anking it, and the rivesits delicately above.

The theatres foyer spans thlength of the building and hasconnection to the river edge

nade regulated by glass doodynamic creates an inviting ement that prompts visitors tfreely within the boundariesdeveloped site. The activatiosite complements the develoture of the area. Sited directlythe river from the Copenhagera House with similar moorinties, the insertion of this proghelped to balance the progralayout of the precinct.

_(re)development site

_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed

_publicly accessible _boardwalk causeway _proposed new development

_vital transport nodes in vicinity

_key sight lines dening urban connections

NEW ROYAL THEATER




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MEGABLOCK

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | MEGA-B



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Hans KollhoffNantes, France1988

In the same way as the Philharmonic,it was design for having different usesthat attract the people. In this casethere was a train station, sports, pro-duction area, auditorium, garden andalso living.

ATLANPOLE

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | MEGA-BLOCK



Herzog + de MeuronHamburg, Germany2006-2011

The Elbephilharmonic, designzog and de Meuron, is situateport in the centre of the city.cation was known to the punot really accessible. This builreactivate the area to becom

centre and cultural space.

It is a multi-functional buildina mixture of public and privatIt has living, hotel, the concand also a public square is ithe building that tries to connthe street.

ELBPHILHARMONIE

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | MEGA-B



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TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS

Temporal interventions are architectural or artistic tools to temporarily intervene in the urban or rural space act as catalysts for a changed perception and the creation of new networks.

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | TEMPORAL INTERVEN



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Daniel AndersonÅland Islands, Finland2009Concept

Observing the structure of icebergs,austrian architect Daniel Andersonhas created a oating summer cot-tage design for Ålands Hotel. Theminimalist exterior is an attempt to

remain unintrusive to the wild sur-roundings. the 60m2 structure is par-tially submerged in the water with itsroof top offering surfaces in which tolie and take in the scenery. Large win-dows seek to give a spacious feelingto the interior rooms and views of thesurrounding panorama.

ICEBERGS - FLOATING COTTAGES

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS | TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS



Goodweather Collective anOcean

The « Pop bottle barge» crethe Vancouver-based ofceweather Collective and Loki Ca fully catered oating bargout of recycled bottles on Vver’s false creek.Constructed from nearly 1700

ners, the temporary pavilion commodate up to 12 guestsa large table, which rests onplatform that shows the bottles sandwiched betwewooden ooring. This raft mclever and humoristic demonof objects recycling, withotechnologies in a small scalthe physical properties of thethemselves.

DINING ROOM




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FLOATING BOULEVARD

Renzo Piano’s idea for the Internatio-nal Exhibition in Paris in 1989 was tocreate an introduction place. The pro-position consists in building a boule-vard oating on the river and to forman entrance zone stretching from infront of the Eiffel Tower.The project, non realised, would havetemporary transformed the urbangeopgraphy,

giving to the visitors a complete newexperience of the city. The boulevardin itself is made up of ve meter wideby thirty meter long units ; each unitis designed in order to maintain aconstant position from the surface ofthe water. Adjusting pumps connec-ted to lasers keep measuring the dis-tance to the surface of the water. Theboulevard can cross the river withoutdeny the presence of the water, andoffer to the visitors an ambiguousphysical experience : walking on asurface between water andground.




SPREE 2011

The designers of the Spree 2ject « Luritec » developed a nenology in order to reduce thpollution, especially in the rivin Berlin.The main idea consists in psome water tanks in the extrcanalisations under water. Wrains the tank stocks the useand acts as a lter. It function

like a machine covered by a fform on which many kinds otructures could be built. Ttec platform can indeed be a summer bar, as a swimmia oating dock, a green houbecomes later useless or irrecan be dismanteled, rebuilt aged everywhere else.



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Venice, ItalyVenetian Army1575 - Present

Built once a year since the 16th centu-ry. During the plage in Venice in 1575-1576, the Senate decided to build theChurch the Redentore, and to make abig celebration to get rid of the plage.

So in 1577, they build a ponte votivoand it has been celebrated annuallyever since. In the past people woulduse their own boat to built the bridge.Now its the Army who is organisatingthe celebration.

PONTE VOTIVO




Heneghan Peng Architects1997Concept

Designed by Heneghan Pengtects for the International Idepetition in 1997, this oating is just one of the innovativplanning solutions that were ethis summer in Rotterdam. T

posed stadium is situated oncarrier so if a team is sold to city (most major cities are near ports or rivers), the newcan take the stadium with the

BIGFOOT




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STRUCURE/TECHNIQUES

PILLARBRIDGEPONTONDOCK

ISLANDS/HILLSFLUVIAL ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEMSWATER COOLING SYSTEMSWASTE/PURIFICATION PLANT



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PILLAR

Minimal Footprint in the water. Pillars as vertical structural element transmit, through compression, the weighstructure above to other structural elements below, e.g. the foundation. For the purpose of waves, wind or earengineering, pillars may be designed to resist lateral forces

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | P



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OIL PLATFORMS

JACK-UP TYPEmobile and fast deployment.favourable cost.90-135m depths.need stable weather duringtransport and deployment.

GRAVITY TYPEno piles in the ground.stable through its massive weight.

troll: tallest structure moved overthe surface.1/2km tall offshore gas platform inthe north sea.total weight of 1.2million tonnes.100,000 tonnes of steel (the equiv-

alent of 15 eiffel towers).the walls of its legs measure over ametre thick.

FLEXIBLE TYPEsimilar to guyed type, only withoutanchors.exibility allows it to operate inmuch deeper water.it can absorb much of the pressureexerted on it by the wind and sea.the exible tower system is strongenough to withstand hurricaneconditions.

RIGID STEEL TYPEtubular steel prole as the best hy-drodynamic shape.economically feasible in depths upto about 520m.designed for very long term use.steel jackets are piled into the sea-bed.

TENSION-LEG TYPE

suited for water depths greattween 300 m and 1500 m.use of tension-leg platformalso been proposed for windbines.platform is permanently mby means of tethers or groupeach of the structure’s cornera feature of the design of theers is that they have relativelyaxial stiffness, such that virtuavertical motion of the platfoeliminated.the platform has productionheads on deck, instead of o

seaoor.

TENSION-LEG BUOYS & JLOADING TOWERSbuoys are most important auoff-shore structures.used for mooring and loadingers.movable towers are connectseabed with single point.when displaced from their librium position, they are ret

to upward position by buoforces.

SEMISUBMERSIBLE TYPEsemi-submersibles generally showfar less motions in waves especiallysuitable for tasks with very strictmotion requirements.use as crane vessels, drilling ves-sels, production platforms and ac-commodation facilities.major advantage for these tasks isthe large deck space.in waves the force pushing fulltanks downward and force pullinghollow columns upwards canceleach other out.




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Guy Anson MaunsellThames Estuary, United Kingdom1950

Approx 10 miles off the Harwich sea-front, the Rough Towers was the rstof originally 4 naval forts designedby G.Maunsell to protect the ThamesEstuary. The forts consisted of 2 re-enforced concrete towers, topped

with a steel platform. The whole fortwas constructed on a re-enforcedconcrete pontoon, which was oatedinto position and then sunk onto anunprepared seabed.

The forts were all constructed to thesame specications consisting of 2towers standing 18 metres in height,7 metres in diameter. Each tower wassplit into 7 oors of which 4 of theseoors were used for crews quarters.The wall thickness of the reinforcedconcrete towers was 9 centimetres.On top of the towers there was a

main deck consisting of anti-aircraftguns one positioned at each end ofthe deck. In the centre of the deckwas the ofcers quarters, medicalroom & kitchen.

The total height of the fort was 33.5metres, weighing approximately4500 tons & having a crew of 120personnel although during the courseof the war this number was reduced.

NAVY FORT ‘SEALAND’

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | PILLAR



Shivering Sands Army FortMaunsell army fort built nThames which was used as a by German pilots during WWinterconnected towers lay 9from British cost.

The towers were built on laoated out in 1943. During they were armed with AA g

contributed noticeably to deBritain in the war. The crewserve 4 weeks on the towers areturn to land.

The forts were abandoned however in 1964 pirate radioRadio Sutch was set up on ondid thamem.

Guy Maunsell,the engineer forts, went on to use the tecto build the rst oil rigs in thSea. Project Redsand has beelished to secure the future of t

and the group are working the listing of the Redsand TowNational Monument and Herit

SHIVERING SANDS ARMY FORT




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KRAANSPOOR

Ontwerpgroep Trude HooykaasAmsterdam, the Netherlands2008

In 2008 on of the most interest-ing European real estate projectswas realized in the Netherlands withtransformation of an old bridge intoAmsterdams most attractive busi-ness address. The architect, Trude

Hooykass and her team from the 0THstudio converted a disused (pod re-located to the west) concrete bridgefrom an obsolete ship crane systemto the port of Amsterdam into a glob-ally acclaimed example of innovativearchitecture.

