Survival of the unﬁttest: why the worst infrastructure gets built—and what we can do about it

8/3/2019 Survival of the unfittest: why the worst infrastructure gets builtand what we can do about it

1/24

Npenxj Xfuafs ne Fgnlnoag Tnkagq+ Unkvof 86+ Lvohfx 7+ 8441+ tt,7::753

Wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz2 s`q z`f snxwzalexiwzxvgzvxf cfzw hvakzilj sìz sf giljn ihnvz az

Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Ihwzxigz Z`f ixzagkf xwz jfwgxahfw gìxigzfxawzagw ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Wfgnlj+ az jngvoflzw

i ovg` lfckfgzfj zntag al fgnlnoagw2 zìz fp ilzf fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw ixf nezfl ufxq jaeefxflz

exno igzvik fp tnwz gnwzw ilj hflfzw, Enx kixcf alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw z`f gnlwfyvflgfw ixf gnwz nufxxvlw+

hflfz w`nxzeikkw+ ilj z`f wqwzfoizag vljfxfwzaoizanl ne xawmw, Zàxj+ aotkagizanlw enx gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw

ixf jfwgxahfj+ algkvjalc zìz wvg` ilikqwaw aw lnz zn hf zxvwzfj enx oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Envxz`+ z`f

ixzagkf vlgnufxw z`f givwfw ne zàw wzizf ne ieeiaxw al zfxow ne tfxufxwf algflzaufw zìz flgnvxicf txnonzfxw

zn vljfxfwzaoizf gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizf hflfzw al z`f hvwalfww giwfw enx z`fax txnbfgzw, Hvz z`f txnbfgzw zìz

ixf oijf zn knnm hfwz nl titfx ixf z`f txnbfgzw zìz ioiww z`f àc`fwz gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw

al xfikazq, Z`f ixzagkf jftagzw zàw wazvizanl iw wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz, Eaez`+ z`f ixzagkf wfzw nvz zn fptkial

`ns z`f txnhkfo oiq hf wnkufj+ saz` i uafs zn ixxaualc iz onxf fegaflz ilj onxf jfongxizag txnbfgzw+ ilj

iunajalc z`f wgiljikw zìz nezfl iggnotilq oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzw, Ealikkq+ z`f ixzagkf ajflzafw

gvxxflz zxfljw al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf jfufkntoflz, Az aw ixcvfj zìz i xitaj algxfiwf al wzaovkvw wtfljalc+

gnohalfj saz` onxf alufwzoflzw al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw+ gnohalfj saz` onxf wtfljalc nl alenxoizanlzfg`lnkncq aw gizitvkzalc alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz exno z`f exqalc til alzn z`f xf,

Mfq snxjw2 alexiwzxvgzvxf+ gnwz nufxxvlw+ hflfz w`nxzeikkw+ gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw+ ntzaoawo haiw+ icflgq

awwvfw+ xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc

BFK gkiwwagizanl2 @:7+ @6:+ X:8

A, Alzxnjvgzanl

Al oaj/8440+ Z`f Fgnlnoawzgikkfj gvxxflz wtfljalc nl alexiwzxvgzvxf z`f haccfwz alufwzoflzhnno al àwznxq (Z`f Fgnlnoawz+ 3 Bvlf 8440+ t, 04!, Wtfljalc siw z`f kixcfwz az ìj fufx

hffl iw i wìxf ne snxkj CJT, S`fl z`f wgik gxawaw jfftflfj ilj hfgiof cknhik jvxalc z`f

ivzvol zn salzfx ne 84401+ zàw gnvkj ìuf fljfj z`f alexiwzxvgzvxf hnno+ iw hilmw ilj

gitazik evljw xijagikkq gvz higm nl z`fax kfljalc, Hvz z`f nttnwazf ittfixw zn ìuf ìttflfj,

Wij Hvwalfww Wg`nnk+ Vlaufxwazq ne Npenxj+ f/oiak2 hflz,quhbfxcDwhw,np,ig,vm

Tixzne z`fxfwfixg` enx zàw titfx siw gixxafj nvz s akf z`f ivz nx siw txnefwwnx iz Iikhnxc Vlaufxwazq+ Jfloixm

ilj Jfkez Vlaufxwazq ne Zfg`lnkncq+ z`f Lfz`fxkiljw,

jna2 94,9417.npxft.cxt48:

G Z`f Ivz`nx 8441, Tvhkaw`fj hq Npenxj Vlaufxwazq Txfww,

Enx tfxoawwanlw tkfiwf f/oiak2 bnvxlikw,tfxoawwanlwDnpenxjbnvxlikw,nxc


2/24

Wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz2 s`q z`f snxwz alexiwzxvgzvxf cfzw hvakzilj sìz sf gil jn ihnvz az 7:6

Xfjvgzanlw al txauizf evljw ìuf hffl neewfz hq `vljxfjw ne hakkanlw ne tvhkag jnkkixw enx

wzaovkvw wtfljalc, @fijw ne wzizf+ kfj hq VW txfwajflz Hixig` Nhioi ilj Gàli Txfoafx

Sfl Baihin+ ìuf walckfj nvz alufwzoflz al alexiwzxvgzvxf iw i mfq ofilw zn gxfizf bnhw ilj

mfft z`f fgnlnoq exno wkvotalc, Gàli siw xwz onufx s`fl azw Wzizf Gnvlgak+ al Lnufohfx

8440+ tiwwfj i *605 hakkanl wzaovkvw tkil+ oialkq enx alufwzoflz al alexiwzxvgzvxf, Al Efhxvixq

8441 z`f VWI enkknsfj wvaz+ saz Gnlcxfww tiwwalc Txfwajflz Nhioiw *303 hakkanl lfs Lfs

Jfik, Aljai ìw i *:36 hakkanl tkil+ ilj z`f VM+ Cfxoilq+ Exilgf+ ilj oilq nz`fx lizanlw

ìuf oijf waoakix ixxilcfoflzw,

Saz` wn ovg` onlfq al z`f tatfkalfilj saz` z`f `fikz` ne z`f cknhik fgnlnoq xajalc nl

z`f wvggfww ne alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzz`f fegaflgq ne alexiwzxvgzvxf jfkaufxq aw tixzagv/

kixkq aotnxzilz iz txfwflz, Ae jnlf xac`z z`f alufwzoflz hnno gnvkj hfgnof i hnnl+ hfgivwf

alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz aw ittfikalc al oilq siqw2 az gxfizfw ilj wvwzialw fotknqoflz=

z`fxf aw i kixcf fkfoflz ne jnofwzag altvzw xfkizauf zn aotnxzw= az aotxnufw txnjvgzauazq ilj

gnotfzazauflfww hq knsfxalc txnjvgfx gnwzw= az hflfzw gnlwvofxw z`xnvc` àc`fx/yvikazq wfx/

uagfw= ilj az aotxnufw z`f fluaxnloflz s`fl alexiwzxvgzvxfw zìz ixf fluaxnloflzikkq wnvlj

wvhwzazvzf enx alexiwzxvgzvxfw zìz ixf lnz (@fko+ 8440+ t, 9!,Hvz z`fxf aw i hac ae `fxf, Hfgivwf ae jnlf sxnlc z`f z`xvwz oiq hfgnof i hvwz+ saz`

hnnljncckfw snxwf zìl ilq wffl qfz+ sfimflalc z`f fgnlnoq alwzfij ne aotxnualc az, Vlenx/

zvlizfkq z`f gnluflzanlik siq ne jfkaufxalc oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf w`nsw i jawoik tfxenxoilgf

xfgnxj, Al sìz enkknsw+ A jngvoflz z`f xfgnxj+ fptkial s`q az aw wn tnnx+ ilj likkq jfwgxahf

ofiwvxfw zìz oiq `fkt gvxxflz wzaovkvw wtfljalc hfgnof feefgzauf+ alwzfij ne ijjalc zn z`f

lilgaik ilj fgnlnoag eiakvxfw zìz kazzfx z`f fkj ne alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz,

Hvz xwz+ kfzw wff sìz z`f gìxigzfxawzagw ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf ixf,

AA, Gìxigzfxawzagw ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf

Oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw cflfxikkq ìuf z`f enkknsalc gìxigzfxawzagw,9

x Wvg` txnbfgzw ixf al`fxflzkq xawmq nsalc zn knlc tkillalc `nxarnlw ilj gnotkfp alzfx/

eigfw,x Zfg`lnkncq ilj jfwacl ixf nezfl lnl/wziljixj,x Jfgawanl/oimalc+ tkillalc+ ilj oilicfoflz ixf zqtagikkq ovkza/igznx txngfwwfw saz`

gnlagzalc alzfxfwzw,x Nezfl z`fxf aw kngm al nx gitzvxf ne i gfxzial txnbfgz gnlgftz iz il fixkq wzicf+ kfiualc

ilikqwaw ne ikzfxlizaufw sfim nx ihwflz,x Z`f txnbfgz wgntf nx iohazanl kfufk sakk zqtagikkq gìlcf waclagilzkq nufx zaof,x Wzizawzagik fuajflgf w`nsw zìz wvg` vltkillfj fuflzw ixf nezflvliggnvlzfj enx+ kfiualc

hvjcfz ilj zaof gnlzalcflgafw wnxfkq alijfyvizf,x Iw i gnlwfyvflgf+ oawalenxoizanl ihnvz gnwzw+ hflfzw+ ilj xawmw aw z`f lnxo z`xnvc`/

nvz txnbfgz jfufkntoflz ilj jfgawanl/oimalc+ algkvjalc al z`f hvwalfww giwf,x Z`f xfwvkz aw gnwz nufxxvlw ilj.nx hflfz w`nxzeikkw jvxalc txnbfgz aotkfoflzizanl,

9 Hq oibnx txnbfgzw A `fxf ofil z`f onwz fptflwauf txnbfgzw zìz ixf hvakz al z`f snxkj znjiq+ zqtagikkq iz gnwzw

tfx txnbfgz exno ixnvlj i `vljxfj oakkanl zn wfufxik hakkanl jnkkixw,


3/24

7:5 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Zihkf 92 Aliggvxigq ne zxilwtnxzizanl txnbfgz gnwz fwzaoizfw hq zqtf ne txnbfgz+ al gnlwzilz txagfw

Zqtf ne txnbfgz Ln, ne giwfw Iuc, gnwz nufxxvl & Wziljixj jfuaizanl

Xiak 60 ::,3 70,:

Hxajcfw ilj zvllfkw 77 77,0 58,:Xnij 953 84,: 81,1

Gnwz nufxxvlw al z`f nxjfx ne 64 tfx gflz al xfik zfxow ixf gnoonl enx oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf+

ilj nufxxvlw ihnuf 944 tfx gflz ixf lnz vlgnoonl, Jfoilj ilj hflfz enxfgiwzw zìz ixf

sxnlc hq 8434 tfx gflz gnotixfj saz` igzvik jfufkntoflz ixf gnoonl,

Zihkf 9 w`nsw onxf jfziakfj gnwz jizi enx zxilwtnxzizanl alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Zxilw/

tnxzizanl aw vwfj iw il fpiotkf `fxf ilj fkwfs`fxf al z`f ixzagkf hfgivwf z`f hfwz jizi fpawz

enx zxilwtnxzizanl ilj hfgivwf z`fxf aw lnz flnvc` wtigf zn txfwflz jizi enx ikk txnbfgz zqtfw,

Az w`nvkj hf oflzanlfj+ `nsfufx+ zìz gnotixizauf xfwfixg` w`nsw zìz z`f txnhkfow ajflza/

fj enx zxilwtnxzizanl ittkq zn i sajf xilcf ne nz`fx txnbfgz zqtfw algkvjalc AGZ wqwzfow+

hvakjalcw+ ifxnwtigf txnbfgzw+ jfeflgf+ ofci/fuflzw wvg` iw z`f Nkqotagw ilj z`f SnxkjGvt+ sizfx txnbfgzw+ jiow+ tnsfx tkilzw+ nak ilj ciw fpzxigzanl txnbfgzw+ oalalc+ kixcf/wgikf

oilveigzvxalc+ hac wgaflgf+ ilj vxhil ilj xfcanlik jfufkntoflz txnbfgzw (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+

8447+ tt, 9091= Ikzw`vkfx ilj Kvhfxnee+ 8447= Txafovw fz ik,+ 8440= Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448+

t, 805= Ekquhbfxc+ 8446i!,

Z`f jiziwfz al Zihkf 9 w`nsw gnwz nufxxvl al 860 txnbfgzw al 84 lizanlw nl uf gnlzalflzw,

Ikk txnbfgzw enx sàg` jizi sfxf nhzialihkf sfxf algkvjfj al z`f wzvjq,8 Enx xiak+ iufxicf gnwz

nufxxvl aw ::,3 tfx gflz ofiwvxfj al gnlwzilz txagfw exno z`f hvakj jfgawanl, Enx hxajcfw ilj

zvllfkw+ z`f fyvauikflz cvxf aw 77,0 tfx gflz+ ilj enx xnijw 84,: tfx gflz, Z`f jaeefxflgf al

gnwz nufxxvl hfzsffl z`f z`xff txnbfgz zqtfw aw wzizawzagikkq waclagilz (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448!,

Z`f kixcf wziljixj jfuaizanlw w`nsl al Zihkf 9 ixf iw alzfxfwzalc iw z`f kixcf iufxicf gnwz

nufxxvlw, Z`f warf ne z`f wziljixj jfuaizanlw jfonlwzxizfw zìz vlgfxzialzq ilj xawm xfcixjalcgnwz nufxxvlw al alexiwzxvgzvxf ixf kixcf+ aljffj,

Z`f enkknsalc mfq nhwfxuizanlw tfxzial zn gnwz nufxxvlw al zxilwtnxzizanl alexiwzxvgzvxf

txnbfgzw2

x lalf nvz ne 94 txnbfgzw ìuf gnwz nufxxvl=x nufxxvl aw envlj igxnww z`f 84 lizanlw ilj uf gnlzalflzw gnufxfj hq z`f wzvjq=x nufxxvl aw gnlwzilz enx z`f 34/qfix tfxanj gnufxfj hq z`f wzvjq= gnwz fwzaoizfw ìuf lnz

aotxnufj nufx zaof,

Zihkf 8 w`nsw z`f aliggvxigq ne zxiufk jfoilj enxfgiwzw enx xiak ilj xnij alexiwzxvgzvxf, Z`f

jfoilj wzvjq gnufxw 840 txnbfgzw al 9: lizanlw nl uf gnlzalflzw, Ikk txnbfgzw enx sàg` jizi

