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SURFACE FACILITIES

Herbert Hofsttter

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GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM

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SURFACE FACILITIES COMPONENTS

Gathering Station

Seperator

Treatment

Metering, Sampling, Testing

Storage

Chemical Injection

Disposal

Miscellaneous

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Undersaturated oil reservoirs

The reservoir pressure is above bubblepoint pressure, pb Underlying assumption: oil is the only phase that is present and flowing

Undersaturated Oil Reservoir

Temperature

Pre

ssure

Critical Point, C

Dew-Point

Line

Bubble-Point

Line

Undersaturated Oil

Condensate

Gas

Dry Gas Two-

Phase

Area

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The Production System

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The Production System

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Rs Gas solubility in oil

Bo oil volume factor

o oil viscosity

Saturated Oil Properties

p [psi]

Rs, Bo, o

Rs [scf/STB] gas solubility in oil

Bo [res bbl/STB] oil volume factor

o [cp] - viscosity

pb

saturated undersaturated

pi

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Properties of produced fluids: Impact of pressure, temperature and fluid on key hydrocarbon parameters and

fluid behavior

Valves: API valves, chokes, regulators, and flow control devices; principle of operation and effect on fluid condition

Safety systems: surface safety control systems; relief valves; pressure ratings; API recommended practices

Flowlines, manifolds and gathering systems: material selection, pressure drop considerations, line sizing, corrosion,

noise and erosion concerns, full wellstream production, two

and three phase fluid flow, pigging, slugs, foam and emulsions

Mechanical equipment: Pumps, compressors, heaters, sour and acid gas treating, pressured vessels, storage facilities and

other surface and subsurface treating/fluid handling equipment

SURFACE INSTALLATIONS

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Gas separation / treating: two and three phase separation, free water removal, treatment of emulsions, hydrate prevention

and treatment, vapor recovery, gas conditioning for sales,

injection or field usage

Oil / water separation and treatment: two and three phase separation, emulsion breaking, asphaltenes, solids control,

removal of residual oil-in-water and water-in-oil to meet

pipeline specifications or injection / disposal requirements,

hydrocyclones and new water / oil treating equipment

Fluid measurement and instrumentation: Liquid and gas metering using positive displacement meters, orifices, sonic

meters, mass measurement meters, three phase flow

measurement and new metering devices

SURFACE INSTALLATIONS contd

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Sour gas treatment: field handling and treatment of sour and acid gases, safety considerations, API standards

Corrosion: fundamental principles; detection, prevention and treatment

Treating facility innovations: up-to-date description of new equipment for handling high pressure/temperature, three

phase flow from subsea and remote locations

OTHERS

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GATHERING STATION

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CLASSIFICATION OF SEPARATORS

By position or shape of the vessel

Vertical

Horizontal

Single barrel Double barrel

Spherical

By number of fluids to be segregated

Two Phase

Three Phase

Filterseparator

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FREE WATER KNOCKOUT

Free Water Knock Out : a vertical or horizontal vessel into which

oil or emulsion is run to allow any water not emulsified with the oil

( free water ) to drop out

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GAS SEPARATOR

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OIL SEPARATOR

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VERTICAL SEPARATOR

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MULTI STAGE SEPARATION

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HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR

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HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR

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28 bar

GAS/GAS HEAT EXCHANGER

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GAS/WATER HEAT EXCHANGER

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HEATER

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OIL/WATER HEAT EXCHANGER

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METERING STATION

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CHEMICAL INJECTION

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CaCl2 DEHYDRATION

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GLYCOL DEHYDRATION

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GLYCOL REGENERATION

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PIGGING SYSTEMS

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REFRIGERATION

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FLOATING ROOF TANK

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BOLTED STEEL TANK

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Spherical Tank

Spheroidal Tank

Noded Spheroidal Tank

SPHEROIDAL TANK

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LPG Tanker