The Kraanspoor (crane track) is atransparent ofce buliding made pri-marily of steel and glass. The build-ing has three oors and is built ontop of a concrete craneway. Steelcolumns hoist the building 3m abovethe bridge structure. The craneway is

a relic of Amsterdam’s shippingindus-try from 1952.

The massive monument has a lengthof 270 meters, stands 13 metersabove the water and has a width of8.5 meters.The new construction ontop has the same dimension.

All existing elements are incorporat-ed in the redevloped structure. Thefour former stairwells are joined bya panorama lift and new stairs. Thetwo footbriges that run along the fulllength of the building act as escape

routes.A major part of the building appear-ance is double facade. Glass louverssit in front of the wood frame glasswall,whose surface includes a dotpattern to reduce the plare of the sunoff the water..

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | PILLAR



The project Wolkenriegel, is a dition to very old and charismof east port. the way throughtion was quite difcult but dpaid off in this eye catchinghovering over the Spree.

As four columns had to betons of steel concrete and othpile foundation was necessar

could come to the building the courtyards which are arouare too small.

After intensive search hon ecompany was ready tocranes and 230 tons of matea cargo boat through Spree.

Fire protection was another order not to clad steel columprotection, steel structure goprotection painting and the were lled with concrete. Aftneering opinion this was en

prove re safety.

The cladding of the upper made of pre-weathered zincwhich stand in nice contrastrounding clinker building andble boat facade.

The shape at the location of thing make it very special and sful project.

WOLKENRIEGEL (CLOUD-SLAB)




54



Bridge systems are, in simplest terms, a way to pass over, under or around an obstacle. They have existed fsands of years in a variety of different shapes and sizes. However bridge construction and development hasin the past two hundred years with new technologies and methods. The main types of bridge systems are beasuspension, cable stayed, truss and cantilever. Each specic type implies a method unique to the individual prpresent conditions of today’s society, land use and density has resulted in the fascination with structures th

use land at all, but rather water. Inhabitable bridges have existed in the past, some still to this day. But with pushing future boundaries, bridge communities may be realised sooner then we think.

BRIDGES

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | B



56

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | BRIDGE

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Beam bridges are the oldest and mostwidely accessible type of bridge, froma simple log over a stream to 40 kilo-meter long mega structures of today.They can be made of timber, iron,steel, or reinforced concrete. Beambridges rely on the simplest structur-al elements of beams and columns.Beams are elements which carry purebending only. Typically, beam bridg-

es rarely span more than 250 feet.For long distances, a series of beambridges are joined together, creatinga continuous span. The intermediatesupports along a continuous spanare known as piers. Comparatively,beam bridges are easy to build andrelatively cheap to other constructiontechniques.

Arch bridges utilize one or moresemicircular structural supports con-taining abutments on either end ofeach supports. The presence of thearch support dissipates the force out-

wards into the abutments from thecentre pressure point of the arch. Aseries of arches creates equilibrium offorces outwards into the abutments.

Suspension bridges are character-ized by a continuous cable construc-tion. Suspension bridges tend to bevery exible and therefore can beunstable. The most common materialis steel. Around 90% of the forces inthis bridge are tension forces whichoccur in the cables. The compressedelements are pierced as they have tocarry the construction. The benetsof suspension bridges are: long spans,light construction and resistance totectonic movements.




A cable-stayed bridge is a caof suspension bridge which monly adapted for use witbridges. Cable-stayed bridnot require two towers and ages but rather cables are rthe roadway up to a single tement where they are securforce of compression pusheon the bridge deck and the

(in tension) transfer the csion to the towers, which dthe forces into the earth. Anyof towers may be used, basedproject. This enables the deshave more freedom in decida bridge is laid out; the deck icurve, due to the focal point wthe cables attach.

The truss bridge is a structutem in which members are coat joints within a frame in a or diagonal fashion to create lar tessellations. These are ch

web members. Chord membgenerally the top and bottozontal member of the framesists bending moments via dirsion or compression. Web mare within the frame, and actsthe shear force in either dirsion or compression. Due to itural strength, the truss systemcient in both cost and materiabridges generally favour thesteel for construction due it tension and compression strewell as its lightweight aesthet

Cantilever bridge constructilong horizontal beams whichbe supported on one side so arm creates a cantilever. Mobridges are created by twfrom each side of the river, ced by a separate beam methe middle. The two arms aretruss or pre tensioned concrestructions. The whole bridge ferently than truss or beams der load. The cantilever consallows creating long spans pa wide clearance underneath.

U C E Y U E E U C I L U C

U C E

Y

U

E

E

U C

I

L

U C



58



London, England1209

The old London Bridge is athe most famous inhabitableproject built to this day. It croriver Thames, connecting theLondon and Southwark. As a linking of political tidings, Kilicensed the building of ho

the bridge as a direct means ing revenue for its maintenanbridge was soon colonised by

The medieval bridge had 1pointed arches, each with a seraging 7 meters, and built onwide piers. A drawbridge wifensive gatehouse was placesouthern end, creating a twopening. The bridge also sawdition of waterwheels under north arches to drive water and under the two south arpower grain mills. The deci

allow shops to be built slowetrafc crossing the river. Athe bridge was about 8 metethe buildings took up about 2on each side of the street, somprojecting up to another 2over the river. This meant horses, carts, wagons and pans all shared a passageway meters wide.

By 1358, 138 businesses wereed along the bridge and evreaching almost 200. Like olddon buildings, the shops were

that the upper oors stretchthe roadway. The houses oving the water were anchored them together across the strarches of timber.

THE OLD LONDON BRIDGE




60

Rondalf Rael + Virginia San FratelloSan Francisco, USAConcept

The bay line is a mixture of doubledecked suspension, cantilever, trussand beam construction. The easternsection has been scheduled to be de-molished and subsequently rebuiltdue to damage caused by the Loma

Prieta earthquake. However, archi-tects Ronald Rael and Virginia SanFratello have proposed that this por-tion be turned into a habitable spacecontaining a linear park, residentialand commercial buildings, sportingfacilities, bicycle and pedestrian ac-cess lanes. Due to the bridges sturdi-ness inherent from its truss supports,the bridge is capable of supportingabout 2 tonnes per linear metre, thiseffectively allows just less then fortythousand 3-bedroom apartments tobe supported by the bridge.

The architects envision the habitablebridge to be divided into 7 sectionsthat contains outdoor public spacessuch as parks, bicycle lanes, swim-ming pools, residential and commer-cial structures such as shops, theatresand apartments. The integration ofsuch public spaces is able to make upfor the lack of parks and recreationalspaces within the cities themselvesdue to density. The bridge is also sus-tainable, with electricity generatedthrough solar panels. Each modularunit will also be geothermally and ra-diantly heated and cooled via circula-

tion of water from the San Franciscobay. Any access water and recycledwater are used as gray water to main-tain green space on the upper deck.

BAY LINE BRIDGE

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | BRIDGE



Planning KoreaHan River, KoreaConcept

Designed by the Korean groning Korea with the lead dByung Ju Lee, the project shothe river has a much greater pthen we might think. Han Rivepotential to include multi-us

facilities integrated via bridthe design focuses mainly oneeds. Although a regular bribe crossed only by cars or trabridge can be crossed eitheror pedestrians and cyclists asan additional oor over the stpecially for them. That allowsily access the three other functhe building.

Hidden under the shell there seum, a library and an IT mhave been integrated in thplex structure. They combi

functions with roof gardens a more pleasant experienceover these gardens use thfrom the river and rain to wplants and greenspace vegThe slipstream shell of the is supported using an arc ction and lets a lot of sunligthe building. Moreover thebeen special docks created attached to the whole river containing lifts. They allow cing the building from the Hausing a private boat or a waThat solution connects the c

and the river level allowing thto be passed in a few differeThere is a focus on self-suand green building and photpanels have been integratedshell construction and are suto cover all the needs of the bAlthough the whole bridge meters long it is possible enough piers and use a simpintegrated construction.

PAIK NAM JUNE BRIDGE




62



A pontoon is a oating construction with enough buoyancy to oat itself. Pontoons can be constructed fromcylinders, or fabricated as boxes from metal or concrete. Structurally speaking, there is an effect called the Poeffect is when a large force applied to the side capsizes a pontoon construction. Pontoons are mainly used intion, but nowadays also in architectural projects.

PONTOONS

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | PON



64



Venice

This oating pavilion was desbe moved by a tow boat fromto the Biennale of Venice.

The upper structure consistons of steel divided in 40 lwire mesh. The contour of eais totally different. Also the

transparency and vision linees. They wanted to create anphenomenon in which light bent to produce a displaced idistant objects or the sky.

This project was the result olaboration between 15 architediverse engineers. Although tit experimented structural pIt oats because its build on aing barge (10 x 20 x 3 m).