8 Z`f jizi ixf exno z`f kixcfwz jizihiwf ne azw malj, Ikk gnwzw ixf gnlwzxvgzanl gnwzw ofiwvxfj al gnlwzilz txagfw,

Gnwz nufxxvl+ ikwn wnofzaofw gikkfj gnwz algxfiwf nx gnwz fwgikizanl+ aw ofiwvxfj iggnxjalc zn alzfxlizanlik

gnluflzanl iw igzvik nvzzvxl gnwzw oalvw fwzaoizfj gnwzw al tfxgflzicf ne fwzaoizfj gnwzw, Igzvik gnwzw ixf jflfj

iw xfik+ iggnvlzfj gnlwzxvgzanl gnwzw jfzfxoalfj iz z`f zaof ne txnbfgz gnotkfzanl, Fwzaoizfj gnwzw ixf jflfj iw

hvjcfzfj+ nx enxfgiwzfj+ gnlwzxvgzanl gnwzw iz z`f zaof ne z`f jfgawanl zn hvakj, Enx xfiwnlw fptkialfj al Ekquhbfxc

fz ik, (8448! z`f cvxfw enx gnwz nufxxvl txfwflzfj `fxf ovwz hf gnlwajfxfj gnlwfxuizauf, Ajfikkq lilgalc gnwzw+

ntfxizalc gnwzw+ ilj oialzflilgf gnwzw snvkjikwn hf algkvjfj al i wzvjq ne gnwzw, Az aw jaegvkz+ `nsfufx+ zn lj uikaj+

xfkaihkf+ ilj gnotixihkf jizi nl z`fwf zqtfw ne gnwzw igxnww kixcf lvohfxw ne txnbfgzw, Enx jfziakw nl ofz`njnkncq+

wff Ekquhbfxc fz ik, (8448!,


4/24


Zihkf 82 Aliggvxigq al enxfgiwzw ne xiak tiwwflcfx ilj xnij ufàgkf zxieg

Zqtf ne txnbfgz Ln, ne giwfw Iuc, aliggvxigq & Wziljixj jfuaizanl

Xiak 86 69,: 80,9

Xnij 907 1,6 ::,7

sfxf nhzialihkf sfxf algkvjfj al z`f wzvjq,7 Enx xiak+ igzvik tiwwflcfx zxieg aw 69,: tfx gflz

knsfx zìl fwzaoizfj zxieg nl iufxicf, Zàw aw fyvauikflz zn il iufxicf nufxfwzaoizf al xiak

tiwwflcfx enxfgiwzw ne ln kfww zìl 946,5 tfx gflz, Z`f xfwvkz aw kixcf hflfz w`nxzeikkw enx

xiak, Enx xnijw+ igzvik ufàgkf zxieg aw nl iufxicf 1,6 tfx gflz àc`fx zìl enxfgiwzfj zxieg,

Sf wff zìz xiak tiwwflcfx enxfgiwzw ixf haiwfj+ s`fxfiw zàw aw kfww z`f giwf enx xnij zxieg

enxfgiwzw, Z`f jaeefxflgf hfzsffl xiak ilj xnij aw wzizawzagikkq waclagilz iz i àc` kfufk,

Icial z`f wziljixj jfuaizanlw ixf kixcf+ aljagizalc zìz enxfgiwzalc fxxnxw uixq sajfkq igxnww

txnbfgzw (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8446= Ekquhbfxc+ 8446h!,

Z`f enkknsalc nhwfxuizanlw `nkj enx zxieg jfoilj enxfgiwzw2

x 0: tfx gflz ne xiak tiwwflcfx enxfgiwzw ixf sxnlc hq onxf zìl 84 tfx gflz=x lalf nvz ne 94 xiak txnbfgzw ìuf nufxfwzaoizfj zxieg=x 64 tfx gflz ne xnij zxieg enxfgiwzw ixf sxnlc hq onxf zìl 84 tfx gflz=x z`f lvohfx ne xnijw saz` nufxfwzaoizfj ilj z`f lvohfx saz` vljfxfwzaoizfj zxieg aw

ihnvz z`f wiof=x aliggvxigq al zxieg enxfgiwzw aw envlj al z`f 9: lizanlw ilj uf gnlzalflzw gnufxfj hq

z`f wzvjq=x aliggvxigq aw gnlwzilz enx z`f 74/qfix tfxanj gnufxfj hq z`f wzvjq= enxfgiwzw ìuf lnz

aotxnufj nufx zaof,

Sf gnlgkvjf zìz ae zfg`layvfw ilj wmakkw enx ixxaualc iz iggvxizf gnwz ilj zxieg enxfgiwzw

ìuf aotxnufj nufx zaof+ z`fwf aotxnufoflzw ìuf lnz xfwvkzfj al il algxfiwf al z`f iggvxigqne enxfgiwzw,

Sf ikwn gnlgkvjf zìz gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw ixf i txnhkfo hfgivwf2 (a! z`fq

kfij zn i Tixfzn/alfegaflz ikkngizanl ne xfwnvxgfw+ a,f, siwzf= (aa! z`fq kfij zn jfkiqw ilj

evxz`fx gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw= (aaa! z`fq jfwzihakarf txnbfgz oilicfoflz= ilj

(au! z`f txnhkfo aw cfzzalc haccfx+ hfgivwf txnbfgzw cfz haccfx,

AAA, Aotkagizanlw enx gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw

Gnwzhflfz ilikqwfw ilj wngaik ilj fluaxnloflzik aotigz iwwfwwoflzw ixf zqtagikkq iz z`fgnxf ne jngvoflzizanl ilj jfgawanl/oimalc enx oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Wvg` ilikqwfw

ixf hiwfj nl gnwz ilj zxieg enxfgiwzw kamf z`nwf jfwgxahfj ihnuf, Hvz ae sf gnohalf z`f jizi

al Zihkfw 9 ilj 8+ sf wff zìz enx xiak il iufxicf gnwz nufxxvl ne ::,3 tfx gflz gnohalfw

7 Enkknsalc alzfxlizanlik gnluflzanl+aliggvxigq aw ofiwvxfj iw igzvik zxieg oalvw fwzaoizfj zxieg al tfxgflzicf

ne fwzaoizfj zxieg, Xiak zxieg aw ofiwvxfj iw lvohfx ne tiwwflcfxw= xnij zxieg iw lvohfx ne ufàgkfw, Z`f hiwf

qfix enx fwzaoizfj zxieg aw z`f qfix ne jfgawanl zn hvakj, Z`f enxfgiwzalc qfix aw z`f xwz evkk qfix ne ntfxizanlw, Zsn

wzizawzagik nvzkafxw ixf lnz algkvjfj `fxf, Enx jfziakw nl ofz`njnkncq+ wff Ekquhbfxc (8446h!,


5/24

7:0 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

saz` il iufxicf zxieg w`nxzeikk ne 69,: tfx gflz,: Enx xnijw+ il iufxicf gnwz nufxxvl ne

84,: tfx gflz gnohalfw saz` i ezqezq gìlgf zìz zxieg aw ikwn sxnlc hq onxf zìl

84 tfx gflz, Saz` fxxnxw ilj haiwfw ne wvg` oiclazvjf al z`f enxfgiwzw zìz enxo i hiwaw enx

gnwzhflfz ilikqwfw+ wvg` ilikqwfw sakk ikwn+ saz` i àc` jfcxff ne gfxzialzq+ hf wzxnlckq

oawkfijalc, Cixhicf al+ cixhicf nvz+ iw z`f wiqalc cnfw,

Iw i giwf al tnalz+ gnlwajfx z`f Gìllfk zvllfk+ z`f knlcfwz vljfxsizfx xiak zvllfk al

Fvxntf+ gnllfgzalc Exilgf ilj z`f VM, Zàw txnbfgz siw wnkj iw àc`kq hflfgaik hnz`

lilgaikkq ilj fgnlnoagikkq, Iz z`f alazaik tvhkag neefxalc+ Fvxnzvllfk+ z`f txauizf nslfx ne

z`f zvllfk+ kvxfj alufwznxw hq zfkkalc z`fo zìz 94 tfx gflz snvkj hf i xfiwnlihkf ikknsilgf

enx z`f tnwwahkf aotigz ne vlenxfwffl gaxgvowzilgfw nl gnlwzxvgzanl gnwzw,6 Al eigz+ gnwzw

sflz 04 tfx gflz nufx hvjcfz enx gnlwzxvgzanl ilj 9:4 tfx gflz enx lilgalc+ ofiwvxfj al xfik

zfxow exno z`f jfgawanl jizf, Xfuflvfw ìuf hffl ìke ne z`nwf enxfgiwzfj, Iw i gnlwfyvflgf

z`f txnbfgz ìw txnufj lnl/uaihkf+ saz` il alzfxlik xizf ne xfzvxl nl z`f alufwzoflz zìz

aw lfcizauf+ iz 9:,6 tfx gflz, @nsfufx gnluflaflz enx z`f vwfxw ne z`f wfxuagfs`n ixf

`fiuakq wvhwajarfjz`f Gìllfk zvllfk jfzxigzw exno z`f fgnlnoq alwzfij ne ijjalc zn az,

Il fgnlnoag ilj lilgaik fp tnwzfuikvizanl ne z`f txnbfgz+ sàg` wqwzfoizagikkq gnotixfjigzvik saz` enxfgiwzfj gnwzw ilj hflfzw+ gnlgkvjfj zìz z`f Hxazaw` Fgnlnoq snvkj ìuf

hffl hfzzfx nee ìj z`f Zvllfk lfufx hffl gnlwzxvgzfj (Ilcvfxi+ 8445+ t, 819!,

Hvz tfxìtw z`f Gìllfk zvllfk siw bvwz i tafgf ne hij kvgm> Tfxìtw z`f lfpz waoakix

txnbfgz jaj hfzzfx> Lnz wn, Z`f lfpz oibnx zvllfk siw z`f Jilaw` Cxfiz Hfkz xiak zvllfk+ z`f

wfgnlj/knlcfwz vljfxsizfx xiak zvllfk al Fvxntf+ ntflfj 7 qfixw iezfx z`f Gìllfk zvllfk,

@fxf gnlwzxvgzanl gnwz nufxxvl siw 984 tfx gflz al xfik zfxow+ ilj z`f txnbfgz txnufj lnl/

uaihkf fufl hfenxf az ntflfj, Nlkq hq gxnww/wvhwajaralc z`f zvllfk saz` xfuflvfw exno i

lfixhq onznxsiq hxajcf siw az tnwwahkf zn tiq enx z`f zvllfk, Jilaw` kfcawkiznxwilj z`f

cnufxloflz ilj z`f FV Gnooawwanlixf negaikkq icialwz gxnww/wvhwajafw, Hvz al zàw giwf

z`fq sfxf ìttq ilj yvagm zn vwf z`f xfofjq zn wsfft i oibnx fohixxiwwoflz vljfx z`f

gixtfz2 z`f eigz zìz igzvik hflfzw snvkj lfufx gnof fufl gknwf zn gnufxalc igzvik gnwzwenx z`f zvllfk+ ikz`nvc` ziptiqfxw ìj hffl znkj z`f fpigz nttnwazf s`fl z`fq sfxf iwmfj zn

vljfxsxazf z`f hakkanl/jnkkix jfhz ne z`f txnbfgz,

Z`f Gìllfk ilj Cxfiz Hfkz zvllfkw ixf hnz` fpiotkfw ne i t`flnoflnl A engvw nl hfkns2

wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz, Exno il fgnlnoag tnalz ne uafs z`f txnbfgzw w`nvkj lfufx ìuf hffl

hvakz+ iz kfiwz lnz al z`f enxo z`fq sfxf, Z`fq wvxuaufj hfgivwf hflfzgnwz xizanw txfwflzfj

zn alufwznxw ilj kfcawkiznxw sfxf `vcfkq alizfj+ jfkahfxizfkq nx lnz, Z`f VM+ Exilgf+ ilj

Jfloixm ixf xag` gnvlzxafw ilj gil ieenxj zn hvakj lilgaik ilj fgnlnoag jawiwzfxw kamf zàw,

Hvz az aw aotnxzilz zn vljfxwzilj zìz gnvlzxafw jn lnz hfgnof xag` hq jnalc wn, Z`fq jn wn

s`fl z`fq ìuf hfgnof xag`,

Az aw fiwq zn oimf knlc kawzw ne txnbfgzw saz` waoakix gnwz ilj.nx hflfz txnhkfow (Ekquhbfxc+

8446i!, Zn oflzanl nlkq i efs+ al Iofxagi Hnwznlw Hac Jac+ KIw wvhsiq+ Wil ExilgawgnwHiq Hxajcf+ Jflufxw lfs Alzfxlizanlik Iaxtnxz+ ilj z`f Lfs Snnjxns Sakwnl Hxajcf al

Siwàlcznl+ JG gnof zn oalj+ lnz zn wtfim ne z`f xfhvakjalc ne Axiy, Al Hxazial+ z`f Knljnl

Zvhf tvhkagtxauizf tixzlfxwàt+ z`f Sfwz Gniwz Oial Kalf vtcxijf+ z`f Xiakzxigm wgik

gnkkitwf+ z`f Oakkfllavo Jnof+ z`f Wgnzzaw` tixkaioflz hvakjalc+ z`f @vohfx Hxajcf+ ilj

z`f gnwz nufxxvlw nl z`f 8498 Knljnl Nkqotagw ìuf hffl oibnx hnnljncckfw, Nz`fx lizanlw+

ilj fufl gazafw+ ìuf z`fax nsl knlc kawzw ne vljfxtfxenxoalc txnbfgzw,

: Enx fig` ne 98 vxhil xiak txnbfgzw+ sf ìuf jizi enx hnz` gnwz nufxxvl ilj zxieg w`nxzeikk, Enx z`fwf txnbfgzw

iufxicf gnwz nufxxvl aw :4,7 tfx gflz= iufxicf zxieg w`nxzeikk aw :3,0 tfx gflz,6 Yvnzfj exno Vljfx Sizfx Nufx Hvjcfz+ Z`f Fgnlnoawz+ 3 Ngznhfx 9101+ 730,


6/24


Zàw jnfw lnz w`ns z`f vwfkfwwlfww ne gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw iw wvg`+ lffjkfww zn wiq, Hvz

ae alenxofj jfgawanlw ixf z`f cnik+ z`fl gnluflzanlik fp ilzf gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw ovwz hf

wvttkfoflzfj saz` fotaxagik fp tnwz xawm ilikqwaw engvwfj nl jngvoflzfj vlgfxzialzafw al

z`f fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw zìz flzfx alzn gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw, Enx i caufl oibnx

alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgz+ zàw snvkj gnlwzazvzf i malj ne fotaxagik jvf jakacflgf ne azw gnwz

hflfz ilikqwaw+ wnofzàlc zìz aw xixfkq gixxafj nvz znjiq,

Caufl z`f jizi txfwflzfj ihnuf+ i mfq xfgnoofljizanl enx jfgawanl/oimfxw+ alufwznxw+

ilj unzfxw s`n gixf ihnvz sìz Sakkaiow (9110! gikkw `nlfwz lvohfxw aw zìz z`fq w`nvkj

lnz zxvwz z`f hvjcfzw+ tizxnlicf enxfgiwzw+ ilj gnwzhflfz ilikqwfw txnjvgfj hq txnonzfxw

ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Aljftfljflz wzvjafw w`nvkj hf gixxafj nvz ilj+ icial+ wvg`

wzvjafw w`nvkj hf wzxnlc nl fotaxagikkq hiwfj xawm iwwfwwoflz, Vlzak lns az ìw hffl jaegvkz

nx aotnwwahkf zn gixxq nvz wvg` iwwfwwoflzw+ hfgivwf fotaxagikkq cxnvljfj ilj wzizawzagikkq

uikaj cvxfw ne xawm jaj lnz fpawz, Saz` z`f wzvjq jngvoflzfj ihnuf+ zàw ìw gìlcfj ilj

fotaxagik xawm iwwfwwoflz ilj oilicfoflz ìw hfcvl (Ekquhbfxc+ 8445!, Al ijjazanl zn wnvlj

jizi+ alwzazvzanlik g`fgmw ilj hikilgfw zìz snvkj flenxgf iggnvlzihakazq al igznxw znsixjw

xawm ixf ikwn lfgfwwixq+ iw sf sakk wff hfkns,Al fgnlnoagw+ kixcf aliggvxigafw al enxfgiwzalc ìuf xfgflzkq kfj zn jawgvwwanlw ne z`f

lfgfwwazq ne xalc z`f enxfgiwzfx (Imfxkne ilj Wàkkfx+ 8441+ t, 9:5!, Hfkns+ A ixcvf zìz zàw

oiq hf kfzzalc enxfgiwzfxw nee znn fiwakq, Wnof enxfgiwzw ixf wn cxnwwkq oawxftxfwflzfj zìz

sf lffj zn gnlwajfx lnz nlkq xalc z`f enxfgiwzfxw hvz wvalc z`fo+ znntfxìtw fufl ìualc

i efs wfxuf zaof,

AU, Fptkialalc gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw

Z`xff oial zqtfw ne fptkilizanl fpawz zìz gkiao zn iggnvlz enx gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfzw`nxzeikkw al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw2 zfg`lagik+ twqg`nkncagik+ ilj tnkazagik/fgnlnoag,

