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Surveying
Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative location of points on or
near the surface of the earth.
Q)Surveyingis the artof: -
Measuring horizontal & vertical distance between points.
Measuring Angles between lines.
Determining the direction of lines.
Establishing points by predetermined angular & linear measurement.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
*Primary classification is: -
1. PLANE SURVEYING
In plane surveying the Curvatureof the earth isNOTtaken into consideration,
because it is carried out over a small area, so that the surface of the earth is considered
plane.
Note : Plane surveying is done on an area less than 250.
-----------------------------------------
2. GEODETIC SURVEYING
In Geodetic surveying the Curvatureof the earth is TAKEN into account.
Note :
It is extended over a large area.
The line joining any two Points is considered as a CURVEDline.
It is carried out over an area exceeding 250.
It is done with a high accuracy.
A. SecondaryClassification
1-Based onINSTRUMENTS
a. Chain surveying. d. Theodolite surveying.
b. Compass surveying. e. Tachometric surveying.
c. Plane Table surveying. f. Photographic surveying.
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2-Based onMETHOD
a. Triangulation.
b. Traverse.
3- Based on OBJECT AND NATURE
1-Topographical Surveying, which is done to determine natural features
(such as: hills, river, valley, lakes, ---etc.)
2-Cadastral Surveying, to the determine the boundaries of fields, houses, etc.
3-City Surveying, to the locate premises, street, water supply, ---etc.
4-EngineeringSurveying, to prepare information for engineering Projects.
5-HydrologicalSurveying. To study water areas.
6-Mining Surveying.
7-Astronomical Surveying.
---------------------------------------------------
Q) The.is extended over a large area.
a) Plane survey b) Geodetic survey
Q) a...Is done with much more precision than b.
a) Geodetic survey b) Plane surveying
Q) In . TheCurvature of the earth is Not taken into account.
a) Plane survey b) Geodetic survey
UNITSOF Measurement
There are two systems: -
1- FOOT Units.
2- METRIC Units.
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FOOT UNITS
1 mile = 5280 foot 1 foot = 12''(inches)
1mile = 1760 yards 1 yard = 3 ' (feet)
1 mile = 320 rods 1 rod = 16.5 (feet)
1 mile = 80 chain 1 chain = 66 (feet)
1 acre(hectare) = 43500 1 chain = 100 links
= 10 square chain
METRIC UNITS
1km = 1000m
1m = 100 cm
1cm = 10 mm
1 decimeter = 10 cm
1 hectare = 10,000
1 hectare = 4 donums
1 donum = 2500
1 square Kilometer() = 1,000,000= 100 hectare
Volume Units are Cubic Meters(
)
FOOTING-METRICConversation
1 inch = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 1.6 km = 1600m
1 m = 3.28 ft.
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ANGULARE MEASERMENT
1/23/2
Comp. circle = 360-degree Comp. circle = 400 grad
1 = 60' minute 1grad = 100 centigrade
1' = 60'' second 1 c = 100 centi centigrade
Comp. circle = 2
1/2 circle =
1/4 circle =/2
90
180
270
360
2
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Relation betweenDegreeandRadian
*Change ( )degree , to (rad)radian :-
rad =
OR
Example:
-Change 45 32' 15'' to Radian ?
Sol: -
45+ (32'/60) + (32''/60*60)
45 + 0.5333 + 0.0088 = 45.542
rad =
0.79445489 rad
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**Change (rad) to ( ) :-
=
rad OR
Ex.2
Change (0.896 rad) to ()degrees.
Sol: -
= 0.896 = 51.363
51 + (0.363*60) = 5121' +0.78*60 = 5121' 46''
----------------------------------------------------------
Relation between GRADandDegree
Grad =
() OR
(400g = 360= 2)
(200g
= 180 = )
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Distance Measurements
-Electronic distance measurement(EDM).-Taping or chaining (Classical Method).
-Odometer.
-Sub tens Bar.
-Stadia.