CROATIA PAVILION FOR VENICE BIENNALE




66

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Ijburg is an articial island in Amster-dam. 6-Water Homes were built toexplore the potential of living on thewater. A oating home is dwelling aparticular freedom.

The platform of this building con-sists of an inner layer of polystyrene,

which makes it very lightweight andthus guarantees that it will not sink,covered by a thin protective layer ofcement.

WATER HOUSING AMSTERDAM

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | PONTOON



Vancouver, Canada

This restaurant is a oatingmade out of recycled pop-boVancouver’s false creek.

It can accommodate up to 12every evening. a large commurests on a glass platform thathe recycled bottles sandwic

tween the wooden ooring.

RESTAURANT IN VANCOUVER




68



DOCK

A dock is usually used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft. graving and oating docks.

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES |



70

Berlin, Germany

“Badeschiff” means ship-bath, andis because this pool is made with anold container cargo ship; this poolwas created because a participationwith the City of Berlin, this participa-tion was suppoused to be a bridgefor the river to make that the citizensgot closer to it, the answer was not

a bridge instead a pool to rememberthe old bath traditions and to aproachto the river, wich is pollouted and forhygenic reasons you can’t swim in it.Thes pool is not a brigde like that, butwith this pier and aproaching to theriver is like a path to get into the river.

BADESCHIFF

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | DOCK



Venice, Italy

The Theatre of the world waby Aldo Rossi for the biennaleice , This theatre was an embreference for the oating that used to be in Venice ancarnivals in the XVIII century

The structure of the theat

made in land and then waported into the water, the bascube with two walls, where thstructure was supported.

The theatre in fact was a insjust for the Bienale, after tmoved to Dubrovnik and thewas brought down. In 2004 build in Genova for the commtions of the City.

Is composed by a central ssurrounded by grades, the acthe rest of the building is for t

that were located by the side

TEATRO DEL MONDO

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES |



72



ISLANDS

An island is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergfeatures on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys. An island in a river or lake may be called an eyot, or holm. Aing of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago.

There are two main types of islands: continental islands and oceanic islands. There are also articial islands. Th

standard of size which distinguishes islands from islets and continents.

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | ISL



74

EARTH CRUST

HOT SPOT

SAND

OCEAN

ISLANDLAVA FLOW

vulcano islands

atoll

river islands

hallig

skerries

FRAYED ED

VULCANO

REEF REEF REEFREEF

REEF

ISLAND

VULCANO

LAGOON

LAGOON

RIVER

RIVER

RIVER

RUBBLE RUBBLE

PLANTS HOUSE

LAYERS OF CLAY ERO

HALLIG HALLIG

SLUSH SLUSH

HALLIG

SEA LEVEL (EBB)

SEA LEVEL (FLOW)

WARFT

WARFT

WARFT

WARFT

SEA LEVEL (EBB)

SEA LEVEL (FLOW)

SEABOTTOM

SKERRIES

SEALEVEL

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | ISLANDS



type VULCANO ISLANDdevelopment by eruption of magma underwater until reaching the ocean surfacetype of underground stable ground, igneous rocksimpact of high and low water no real impact because of very low rise and fallimpact of global warming sea level rise causes oodinghabitable I buildable basically no problem, limitation of construction materialexamples hawai, iceland

type ATOLL

development vulcano pokes out of the water, coral reefs are building an edge around vulcano slides down, reef stays and growstype of underground stable ground, limestoneimpact of high and low water no real impact because of very low rise and fallimpact of global warming sea level rise causes ooding, dikes are not accepted, corals are dyinghabitable I buildable basically no problem, limitation of construction materialexamples maldive islands

type RIVER ISLANDSdevelopment by discharge of rocks, sand or sediments depending on the rivers slope

by ooding of landtype of underground clay, shrubbery working as reinforcementimpact of high and low water no ebb and owimpact of global warming massive erosion

habitable I buildable basically no problem, depending on the sizeexamples ilha do bananal, brasilia

type HALLIGdevelopment ooded land, discharge of seasand and sedimentstype of underground slush, connected with earthcrustimpact of high and low water depending on ebb and owimpact of global warming general rising of the sea level causes disappearance of hallighabitable I buildable by building a warft made of clay soil and turfexamples north friesian hallig

type SKERRIES, ARCHIPELAGOdevelopment a result of the ice age

type of underground massiv stoneimpact of high and low water depending on ebb and owimpact of global warming generall rising of the sea level means disappearance of skerrieshabitable I buildable depending on the sizeexamples stockholm, helsinki

ANALYSIS OF EACH TYPE




76




Renzo Piano Building WorkshOsaka, Japan1991

Kansai International Airport ternational airport located oticial island in the middle oBay, off the shore of Japan. Tmade island is 4 km long andwide and is connected to th

land via a 4km long brindairport was constructed in 1classical reclaiming land metwas designed by Renzo Piaengineers had to cope with ely adverse conditions - the bedrock in this coastal area ided with a thick layer of clais fairly unstable and slightly kunder pressure.

The engineers tried to adaconstruction: First they csinked 5000 jet pipes througmeters deep ocean and the

the bedrock. They should the clay as well as building upfold for the on-top-material. bankment out of concrete blostones protected it to the Then they brought 180 milliometers of ground and bouldethe surrounding mountains acountersinked them in the wa

A commission of experts pa sinking rate of around 8,5in the rst 50 years. To surairport has to adapt to all thvements. To compensate for

king of the island, adjustable were designed to support thnal building. These could be eby inserting thick metal platesbases. After construction thesinking was considered so sevthe airport was widely criticizgeotechnical engineering disthe meantime the whole plot king more than 12 meters!

Today the engineers are workte hard to stop the sinking - ththey built up a 30 meters decrete wall underneath the mdings and installed lots of pum

KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPOR




78

Niall Kirkwood + Harvard Gradua-te School of Design Landscape Ar-chitecture student group2009Concept

In SPONGEcity is an utopian examp-le for land reclamation situated in theNetherlands, but adaptable to everyother riverside-spot.

It concerns a radical reconsiderationof Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs)as a landscape application. Presently,they are used mostly to increase thewater reserve of soils and to mitigateerosion. In Kirkwoods study oodwa-ters are captured by a dual spongesystem both soft and structural. El-bows, or man-made oxbows, are builtalong the river Waal expanding theoodplain. Within each oodplain, ca-nals are dug out to hold some of the-oodwater. Cellular networks of Su-per Absorbent Polymers (SAP‘s) are

placed in these elbows and when thedikes close to the river are breacheda new absorbent sponge landscape iscreated along the entire river.

The sponges create a dramatic newterrain as they swell to a height ofup to 20 meters. This sponge mat-rix radically re-imagines the traditio-nal Dutch city by proposing a hybridstructure that contains water andconstructs space for urbanization.Capable of holding 100 times its ownweight in water, the structural spon-ge is realized by adding a hardening

agent to the SAP, which creates ashell on the surface for development.The soft sponge is a uctuating sys-tem of undulating hills that rise andfall according to seasonal oods. Asmean water levels rise, soft sponge isconverted to structural sponge anda new band of soft sponge is estab-lished on the periphery. The overallsponge matrix allows developmentto exist within a oodplain. The urbanconditions benet from the frame-work of sponge elbows by struc-turing newfound ground within theoodplain.

SPONGE CITY




Dubai, United Arab Emirates2001

The Palm Jumeirah is an palm-shaped island (560 hped with a crescent, locatedcoast of The United Arab Emthe Persian Gulf and is connethe mainland via a 300 metbridge.

The project is possible due pographical feature - the conshelf of the Persian Gulf ranout to the open sea. As a redepth of the water is compaslender.

The island comprises appro100 million cubic meters of rsand. The Palm Jumeirah coa tree trunk (4km in length), with 16 fronds, and a surroundscent island. The island itsekilometers. It adds 78 kilom

the Dubai coastline. The palmmain isle is connected with thcrescent by a 800 meters losea tunnel.

The whole articial island is cted of sand dredged from ttom of the persian gulf. The ssprayed by the dredging shthe required area in a procesas rainbowing because of thethe air when the sand is sprayit was highly compressed witcial vibration method. The outof each Palm‘s encircling cres

large rock breakwater - it assprotection against storm oo

The underwater part of the tagged with special nutrientscken the upgrowth and thering rare shes - that shoulthe ecological damages and mdiving more attractive.

The outer crescent decreasedneral water circulation - as aalgae were produced and the inner water - they had to a gap on both crescent sidepalm.

PALM JUMEIRAH




80



FLUVIAL ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEMS

Fluvial Energy Generating Systems produce electricity using the kinetic energy harnessed from streams anThroughout history, hydropower has been used as an energy source whether to power mills or entire citiesHydropower is specic to rivers, and is more commonly used in the form of waterwheels, dams, and turbintechnologies have been developed to generate power on a larger scale, using some of the basic principles frothree systems. For instance, the F2H (Hudson River) by Brian Novello features a turbine wrapped around an

able core to generate power for the self sustaining project.