Zfg`lagik fptkilizanlw iggnvlz enx gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw al zfxow ne aotfxefgz

enxfgiwzalc zfg`layvfw+ alijfyvizf jizi+ `nlfwz oawzimfw+ al`fxflz txnhkfow al txfjagzalc z`f

evzvxf+ kigm ne fptfxaflgf nl z`f tixz ne enxfgiwzfxw+ fzg, Zàw aw z`f onwz gnoonl zqtf ne

fptkilizanl ne aliggvxigq al enxfgiwzw (Iwg`fx+ 9130= Onxxaw ilj @nvc`+ 9103= Sig`w+ 9114=

Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448+ 8446!, Zfg`lagik fxxnx oiq hf xfjvgfj nx fkaoalizfj hq jfufkntalc

hfzzfx enxfgiwzalc onjfkw+ hfzzfx jizi+ ilj onxf fptfxaflgfj enxfgiwzfxw+ iggnxjalc zn zàw

fptkilizanl,

Twqg`nkncagik fptkilizanlw iggnvlz enx gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw al zfxow ne

sìz twqg`nkncawzw gikk z`f tkillalc eikkigq ilj ntzaoawo haiw, Wvg` fptkilizanlw ìuf hffl

jfufkntfj hq Mi`lfoil ilj Zufxwmq (9131!= Mi`lfoil ilj Knuikkn (9117!+ ilj Knuikknilj Mi`lfoil (8447!, Al z`f cxat ne z`f tkillalc eikkigq+ oilicfxw oimf jfgawanlw hiwfj

nl jfkvwanlik ntzaoawo xiz`fx zìl nl i xizanlik sfac`zalc ne cialw+ knwwfw+ ilj txnhihakazafw,

Z`fq nufxfwzaoizf hflfzw ilj vljfxfwzaoizf gnwzw, Z`fq alunkvlzixakq wtal wgflixanw ne

wvggfww ilj nufxknnm z`f tnzflzaik enx oawzimfw ilj oawgikgvkizanlw, Iw i xfwvkz+ oilicfxw

tvxwvf alazaizaufw zìz ixf vlkamfkq zn gnof al nl hvjcfz nx nl zaof+ nx zn jfkaufx z`f fptfgzfj

xfzvxlw, Nufx/ntzaoawo gil hf zxigfj zn gnclazauf haiwfw+ zìz aw+ fxxnxw al z`f siq z`f oalj

txngfwwfw alenxoizanl, Z`fwf haiwfw ixf z`nvc`z zn hf vhayvaznvw+ hvz z`fax feefgzw gil hf

zfotfxfj hq waotkf xfikazq g`fgmw+ z`vw xfjvgalc z`f njjw zìz tfntkf ilj nxcilarizanlw sakk

xvw` hkaljkq alzn vltxnzihkf alufwzoflzw ne onlfq ilj zaof,


7/24

764 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Tnkazagik/fgnlnoag fptkilizanlw wff txnbfgz tkillfxw ilj txnonzfxw iw jfkahfxizfkq ilj

wzxizfcagikkq nufxfwzaoizalc hflfzw ilj vljfxfwzaoizalc gnwzw s`fl enxfgiwzalc z`f nvzgnofw

ne txnbfgzw, Z`fq jn zàw al nxjfx zn algxfiwf z`f kamfka`nnj zìz az aw z`fax txnbfgzw+ ilj lnz z`f

gnotfzazanlw+ zìz cial ittxnuik ilj evljalc, Tnkazagik/fgnlnoag fptkilizanlw ìuf hffl wfz

enxz` hq Ekquhbfxc fzik, (8448+ 8446! ilj Sig w (9101+ 9114!, Iggnxjalczn wvg` fptkilizanlw

tkillfxw ilj txnonzfxw tvxtnwfkq wtal wgflixanw ne wvggfww ilj cknww nufx z`f tnzflzaik enx

eiakvxf, Icial+ zàw xfwvkzw al z`f tvxwvaz ne uflzvxfw zìz ixf vlkamfkq zn gnof al nl hvjcfz

nx nl zaof+ nx zn jfkaufx z`f txnoawfj hflfzw, Wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl gil hf zxigfj zn

icflgq txnhkfow ilj tnkazagik ilj nxcilarizanlik txfwwvxfwenx alwzilgf+ gnotfzazanl enx

wgixgf evljw nx bngmfqalc enx tnwazanlilj az aw xizanlik al zàw wflwf, 5 Ae sf lns jflf i

kaf al z`f gnluflzanlik eiwànl iw oimalc i wzizfoflz alzfljfj zn jfgfauf nz`fxw (Hnm+ 9131+

t, 9:= Gkaeef fz ik,+ 8444+ t, 7!+ sf wff zìz jfkahfxizf oawxftxfwflzizanl ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw

aw kqalc+ ilj sf ixxauf iz nlf ne z`f onwz hiwag fptkilizanlw ne kqalc zìz fpawzw2 kqalc tiqw

nee nx+ iz kfiwz+ tnkazagik ilj fgnlnoag icflzw hfkafuf az jnfw, S`fxf z`fxf aw tnkazagik txfwwvxf

z`fxf aw oawxftxfwflzizanl ilj kqalc+ iggnxjalc zn zàw fptkilizanl+ hvz oawxftxfwflzizanl ilj

kqalc gil hf onjfxizfj hq ofiwvxfw ne iggnvlzihakazq,@ns sfkk jnfw fig` ne z`f z`xff fptkilizanlw ne enxfgiwzalc aliggvxigqzfg`lagik+ twqg`n/

kncagik+ ilj tnkazagik/fgnlnoagiggnvlz enx z`f jizi nl gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw

txfwflzfj fixkafx> Zàw aw z`f yvfwzanl zn hf ilwsfxfj hfkns,

Zfg`lagik fptkilizanlw ìuf+ iw oflzanlfj+ cialfj sajfwtxfij gxfjflgf ionlc enxfgiwzfxw

ilj txnbfgz oilicfxw (Iwg`fx+ 9130= Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448+ 8446!, Az zvxlw nvz+ `nsfufx+ zìz

wvg` gxfjflgf gnvkj oialkq hf vt`fkj hfgivwf+ vlzak lns+ wiotkfw ìuf hffl znn woikk zn

ikkns zfwzw hq wzizawzagik ofz`njw, Z`f jizi txfwflzfj ihnuf+ sàg` gnof exno z`f xwz kixcf/

wiotkf wzvjq al z`f fkj+ kfij vw zn xfbfgz zfg`lagik fptkilizanlw ne enxfgiwzalc aliggvxigq,

Wvg` fptkilizanlw jn lnz z z`f jizi sfkk, Eaxwz+ ae oawkfijalc enxfgiwzw sfxf zxvkq givwfj hq

zfg`lagik alijfyvigafw+ waotkf oawzimfw+ ilj al`fxflz txnhkfow saz txfjagzalc z`f evzvxf+ sf

snvkj fptfgz i kfww haiwfjjawzxahvzanlne fxxnxw al enxfgiwzw ixnvljrfxn, Al eigz+ sf ìuf envljsaz` àc` wzizawzagik waclagilgf zìz enx envx nvz ne uf jawzxahvzanlw ne enxfgiwzalc fxxnxw+

z`f jawzxahvzanlw ìuf i ofil wzizawzagikkq jaeefxflz exno rfxn, Nlkq z`f jizi enx aliggvxigq al

xnij zxieg enxfgiwzw ìuf i wzizawzagik jawzxahvzanl zìz wffow zn z saz` fptkilizanlw al zfxow

ne zfg`lagik enxfgiwzalc fxxnx, Wfgnlj+ ae aotfxefgz zfg`layvfw+ alijfyvizf jizi+ ilj kigm ne

fptfxaflgf sfxf z`f oial fptkilizanlw ne aliggvxigafw+ sf snvkj fptfgz il aotxnufoflz

al iggvxigq nufx zaof+ walgf al i txnefwwanlik wfzzalc fxxnxw ilj z`fax wnvxgfw snvkj hf

xfgnclarfj ilj ijjxfwwfj z`xnvc` z`f xflfoflz ne jizi gnkkfgzanl+ enxfgiwzalc ofz`njw+ fzg,

Wvhwzilzaik xfwnvxgfw ìuf+ al eigz+ hffl wtflz nufx wfufxik jfgijfw nl aotxnualc jizi ilj

ofz`njw, Wzakk nvx jizi w`ns zìz zàw iw ìj ln feefgz nl z`f iggvxigq ne enxfgiwzw, Zfg`lagik

eigznxw+ z`fxfenxf+ jn lnz ittfix zn fptkial z`f jizi, Az aw lnz wn/gikkfj enxfgiwzalc fxxnxw

nx z`fax givwfw zìz lffj fptkialalc, Az aw z`f eigz zìz+ al i kixcf oibnxazq ne giwfw+ gnwzwixf vljfxfwzaoizfj ilj hflfzw nufxfwzaoizfj, Sf oiq icxff saz` txntnlflzw ne zfg`lagik

fptkilizanlw zìz az aw+ enx fpiotkf+ aotnwwahkf zn txfjagz enx z`f aljauajvik txnbfgz fpigzkq

sàg` cfnkncagik+ fluaxnloflzik+ nx wiefzq txnhkfow sakk ittfix ilj oimf gnwzw wnix, Hvz

sf oialzial zìz az aw tnwwahkf zn txfjagz z`f xawm+ hiwfj nl fptfxaflgf exno nz`fx txnbfgzw+

zìzwnof wvg` txnhkfow sakk ìvlz i txnbfgz ilj `ns zàw sakk ieefgz gnwzw, Sf ikwn oialzial

5 Enx il alzfxtxfzizanl ne wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl al zfxow ne icflgq txnhkfow ilj xflz/wffmalc hfìuanvx+

wff Ekquhbfxc fz ik, (8441!,


8/24

Wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz2 s`q z`f snxwz alexiwzxvgzvxf cfzw hvakzilj sìz sf gil jn ihnvz az 769

zìz wvg` xawm gil ilj w`nvkj hf iggnvlzfj enx al enxfgiwzw ne gnwzw+ hvz zqtagikkq aw lnz, Enx

zfg`lagik fptkilizanlw zn hf uikaj+ z`fq snvkj ìuf zn fptkial s`q enxfgiwzw ixf wn gnlwawzflz

al aclnxalc gnwz ilj hflfz xawmw nufx zaof+ kngizanl+ ilj txnbfgz zqtf,

Twqg`nkncagik fptkilizanlw hfzzfx z z`f jizi, Z`f fpawzflgf ne ntzaoawo haiw al oilicfxw

ilj txnonzfxw snvkj xfwvkz al igzvik gnwzw hfalc àc`fx ilj igzvik hflfzw knsfx zìl z`nwf

enxfgiwzfj, Gnlwfyvflzkq+ z`f fpawzflgf ne ntzaoawo haiw snvkj hf ihkf zn iggnvlz+ al s`nkf

nx al tixz+ enx z`f tfgvkaix haiw envlj al onwz ne nvx jizi, Alzfxfwzalckq+ `nsfufx+ s`fl

qnv iwm enxfgiwzfxw ihnvz givwfw enx enxfgiwzalc aliggvxigafw al igzvik enxfgiwzw+ z`fq jn

lnz oflzanl ntzaoawo haiw iw i oial givwf ne aliggvxigq (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8446+ tt, 970

:4!, Zàw gnvkj ne gnvxwf hf hfgivwf ntzaoawo haiw aw vlgnlwganvw ilj z`vw lnz xffgzfj

hq enxfgiwzfxw, Iezfx ikk+ z`fxf aw i kixcf hnjq ne fptfxaoflzik fuajflgf enx z`f fpawzflgf

ne ntzaoawo haiw (Hvf`kfx fz ik,+ 911:= Hvf`kfx fz ik,+ 9113= Lfshq/Gkixm fz ik,+ 8448!,

@nsfufx+ z`f fptfxaoflzik jizi ixf oialkq exno waotkf+ lnl/txnefwwanlik wfzzalcw, Zàw aw i

txnhkfo enx twqg`nkncagik fptkilizanlw+ hfgivwf az xfoialw il ntfl yvfwzanl s`fz`fx z`fq

ixf cflfxik ilj ittkq hfqnlj wvg` waotkf wfzzalcw, Ntzaoawo haiw snvkj hf il aotnxzilz

ilj gxfjahkf fptkilizanl ne vljfxfwzaoizfj gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizfj hflfzw al alexiwzxvgzvxfenxfgiwzalc ae fwzaoizfw sfxf txnjvgfj hq alfptfxaflgfj enxfgiwzfxw+ a,f, tfxwnlw s`n sfxf

fwzaoizalc gnwzw ilj hflfzw enx z`f xwz nx wfgnlj zaof ilj s`n sfxf z`vw alfptfxaflgfj al

z`f xfikazafw ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf jfufkntoflz ilj sfxf lnz jxisalc nl z`f mlnskfjcf ilj

wmakkw ne onxf fptfxaflgfj gnkkficvfw, Wvg` wazvizanlw oiq fpawz ilj oiq fptkial aljauajvik

giwfw ne aliggvxigq, Hvz+ caufl z`f eigz zìz al onjfxl wngafzq az aw i jflalc gìxigzfxawzag

ne txnefwwanlik fptfxzawf zìz az aw gnlwzilzkq zfwzfjz xnvc` wgaflzag ilikqwaw+ gxazagik

iwwfwwoflz+ ilj tffx xfuafsal nxjfx zn xnnz nvz haiw ilj fxxnx+ az wffow vlkamfkq zìz i

s`nkf txnefwwanl ne enxfgiwzalc fptfxzw snvkj gnlzalvf zn oimf z`f wiof oawzimfw jfgijf

iezfx jfgijf alwzfij ne kfixlalc exno z`fax igzanlw, Kfixlalc snvkj xfwvkz al z`f xfjvgzanl+

ae lnz fkaoalizanl+ ne ntzaoawo haiw+ sàg` snvkj z`fl xfwvkz al fwzaoizfw hfgnoalc onxf

iggvxizf nufx zaof, Hvz nvx jizi gkfixkq w`ns zìz zàw ìw lnz ìttflfj, Z`f txnefwwanlne enxfgiwzfxw snvkj+ aljffj+ ìuf zn hf il ntzaoawzagilj lnl/txnefwwanlikcxnvt zn

mfft z`fax ntzaoawo haiw z`xnvc`nvz z`f 34/qfix tfxanj nvx wzvjq gnufxw enx gnwzw+ ilj z`f