CHAIN Surveying
Chainman
LEADER & FOLLOWERS: -
LEADER:Is the chainman at the end of the chain, who drags the chain forward.
The duties the of the leader are: -
1-To drag the chain forward with arrows and rod.
2-To fix arrows on the ground at end of every chain.
3-To obey the instruction of the follower.
FOLLOWER: - Is the chainman at the rear end of the chain, who holds the zero end
of the chain.
The duties of the follower are: -
1-To direct the leader.
2-To carry the rear handle of the chain.
3-To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader.
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Positive Errors: -
The measured length is more than the actual length the error is said to be positive.
Negative Errors: -
The measured length is less than the actual length. The error is said to be negative.
The PRINCIPAL of chain surveying is TRIANGULATION.
Chain survey isRECOMMENDEDwhen:-
1. The ground more or less level.
2. A small area to be surveyed.
3. A small-scale map is to be prepared.
4.
The formation of conditioned triangles is easy.
Q) What is the main Principal of Surveying?
-The main principal of surveying is to work from the CENTERtoBAUNDARY.
Q) When is the principal of chain survey and why that principal is used?
-If the main principal of surveying is to work from the center to boundary.
It is used for Triangulation.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
FIELD PROCEDURE OF CHAING SURVEYING
According to the following steps: -
1 - RECONNAISSNCE
The base line should preferably be TAKEN through the CENTERof the area and onfairly level ground.
2INDEX SKETCH
After primary inspection of the area, the surveyor should prepare a neat hand sketch
showing the arrangement of the frame work.
*The name and the sequence of chain lines should be noted to. TheBASELINE
should be clearly indicated.
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3-MARKING THE STATION ON THE GROUND
The station points are marked across ()
4REFERENCE SKETCH
A reference sketch should be made for all MAIN STATION.
It is a HAND SKETCH of the station shown at least two measurements from some
permanent objects.
5TAKING MEASUREMENTS
Q - the sketch prepared during reconnaissance survey is known as the_______.
a-
Hand sketch b- index sketch c- rough sketch
QThe main survey station is located on the ground by_______.
a- Index sketch b- reference sketch cline sketch
Definitions: -
1) Survey Station
Survey station is the points at beginning and the end of chain line.
Such station may be: -
Main Station.
Subsidiary Station.
Tie Station.
*MAIN Station: -they are station taken along the Boundary of an area as controlling
pts.
Note: Line main station is called main survey lines.
**SUBSIDIARY Stations: -
They are stations on the main survey lines or any other survey lines.
*** Tie stations: - They are also Subsidiary station taken on the main survey lines.
Lines of the Tie Station Are Called Tie Lines.
They are also taken to form ''Chain Angle''.
Main station =Main survey lines
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2)BASE LINES
The Largest line is considered the Base line, this line Should be taken Level ground.
3) CHECK LINE
The line joining the APEX point of a triangle to some fixed point on base line is
known ''Check line''
4) OFFSET
Offset are taken to locate objects with reference of the chain line.
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
The principal of plane tabling isparallelism.
Rays drawn station on the paper is PARALLEL to the ground.
Plane tabling a Graphical Methodof surveying.
(Methods of PLANE TABLING)
1- Radiation Method.
2-
Intersection Method.3- Traversing Method.
4- Resection Method.
1Radiation: this method is suitable for locating the object from a Single station.
2Intersection: This method is suitable for locating inaccessible points by
intersection, the rays drawn from TWO Station.
Q) . Planetabling method needs the leastfield measurements.
a) Radiation b) traversing c) intersection
Q) In plane table survey, the operation must be CARRIED OUT is .
a) Resection b) Orientation c) intersection
Q) The principleof plane tabling is .
a) triangulation b) Parallelism c) field measurement
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LEVELING
It is the determination of the relative height (elevation) of the different points.
OR,
The leveling is a type from surveying it is specializing elevation (height).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Reasons of leveling options
1. To determine the difference of height between two or more points.
2.
To determine the height of the ground at number of points.