Hydropower is renewable and generates electricity with very low carbon emissions, but comes with a few drawits high cost and negative impact on the ecosystem makes it an unfavorable energy source. In order to minimdisruption of underwater ecosystems, new technologies are being modeled after animal and plant life. For ethe Anaconda and the Pelamis are two systems that take after the shape of snakes, using the natural movegenerate electricity and remove the danger of underwater animals getting caught in turbine blades. Innovatthese allow for more efcient and eco-friendly energy consumption.

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | GENERATING SY



82

The Buoybu is a series of uwater buoys that harness e50 meters below the surfacesigned by the AWS Ocean pany, the Buoybu generateergy through the pressure chcaused by the waves. The bwater pressure rises when a passes over the buoy, causintop of the buoy to descend. waves are absent, the water sure returns to normal, and thof the buoy rises. The chang

water pressure generate eleity, which is then dispensed tgrid.

The rst system that harnessed thepower of water was the waterwheel,which cultures throughout Europeand Asia employed to run mills. A wa-terwheel is a very simple machine: amoving water source pushes againstthe paddles or buckets of the wheel,thus spinning it and engaging the ma-chine connected through a system ofgears.

WATERWHEELS

Typically, dams are installed in areaswhere moving and falling water exist,particularly in rivers. The dam barri-cades the water, holding it in a reservoir:stored energy. The water is then trans-ported through the power plant, drivinga turbine connected to the generator.The generator sends out electrical cur-rent to the transformer, which convertsthe current into a higher voltage, and

output through power lines.

DAMS

A tidal barrage is another means ofusing water energy for daily electricalpower. The difference in water levelsat high tide and low tide in suitablesites can be up to 13m, so the water’smotion between these two statescan be exploited. A tidal barrage isa semi-permeable embankment thatincludes turbines. When the tideschange, seawater ows through theopen control gates (or sluices), turn-ing turbines within the embankment.

TIDAL BARRAGEProduced by Minesto, the UnderwaterKite Turbine is a turbine that harness-es tidal energy by moving in a gureeight. This movement allows the tur-bine to generate electricity in slowertidal streams. This turbine is attached toa “kite,” which will be 8-14meters wideand attached to a cable in a seabed 50-300 meters deep.

UNDERWATER KITE TURBINE BUOYBU

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | GENERATING SYSTEMS



Firstly, the bioWAVE™ is large pivotinganchored system that spans the entiredepth of water, as it is designed to op-erate in and harness the power of oceanswell waves. Economically efcient sys-tems are suitable for depths of 30 m ormore. Three blades are attached to apivot, which is anchored to the seaoorby a foundation frame. The blades re-sembled buoys, and are rounded so asnot to physically harm any wildlife. In-spired by the swaying motion of marineplants, the bioWAVE™ is allowed to

move freely with the moving water,capturing the potential energy of therising and falling surface and the ki

Pelamis Wave Power has introduceda new project titled The Pelamis. Thissnake-like form sits half submerged inthe waves and harnesses energy frommovement. The Pelamis is made of tu-bular segments that are connected byhinged joints, allowing the segments tobend with the waves. This movementgenerates electricity, which is fed to thegrid.

PELAMIS WAVE POWER

BIOWAVE AND BIOSTREAM

A rubber tube (up to 200 is lled with low-pressure sand submerged in deep wthe coast. Similar to the meof pulses of blood owing arteries, the ocean’s motionbulge waves ow through thetube, ending with a turbine aerator that converts the chapressure to electrical power.

ANACONDA

netic energy of the subsurfarent.

Secondly, the bioStream™ arives its shape and function frmimicry. Inspired by the easyform movement of tunas andthis system sways from sidewith moving currents, andmost efciently in speeds of or faster. A 15 m n pivots at of a 20 m long tail, which pa column and foundation co

the O-Drive™. It is the motionpivoting joints that is conveuseable power.




84

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | GENERATING SYSTEMS




Brian NovelloHudson River, New York, USA

F2H is a self sustaining watedesigned in response to Neweventual ooding. Designed Novello, these ood harvestines features large turbines tharound a core of living spacirculation. Using the Hudson

movement to power the turbF2H can produce enough eto supply itself.

F2H



86

Yusuke ObuchiCalifornia, USA2026

Yusuke Obuchi’s Wave Garden is a480 acre power plant and public parkmade of 1,800 three-inch thick tiles ofpiezo electron membrane. This mem-brane, composed of ceramic crystals,will oat on the surface of the wa-

ter and harness electricity throughits movement with the waves. Piezoelectrons are able to utilize the ki-netic energy created by tension andstress to generate electricity. Whenelectricity is applied directly to thepiezo electrons, the membrane de-forms. The Wave Garden operatesas a power plant on the weekdays,and becomes a full edged publicpark on the weekends. Dependingon the amount of energy consump-tion throughout the week, the parkrewards the public with recreationalhills and spaces by applying the ex-

cess electricity from the week to thepiezo electrons, causing the park todeform. The Wave Garden was de-signed to replace the Diablo Canyonnuclear power plant in 2026.

WAVE GARDEN



RAFAARio de Janeiro, Brazil2016 Sumer Olympics

Swiss architecture and desRAFAA has designed a susSolar City Tower for the 20mer Olympics in Rio de JaneirWhile mainly functioning as plant for the future Olympic

the 105 m tall tower on CotIsland also has an amphitheobservatory, and a bungee juform, making it a recreationation as well. The height of this tower is used for circulattwo entrances allow for the of public and private program

The solar energy plant consphotovoltaic panels are arraframe the main entrance to thWhatever surplus energy is aafter the sun sets is used to puwater to the top of tower. Th

spills over the façade, creatinging appearance that also contfunction as an power generafalling water operates hydroturbines at the bottom of ththerefore hypothetically ppower for an entire 24 hours.

SOLAR CITY TOWER




88



WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

Many solutions exist and many solutions are possible when considering the controlling of a building’s climatinuenced by water. It could be argued that water is a truly essential entity when involved with buildings, awithout water, our planet could not exist. Therefore it’s alarming and surprising that so many architects havplored the possibilities of integrating water into their designs as much as is possible. This therefore presents opportunities for research and ideas at Angers. Our research involved rstly looking at systems which ha

invented in order to assist in the cooling of spaces, using water. The second part of our research involved looexamples of architectural adaptations which have been critically considered and as a result, innovative watersystems applied.

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | WATER COOLING SYS



90

A qanat is an ancient water man-agement system used to provide areliable supply of water for humansettlements and irrigation in hot, aridand semi-arid climates.

Qanats can also be used for coolingas well as water supply. One technol-ogy operates in conjunction with awind tower. The wind tower harness-

es the prevailing summer winds tocool and circulate it through a build-ing. A typical wind tower resemblesa chimney, with one end in the base-ment of the building and the otherend rising from the roof.

The Coolgardie Safe is an innovationwhich developed in the outback ofWestern Australia to maintain fresh foodwhilst searching for gold in the desert.

Arthur McCormick found a solution tothis problem by inventing a cabinetfor storing food which kept it cool bythe evaporation of water (evaporativecooling). The cabinet was originally a

timber-framed box with a hessiancoverwith a tray of water on top to keep thehessian wet. As the water evaporatedfrom the wet hessian, it absorbed heatfrom its surroundings and so kept thecontent of the cabinet cool.

QANAT COOLGARDIE SAFE

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | WATER COOLING SYSTEMS



The most common cooling system usedto cool buildings today is through an airconditioning system. An air conditioneris a mechanism designed to extract heatfrom an area within a building.

The system of cooling works by a sim-ple refrigeration cycle. Modern develop-ments began in 1758 with experimentsconducted in the United States by Ben-

jamin Franklin.

Modern air conditioning systems re-quire energy in order to operate. Themain systems of air conditioning todayinclude: refrigeration cycle, absorbtionrefrigeration + evaporative cooling.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Deep lake water cooling uswater pumped from the boa lake as a heat sink for climatrol systems. Because heat pciency improves as the hgets colder, deep lake watercan reduce the electrical dof large cooling systems whavailable. It is similar in conmodern geothermal sinks, bu

ally simpler to construct giveable water source.

DEEP LAKE WATER CO




92

Wallower ArchitectsEwart Park, Bukit Tihmah, Singapore2009

This house in the leafy area Bukit Ti-hmah, Singapore, takes advantageof the opportunities available whenwinds and water are combined in avery competent design. The build-ing sits surrounded by water, which

works both by cooling the interiorand surrounding spaces by combin-ing with the breezes, as well as work-ing in a thermal-mass capacity.