74/qfix tfxanj gnufxfj enx tizxnlicf+ ilj lnz kfixl zìz z`fq sfxf jfgfaualc z`fowfkufw

ilj nz`fxw hq vljfxfwzaoizalc gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizalc hflfzw, Zàw snvkj iggnvlz enx

z`f jizi+ hvz aw lnz i gxfjahkf fptkilizanl, Z`fxfenxf+ nl z`f hiwaw ne nvx jizi+ sf ixf kfj

zn xfbfgz ntzaoawo haiw iw i txaoixq ilj walckf givwf ne gnwz vljfxfwzaoizanl ilj hflfz

nufxfwzaoizanl,

Ealikkq+ tnkazagik/fgnlnoag fptkilizanlw ilj wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl iggnvlz sfkk enx

z`f wqwzfoizag vljfxfwzaoizanl ne gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizanl ne hflfzw envlj al z`f jizi, I

wzxizfcag fwzaoizf ne gnwzw snvkj hf kns+ xfwvkzalc al gnwz nufxxvl+ s`fxfiw i wzxizfcag fwzaoizf

ne hflfzw snvkj hf àc`+ xfwvkzalc al hflfz w`nxzeikkw, I mfq yvfwzanl enx fptkilizanlw alzfxow ne wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl aw s`fz`fx fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw ixf alzflzanlikkq

haiwfj zn wfxuf z`f alzfxfwzw ne txnonzfxw al cfzzalc txnbfgzw wzixzfj, Zàw yvfwzanl xiawfw z`f

jaegvkz awwvf ne kqalc, Yvfwzanlw ne kqalc ixf lnznxanvwkq ìxj zn ilwsfx+ hfgivwf hq jflazanl

i kaf gnlwawzw al oimalc i wzizfoflz alzfljfj zn jfgfauf nz`fxw+ ilj al nxjfx zn fwzihkaw`

s`fz`fx kqalc ìw zimfl tkigf+ nlf ovwz z`fxfenxf mlns z`f alzflzanlw ne igznxw, Enx kfcik+

fgnlnoag+ onxik+ ilj nz`fx xfiwnlw+ ae txnonzfxw ilj oilicfxw ìuf alzflzanlikkq gnnmfj

fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw zn cfz i txnbfgz wzixzfj+ z`fq ixf vlkamfkq zn zfkk xfwfixg`fxw nx

nz`fxw enxoikkq zìz zàw aw z`f giwf, Jfwtazf wvg` txnhkfow+ zsn wzvjafw fpawz zìz wvggffjfj

al cfzzalc enxfgiwzfxw ilj oilicfxw zn zikm ihnvz wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl+ nlf exno z`f

VM (Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA+ 844:! ilj nlf exno z`f VWI (Sig`w+ 9114!,


9/24

768 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

U, Wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz

Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA (844:! alzfxuafsfj tvhkag negaikw+ tkillfxw+ ilj gnlwvkzilzw s`n

ìj hffl alunkufj al z`f jfufkntoflz ne kixcf VM zxilwtnxzizanl alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, I

tkillfx saz` i kngik zxilwtnxzizanl ivz`nxazq aw zqtagik ne `ns xfwtnljflzw fptkialfj z`f hiwag

ofgìlawo ne gnwz vljfxfwzaoizanl2

Qnv sakk nezfl iw i tkillfx mlns z`f xfik gnwzw, Qnv mlns zìz z`f hvjcfz aw znn kns

hvz az aw jaegvkz zn tiww wvg` i ofwwicf zn z`f gnvlwfkknxw ]tnkazagailw_ ilj z`f txauizf

igznxw, Z`fq mlns zìz àc` gnwzw xfjvgf z`f gìlgfw ne lizanlik evljalc,

Fptfxaflgfj txnefwwanlikw kamf z`f alzfxuafsff mlns zìz nvzzvxl gnwzw sakk hf àc`fx zìl

fwzaoizfj gnwzw+ hvz hfgivwf ne tnkazagik txfwwvxf zn wfgvxf evljalc enx txnbfgzw z`fq `nkj

higm zàw mlnskfjcf+ sàg` aw wffl iw jfzxaoflzik zn z`f nhbfgzauf ne nhzialalc evljalc,

Waoakixkq+ il alzfxuafsff fptkialfj z`f hiwag ofgìlawo ne hflfz nufxfwzaoizanl2

Z`f wqwzfo flgnvxicfw tfntkf zn engvw nl z`f hflfzwhfgivwf vlzak lns z`fxf ìwlnz hffl ovg` engvw nl z`f yvikazq ne xawm ilikqwaw ilj z`f xnhvwzlfww ]ne txnbfgzw_, Az aw

z`fxfenxf aotnxzilz enx txnbfgz txnonzfxw zn jfonlwzxizf ikk z`f hflfzw+ ikwn hfgivwf

z`f txnbfgz txnonzfxw mlns zìz z`fax txnbfgz aw vt icialwz nz`fx txnbfgzw ilj gnotfzalc

enx wgixgf xfwnvxgfw,

Gnotfzazanl hfzsffl txnbfgzw ilj ivz`nxazafw gxfizfw tnkazagik ilj nxcilarizanlik txfwwvxfw

zìz al zvxl gxfizf il algflzauf wzxvgzvxf zìz oimfw az xizanlik enx txnbfgz txnonzfxw zn

fotìwarf hflfzw ilj jf/fotìwarf gnwzw ilj xawmw, I txnbfgz zìz knnmw àc`kq hflfgaik

nl titfx aw onxf kamfkq zn cfz evljfj zìl nlf zìz jnfw lnz,

Wtfgaikarfj txauizf gnlwvkzilgq gnotilafw ixf zqtagikkq flcicfj zn `fkt jfufknt txnbfgz

txntnwikw, Al cflfxik+ z`f alzfxuafsffw envlj zìz gnlwvkzilzw w`nsfj àc` txnefwwanlikwziljixjw ilj alzfcxazq, Hvz alzfxuafsffw ikwn envlj zìz gnlwvkzilzw ittfixfj zn engvw nl

bvwzaeqalc txnbfgzw xiz`fx zìl gxazagikkq wgxvzalaralc z`fo, I txnbfgz oilicfx fptkialfj2

Onwz jfgflz gnlwvkzilzw sakk sxazf nee nhuanvwkq hij txnbfgzw hvz z`fxf aw i cxfq rnlf

ilj A zàlm oilq gnlwvkzilzw al xfikazq ìuf il algflzauf zn zxq zn txnknlc z`f kaef ne

txnbfgzw sàg` ofilw zn cfz z`fo z`xnvc` z`f hvwalfww giwf, Az aw al kalf saz` z`fax lffj

zn oimf i txnz,

Z`f gnlwvkzilzw alzfxuafsfj gnlxofj zìz ittxiawikw nezfl engvwfj onxf nl hflfzw zìl

nl gnwzw, Hvz z`fq wiaj z aw siw iz z`f xfyvfwz ne gkaflzw ilj zìz enx wtfgag txnbfgzw jawgvwwfj

z`fxf siw il algxfjahkf xvw` zn wff txnbfgzw xfikarfj,

Nlf zqtagik alzfxuafsff wis txnbfgz ittxnuik iw tiwwalc z`f zfwz ilj txfgawfkq wvoofjvt z`f xvkfw ne z`f ciof kamf zàw2 Azw ikk ihnvz tiwwalc z`f zfwz ]ne txnbfgz ittxnuik_, Qnv ixf

al+ s`fl qnv ixf al, Az ofilw zìz z`fxf aw wn ovg` engvw nl w`nsalc z`f txnbfgz iz azw hfwz iz

zàw wzicf,

Al wvo+ z`f VM wzvjq w`nsw zìz wzxnlc alzfxfwzw ilj wzxnlc algflzaufw fpawz iz z`f txnbfgz/

ittxnuik wzicf zn txfwflz txnbfgzw iw eiunvxihkq iw tnwwahkfz iz aw+ saz hflfzw fotìwarfj

ilj gnwzw ilj xawmw jf/fotìwarfj, Kngik ivz`nxazafw+ kngik jfufkntfxw ilj kilj nslfxw+ kngik

kihnvx vlanlw+ kngik tnkazagailw+ kngik negaikw+ kngik OTw+ ilj gnlwvkzilzw ikk wzilj zn hflfz

exno i txnbfgz zìz knnmw eiunvxihkf nl titfx ilj z`fq ìuf kazzkf algflzauf igzaufkq zn iunaj

haiw al fwzaoizfw ne hflfzw+ gnwzw+ ilj xawmw, Lizanlik hnjafw+ wvg` iw gfxzial tixzw ne z`f

Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz ilj z`f Oalawzxq ne Ealilgf s`n evlj ilj nufxwff txnbfgzw+ oiq


10/24


ìuf il alzfxfwz al onxf xfikawzag ittxiawikw+ hvz wn eix z`fq ìuf ìj kazzkf wvggfww al igàfualc

wvg` xfikawo+ ikz`nvc` z`f wazvizanl oiq hf gìlcalc saz` z`f alazaizaufw zn gvxh haiw wfz nvz

al @O Zxfiwvxq (8447! ilj VM Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz (8445!,

Sig`w (9105+ 9114! envlj waoakix xfwvkzw enx zxilwaz tkillalc al z`f VWI, Zimfl zncfz`fx+

z`f VM ilj VW wzvjafw hnz` iggnvlz sfkk enx fpawzalc jizi nl gnwz vljfxfwzaoizanl ilj

hflfz nufxfwzaoizanl, Hnz` wzvjafw eikwaeq z`f lnzanl zìz al wazvizanlw saz` àc` tnkazagik

ilj nxcilarizanlik txfwwvxf z`f vljfxfwzaoizanl ne gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizanl ne hflfzw aw

givwfj hq lnl/alzflzanlik zfg`lagik fxxnx nx ntzaoawo haiw, Hnz` wzvjafw wvttnxz z`f uafs

zìz al wvg` wazvizanlw txnonzfxw ilj enxfgiwzfxw alzflzanlikkq vwf z`f enkknsalc enxovki al

nxjfx zn wfgvxf ittxnuik ilj evljalc enx z`fax txnbfgzw2

vljfxfwzaoizfj gnwzw- nufxfwzaoizfj hflfzw ? evljalc

Vwalc zàw enxovki+ ilj z`vw w`nsalc z`f txnbfgz iz azw hfwz iw nlf alzfxuafsff wiaj ihnuf+

xfwvkzw al il alufxzfj Jixsalawo+ a,f z`f wvxuauik ne z`f vlzzfwz, Az aw lnz z`f hfwz txnbfgzw

zìz cfz aotkfoflzfj+ hvz z`f txnbfgzw zìz knnm hfwz nl titfx, Ilj z`f txnbfgzw zìz knnm

hfwz nl titfx ixf z`f txnbfgzw saz` z`f kixcfwz gnwz vljfxfwzaoizfw ilj hflfz nufxfwzaoizfw+nz`fx zàlcw hfalc fyvik, Hvz z`f kixcfx z`f gnwz vljfxfwzaoizf nl titfx+ z`f cxfizfx z`f

gnwz nufxxvl al txigzagf, Ilj z`f kixcfx z`f nufxfwzaoizf ne hflfzw+ z`f cxfizfx z`f hflfz

w`nxzeikk, Z`fxfenxf z`f txnbfgzw zìz ìuf hffl oijf zn knnm hfwz nl titfx al zàw oillfx

hfgnof z`f snxwz+ nx vlzzfwz+ txnbfgzw al xfikazq+ al z`f wflwf zìz z`fq ixf z`f ufxq txnbfgzw

zìz sakk flgnvlzfx onwz txnhkfow jvxalc gnlwzxvgzanl ilj ntfxizanlw al zfxow ne z`f kixcfwz

gnwz nufxxvlw+ hflfz w`nxzeikkw+ ilj xawmw ne lnl/uaihakazq, Z`fq ìuf hffl jfwaclfj kamf zìz+

iw jawiwzfxw siazalc zn ìttfl,

UA, Z`f nvzwajf uafs

S`fl gnlzfotkizalc sìz txnbfgz oilicfxw gil jn zn `fkt xfenxo gnof ihnvz+ sf lffj zn

jawzalcvaw` hfzsffl zsn evljioflzikkq jaeefxflz wazvizanlw2 (a! txnbfgz oilicfxw gnlwajfx az

aotnxzilz zn cfz fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw+ hflfzw+ ilj xawmw xac`z= ilj (aa! txnbfgz oilicfxw jn

lnz gnlwajfx az aotnxzilz zn cfz fwzaoizfw xac`z+ hfgivwf ntzaoawzag fwzaoizfw ixf wffl iw i

lfgfwwixq ofilw zn cfzzalc txnbfgzw wzixzfj, Z`f xwz wazvizanl aw z`f fiwafx nlf zn jfik saz`

ilj+ `fxf+ hfzzfx ofz`njnkncq sakk cn i knlc siq al aotxnualc txnbfgz oilicfoflz, Z`f

wfgnlj wazvizanl aw onxf jaegvkz+ ilj onxf gnoonl enx tnkazagik txnbfgzw iw sf wis ihnuf,

@fxf+ hfzzfx cnufxlilgf saz` gìlcfj algflzaufw aw fwwflzaik al nxjfx zn xfsixj `nlfwzq ilj

tvlaw` jfgftzanl+ s`fxf znjiqw algflzaufw nezfl jn z`f fpigz nttnwazf,

Z`vw zsn oial ofiwvxfw ne xfenxo ixf (a! hfzzfx ofz`njw enx fwzaoizalc gnwzw+ hflfzw+ilj xawmw+ ilj (aa! aotxnufj cnufxlilgf, Hfzzfx ofz`njw ixf gnufxfj al zàw wfgzanl+ aotxnufj

cnufxlilgf al z`f lfpz,

Ae txnbfgz oilicfxw cflvalfkq gnlwajfx az aotnxzilz zn cfz fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw+ hflfzw+

ilj xawmw xac`z+ az aw xfgnoofljfj z`fq vwf i txnoawalc lfs ofz`nj gikkfj xfefxflgf

gkiww enxfgiwzalc zn xfjvgf aliggvxigq ilj haiw, Zàw ofz`nj siw nxacalikkq jfufkntfj zn

gnotflwizf enx z`f zqtf ne gnclazauf haiw al `voil enxfgiwzalc zìz Txalgfznl twqg`nkncawz

Jilafk Mi`lfoil envlj al àw Lnhfk txarf/sallalc snxm nl haiw al fgnlnoag enxfgiwzalc

(Mi`lfoil+ 911:= Mi`lfoil ilj Zufxwmq+ 9131!, Xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc ìw txnufl

onxf iggvxizf zìl gnluflzanlik enxfgiwzalc, Az siw vwfj al txnbfgz oilicfoflz al txigzagf

enx z`f xwz zaof al 844: (Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA+ 844:!= al 8446 z`f ofz`nj siw negaikkq


11/24

76: Hflz Ekquhbfxc

fljnxwfj hq z`f Iofxagil Tkillalc Iwwngaizanl (8446!= ilj walgf z`fl az ìw hffl vwfj

hq cnufxloflzw ilj txauizf gnotilafw al z`f VM+ z`f Lfz`fxkiljw+ Jfloixm+ Wsazrfxkilj+