3. To set out level or horizontal surface.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
METHODS OF LEVELING
1- Taping Method.
2- Direct Level.
3-
Indirect Leveling.
4-
Barometric Leveling.
5-
Stadia Leveling
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Definitions
Datum:-
The level surface (real or unreal) used for reference.
The most commonly used for datum is Mean Sea Level.
Elevation:-
Is a vertical distance aboveor belowa reference datum.
Level Surface: -
Is a CURVEDsurface parallel of the earth.
Vertical Line: -
Is a line from the surface of the earth to the earth center.
Horizontal Line: -
Is a straight line Perpendicular to a vertical Line.
Mean Sea Level(MSL): -
In Surveying, the reference datum that was traditionally employed
Was that of (MSL).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THE LEVEL
Q)What do we mean by theparallax?
This is done by gently screwing the eyepiece in or out and is known as eliminating
parallax.
Q) Describe The term (Sensitivity) for the leveling instrument?
Sensitivity is describing in terms of amountofangulartiltofthelongitudinalaxis
required to make the bubble travel a distance of (2 mm) along the tube.
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The Dumpy Level
Main parts of level dumpy is: -
Tripod.
Parallel-Plate system.
Body Piece.
Telescope.
Bubble-Tube.
~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~
Definition
Bench Mark (BM): -
A bench-mark Is a fixed point of knownheight above the given datum.
Reduce Level (RL): -
Is the elevation of point stated with reference to the selected datum for
the work.
Back Sights (BS): -
A back sight is the firstreadingafter the instrument has been set up.
Fore Sights (FS): -
A fore sight is the lastreading, taken during leveling operation before
the instrument is moved.
Intermediate Sights (IS): -
An Intermediate sight is any reading betweena BS and FS.
Change Points (C.P): -
A change point is an arbitrarypoint which enables the leveling to
continue from new instrument position.
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QUESTIONS
1The ---------- is extended over a large area.
a) Plane survey b) Geodetic survey
2In------------ the Curvature of the earth is NOT takeninto account.
a) Plane Survey b) Geodetic Survey
3Survey which depict The natural water areas, the depth natural of
bottom, currents, shore linesetc. are known as -------------.
a)-Mining surveys b)- engineering Surveys c)-Hydrological
4Surveys which depict the natural featuresof a country,
are known as ----------.
a)Cadastral surveys b)-Topographical c)- engineering
5The scale is ---------- of the units of measurements.
a)-Dependent b).- independent
6In the -------- Length units is mentioned on the drawing.
a) - Graphical Scale b)Numerical scale
7- ------------ it needs some computationoperation for each case of
reading of the map.
a)- Graphical Scale b)- numerical scale
8In --------- the accuracy is effected by the weather condition.
a)- numerical scale b) -Graphical Scale
9in Chain survey angularmeasurements------------ taken.
a) - Are b).- are not
10for hillyarea chain survey---------- recommended.
a)-is b.)-is not
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11Plane tabling is a ----------- method of surveying.
a)- Graphical b)- Mathematical.
12The level instrument is used to find--------of the points.
a)- Vertical angle b)-elevation c)- horizontal distance
13By arithmetic check, we can ensure the accuracy of----------.
a)-field work b)calculation c)-both field work and calculation.
14To eliminate collimation error, the leveling instrument must be
placed.
a)-near the BS b)-near FS c)-exactly mid-way between theBS and the FS.
15 - The staff reading taken on a point of known elevation is termed as
the ----------.
a)-IS reading b)-BS reading c)-FS reading.
16Where there is a relative movement between the cross-hair and staff
reading, it is known as -------------.
a)-Parallax b)-collimation error c)-refraction error
d) -curvature error.
17The line of collimation and the axis of the telescope should---------.
a)-coincide b)-be parallel c)-be perpendicular
18The contour interval is inversely proportional to the-------------.
a)-extend of the map b)-steepness of the area c)scale of the map
19A contour line intersects a ridgeline or valley line------------.
a)-obliquely b)-perpendicularly . c)-vertically