A dark reecting pond sur-rounds the pavilion which assists inrening the experience of sereneisolation and privacy, and frames itssurroundings whilst cooling its im-mediate spaces. The purpose of thesecond storey pond is also designedto thermally insulate the dining, bed-rooms and family spaces underneathfrom solar heat gain. In the same way,the water body above also helps to

regulate temperature swings withinthe house.As with the second storey

pond, the air well and rst storey koipond is also designed to facilitate inmicro-cooling the rst storey roomsand spaces. The pathway is a conduitfor prevailing breezes; the koi pond’sthirty metre length and two metrewidth exposes a sixty square metresurface area within the house to thosebreezes for evaporative cooling.

WATER COOLED HOUSE




Neutelings Riedijk ArchitecteUtrecht, the NetherlandsUtrecht University1994-1997

The Geophysics building at University in the Netherlands rates beautifully the use of raas a climate control measurwater pours into a central ha

cools the internal climate. Thesent around the building to coareas in the building throughlatory system. At night, the pumped onto the roof to beby the night’s cool breezes.

In the Architect’s words: “Stricinsulation requirements have in the paradoxical situation things hardly need any more calling instead for permanentsystems that are wasteful ofsince the warmth that comlamps, human bodies and co

has nowhere to escape”...“In the Minnaert building thisheat is conducted via coolingto the rain water buffer; thisthat the temperature of the wes two degrees centigrade evDuring the night, the water more conveyed to the roof, gives off its warmth free ofto the cold cosmos. In this building becomes its own machine!”

Further ecological measures

building include the use of cally sound materials, naturaltion, heat recovery, high-frelighting, water-saving systemenvironment-friendly restaura

MINNAERT UNIVERSITY BUILDING




94

AADI ArchitectsShanghai, ChinaShanghai World Exhibition, UrbanBest Practices Area2010

Many of the city pavilions in the UrbanBest Practices Area (UBPA) of theShanghai World Expo 2010 have en-deavoured to adopt ideas and ways

of promoting low-carbon lifestyles.The Alsace Case Pavilion demon-strates a construction model in ener-gy saving and environmental protec-tion. The model applies a unique wayusing solar and water power to gen-erate domestic electricity for coolingand heating systems in summer andwinter respectively.

The power is generated using thecapsule-type solar water curtain walltechnology. On the frontal part of thepavilion building, there is a water-skin solar powered wall. Next to the

water-skin wall, there is an amazinggreen wall lled with living plants. Thewater-skin wall consists of two lay-ers of glass panels. Trapped air in thewall layers is pumped up to the roofof the building and circulated back bythe solar power which is channelledthrough photovoltaic panels.

This interesting system is just likeour skin that can breathe to maintainbody temperature at a stable level.This system is a unique and intuitiveinnovation however much power isrequired to generate the amount of

energy required for the “water fall ef-fect”.

WATERSKIN HOUSE/ALSACE PAVILION




Peter StutchburyWagga Wagga, NSW, Austra2001-2003The Bulls Run Station

The Deepwater Woolshed sitrugged countryside of NewWales some 500 kilometreswest of Sydney. The architectsbury + Pape have delicately c

carefully considered solution is a very rugged yet endurnacular architectural typolobuilding makes a signicant ction to the quality of the woin an industry that is an integof Australia’s history. When conditions are compared to the shed it has replaced, the is dramatic indeed.

The Australian shearing sheddergone little change througevolution. The Deepwater Wis an exercise in innovation,

larly in terms of the climatic ethe workers are subjected toample, in the winter months from the sheep is collected arected onto the shearers.

In summer, recycled rainwsprinkled onto the roof andacross a robust interpretatioCoolgardie safe to create anrative cooling system and tdust. This time, expanded meprovides the perforated surfaessary for the evaporative effects, as well as serving as

shading device.

DEEPWATER WOOLSHED




96



To purify the potable water we take in, and treat the contaminated sewage we ush away, humans use a vatechniques of varying complexity, effectiveness, and environmental consideration. Conventionally, there acategories of water treatment: Physical (lters & heat), Chemical (chlorine, iodine, aluminum), and Energy I(ozone and UV disinfectant). Most of these techniques are intensively practiced when purifying water for potaWhen outgoing sewage is treated before being released into the environment it often does not undergo the sa

of scrutiny.

The downside of these treatment methods, in addition to their high embodied-energy, is that they focus verythe environmental impacts of water use and contamination. We treat the water we drink the same way as thwe use to ush our toilets. And we treat the ushed water, with its accompanying nutrient-rich sewage, osame way we do runoff from city streets that is contaminated with heavy metals. There is a growing argumemore considerate approach to water treatment, much of which centers on reduction of use, separation of fand biological processes for purication.

One of the most prominent techniques for designing a sustainable water system is known as the upstream apThis requires each stream of water to be treated according to its specic needs. The streams in question are das follows; greywater, i.e. sewage-free water from sinks and washing machines, blackwater, i.e. sewage containter from toilets, and runoff, i.e. stormwater from developed areas that is likely to contain chemicals and heavyThese sustainable water treatment methods, even when used in conjunction with more conventional techniquto maintain and restore the natural hydrology of a site and region. As clean water becomes an ever more

commodity, it will serve us well to design systems that support the health of our local supply.

WASTE/PURIFICATION PLANT

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | WASTE PURIFICATION P



98

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | WASTE PURIFICATION PLANT






100



Keiran Timberlake Assc. ArchAndropogon Landscape ArcWashington D.C. USASidwell Friends School2006

A private middle school dest a small and sloping site in

neighborhood near WashingThe building has many sufeatures, which do double duciency measures and teach

for the students.

The water purication systsists of collection and storafor both rainwater and greboth of which feed into a constructed wetland. The plants purify the water, whicused for irrigation and non

building functions.

SIDWELL FRIENDS MIDDLE SCHOOL




102

Steven Holl Architects + Michael VanValkenburgh Assc. Landscape Archi-tectsNew Haven CT USARegional Water Authority1998-2005

The redesign of a former water treat-

ment site near the city of New Haven,CT. The water purication itself is

state of the art, incorporating tech-niques such as ozone disinfectant,though relatively conventional.The surrounding landscape is de-signed to showcase the importanceof holistic water management. Itattempts to mimic the natural hy-drological terrain of the region withfeatures such as constructed wet-lands, small ponds, and meanderingstreams, which gently process rain-

water and replenish the natural aqui-fer in the area.

WHITNEY WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES | WASTE PURIFICATION PLANT



Steven Holl Architects +MichValkenburgh Assc. LandscaptectsNew Haven CT USARegional Water Authority1998-2005

The redesign of Hammarby S

an ambitious experiment in able design being undertakencity of Stockholm. The masincludes many cutting-edge mentally conscious innovatioThe entire site incorporates prehensive water managemewhich addresses issues fromof non-toxic roong mateavoid contamination of storto the separation of househowater for ltration and reuse.

Hammarby Sjöstad incorponetwork of bioswales and cathe landscape where they botport water and serve as an aframework for the charactedevelopment.

HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD




104



URBAN INTERVENTIONS

Urban Interventions describe big scale projects in allready developped parts of the city that are in need of an intion due to economic, political or social changes. The intervention can change form or/and program of the following examples describe processes in uvial or harbor sceneries.

URBAN PROJECTS | URBAN INTERVEN



106



Hopkins + Zaha Hadid + HePengEast London, EnglandLondon Development Agency1995-2000

The development of the areaafter the completition of the line High Speed 1 in 1995. Gateway includes 16 differ

development zones, such aDocks, Stratford, London Ra.o. For our research about alization we’ve been focusingdevelopment of the Royal Dofar six major projects have bveloped and have escalated tential of growth in the area a world class business deswithin the knowledge econom

The major projects are: Canar(business disctrict), UniversityLondon, London City Airporpic Parc 2012, O2 Arena an

Center (conference, mixed us

THAMES GATEWAY




108

Rem Koolhaas + Floris AlkemadeGent, BelgiumAutonomous Municipal Gent Devel-opment Authority2004 Conceptual Masterplan

Concerning all of these three topics,the urban design project of OMA, a

rst prize winning conceptual mas-terplan for Gent, Belgium, is a greatexample. Very close to the historicalcity is the old harbour district.

The Masterplan involves the strategyof converting the old warehouses intonew housing and ofces and creatingseveral east-west connecting streets,to build a visual conection from thenew district over the canal to the oldcity.

The infrastructure towards the newarea will be strengthen by a newbridge for the means of public trans-port connecting the north-south axisof the harbour with the belt high-way R40 of Gent’s inner city. Furtherbridges, mainly for pedestrians andbicycles, will be built a number of me-ters south of the main bridge.

The canal, which before has mainlybeen used for industrial reasons willbe undergoing a change on bothshores to a public space such as apromenade or a classical park withgreening, playgrounds, sports elds,benches etc whereas the water willbe accesible for people with small

boats of different kinds.

OUDE DOCK

URBAN PROJECTS | INTERVENTIONS



Rem Koolhaus + Reinier deMarkus Dettling + Gabriella BRiga, LatviaNew Riga Development CLTD2009

In december 2005 OMA wamissioned to develop a mafor the development of Ri

City, located in the former Doalong the river Dougava closcity centre of Riga.