Ivwzxikai+ ilj Wnvz` Iexagi+ ionlc nz`fxw,

Enx xfiwnlw ne wtigf+ `fxf A txfwflz nlkq il nvzkalf ne z`f ofz`nj+ hiwfj oialkq nl Knuikkn

ilj Mi`lfoil (8447! ilj Ekquhbfxc (8445!, Xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc gnlwawzw al zimalc

i wn/gikkfj nvzwajf uafs nl z`f tixzagvkix txnbfgz hfalc enxfgiwzfj, Z`f nvzwajf uafs aw

fwzihkaw`fj nl z`f hiwaw ne alenxoizanl exno i gkiww ne waoakix txnbfgzw, Z`f nvzwajf uafs

jnfw lnz zxq zn enxfgiwz z`f wtfgag vlgfxzial fuflzw zìz sakk ieefgz z`f tixzagvkix txnbfgz+ hvz

alwzfij tkigfw z`f txnbfgz al i wzizawzagik jawzxahvzanl ne nvzgnofw exno zàw gkiww ne xfefxflgf

txnbfgzw, Xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc xfyvaxfw z`f enkknsalc z`xff wzftw enx z`f aljauajvik

txnbfgz2

(a! ajflzagizanl ne i xfkfuilz xfefxflgf gkiww ne tiwz txnbfgzw, Z`f gkiww ovwz hf hxnij

flnvc` zn hf wzizawzagikkq ofilalcevk hvz lixxns flnvc` zn hf zxvkq gnotixihkf saz`

z`f wtfgag txnbfgz=

(aa! fwzihkaw alc i txnhihakazq jawzxahvzanl enx z`f wfkfgzfj xfefxflgf gkiww, Zàw xfyvaxfw ig/gfww zn gxfjahkf+ fotaxagik jizi enx i wvegaflz lvohfx ne txnbfgzw sazàl z`f xfefxflgf

gkiww zn oimf wzizawzagikkq ofilalcevk gnlgkvwanlw= ilj

(aaa! gnotixalc z`f wtfgag txnbfgz saz z`f xfefxflgf gkiww jawzxahvzanl+ al nxjfx zn fwzihkaw`

z`f onwz kamfkq nvzgnof enx z`f wtfgag txnbfgz,

Jilafk Mi`lfoil xfkizfw z`f enkknsalc wznxq ihnvz gvxxagvkvo tkillalc zn akkvwzxizf xfefxflgf

gkiww enxfgiwzalc al txigzagf(Knuikkn iljMi`lfoil+ 8447+ t, 59!, Wnof qfixw icn+ Mi`lfoil

siw alunkufj al i txnbfgz zn jfufknt i gvxxagvkvo enx i lfs wvhbfgz ixfi enx àc` wg`nnkw al

Awxifk, Z`f txnbfgz siw gixxafj nvz hq i zfio ne igijfoagw ilj zfig`fxw, Al zaof+ z`f zfio

hfcil zn jawgvww `ns knlc z`f txnbfgz snvkj zimf zn gnotkfzf, Fufxqnlf nl z`f zfio siw

iwmfj zn sxazf nl i wkat ne titfx z`f lvohfx ne onlz`w lffjfj zn law` ilj xftnxz z`f txnbfgz,

Z`f fwzaoizfw xilcfj exno 90 zn 74 onlz`w, Nlf ne z`f zfio ofohfxwi jawzalcvaw`fjfptfxz al gvxxagvkvo jfufkntoflzsiw z`fl tnwfj i gìkkflcf hq ilnz`fx zfio ofohfx zn

xfgikk iw oilq txnbfgzw waoakix zn z`faxw iw tnwwahkf ilj zn zàlm ne z`fwf txnbfgzw iw z`fq

sfxf al i wzicf gnotixihkf zn z`fax txnbfgz, @ns knlc jaj az zimf z`fo iz zìz tnalz zn xfig`

gnotkfzanl>+ z`f fptfxz siw iwmfj, Iezfx i s akf `f ilwsfxfj+ saz wnof jawgnoenxz+ zìz lnz

ikk z`f gnotixihkf zfiow `f gnvkj zàlm ne fufx jaj gnotkfzf z`fax ziwm, Ihnvz :4 tfx gflz ne

z`fo fuflzvikkq ciuf vt, Ne z`nwf xfoialalc+ z`f fptfxz gnvkj lnz z alm ne ilq zìz gnotkfzfj

z`fax ziwm al kfww zìl 3 qfixw+ lnx ne ilq zìz znnm onxf zìl zfl, Z`f fptfxz siw z`fl iwmfj

ae `f ìj xfiwnl zn hfkafuf zìz z`f txfwflz zfio siw onxf wmakkfj al gvxxagvkvo jfufkntoflz

zìl z`f fixkafx nlfw ìj hffl, Z`f fptfxz wiaj ln+ `f jaj lnz wff ilq xfkfuilz eigznx zìz

jawzalcvaw`fj zàw zfio eiunvxihkq exno z`f zfiow `f ìj hffl zàlmalc ihnvz, @aw aotxfwwanl

siw zìz z`f txfwflz zfio siw wkac`zkq hfkns iufxicf al zfxow ne xfwnvxgfw ilj tnzflzaik, Z`fsawf jfgawanl iz zàw tnalz snvkj txnhihkq ìuf hffl enx z`f zfio zn hxfim vt+ iggnxjalc zn

Mi`lfoil, Alwzfij+ z`f ofohfxw aclnxfj z`f tfwwaoawzag alenxoizanl ilj txngffjfj saz`

z`f txnbfgz, Z`fq likkq gnotkfzfj z`f txnbfgz 0 qfixw kizfx+ ilj z`fax feenxzw sflz kixcfkq

siwzfjz`f xfwvkzalc gvxxagvkvo siw xixfkq vwfj,

Al zàw fpiotkf+ z`f gvxxagvkvo fptfxz oijf zsn enxfgiwzw enx z`f wiof txnhkfo ilj

ixxaufj iz ufxq jaeefxflz ilwsfxw, Z`f xwz enxfgiwz siw z`f alwajf uafs= z`f wfgnlj siw z`f

nvzwajf uafs+ nx z`f xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwz, Z`f alwajf uafs aw z`f nlf zìz z`f fptfxz ilj z`f

nz`fx zfio ofohfxw ijntzfj, Z`fq oijf enxfgiwzw hq engvwalc zac`zkq nl z`f giwf iz ìlj+

gnlwajfxalc azw nhbfgzauf+ z`f xfwnvxgfw z`fq hxnvc`z zn az+ ilj z`f nhwzigkfw zn azw gnotkfzanl,

Z`fq gnlwzxvgzfj al z`fax oaljw wgflixanw ne z`fax gnoalc txncxfww ilj fpzxitnkizfj gvxxflz


12/24


Eacvxf 92 Sìz xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc jnfw+ al wzizawzagailw kilcvicf

zxfljw alzn z`f evzvxf, Z`f xfwvkzalc enxfgiwzw+ fufl z`f onwz gnlwfxuizauf nlfw+ sfxf nufxkq

ntzaoawzag, Z`f nvzwajf uafs aw z`f nlf txnunmfj hq z`f yvfwzanl zn z`f gvxxagvkvo fptfxz, Azgnotkfzfkq aclnxfj z`f jfziakw ne z`f txnbfgz iz ìlj+ ilj az alunkufj ln izzfotz iz enxfgiwzalc

z`f fuflzw zìz snvkj alvflgf z`f txnbfgzw evzvxf gnvxwf, Alwzfij+ az fpioalfj z`f fptfxaflgfw

ne i gkiww ne waoakix txnbfgzw+ kiaj nvz i xnvc` jawzxahvzanl ne nvzgnofw enx zàw xfefxflgf gkiww+

ilj z`fl tnwazanlfj z`f gvxxflz txnbfgz al zìz jawzxahvzanl, Z`f xfwvkzalc enxfgiwz+ iw az zvxlfj

nvz+ siw ovg` onxf iggvxizf,

Eacvxf 9 w`nsw sìz xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc jnfw al wzizawzagailw kilcvicf, Eaxwz+ xfefx/

flgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc xfcxfwwfw z`f hfwz cvfww ne z`f gnluflzanlik enxfgiwz`fxf z`f txnbfgz

txnonzfxw enxfgiwz+ aljagizfj hq z`f jixmfx gvxufznsixjw z`f iufxicf ne z`f xfefxflgf gkiww,

Z`f jawzxahvzanl ne nvzgnofw al z`f xfefxflgf gkiww aw aljagizfj hq z`f kac`zfx gvxuf, Wfgnlj+

xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc fptiljw z`f fwzaoizf ne alzfxuik al z`f gnluflzanlik enxfgiwz zn

z`f alzfxuik ne z`f xfefxflgf gkiww,Saz` il fpiotkf exno alexiwzxvgzvxf txnuawanl+ tkillfxw al i gazq txftixalc zn hvakj i

lfs wvhsiq snvkj+ xwz+ fwzihkaw` i xfefxflgf gkiww ne gnotixihkf txnbfgzw, Zàw gnvkj hf

z`f xfkfuilz xiak txnbfgzw exno z`f wiotkf jfwgxahfj al Zihkf 9, Z`xnvc` wzizawzagik ilj nz`fx

ilikqwfw z`f tkillfxw snvkj fwzihkaw` sàg` txnbfgzw zn algkvjf al z`f xfefxflgf gkiww+ a,f,

txnbfgzw zìz sfxf+ aljffj+ gnotixihkf zn z`f nlf hfalc tkillfj ilj zn fig` nz`fx, Wfgnlj+

ae z`f tkillfxw sfxf gnlgfxlfj+ enx fpiotkf+ saz` cfzzalc gnlwzxvgzanl gnwz fwzaoizfw xac`z+

z`fq snvkj z`fl fwzihkaw` z`f jawzxahvzanl ne nvzgnofw enx z`f xfefxflgf gkiww xfcixjalc z`f

iggvxigq ne gnlwzxvgzanl gnwz enxfgiwzw, Eacvxf 8 w`nsw sìz zàw jawzxahvzanl knnmw kamf enx

i xfefxflgf gkiww xfkfuilz zn hvakjalc wvhsiqw al z`f VM+ jfufkntfj hq Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA

(844:+ t, 87! enx z`f VM Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz, Zàxj+ z`f tkillfxw snvkj gnotixf z`fax

wvhsiq txnbfgz zn z`f xfefxflgf gkiww jawzxahvzanl, Zàw snvkj oimf az gkfix zn z`f tkillfxw zìzvlkfww z`fq ìuf xfiwnl zn hfkafuf z`fq ixf wvhwzilzaikkq hfzzfx enxfgiwzfxw ilj tkillfxw zìl

z`fax gnkkficvfw s`n jaj z`f enxfgiwzw ilj tkillalc enx txnbfgzw al z`f xfefxflgf gkiww+ z`fq

ixf kamfkq cxnwwkq zn vljfxfwzaoizf gnlwzxvgzanl gnwzw, Ealikkq+ tkillfxw snvkj z`fl vwf zàw

mlnskfjcf zn ijbvwz z`fax enxfgiwzw enx onxf xfikawo, Eacvxf 7 w`nsw sìz wvg` ijbvwzoflzw

ixf enx z`f VM wazvizanl, Onxf wtfgagikkq+ Eacvxf 7 w`nsw zìz enx i enxfgiwz ne gnlwzxvgzanl

gnwzw enx i xiak txnbfgz+ sàg` ìw hffl tkillfj al z`f oillfx zìz wvg` txnbfgzw ixf vwvikkq

tkillfj (a,f, kamf z`f txnbfgzw al z`f xfefxflgf gkiww!+ zàw enxfgiwz snvkj ìuf zn hf ijbvwzfj

vtsixjw hq :4 tfx gflz+ ae alufwznxw sfxf sakkalc zn iggftz i xawm ne gnwz nufxxvl ne 64 tfx gflz,

Ae alufwznxw sfxf sakkalc zn iggftz i xawm ne nufxxvl ne nlkq 94 tfx gflz+ z`f vtkaez snvkj ìuf

zn hf 50 tfx gflz, Enx i xiak txnbfgz alazaikkq fwzaoizfj iz+ wiq : hakkanl+ z`f vtkaezw enx z`f


13/24

765 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Eacvxf 82 Aliggvxigq ne gnlwzxvgzanl gnwz enxfgiwzw enx xiak txnbfgzw al xfefxflgf gkiww (iufxicf

gnwz algxfiwf aw aljagizfj enx lnl/VM ilj VM txnbfgzw+ wftixizfkq= gnlwzilz txagfw!

Wnvxgf2 Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA (844:!,

64 ilj 94 tfx gflz kfufkw ne xawm ne gnwz nufxxvl snvkj hf 9,5 hakkanl ilj 8,3 hakkanl+

xfwtfgzaufkq,

Z`f xwz alwzilgf ne xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc al txigzagf siw jnlf al 844: enx gitazik

gnwzw ne z`f txntnwfj Fjalhvxc` Zxio Kalf 8 (Ekquhbfxc+ 8445!, Il alazaik gnwz fwzaoizf

ne 784o oijf hq tkillfxw siw ijbvwzfj enx ntzaoawo haiw ilj iggftzihkf xawm+ vwalc z`f

txnhihakazq jawzxahvzanl al Eacvxf 7, Zàw xfwvkzfj al i lfs gnwz fwzaoizf ne :44o+ algkvjalc

gnlzalcflgafw zn alwvxf icialwz gnwz nufxxvlw iz z`f 04 tfx gflz kfufk+ a,f, saz` i 84 tfx gflz xawmne nufxxvl, Ae z`f Wgnzzaw` Tixkaioflz+ sàg` siw vljfxsxazalc z`f alufwzoflz+ sfxf sakkalc

zn iggftz i xawm ne nufxxvl ne 64 tfx gflz+ z`fl z`f gnwz fwzaoizf algkvjalc gnlzalcflgafw gnvkj

hf knsfxfj zn 763o, Alwvxilgf aw fptflwauf+ `fxf iw fkwfs`fxf+ ilj z`f oixcalik gnwz ne

alwvxilgf icialwz gnwz nufxxvlw algxfiwfw iw z`f kfufk ne iggftzihkf xawm jfgxfiwfw+ iw wffl al

Eacvxf 7, Walgf z`f Fjalhvxc` Zxio+ oilq nz`fx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw ìuf hffl wvhbfgzfj

zn xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc+ Gxnwwxiak al Knljnl hfalc z`f onwz fptflwauf iz i gnwz ne

95 hakkanl (*87 hakkanl!,

Z`f gnlzxiwz hfzsffl alwajf ilj nvzwajf uafsw ìw hffl gnlxofj hq wqwzfoizag xfwfixg`

(Caknuag` fz ik,+ 8448!, Z`f xfwfixg` w`nsw zìz s`fl tfntkf ixf iwmfj waotkf yvfwzanlw

xfyvaxalc z`fo zn zimf il nvzwajf uafs+ z`fax enxfgiwzw hfgnof waclagilzkq onxf iggvxizf,


14/24


Eacvxf 72 Xfyvaxfj ijbvwzoflzw zn gnwz fwzaoizfw enx VM xiak txnbfgzw iw evlgzanl ne z`f oipa/

ovo iggftzihkf kfufk ne xawm enx gnwz nufxxvl (gnlwzilz txagfw!

Wnvxgf2 Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA (844:!,

@nsfufx+ onwz aljauajvikw ilj nxcilarizanlw ixf algkalfj zn ijntz z`f alwajf uafs al tkillalc

oibnx alazaizaufw, Zàw aw z`f gnluflzanlik ilj alzvazauf ittxnig`, Z`f zxijazanlik siq zn zàlm

ihnvz i gnotkfp txnbfgz aw zn engvw nl z`f txnbfgz azwfke ilj azw jfziakw+ zn hxalc zn hfix

sìz nlf mlnsw ihnvz az+ tiqalc wtfgaik izzflzanl zn azw vlayvf nx vlvwvik efizvxfw+ zxqalc zn

txfjagz z`f fuflzw zìz sakk alvflgf azw evzvxf, Z`f z`nvc`z ne cnalc nvz ilj ciz`fxalc waotkfwzizawzagw ihnvz xfkizfj giwfw wfkjno flzfxw i oilicfxw oalj, Zàw aw z`f giwf al cflfxik+

iggnxjalc zn Knuikkn ilj Mi`lfoil (8447+ tt, 598!, Ilj az aw gfxzialkq z`f giwf enx gnwz

ilj hflfz enxfgiwzalc al kixcf alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Jfwtazf z`f oilq enxfgiwzw oq zfio

ilj A ìuf xfuafsfj+ hfenxf z`f Fjalhvxc` Zxio enxfgiwz+ sàg` aw hiwfj nl nvx xfwfixg`+ sf

ìj lnz gnof igxnww i walckf cflvalf xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwz ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw, Lfaz`fx

ìj Jilafk Mi`lfoil+ s`n xwz gnlgfaufj z`f ajfi ne z`f xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwz,

Sàkf vljfxwziljihkf+ oilicfxw txfefxflgf enx z`f alwajf uafs nufx z`f nvzwajf uafs aw

vlenxzvlizf, S`fl hnz` enxfgiwzalc ofz`njw ixf ittkafj saz` fyvik wmakk+ z`f nvzwajf uafs aw

ovg` onxf kamfkq zn txnjvgf i xfikawzag fwzaoizf, Zìz aw hfgivwf az hqtiwwfw gnclazauf ilj

tnkazagik haiwfw+ wvg` iw ntzaoawo haiw ilj wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl ilj gvzw jaxfgzkq zn

nvzgnofw, Al z`f nvzwajf uafs oilicfxw ilj enxfgiwzfxw ixf lnz xfyvaxfj zn oimf wgflixanw+aoicalf fuflzw+ nx civcf z`fax nsl ilj nz`fxw kfufkw ne ihakazq ilj gnlzxnk+ wn z`fq gillnz

cfz ikk z`fwf zàlcw sxnlc, Wvxfkq z`f nvzwajf uafs+ hfalc hiwfj nl àwznxagik txfgfjflz+ oiq

eiak zn txfjagz fpzxfof nvzgnofw+ zìz aw+ z`nwf zìz kaf nvzwajf ikk àwznxagik txfgfjflzw, Hvz

enx onwz txnbfgzw+ z`f nvzwajf uafs sakk txnjvgf onxf iggvxizf xfwvkzw, Al gnlzxiwz+ i engvw nl

alwajf jfziakw aw z`f xnij zn aliggvxigq,

Z`fgnotixizauf ijuilzicfne z`f nvzwajf uafs aw onwz txnlnvlgfj enx lnl/xnvzalf txnbfgzw+

vljfxwznnj iw txnbfgzw zìz oilicfxw al i gfxzial kngikf ìuf lfufx izzfotzfj hfenxfwvg` iw

hvakjalc il vxhil xiak wqwzfo al i gazq enx z`f xwz zaof+ nx kivlgàlc i gnotkfzfkq lfs txnjvgz

zn z`f oixmfz, Az aw al z`f tkillalc ne wvg` lfs feenxzw zìz z`f haiwfw znsixj ntzaoawo ilj

wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl ixf kamfkq zn hf kixcfwz, Zn hf wvxf+ g`nnwalc z`f xac`z xfefxflgf


15/24

760 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

gkiww ne gnotixizauf tiwz txnbfgzw hfgnofw onxf jaegvkz s`fl oilicfxw ixf enxfgiwzalc

alazaizaufw enx sàg` txfgfjflzw ixf lnz fiwakq envlj+ enx alwzilgf z`f alzxnjvgzanl ne lfs ilj

vleioakaix zfg`lnkncafw, @nsfufx+ oilq oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw ixf hnz` lnl/xnvzalf

kngikkq ilj vwf sfkk/mlnsl zfg`lnkncafw, Wvg` txnbfgzw ixf+ z`fxfenxf+ tixzagvkixkq kamfkq zn

hflfz exno z`f nvzwajf uafs ilj xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc,

UAA, Cfzzalc cnufxlilgf xac`z

Al zàw wfgzanl sf gnlwajfx z`f wazvizanl s`fxf txnbfgz oilicfxw ilj nz`fx alvflzaik igznxw

jn lnz lj az aotnxzilz zn cfz fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw+ hflfzw+ ilj xawmw xac`z ilj s`fxf oilicfxw+

z`fxfenxf+ jn lnz `fkt zn gkixaeq ilj oazacizf xawmw hvz+ alwzfij+ cflfxizf ilj fpigfxhizf z`fo,

@fxf txnbfgz oilicfxw ixf tixz ne z`f txnhkfo+ lnz z`f wnkvzanl,

Zàw wazvizanl oiq lffj wnof fptkagizanl+ hfgivwf az oiq wnvlj zn oilq kamf il vlkamfkq

wzizf ne ieeiaxw, Iezfx ikk+ az oiq hf icxffj zìz txnbfgz oilicfxw ilj nz`fx txnefwwanlikw al/unkufj al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnuawanl nvc`z zn hf alzfxfwzfj al hfalc iggvxizf ilj vlhaiwfj

al z`fax snxm, Az aw fufl wzizfj al z`f Txnbfgz Oilicfoflz Alwzazvzf (TOA!w Gnjf ne Fzàgw ilj

Txnefwwanlik Gnljvgz (TOA+ 8445+ tt, :+ 6! zìz txnbfgz oilicfxw w`nvkj txnuajf iggvxizf

alenxoizanl al i zaofkq oillfx ilj z`fq ovwz lnz flcicf al nx gnljnlf hfìuanvx zìz aw

jfwaclfj zn jfgfauf nz`fxw, Fgnlnoawzw+ flcalffxw+ tkillfxw+ ilj nz`fxw alunkufj al oibnx

alexiwzxvgzvxf txnuawanl ìuf waoakix gnjfw ne gnljvgz, Hvz z`fxf aw i jixm wajf zn z`fax snxm+

sàg` aw xfoixmihkq vljfxfptknxfj al z`f kazfxizvxf (Ekquhbfxc+ 9115!,

Nl z`f jixm wajf+ txnbfgz oilicfxw ilj tkillfxw kaf saz` lvohfxw, iw Sig`w (9101! ìw

itzkq tvz az, Z`fq ixf hvwq lnz saz` cfzzalc enxfgiwzw ilj hvwalfww giwfw xac`z ilj enkknsalc

z`f TOA Gnjf ne Fzàgw hvz saz` cfzzalc txnbfgzw evljfj ilj hvakz, Ilj iggvxizf enxfgiwzw

ixf nezfl lnz il feefgzauf ofilw enx igàfualc zàw nhbfgzauf, Aljffj+ iggvxizf enxfgiwzw oiq hf gnvlzfxtxnjvgzauf+ s`fxfiw haiwfj enxfgiwzw oiq hf feefgzauf al gnotfzalc enx evljw

ilj wfgvxalc z`f cn/i`fij enx i txnbfgz, Z`f onwz feefgzauf tkillfx+ wiqw Sig`w (9101+

t, :33!+ aw wnofzaofw z`f nlf s`n gil gknim ijungigq al z`f cvawf ne wgaflzag nx zfg`lagik

xizanlikazq, Wvg` ijungigq snvkj wzilj al jaxfgz nttnwazanl zn TOAw xvkalc zìz txnbfgz

oilicfxw w`nvkj oimf jfgawanlw ilj zimf igzanlw hiwfj nl z`f hfwz alzfxfwzw ne wngafzq

(TOA+ 8445+ t, 8!,

Lfufxz`fkfww+ wffoalckq xizanlik enxfgiwzw zìz vljfxfwzaoizf gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizf hfl/

fzw ìuf knlc hffl il fwzihkaw`fj enxovki enx txnbfgz ittxnuik iw sf wis ihnuf, Enxfgiwzalc

aw `fxf oialkq ilnz`fx malj ne xflz/wffmalc hfìuanvx+ xfwvkzalc al i oimf/hfkafuf snxkj

ne oawxftxfwflzizanl sàg` oimfw az fpzxfofkq jaegvkz zn jfgajf sàg` txnbfgzw jfwfxuf

vljfxzimalc ilj sàg` jn lnz, Z`f gnlwfyvflgf aw+ iw fufl nlf ne z`f aljvwzxqw nsl nxcilw+z`f Npenxj/hiwfj Oibnx Txnbfgzw Iwwngaizanl+ igmlnskfjcfw+ zìz znn oilq txnbfgzw txngffj

zìz w`nvkj lnz, Nlf oac`z ijj zìz oilq txnbfgzw jn lnz txngffj zìz txnhihkq w`nvkj+ ìj

z`fq lnz knwz nvz zn txnbfgzw saz` hfzzfx oawxftxfwflzizanl (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448!,

Al zàw wazvizanl+ z`f yvfwzanl aw lnz wn ovg` sìz txnbfgz oilicfxw gil jn zn xfjvgf

aliggvxigq ilj xawm al enxfgiwzalc+ hvz sìz nz`fxw gil jn zn aotnwf nl txnbfgz oilicfxw z`f

g`fgmw ilj hikilgfw zìz snvkj cauf oilicfxw z`f algflzauf zn wznt txnjvgalc haiwfj enxfgiwzw

ilj hfcal zn snxm iggnxjalc zn z`fax Gnjf ne Fzàgw, Z`f gìkkflcf aw zn gìlcf z`f tnsfx

xfkizanlw zìz cnufxl enxfgiwzalc ilj txnbfgz jfufkntoflz, Hfzzfx enxfgiwzalc zfg`layvfw ilj

ittfikw zn fzàgw sakk lnz jn `fxf= nxcilarizanlik gìlcf saz` i engvw nl zxilwtixflgq ilj

iggnvlzihakazq aw lfgfwwixq,


16/24


Iw ixcvfj al Ekquhbfxc fz ik, (8447!+ zsn hiwag zqtfw ne iggnvlzihakazq jflf kahfxik

jfongxigafw2 (a! tvhkag/wfgznx iggnvlzihakazq z`xnvc` zxilwtixflgq ilj tvhkag gnlzxnk= ilj

(aa! txauizf/wfgznx iggnvlzihakazq uai gnotfzazanl ilj z`f oixmfz ofgìlawo, Hnz` zqtfw ne

iggnvlzihakazq oiq hf feefgzauf znnkw zn gvxh oawxftxfwflzizanl al txnbfgz oilicfoflz ilj

zn txnonzf i gvkzvxf sàg` igmlnskfjcfw ilj jfikw feefgzaufkq saz` xawm+ fwtfgaikkq s`fxf

kixcf ionvlzw ne ziptiqfxw onlfq ixf iz wzimf ilj enx txnbfgzw saz` waclagilz wngaik ilj

fluaxnloflzik aotigzw+ iw aw gnoonl saz` oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw,

(a! Zxilwtixflgq ilj tvhkag gnlzxnk

Al nxjfx zn igàfuf iggnvlzihakazq z`xnvc` zxilwtixflgq ilj tvhkag gnlzxnk+ z`f enkknsalc

snvkj hf xfyvaxfj iw txigzagfw fohfjjfj al z`f xfkfuilz alwzazvzanlw (z`f evkk ixcvoflz enx

z`f ofiwvxfw oiq hf envlj al Ekquhbfxc fz ik, (8447+ g`w 199!!,

x Lizanlik/kfufk cnufxloflz w`nvkj lnz neefx jawgxfzanlixq cxilzw zn kngik icflgafw enx

z`f wnkf tvxtnwf ne hvakjalc i wtfgag zqtf ne txnbfgz (i,m,i, gizfcnxagik cxilzw!, Wvg`

cxilzw gxfizf tfxufxwf algflzaufw, Alwzfij+ lizanlik cnufxloflz w`nvkj waotkq neefx

hkngm cxilzw zn kngik cnufxloflzw+ ilj kfz kngik tnkazagik negaikw wtflj z`f evljw

`nsfufx z`fq g`nnwf zn+ hvz oimf wvxf zìz fufxq jnkkix z`fq wtflj nl nlf zqtf ne

txnbfgz xfjvgfw z`fax ihakazq zn evlj ilnz`fx,x Gnwzhflfz ilikqwaw ilj nz`fx zqtfw ne fp ilzf ittxiawik w`nvkj hf wàezfj exno

txnonzfxw zn onxf lfvzxik cxnvlj+ enx alwzilgf saz` z`f Zxfiwvxq+ al nxjfx zn xfjvgf

xawmw ne icflgq txnhkfow,x Enxfgiwzw ilj hvwalfww giwfw w`nvkj hf oijf wvhbfgz zn aljftfljflz tffx xfuafs, S`fxf

txnbfgzw alunkuf kixcf ionvlzw ne cnufxloflz evljw+ wvg` xfuafs oiq hf gixxafj nvz

hq lizanlik nx wzizf ivjazalc negfw+ wvg` iw z`f Cflfxik Iggnvlzalc Negf al z`f VWI

nx z`f Lizanlik Ivjaz Negf al z`f VM+ s`n ìuf z`f aljftfljflgf ilj fptfxzawf zntxnjvgf wvg` xfuafsw,

x Enxfgiwzw w`nvkj hf hflgòixmfj icialwz gnotixihkf enxfgiwzw+ enx alwzilgf vwalc

xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc iw jfwgxahfj al z`f txfuanvw wfgzanl,x Enx tvhkagkq evljfj txnbfgzw+ enxfgiwzw+ tffx xfuafsw+ ilj hflgòixmalcw w`nvkj hf

oijf iuiakihkf enx tvhkag wgxvzalq+ algkvjalc hq z`f ofjai+ iw z`fq ixf txnjvgfj+

algkvjalc ikk xfkfuilz jngvoflzizanl,x Tvhkag `fixalcw+ gazarfl bvxafw+ ilj z`f kamf w`nvkj hf nxcilarfj zn ikkns wzimf`nkjfxw

ilj gauak wngafzq zn unagf gxazagawo ilj wvttnxz ne enxfgiwzw, Mlnskfjcf cflfxizfj al

zàw siq w`nvkj hf alzfcxizfj al txnbfgz oilicfoflz ilj jfgawanl/oimalc,x Wgaflzag ilj txnefwwanlik gnlefxflgfw w`nvkj hf nxcilarfj s`fxf enxfgiwzfxw snvkj

txfwflz ilj jfeflj z`fax enxfgiwzw al z`f eigf ne gnkkficvfw wgxvzalq ilj gxazagawo,x Txnbfgzw saz alizfj hflfzgnwz xizanw w`nvkj hf xfgnlwajfxfj ilj wznttfj ae xfgikgv/

kizfj gnwzw ilj hflfzw jn lnz sixxilz aotkfoflzizanl, Txnbfgzw saz xfikawzag fwzaoizfw

ne hflfzw ilj gnwzw w`nvkj hf xfsixjfj,x Txnefwwanlik ilj nggiwanlikkq fufl gxaoalik tflikzafw w`nvkj hf flenxgfj enx oilicfxw

ilj enxfgiwzfxw s`n gnlwawzflzkq ilj enxfwffihkq txnjvgf jfgftzauf enxfgiwzw (Cixfzz

ilj Sig`w+ 9115!,

S`fl A xwz hfcil wvccfwzalc+ al kfgzvxfw enx txnbfgz oilicfxw+ txnonzfxw+ ilj enxfgiwzfxw+

zìz jfgftzanl ilj gxaoalik tflikzafw oiq hf gnlgftzw xfkfuilz zn nvx txnefwwanlw+ A snvkj cfz

`fijwìmfw+ wac`w+ ilj z`f nggiwanlik hnn, Flxnl ilj Axiy gìlcfj zìz+ ikonwz nufxlac`z,


17/24

754 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Znjiq tfntkf kawzfl ilj z`f kazfxizvxf ìw hfgnof xftkfzf saz` hnnmw ilj ixzagkfw zìz ìoofx

nvz z`f kalmw hfzsffl kqalc+ enxfgiwzalc+ ilj oilicfoflz, Enx alwzilgf+ i xfgflz hnnm ihnvz

xawm+ z`f tkillalc eikkigq+ ilj wzxizfcag oawxftxfwflzizanl hkvlzkq wzizfw2 Ilqnlf s`n givwfw