The challenge of this mastehow to transform the formeland area into an urban quarto connect the area to the cter and how to use the high vwaterfrond in the best way.

To achieve a certain mix of Urban atmospheres, the genout of the masterplan prodivision of the area in ’3 Ban

west) and ’6 Zones’ (northThe ’Band -1’ along the watemeant for reidential use withplaces and many public spac’Band 0’ is proposed as a hisity business area, with ofcmercial and residential use. Idined as 2nd Waterfront wigreat views towards the riv’Band 1’, towards the city is mreisdential and mixed use arbuilding typologies similar toisting buildings of the riga city

RIGA PORT CITY




110



TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

MICRO MOBILITYMACRO MOBILITYEMERGENCY SERVICESBRIDGE

WALKING PATH



112



MICRO + MACRO MOBILITY

Micro, macro, and emergency: with transportation methods ranging in organizational structure, greenness, andity, these operate as individual and collective methods of moving from point to point in spaces of the built lanthe question of size and labeling of services is a valid question to be asked as the question of circulation throcity is congured. The major question to be asked is that of organization and purpose: what may micro transpsystems offer in counter to the macro system, and what learning can come out of the study of emergency tr

tation systems? The purpose of this research is to present a basic outline for mobile circulation methods throbuilt landscapes as considerations for the changing typology of the Angers landscape.

Micro-level transportation systems provide an alternative to the densely packed and almost regimental nmacro-transportation. Micro provides for informality in connecting between major nodes of transportation creasingly complex network of transportation found within the city. Finn Geipel explains that, “Reaching evein a given geography is not a desired or desirable urban objective. Mobility is part of personal freedom… ubnot.” As a result, through the implementation of micro-transportation as an informal method of transportationers, segways, bicycles, small electric cars, microbuses, and collective cabs for example) connecting people anwithin the city, it will be possible to achieve a uid transportation which provides a greener alternative to thmobile in the city while still allowing people the personal freedom of choice that Geipel refers to. Additionallmobility is desirable not only for social aspects, but for economical motives as well. With implementations omobility the city will be interconnected through dense and intricate transportation webs allowing for decenand free forms of transportation without having to rely on the increasingly expensive costs of creating tram orinfrastructure through the city. Additionally, with this increase in pedestrian and micro transportation system

strands of the city will be apt to be transformed into vital economic centers from small shops to urban sized stores. With micro mobility not only is the city being connected but the people are brought closer togetherbegin to have meetings of chance and theoretically bring a greater community feeling to the ever isolating ution phenomenon.

Transportation networks at the macro (city wide) level provide ever increasingly important nodes of transspace for the city-dweller. Macro-level transportation refers to mass transit services with the purpose of movigroups of people from one point to another. The Subway, Tram, BRT, Ferry and high speed trains form straingenetic makeup creating the infrastructure of macro level public transit. While successful, each system hasbacks. For example, macro transit nodes are set at xed locations and in many instances intervals, thereforelocated at peripheries from said nodes will be more inclined to chose the automobile as a suitable option agahassle of public transit relative to their geographic proximity to the network. Additionally, when a person hasto macro transit entrance nodes, there may be the problem of traveling in a circular fashion to reach a desBecause of situations such as these the notion of micro transportation systems as connecting devices betweenand macro systems has become increasingly popular as a theoretical design strategy to be incorporated into

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS | MICRO + MACRO MO



114

TRANSPORTATION | MOBILITY

CAR SYSTEMS

Autopartage Mobizen (Autolib)Paris, France

The initiative calls for 3,000 battery-powered cars to be scattered across1,000 self-service charging stationslocated throughout the city. Sub-scribers will have to pay roughly$15 per month, and about $6.50 forthe rst half-hour of use. This pric-

ing scheme is intended to encourageshort trips, which is exactly what theBluecar is made for. Designed by Ital-ian automaker Pininfarina, the car ispowered by a lithium metal polymerbattery, which allows it to travel up to155 miles without being charged.



BIKE SYSTEMS

BicingBarcelona, Spain

Bicing is a community bicygram in Barcelona inaugurMarch 2007 similar to the VParis, and Stockholm City Bpurpose is to cover the small dium daily routes within thea climate friendly way, almo

out pollution, roadway noisecongestion and to reclaim thstreets with non-polluting veh

To rent a bike one simply swcontactless RFID-card at a station to be personally identhe system, which then unlockfrom the support frame. Bicybe used for the rst 30 minuno extra cost, with subsequhour blocks (up to 2 hours)0.50EUR each. Use of a bicmore than 2 hours at a timcouraged with a penalty rate o

per hour, but also with the poof having your membership cafter a certain number of usecess of 2 hours.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS | MICRO + MACRO MO



116

RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS

Rede Integrada de TransporteCuritiba, Brasil

Rede Integrada de Transporte is ahigh speed, high capacity rapid tran-sit bus system in Curitiba, Brazil. Thesystem includes dedicated lanes onmajor streets and stops at designatedelevated tubes, complete with handi-capped access.The system is used by

85% of Curitiba’s population (2.3 Mil-lion passengers a day).

TRANSPORTATION | MOBILITY



Lake Titicaca Belen, Peru

An imaginative focal point fbust and resilient transportattem comes from outside of and into the river planes inPeru. The Amazonian riverfromunity uses bundles of driedreeds to make reed boats mats), and to make the island

selves, exploring informal cirsolutions for a landscape altbetween uvial and dry typol

During dry season, foot, btruck systems are the main ttation options of the commuthe landscape begins to sharid to uvial, informal netrafts begin to rise and circulby side with trucks capable eling at low water levels. Aseason progresses, paddle apropeller operated rafts take circulation of the quarter as

ants switch to this secondary of circulation.

THE FLOATING ISLANDS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS | EMERGENCY SER



118



ACCESS / CONNECTION

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS | B

BRIDGE



120

Angers, France157 000 hab.

In Angers one can nd two interest-ing situations. In the central areas thebridges are older and can be usedby vehicles and pedestrians. Furtheraway from the historical city centrethe connections are more dividedfunctionally. In these areas the pop-

ulation density are smaller, and thedistances for pedestrians are longer.Bridges for railroad- and highwaybridges connect the city with the re-gion and leads the trafc through.One can see the same division infunction i Cologne.

MAINE

Pedestrian access

Bridges

Vehicule

Rail

TRANSPORTATION | BRIDGE



Cologne, Germany998 000 hab.

In Cologne one can nd thnumber of crossings as in The number of bridges is thbut two factors separate theAngers from the one in ColCologne, the distance betwtwo banks of the Rhine va

tween 300 and 400 meterscentral parts of Angers the around 130 meters wide. Thisthe building of a connection Maine to demand fewer rethan over The Rhine in Cologing a city with a population oa million, Cologne has more times the number of inhabita

Cologne was heavily damagesecond world war, destroybridges. The connection waafter the war. After the war, thhad changes. Bridges were

with greater inuence fromized transport, which made bridges with a greater distatween each crossing.

RHEIN

Pedestrian

V




122

SEINE

Paris, France2 193 000 hab.

Avoiding destruction at the end ofthe second world war, Paris shows adifferent picture than Cologne. Witha population density of over 20000/km2 the french capital differs fromCologne, which has a density ofroughly 2400/km2. In Paris, the river

Seine is spanned by 37 bridges. Theoldest, Pont Neuf, being built in the16th century. The population den-sity, combined with a width that isconsiderably shorter than that of theRhine are key factors which create ahigh frequency of bridges across theSeine.

Most of the bridges in Paris are mul-tifunctional, giving room for both ve-hicles and pedestrians, in some casesalso with rail trafc. Also, few bridgesare reserved exclusively for pedestri-ans.




Venice, Italy60 000 hab.

Venice is not located by a rin the sea. The Grand Canal dhave a ow of water going frend to the other like in the oies. With a width of between80 meters, in its meanderingforms a clear barrier separat

part of the city from the otGrand Canal is spanned by ves. The most famous, Ponte dcan be labelled as an inhabitedwith spaces for vending on th

The bridges spanning the Grnal are grand gestures with edetails giving an additionalto the act of crossing from oof the Canal to the other. Inone can nd another scale in nections. Where the networkterways and pedestrian strethe need for smaller crossing

These bridges have a shortand are designed to serve function: To connect the streach side while maintaining cient overhead height for tdolas.

THE GRAND CANAL

Bridges Grand Canal

Bridges Canal




124

BRIDGE OF ASPIRATION


London, 2003, Wisting high aboveFloral treet in Covent Garden, theBridge of Aspiration provides thedancers of the Royal Ballet Schoolwith a direct link to the Grade 1 list-ed Royal Opera House. The award-winning design addresses a series ofcomplex contextual issues, and is leg-ible both as a fully integrated compo-nent of the buildings it links, and as an

independent architectural element.The skewed alignment and differentlevels of the landing points dictatethe form of the crossing, which is ge-ometrically and structurally simple. Aconcertina of 23 square portals withglazed intervals are supported froman aluminium spine beam. Theserotate in sequence for the skew inalignment, performing a quarter-turnoverall along the length of the bridge.The result is an elegant interventionhigh above the street, which evokesthe uidity and grace of dance.