ìxo hq enxfgiwzalc w`nvkj hf zxfizfj iw faz`fx i ennk nx i kaix, Wnof enxfgiwzfxw givwf onxf

jioicf zn wngafzq zìl gxaoalikw (Zikfh+ 8443+ t, 957!,

Kis/oimalc ìw enkknsfj wvaz+ onwz txnoalflzkq saz` z`f 8448 WixhilfwNpkfq Igz+

sàg` wzatvkizfw vt zn 84 qfixw al txawnl enx i mlnsalckq eikwf enxfgiwz alzfljfj zn aotfjf+

nhwzxvgz+ nx alvflgf z`f txntfx ijoalawzxizanl ne ieeiaxw, Z`fxf aw kazzkf jnvhz zìz tflikzafw

kamf zàw alvflgf hfìuanvx, Z`f tnalz aw zìz oiktxigzagf al txnbfgz oilicfoflz w`nvkj

hf zimfl iw wfxanvwkq iw az aw al nz`fx txnefwwanlw+ f,c, ofjagalf ilj kis, Eiakalc zn jn zàw

ionvlzw zn lnz zimalc z`f txnefwwanl ne txnbfgz oilicfoflz wfxanvwkq,

(aa! Gnotfzazanl ilj oixmfz gnlzxnk

Al nxjfx zn igàfuf iggnvlzihakazq uai gnotfzazanl ilj oixmfz gnlzxnk+ z`f enkknsalc snvkj hfxfyvaxfj+ icial iw txigzagfw zìz ixf hnz fohfjjfj al ilj flenxgfj hq z`f xfkfuilz alwzazvzanlw,

x Z`f jfgawanl zn cn i`fij saz` i oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgz w`nvkj+ s`fxf iz ikk

tnwwahkf+ hf oijf gnlzalcflz nl z`f sakkalclfww ne txauizf lilgafxw zn tixzagatizf

saz`nvz i wnufxfacl cvixilzff enx iz kfiwz nlf/zàxj ne z`f znzik gitazik lffjw, 3 Zàw

w`nvkj hf xfyvaxfj s`fz`fx txnbfgzw tiww z`f oixmfz zfwz nx lnzzìz aw+ s`fz`fx

txnbfgzw ixf wvhwajarfj nx lnz nx txnuajfj enx wngaik bvwzagf xfiwnlw nx lnz, Txauizf

kfljfxw+ wìxf`nkjfxw+ ilj wzngm/oixmfz ilikqwzw snvkj txnjvgf z`fax nsl enxfgiwzw nx

gnljvgz jvf jakacflgf enx fpawzalc nlfw, Ae z`fq sfxf sxnlc ihnvz z`f enxfgiwzw+ z`fq

ilj z`fax nxcilarizanlw snvkj hf `vxz, Z`f xfwvkz snvkj hf ijjfj txfwwvxf zn txnjvgf

xfikawzag enxfgiwzw ilj xfjvgfj xawm zn z`f ziptiqfx,x Enxfgiwzfxw ilj z`fax nxcilarizanlw ovwz wìxf lilgaik xfwtnlwahakazq enx gnufxalc gnwz

nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw xfwvkzalc exno oawxftxfwflzizanl ilj haiw al enxfgiwzalc,x Z`f tixzagatizanl ne xawm gitazik snvkj lnz ofil zìz cnufxloflz xfjvgfw gnlzxnk ne

oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Nl z`f gnlzxixq+ az ofilw zìz cnufxloflz gil onxf

feefgzaufkq tkiq z`f xnkf az w`nvkj hf tkiqalc+ liofkq iw z`f nxjalixq gazarflw cvixilznx

enx flwvxalc gnlgfxlw ihnvz wiefzq+ fluaxnloflz+ xawm+ ilj i txntfx vwf ne tvhkag evljw,

S`fz`fx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw ixf tvhkag+ txauizf+ nx tvhkagtxauizf+ z`fq w`nvkj hf ufwzfj

al nlf ilj nlkq nlf txnbfgz nxcilarizanl saz` i wzxnlc cnufxlilgf exiofsnxm ilj wzxnlc

gnlzxigz/sxazalc wmakkw, Z`f txnbfgz nxcilarizanl oiq hf i gnotilq nx lnz+ tvhkag nx txauizf+

nx i oapzvxf, Sìz aw aotnxzilz aw zìz zàw nxcilarizanl ìw z`f gitigazq zn (a! wfz vt

ilj lfcnzaizf gnlzxigzw zìz sakk feefgzaufkq wiefcvixj azw alzfxfwzw+ algkvjalc al fyvazq xawmikkngizanl+ ilj (aa! flenxgf iggnvlzihakazq uaw/di/uaw gnlzxigznxw+ ntfxiznxw+ fzg, Al zvxl+ z`f

jaxfgznxw ne z`f nxcilarizanl ovwz hf `fkj iggnvlzihkf enx ilq gnwz nufxxvlw+ hflfz w`nxzeikkw+

eivkzq jfwaclw+ vloazacizfj xawmw+ fzg, zìz oiq nggvx jvxalc txnbfgz tkillalc+ aotkfoflzizanl+

ilj ntfxizanlw,

3 I wnufxfacl cvixilzff aw i cvixilzff s`fxf cnufxloflz zimfw nl z`f xawm ne tiqalc higm i knil+ fufl ae z`f

knil siw nhzialfj al z`f txauizf kfljalc oixmfz, Z`f knsfx kaoaz ne i nlf/zàxj wìxf ne txauizf xawm gitazik enx wvg`

gitazik zn alvflgf iggnvlzihakazq feefgzaufkq aw hiwfj nl txigzagik fptfxaflgf, Wff onxf al Ekquhbfxc fz ik, (8447+

tt, 9847!,


18/24


Fptfxaflgf saz` gnlzxigz sxazalc aw i ovg`/lfckfgzfj zntag+ hvz aw tixzagvkixkq aotnxzilz al

jfufkntalc ilj oilicalc oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Zàw aw hfgivwf i evljioflzik iwqo/

ofzxq al fptfxaflgf saz ilj xfwnvxgfw ikkngizfj zn gnlzxigz sxazalc nezfl ittkafw al z`f gkaflz

gnlzxigznx xfkizanlwàt enx wvg` txnbfgzw, Gkaflzw s`n jfgajf zn jn oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxfenx

alwzilgf+ i gazq gnvlgak jfgajalc zn hvakj i lfs wvhsiq nx znkk xnijjn wn xfkizaufkq xixfkq+

nezfl nlkq nlgf+ nx lfufx+ al z`f kaefzaof ne z`f aljauajvik gazq oilicfx ilj gnvlgak ofohfx,

Kfixlalc aw z`fxfenxf aotiaxfj enx gkaflzw+ ilj ae qnv jn lnz mlns sìz qnvx alzfxfwzw ixf+

az aw jaegvkz zn wiefcvixj z`fo, Gnlzxigznxw+ nl z`f nz`fx ìlj+ s`n haj enx ilj hvakj wvg`

txnbfgzw+ jn wn ikk z`f zaof, Gnlzxigznxw+ z`fxfenxf+ zqtagikkq mlns ovg` onxf zìl gkaflzw

ihnvz z`f alw ilj nvzw ne txnbfgzw ilj gnlzxigzw+ algkvjalc z`f oilq xawmw ilj tazeikkw zìz

ittkq+ tkvw sàg` kisqfxw+ hilmfxw+ ilj gnlwvkzilzw zn àxf zn wiefcvixj z`fax alzfxfwzw onwz

feefgzaufkq, Zàw iwqoofzxq ìw hxnvc`z oilq i gkaflz zn cxafe, I tnwwahkf siq zn hxalc

onxf wqoofzxq alzn z`f gkaflzgnlzxigznx xfkizanlwàt snvkj hf enx cnufxloflz zn fwzihkaw`

i gflzxik gnlzxigz/sxazalc vlaz iz z`f wzizf nx lizanlik kfufk+ sàg` snvkj hf al gìxcf ne

lfcnzaizalc+ nl hfìke ne kngik ilj nz`fx hxilg`fw ne cnufxloflz+ z`f zqtfw ne oibnx gnlzxigzw

z`fq jn znn alexfyvflzkq zn cial xfik fptfxaflgf, Zàw snvkj gnlgflzxizf i kixcfx lvohfxne gnlzxigzw al nlf tkigf+ ikknsalc fptfxaflgfilj z`f lfcnzaizalc tnsfx zìz gnofw saz`

azzn iggvovkizf,

Enxzvlizfkq+ hfzzfx cnufxlilgf iknlc z`f kalfw jfwgxahfj ihnuf ìw xfgflzkq hfgnof wzxnlcfx

ixnvlj z`f snxkj, Z`f Flxnl wgiljik ilj azw wvggfwwnxw ìuf zxaccfxfj lfs kfcawkizanl ilj

i six nl gnxtnxizf jfgftzanl zìz aw wtakkalc nufx alzn cnufxloflz saz` z`f wiof nhbfgzauf2

zn gvxh lilgaik siwzf ilj txnonzf cnnj cnufxlilgf, Ikz`nvc` txncxfww aw wkns+ cnnj

cnufxlilgf aw cialalc i ennz`nkj ikwn al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgz oilicfoflz,

Enx fpiotkf+ al 8447 z`f Zxfiwvxq ne z`f Vlazfj Malcjno xfyvaxfj+ enx z`f xwz zaof+ zìz

ikk oalawzxafw jfufknt ilj aotkfoflz txngfjvxfw enx oibnx txnbfgzw zìz sakk gvxh sìz z`f

Zxfiwvxq gikkwsaz` zxvf Hxazaw` gauakazqntzaoawo haiw, Evljalc sakk hf vliuiakihkf enx

txnbfgzw zìz jn lnz zimf alzn iggnvlz zàw haiw+ ilj ofz`njw ìuf hffl jfufkntfj enx `nszn jn zàw (@O Zxfiwvxq+ 8447= Ekquhbfxc ilj GNSA+ 844:= VM Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz+

8445!, Al z`f Lfz`fxkiljw al 844:+ z`f Tixkaioflzixq Gnooazzff nl Alexiwzxvgzvxf Txnbfgzw

enx z`f xwz zaof gnljvgzfj fpzflwauf tvhkag `fixalcw zn ajflzaeq ofiwvxfw zìz sakk kaoaz

z`f oawalenxoizanl ihnvz kixcf alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw caufl zn z`f Tixkaioflz+ tvhkag+ ilj

ofjai (Zabjfkabmf Gnooawwaf Alexiwzxvgzvvxtxnbfgzfl+ 844:!, Al Hnwznl+ z`f cnufxloflz ìw

wvfj zn xfgnvt evljw exno gnlzxigznx nufxgìxcfw enx z`f Hac Jac xfkizfj zn gnwz nufxxvlw,

Onxf gnvlzxafw ilj gazafw ixf kamfkq zn enkkns z`f kfij ne z`f VM+ z`f Lfz`fxkiljw+ ilj

Hnwznl al gnoalc qfixw= Wsazrfxkilj ilj Jfloixm ixf ikxfijq jnalc wn (Wsaww Iwwngaizanl

ne Xnij ilj Zxilwtnxzizanl Fptfxzw+ 8445= Jilaw` Oalawzxq enx Zxilwtnxz ilj Flfxcq+ 8445+

8440!,

Onxfnufx+ saz` txauizf lilgf al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw nl z`f xawf nufx z`f tiwz9684 qfixw+ gitazik evljw ilj hilmw ixf algxfiwalckq cialalc i wiq al z`f txnbfgz jfufkntoflz

ilj oilicfoflz txngfww, Txauizf gitazik aw ln tiligfi enx z`f akkw al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf

txnbfgz oilicfoflz+ zn hf wvxf (@njcf ilj Cxfuf+ 8441!, Hvz txauizf alufwznxw tkigf z`fax

nsl evljw iz xawm+ iw nttnwfj zn cnufxloflzw s`n tkigf z`f ziptiqfxw onlfq iz xawm, Gitazik

evljw ilj hilmw gil z`fxfenxf hf nhwfxufj lnz zn ivznoizagikkq iggftz iz eigf uikvf z`f

enxfgiwzw ne txnbfgz oilicfxw ilj txnonzfxw, Hilmw zqtagikkq hxalc al z`fax nsl ijuawfxw zn

jn aljftfljflz enxfgiwzw+ jvf jakacflgf+ ilj xawm iwwfwwoflzw+ sàg` aw il aotnxzilz wzft al

z`f xac`z jaxfgzanl, Z`f eikwf iwwvotzanl zìz nlf enxfgiwz nx nlf hvwalfww giwf (sàg` aw ikwn

i enxfgiwz! oiq gnlzial z`f zxvz` ihnvz i txnbfgz aw txnhkfoizarfj, Alwzfij txnbfgz oilicfxw

ilj txnonzfxw ixf cfzzalc vwfj zn z`f `fikz`q eigz zìz jaeefxflz wzimf`nkjfxw ìuf jaeefxflz


19/24

758 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

enxfgiwzw ilj zìz enxfgiwzw ixf lnz nlkq txnjvgzw ne nhbfgzauf wgaflgf ilj flcalffxalc hvz ne

lfcnzaizanl, S`q aw zàw onxf `fikz`q> Hfgivwf az aw onxf zxvzèvk ihnvz nvx ihakazq zn txfjagz

z`f evzvxf ilj ihnvz z`f xawmw alunkufj,

Ae z`f alwzazvzanlw saz` xfwtnlwahakazq enx jfufkntalc ilj hvakjalc oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxfw

gnlzalvfj zn aotkfoflz+ fohfj+ ilj flenxgf wvg` ofiwvxfw ne iggnvlzihakazq feefgzaufkq+

z`fl z`f oawxftxfwflzizanl al gnwz+ hflfz+ ilj xawm fwzaoizfw+ sàg` aw sajfwtxfij znjiq+

oac`z hf oazacizfj, Ae zàw aw lnz jnlf+ oawxftxfwflzizanl aw kamfkq zn gnlzalvf+ ilj z`f

ikkngizanl ne evljw enx oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf aw kamfkq zn gnlzalvf zn hf siwzfevk+ vlfzàgik+ ilj

wnofzaofw fufl vlkisevk,

UAAA, Gvxxflz zxfljw al alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz

Al z`f alzxnjvgzanl zn zàw ixzagkf+ A oflzanlfj zìz gvxxflz wtfljalc nl alexiwzxvgzvxf gnl/

wzazvzfw z`f haccfwz alufwzoflz hnno al àwznxq+ ofiwvxfj iw wìxf ne snxkj CJT, Sf ikwnwis ihnuf zìz+ fufl al z`f hfwz ne zaofw+ kixcf alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzw ìuf i jawoik

tfxenxoilgf xfgnxj al zfxow ne gnwz nufxxvlw+ jfkiqw+ ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw, Lalf nvz ne zfl

txnbfgzw fptfxaflgf gnwz nufxxvl+ ilj nufxxvl ìw lnz jaoalaw`fj enx z`f 34 qfixw enx sàg`

sf ìuf jizi+ zn oflzanl hvz zsn cxao wzizawzagw,

Z`xnsalc `vljxfjw ne hakkanlw ne fpzxi wzaovkvw jnkkixw iz il vljfxtfxenxoalc hvwalfww

zìz aw ikxfijq iz hvhhkf/kamf alufwzoflz kfufkw+ aw z`fxfenxf àc`kq xawmq iz hfwz, Lfufxz`fkfww+

zàw aw sìz Gàli+ z`f VWI+ ilj oilq nz`fx gnvlzxafw jfgajfj zn jn saz` z`fax wzaovkvw

tigmicfw al 8440 ilj 8441, Xawmw algkvjf xiotilz tnxm/hixxfk+ eiwz/zxigmalc+ haj/xaccalc+

kngik cnufxloflzw tvkkalc z`fax evljw nvz ne nl/cnalc txnbfgzw al ilzagatizanl ne lizanlik

evljalc zìz oiq lnz gnof nx gnofw kizf+ ilj txnbfgzw kfez vllaw`fj hfgivwf ne gnwz

nufxxvlw nl wzaovkvw txnbfgzw zìz kngik cnufxloflz gillnz lilgf, Z`f gnlwfyvflgfw gnvkjhf jaxf zn z`f fgnlnoq+ ilj zn tvhkag zxvwz al z`f alwzazvzanlw ilj tfntkf s`n ijoalawzfx

alexiwzxvgzvxf wtfljalc, Tfxìtw zàw aw s`q Oigyvixaf Hilmtxnhihkq z`f kixcfwz ilj onwz

fptfxaflgfj alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwznx al z`f snxkjhfcil xfjvgalc azw alexiwzxvgzvxf tnxzenkan

al 8441+ onualc alzn flfxcq alwzfij,

Ijj zn zàw zìz cknhik alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzw ixf wàezalc cfncxitàgikkq exno jfufk/

ntfj zn fofxcalc fgnlnoafw+ s`fxf xawmw ne alfeefgzauf txnbfgz jfkaufxq ixf fufl àc`fx, Nufx