The street pattern of Xidi inated by a main road whichan east-west direction and isby two parallel streets. Thesstreets are joint by many naleyways. Small open spaces aned to areas immediately inthe main public buildings, uc“Hall of Respect”, the “Hall oniscence”, and the “Memoria

way of the Governor”.Today, 124 well preserved residences from the Ming adynasties with beautiful form the major attractions. these residences are open to tlic.

CHINESE VILLAGE XIDI




126

50 BRIDGES LEIDSCHERIJN

The master plan for Leidsche Rijn,Utrecht, was completed by Maxwanin 1995. As a result 150 bridges wereneeded to connect the streets of thisnew city over an extensive networkOf canals as part of the sustainablewater-management plan. Maxwanwas asked to design 50 of thosebridges. They decided not to makean issue out of the span of the bridge,

but rather to treat each bridge as asegment of public street, with a rail-ing.A good street implies efciency. Thesmoothest possible links were made,curving the sides of the bridge tomatch the trafc setting on eitherside of the water. Ponds were allowedto appear in the deck of the bridgewhere asphalt was unnecessary.




The Pedestrian Bridge Carpinteira stream in Covilhãgal, it’s one of those particulventions with a very clear voc(re) shaping a specic territ(re)adjusting in time its genage. Without being a mega-sitself, it clearly acts as part othe sense that it represents ative physical addition - like an

a body, like a leg of Archigraming city - to the existing urbarama.Located in the mountainousSerra da Estrela, this countrystuguese town stretches ovebig promontories divided deep valleys - Goldra and CarThis singular and hard tophas a great impact in the wcity grows and the way peopally lives. In recent years thission is being made to the outthe city center, far away fropromontories, which is ge

real mobility problems.

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE COVILHÃ




128



ECOLOGIES

RIVER DYNAMICSFLOOD RESEARCH



130



RIVER DYNAMICS

The basic dynamics to be known when working with rivers are the dynamics of owing water and closely rethem the transportation of sediments. Combined, these two lead to the typical forms of natural rivers. Whileupper parts with usually more solid ground and a steeper riverbed, rivers tend to move in a more straight walower parts with less slope and much smaller parts to be moved rivers remodel their riverbed constantly. Tcommon form in this modelling process is the so called meandering. When a river gets into a slight turn for w

reason it develops an undercut slope on the outer side of the turn and a slip-off slope on the inner side. As on tside the water ows faster, the undercut slope constantly loses material, while the slip-off slope keeps growingriver as sediment carried by the river sinks to the ground because of the reduced speed on this side of the tprocess leads to loops that keep growing until nally there is a break through between two loops.

ECOLOGIES | WATER TECHN



132

ECOLOGIES | WATER TECHNIQUES

break-through

BASCIS OF FLUVIAL DYNAMICS

The basic dynamics to be knownwhen working with rivers are the dy-namics of owing water and closelyrelated to them the transportation ofsediments. Combined, these two leadto the typical forms of natural rivers.While in their upper parts with usuallymore solid ground and a steeper riv-erbed, rivers tend to move in a morestraight way, in the lower parts with

less slope and much smaller partsto be moved rivers remodel theirriverbed constantly. The most com-mon form in this modelling processis the so called meandering. When ariver gets into a slight turn for what-ever reason it develops an undercutslope on the outer side of the turnand a slip-off slope on the inner side.As on the outer side the water owsfaster, the undercut slope constantlyloses material, while the slip-off slopekeeps growing into the river as sedi-ment carried by the river sinks to theground because of the reduced speed

on this side of the turn. This processleads to loops that keep growing un-til nally there is a break through be-tween two loops.

There is numeric and physical modelsof simulation.possibilities of complex hydrodynam-ic calculations grow along with pro-cessing power of modern computersComputerized parametric methodsserve well for calculating multiplevariations of one situationPhysical models are useful for bothexperiments on material transportand uid dynamics




The Pontine Marshes south oare an ancient swamp land been laid dry under Mussolin1930s and are today used fosive farming. Thousands of tres of channels were builtout the swamps and these care nowadays suffering frompollution due the intensive tural use of the region. As th

nels get closer to the sea thereach pollution levels of wasAlan Berger, a landscape afrom the MIT had the idea ofof building conventional wter plants, building a large-scalled wetland machine to self-cleansing capacities of riv

The basic demand to this “mwould be to slow down the win the straight channels it ofast to be puried by watewhich is the basic mechaniswetland machine. Furtherm

water must be distributed in teffective way along the pplants. To ensure the machinfull these demands, Bergerseveral experiments with Hean MIT expert for hydrodynand the optimal shape for hissystem and the optimal planbution in the channels. Aftebeen slowed down and partlybeen sent back into the groter system, the water wouthrough several treatment bbe fed back into the channel water in the end.

Furthermore, the wetland goes beyond the idea of jusmenting a sustainable watement system into the pontinbut also to integrate publiby building several recreatiothways between the slopes acreating a kind of a landscape

The project is still under devebut Berger’s research has coregional politicians and sinc4.5 million eur of EU funds for further research, there man actual chance of realizing

ELBE SOLE STABILIZATION

enforced solid rock groin as seen on photo; further examples would

be triangle groin, Stone box groin or wattle groin

sediment depo-

sition on the off-

current side

groin head; slope approx. 1:5

groin ank; slope

aprox. 1:3

sanding up

groin (Buhne)

slip-off slope: reduced ow

speed, sediment deposi-

tion

u n d e r c u tslope: fortied

against erosion



134

As the river that ows through Mu-nich the Isar has, just as most urbanrivers, in the past been straightenedand put into a strict riverbed withbanks made of stone to control itsmovement and prevent the city fromood events. Since the year 2000and with a scheduled end in May 2011the City of Munich together with the“Wasserwirtschaftamt München” has

run a project to renaturalize the riverinside the city. The main aims of thisproject were, to give the river backsome of its natural shape and thusmake it more attractive and impro-ve its accessibility from the city, andto provide a better ood preventionby slowing down the river and reac-tivating some of its capacities to pre-vent oods. Several measures weretaken to achieve these aims:

1. The riverbed was widened up from50m to 90m, using the space thathad before been reserved as ood-

plains and was now made accessibleto the river to form its own bed.

2. The banks that had been enforcedwith stone were partly renaturalizedby giving them a more natural slopecovered with grass and implemen-ting an enforced bank hidden in theground at the edge of the new 90m-riverbed.

3. The embankments that are still ne-cessary to prevent the city from oodevents where reinforced by imple-mented earth concrete walls allowing

the river to erode the embankmentsparty without destroying their struc-ture. These measures, combined withsome more, have already led to amuch more natural appearance of theriver and have also proved themsel-ves to be ood preventing in at leastone severe ood event.

r e -

n a t u

r a l i z

e d

s t r a i g h t

e n e d

THE ISAR PLAN




The Pontine Marshes south oare an ancient swamp land been laid dry under Mussolin1930s and are today used fosive farming. Thousands of tres of channels were builtout the swamps and these care nowadays suffering frompollution due the intensive tural use of the region. As th

nels get closer to the sea thereach pollution levels of wasAlan Berger, a landscape afrom the MIT had the idea ofof building conventional wter plants, building a large-scalled wetland machine to self-cleansing capacities of riv

The basic demand to this “mwould be to slow down the win the straight channels it ofast to be puried by watewhich is the basic mechaniswetland machine. Furtherm

water must be distributed in teffective way along the pplants. To ensure the machinfull these demands, Bergerseveral experiments with Hean MIT expert for hydrodynand the optimal shape for hissystem and the optimal planbution in the channels. Aftebeen slowed down and partlybeen sent back into the groter system, the water wouthrough several treatment bbe fed back into the channel water in the end.

Furthermore, the wetland goes beyond the idea of jusmenting a sustainable watement system into the pontinbut also to integrate publiby building several recreatiothways between the slopes acreating a kind of a landscape

The project is still under devebut Berger’s research has coregional politicians and sinc4.5 million eur of EU funds for further research, there man actual chance of realizing

THE PONTINE MARSHES




136



FLOOD RESEARCH

The basic dynamics to be known when working with rivers are the dynamics of owing water and closely rethem the transportation of sediments. Combined, these two lead to the typical forms of natural rivers. Whileupper parts with usually more solid ground and a steeper riverbed, rivers tend to move in a more straight walower parts with less slope and much smaller parts to be moved rivers remodel their riverbed constantly. Tcommon form in this modelling process is the so called meandering. When a river gets into a slight turn for w

reason it develops an undercut slope on the outer side of the turn and a slip-off slope on the inner side. As on tside the water ows faster, the undercut slope constantly loses material, while the slip-off slope keeps growingriver as sediment carried by the river sinks to the ground because of the reduced speed on this side of the tprocess leads to loops that keep growing until nally there is a break through between two loops.




138

Brian NovelloVenice, ItalyConcept`

F2H is a self sustaining water housedesigned in response to New York’seventual ooding. Designed by BrianNovello, this project features largeturbines that wrap around a coreof living spaces and circulation. Us-

ing the Hudson River’s movement topower the turbines, the F2H can pro-duce enough electricity to supply it-self.

MO.S.E




Neeltje Jans Seewall, the Neth

In 1953 a killer storm surgethe Dutch coastline and claim1800 lives, inspiring the consof the biggest, most sophiood defenses on the planeing bil- lions of dollars, the of giant concrete and steel sand retractable oodgates

one of the Seven Enginee- rinders of the Modern World. Bsea levels rising across the glerce North Sea and swellinthrea- ten to breach the dagain and wipe out the Netha quarter of which lies below el. In response, the Dutch areing oating houses and roadwhole cities.

NEELTJE JANS




140

LILYPAD

Vincent CAllebaut2008

The Lilypad, by Vincent Callebaut, isa concept for a completely self-suf-cient oating city intended to provideshelter for future climate change ref-ugees. The intent of the concept itselfis laudable, but it is Callebaut’s phe-nomenal design that has captured

our imagination.

The Lilypad, which was designed tolook like a waterlily, is intended tobe a zero emission city aoat in theocean. Through a number of technol-ogies (solar, wind, tidal, biomass), itis envisioned that the project wouldbe able to not only produce it’s ownenergy, but be able to process CO2 inthe atmosphere and absorb it into itstitanium dioxide skin.




L9W

MVRDVNew Orleans, USA2006Concept

In December 2006, a groupperts in New Orleans workebuilding green affordable houa large scale to help victimsricane Katrina.

The architects were given a tstudy that included traditionOrleans housing types suchShotgun, the Camelback and ole Cottage along with curreand recommendations for tharea in the Lower 9th Ward




142



Analysis of test siteAngers is a city located in western France in the region Pays-de-Loire. The Council of Angers was held in 453Angers has a population of about 157,000 people and in the metropolitan area about 283,000 inhabitants. Thesity of Angers has about 30,000 Students and is one of the most important economic aspects of the local ecIt extends over 42,70 km2. South of the city the river Maine ows into the Loire which is important for the

ood-water which occurs up to 3 times a year. The ood risk of the total area is about 21.1% which could affe3.600 households.

ANGERS, FRANCE

ANGERS | ANALYSIS OF TES



144

The Loire is mainly in its natural river-bed and is mostly unnavigable. Onlyin the riverdelta from the AtlanticOcean to Nantes the Loire is access-able for cargo ships. From the deltato the embouchure of the Maine thereis some excursion boat trafc and fur-

ther upstream there is no more ship-ping trafc possible.

The Loire is upstram mostly used forcooling in industrial facilities like threenuclear power plants and for farming.The water veloctiy is between 18 m3/sec to 8,000 m3/sec. The averagewater velocity of the Maine in Angersis about 133 m3/sec.Over 22.1% of the total area of An-

gers are very high at oodrisk whichaffects that there will be over 3600housholds and 6500 people evacu-ated by high-water. There are threereasons for oodwater:

The rst reason is, that the Loire has

hight water and pushes the water-level of the Maine against the streamdirection so that the water level ofthe main river rises. This kind of oodhappened in 1910. The high water ofthe Loire is caused by rainfall andsnowmelt in the Alps.

Another reason is the Maine tak-ing high-water, which is caused bystrong rainfalls and thunderstorms in

summer. Thoses rise the wateof the small feeders of the MaMayenne, la Sarthe and le Loirood situation is independent oLoire waterlevel and was fou1995. Almost the entire zone onomic and partly the residentia

was hit by this ood.Third reason of high-water in Ais a combination of those two reasons. The Maine and the Loiboth having high-water. This worst scenario which happensdom, but for example in 1651 an

flood of 1995

urban catchment

Saint Serge

urban district

Monplaisir

urban district

shore area

Berge de Maine

FLOOD SITUATION

ANGERS | ANALYSIS OF TEST SITE



railway

TGV, Interloire, TERplot Saint Serge

urban district

Monplaisir

urban district

highway

Paris, Nantes, Bordeau

Angers Arville ANE

International Airport Angers Loire

The city of Angers is accessable bythe freeway as a national connectionto Nantes and Paris. The highway isexpanded by a new routing to excul-pate the inner city highway along thewatersite of St. Serge from the traf-c and its inow into downtown. This

new route leads along the interna-tional airport of Angers Avrille ANE.Angers is also reachable by trains likeTGV, TER or Interloire and the train-station Angers is located southern ofdowntown.

Saint Serge is accessable by the innerhighway and the new freeway rout-ing and several main axes which alsorun to the city center. Saint Serge is

divided into three sections by the in-frastructure: The Tram seperates theBusiness district in the south from thezone of econmoics (more industrialarea) and the Boulevard Gaston Ra-mon seperates this zone from the su-perstore area (Carrefour) in the north.

The new tramline was opened in 2010and a new bridge over the Maine forthe tram and pedestrians was build.Saint Serge is also connected to An-gers by several bus lines.

The trafc routing directs once aroundthe commercial center of Saint Sergeand the inner structure is accessableby dead-end streets which go to sev-

eral businesses.There are still the old rails wnot used anymore in the zonenomic in Saint Serge.

INFRASTRUCTURE




146

Saint Serge is located in the north ofthe center of Angers and is left ripar-ian of the river Maine. The populationis about 10,000 people and extendsabout an area of 2,25km2.

The site is an only economic areawhich will be almost completelyooded by high-water. It has been anindustrial area and is totally rehabili-

tated since the 1990s (urbanisation1985-1995) and is now a district ofthe tertiary sector and university. Es-pecially the Marche d‘Interet National(MIN Somival), the superstore Carre-four (north of St. Serge) and the uni-versity, close to the old medieval cen-ter, are three main points of attractionwhich pull thousands of people everyday in Saint Serge. The universityis located on the plot of the formertrain station of Saint Serge which wasclosed in 1944 for passenger traf-c and nally in 1970 also for freighttransport, but the old rails are still

there. Most of the built volumes havebeen constructed after 1985 and theyare all not protected of ooding. Thedesign of the buildings is quintessen-tially industry architecture and tradearchitecture surrounded by parkingor outdoor storage areas. The ofcebuildings of the business district withthe university (close to the center ofAngers) are modern designed and upto 8 level high. The northern part ofour site is in the north of Saint

Serge in Toumerie, which is part ofthe district Monplaisir and includes

the zone of industry Ecouant.This area is mainly in its natural wayand used for agriculture, pasturefarming and as local recreation areaand during high-water as ood plain.It is only tapped by one road from thecommercial center in Saint Serge andthe old railway to the station of SaintSerge passes this area.

Nantes

Le Mans

< A v r i l l é

< T r a m A v r i l l é A r d e n n e

A n g e r s

< B o u c h e m

a i n

e

< G a r e d ` A

n g e r s - S a

i n t - L a

u d> S a i n t - B a r t h é l e m y - d ́ A n j o u

> L o i r e

> Saint-Barthélemy-d´A

> E c o u a n

A11_ highway

Quai Félix Faure

urban road

Tramway Ang

urban acces

SAINT SERGE AND TOUMERIE

ANGERS | ANALYSIS OF TEST SITE

Only few families, maybe farmers, set-tled here and an allotment garden islocated close to the freeway. Alongthe freeway you nd the industry zoneEcouant with a junk yard. In this oodplain area is also sewage treatment plantplaced. Some spots are used as an in-formal dump. A high voltage power lineruns through Toumerie to Saint Serge.



allotment garden

small farming structure

infomral dump

junk yard

sewage treatment plant housing

transit passage

agro field

plot

industry zone

agro field




148





150



Finn GeipelKen KochKatja Thorwarth

Li XieSarah TimmermannKilian Allmann LuciaPasqualiRaphael HucliezClara Benito

Marbet SalazarJulia PauliMartin BasslerSherry NgAisha SawatskyAndrew FosterXin XiaRachel RobertsConstantin JaegerLiane RosenthalJonas TratzMaya AtidiaAlison Harason

Jeremy GiacominiLaura MoraJessica (Ji Sun) YimJessika KrepsJoshua SeetoSven Moller

Ana LopezClemence ValleeAlice FoulonDaniel MikolajcakAmani RelifaDaniel BialkaRoland SongTaylor BalodisFrithjof MeissnerSilvie SchaeferMilosz LisieckiIvan Nicholas CisneroNikolai Ytrehus

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