ìke ne alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzw ixf lns zimalc tkigf al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw, Al z`f tiwz

6 qfixw+ G ali ìw wtflz onxf nl alexiwzxvgzvxf al xfik zfxow zìl al z`f s`nkf ne z`f zsflzafz

gflzvxq, Al z`f tiwz : qfixw+ Gàli ìw hvakz iw oilq maknofzxfw ne àc`/wtffj tiwwflcfx xiak

kalfw iw Fvxntf ìw al zsn jfgijfw, Onxcil Wzilkfq txfjagzw zìz fofxcalc fgnlnoafw sakk

wtflj *88 zxakkanl al znjiqw txagfw nl alexiwzxvgzvxf nufx z`f lfpz 94 qfixw, Tnkazagik xawmw+xawmw ne gnxxvtzanl+ ilj kncawzagik xawmw ixf àc`fx al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw, Iw i gnlwfyvflgf+

xawmw ne gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw ixf ikwn àc`fx, I xfgflz wzvjq jngvoflzfj zìz

z`f iufxicf gnwz nufxxvl nl xiak txnbfgzwofiwvxfj al xfik zfxow exno z`f jfgawanl jizf

zn gnotkfzanlsiw 5:,5 tfx gflz al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw icialwz :4,0 tfx gflz al Lnxz`

Iofxagi ilj 7:,8 tfx gflz al Fvxntf (Ekquhbfxc fz ik,+ 8448+ t, 806!, Cfncxit`q oizzfxw zn

txnbfgz tfxenxoilgf, Z`f wzxamalc wàez al alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflzw zn fofxcalc fgnlnoafw

aw z`fxfenxf tkigalc algxfiwfj txfwwvxf nl txnbfgz jfkaufxq,

Ealikkq+ alenxoizanl ilj gnoovlagizanl zfg`lnkncq (AGZ! ìw eiwz hfgnof i kixcf ilj

xitajkq algxfiwalc tixz ne onxf oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw, Z`f gnlwfyvflgfw ixf nezfl

jfuiwzizalc+ hfgivwf kixcf AGZ txnbfgzw ittfix zn tfxenxo fufl snxwf zìl nz`fx oibnx


20/24


Eacvxf :2 Gnwz nufxxvl al gnlwzxvgzanl txnbfgzw ilj AZ txnbfgzw gnotixfj,

txnbfgzw, Xfgflzkq+ i cxnvt ne AGZ fptfxzw gnlzigzfj of zn iwm `ns z`fq oac`z kfixl zn

oilicf gnwz nufxxvlw+ jfkiqw+ fzg, al AGZ txnbfgzw iw sfkk iw al zxilwtnxzizanl alexiwzxvgzvxf

txnbfgzw, A kivc`fj nvz knvj hfgivwf A oawzimflkq z`nvc`z z`fq sfxf oimalc i bnmf, Iw

oflzanlfj ihnuf+ z`f fuajflgf aw gkfix zìz onwz oibnx zxilwtnxzizanl alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw

tfxenxo tnnxkq, Hvz `fxf aw ilnz`fx txnbfgz zqtf+ AGZ+ zìz ittixflzkq tfxenxow wn ovg` snxwf

zìz az gil vwf zxilwtnxzizanl iw i hflgòixm zn hf wzxaufj enx, Sf jaj i taknz wzvjq+ ilj wvxfflnvc`+ z`f AGZ fptfxzw sfxf xac`z2 ae i oibnx txnbfgz aw lnz ikxfijq ofwwfj vt+ albfgzalc i

cnnj jnwf ne AGZ sakk jn z`f bnh (wff Eacvxf :!,

Iw ae az sfxf lnz jaegvkz flnvc` zn jfufknt+ wiq+ i oibnx lfs iaxtnxz+ sf ixf lns jfufkntalc

iaxtnxzw zìz jftflj nl oibnx lfs AGZ enx z`fax ntfxizanlw+ ilj sf tiq z`f txagf, @nlc

Mnlc alzfxlizanlik iaxtnxz aw i giwf al tnalz+ saz` alazaik AGZ àggvtw wn hij zìz z`f s`nkf

@nlc Mnlc fgnlnoq wveefxfj, Zfxoalik 6 iz Knljnl @fiz`xns aw ilnz`fx fpiotkf, Il

alexiwzxvgzvxf tkillfx xfgflzkq znkj of+ Sf mlns `ns zn hvakj kixcf+ fptflwauf zvllfkw hq

lns+ hvz sf jnlz mlns `ns zn hvakj z`f AGZ wiefzq wqwzfow zìz cn alzn z`f zvllfkw= AGZ

hvwzw vw fufxq zaof,

Nx zimf Cfxoilqw Znkk Gnkkfgz+ i gnlwnxzavo ne JiaokfxG`xqwkfx+ Jfvzwg`f Zfkfmno+

ilj Gnxnvzf ne Exilgf xfwtnlwahkf enx znkkalc `fiuq zxvgmw nl Cfxoil onznxsiqw enx z`fefjfxik cnufxloflz, Z`f lfs znkkalc wqwzfo siw jfwaclfj zn hf i w`nsgiwf enx tvhkagtxauizf

tixzlfxwàt al alexiwzxvgzvxf oilicfoflz, Znkkalc siw wg`fjvkfj zn wzixz al Bilvixq 8447,

I qfix kizfx z`f txnbfgz siw eikkalc itixz, Z`f jfufkntfxw ìj hffl znn ntzaoawzag ihnvz z`f

wnezsixf zìz snvkj xvl z`f wqwzfo, Z`f cnufxloflz siw knwalc znkk xfuflvfw fwzaoizfj zn

znzik 5,6 hakkanl (*0,5 hakkanl!, Enx kigm ne evljw+ ikk lfs xnij txnbfgzw al Cfxoilq ilj

xfkizfj tvhkag snxmw sfxf tvz nl `nkj+ z`xfizflalc 34+444 gnlwzxvgzanl bnhw, Tnkazagailw ilj

ofjai sfxf gikkalc enx txnwfgvzanl ne Znkk Gnkkfgz enx jfgfaualc z`f cnufxloflz, Ealikkq+ z`f

Cfxoil zxilwtnxz oalawzfx gilgfkkfj z`f gnlzxigz saz` Znkk Gnkkfgz ilj ciuf z`f gnotilq

8 onlz`w zn gnof vt saz` i hfzzfx tkil, Hq z`f zaof znkkalc iz kiwz wzixzfj+ wfufxik qfixw jfkiqfj+


21/24

75: Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Znkk Gnkkfgz ìj hfgnof i tntvkix hqsnxj ionlc Cfxoilw vwfj zn jfwgxahf fufxqzàlc

sxnlc saz` z`f lizanlik fgnlnoq, Txnbfgzw kamf zàw sakk lnz cfz vw nvz ne z`f gvxxflz gxawaw,

Yvazf z`f nttnwazf,

Fpiotkfw ihnvlj ilj z`f ijuagf xfcixjalc AGZ wffow nhuanvw2 ae qnv ixf jnalc AGZ iw

tixz ne i oibnx txnbfgz (nx iw i oibnx txnbfgz al azwfke! hf wvxf zn cfz AGZ zìz ìw hffl

jfufkntfj ilj jfhvccfj fkwfs`fxf ilj zìz ìw i txnufl zxigm xfgnxj al jiakq vwf, Ae qnv

jfgajf lnz zn enkkns zàw ijuagf (sàg` aw gnoonl! qnv w`nvkj hf fptkagaz zìz qnv ixf al

fwwflgf zimalc nl z`f jfufkntoflz xawm ne i oibnx lfs txnjvgz+ sàg` zxilwkizfw alzn kixcf

ilj vltxfjagzihkf xawmw ne jfkiqw+ gnwz nufxxvlw+ ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw, Qnvx wfz/vt enx xawm

oilicfoflz ilj gnlzalcflgafw w`nvkj z`fl jvkq xffgz zàw (sàg` aw vlgnoonl!,

Ilj `fxfw z`f gxvlg`2 lnz nlkq ixf gkaflzw ilj oilicfxw ne oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw

xvwàlc `fijknlc alznxawmq AGZ alufwzoflzw zìzixf xfikkq lfstxnjvgz jfufkntoflz wg`fofw+

hvz i xitajkq algxfiwalc tixz ne z`fwf alufwzoflzw ixf wàezalc zn fofxcalc fgnlnoafw+ sàg`

aw i wnvxgf ne xawm al azw nsl xac`z+ iw sf wis ihnuf, Hfzsffl 8447 ilj 8440+ z`f wìxf ne

AGZ wtfljalc al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw xnwf hq 54 tfx gflz+ exno 96 zn 8: tfx gflz ne cknhik

AGZ wtfljalc+ iggnxjalc zn z`f NFGJ,Al wvo+ z`f enkknsalc enxovki gitzvxfw z`f gvxxflz zxfljw al oibnx alexiwzxvgzvxf

alufwzoflz2

(xitaj algxfiwf al alexiwzxvgzvxf wtfljalc! - (xitaj wàez al wtfljalc zn fofxcalc fgnlnoafw!

- (xitaj algxfiwf al wtfljalc nl AGZ! ? (xawm zn z`f zàxj jfcxff ne lilgaik ilj

fgnlnoag jawiwzfxw!,

S`fz`fx wzaovkvw alexiwzxvgzvxf wtfljalc sakk aotxnuf nx snxwfl z`f cknhik fgnlnoq sakk hf

jfgajfj hq `ns sfkk sf jfik saz` z`fwf oial zxfljw, Z`vw z`f fegaflgq ne txnbfgz jfkaufxq aw

hnz` tixzagvkixkq aotnxzilz iz txfwflz ilj tixzagvkixkq gìkkflcfj, Z`f oibnx gìkkflcfw ixf

(a! lnz zn knsfx wziljixjw iw z`f txnbfgz tatfkalf xitajkq fptiljw+ (aa! zn liuacizf z`f tixzagvkixxawmw ne jnalc onxf txnbfgzw al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw+ ilj (aaa! zn ìxlfww z`f hvkk al i gàli

w`nt zìz aw AGZ al oibnx txnbfgzw,

Z`xff oial alcxfjaflzw sakk `fkt offz z`f gìkkflcfw, Eaxwz+ sf lffj `nlfwzkq zn igmlnsk/

fjcf zìz alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz aw ln fiwq p hvz aw exivc`z saz` txnhkfow, Enx zàw

tvxtnwf+ Txfwajflz Nhioi siw aooflwfkq `fktevk s`fl iz i 8441 Sàzf @nvwf Eawgik Xf/

wtnlwahakazq Wvooaz `f ntflkq ajflzafj z`f gnwzkq nufxxvlw+ z`f exivj ilj ihvwf+ z`f fljkfww

fpgvwfw al tvhkag txngvxfoflz iw mfq txnhkfow (Sàzf @nvwf+ 8441!, Z`f Siwàlcznl Tnwz

(8: Efhxvixq 8441! xac`zkq gikkfj zàw i jxioizag lfs enxo ne jawgnvxwf, Hfenxf Nhioi az

siw lnz gnoof/ak/eivz zn zikm ihnvz nufxxvlw+ jfgftzanl+ ilj ihvwf al xfkizanl zn alexiwzxvg/

zvxf wtfljalc+ ikz`nvc` z`fq sfxf ne ftajfoag txntnxzanlw z`fl iw lns+ ilj z`f efs s`n jaj

vwf wvg` kilcvicf sfxf nwzxigarfj, @nsfufx+ sf gillnz wnkuf txnhkfow sf gillnz zikm ihnvz,Wn zikmalc aw z`f xwz wzft,

Wfgnlj+ sf ovwz ixxauf iz i hfzzfx vljfxwziljalc ilj hfzzfx oilicfoflz ne z`f knlc+ eiz ziakw

ne lilgaik ilj fgnlnoag xawmwz`f ihvljilgf ne hkigm wsilwzìz ittkq zn alexiwzxvgzvxf

alufwzoflz, Xawmw ìuf wn eix hffl iw oawvljfxwznnj ilj iw oawoilicfj al alexiwzxvgzvxf

alufwzoflz iw al z`f lilgaik oixmfzw+ saz` fyvikkq jfuiwzizalc nvzgnofw, Ofz`njw ilj jizi

enx hfzzfx xawm iwwfwwoflz ilj oilicfoflz sfxf txfwflzfj ihnuf,

Zàxj+ algflzaufw lffj zn hf tvz wzxiac`z+ wn zìz hij tfxenxoilgf aw tvlaw`fj ilj cnnj

tfxenxoilgf xfsixjfj+ ilj lnz z`f nz`fx siq ixnvlj+ sàg` aw nezfl z`f giwf znjiq, Icial+

ofz`njw enx `ns zn jn zàw sfxf jfwgxahfj ihnuf,


22/24


AP, Gnlgkvwanlw

Zàw ixzagkf jngvoflzw i ovg` lfckfgzfj zntag al fgnlnoagw+ liofkq z`f eigz zìz fp ilzf

fwzaoizfw ne uflzvxfw gnwzw ilj hflfzw ixf nezfl ufxq jaeefxflz exno igzvik fp tnwz gnwzw

ilj hflfzw, Z`f ixzagkf w`nsw zìz wvg` jaeefxflgfw hfzsffl fwzaoizfj ilj igzvik nvzgnofw

ixf txnlnvlgfj enx kixcf alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw+ s`fxf wvhwzilzaik gnwz vljfxfwzaoizfw nezfl

gnohalf saz` fyvikkq waclagilz hflfz nufxfwzaoizfw+ xfljfxalc gnwzhflfz ilikqwfw ne

txnbfgzw lnz nlkq aliggvxizf hvz haiwfj,

Z`f givwf ne haiwfj gnwzhflfz ilikqwfw aw envlj zn hf tfxufxwf algflzaufw zìz flgnvxicf

txnonzfxw ne alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw zn vljfxfwzaoizf gnwzw ilj nufxfwzaoizf hflfzw al z`f

hvwalfww giwfw enx z`fax txnbfgzw al nxjfx zn cial ittxnuik ilj evljalc, Hvz z`f txnbfgzw zìz

ixf ixzagaikkq oijf zn knnm hfwz al hvwalfww giwfw ixf z`f txnbfgzw zìz cflfxizf z`f àc`fwz

gnwz nufxxvlw ilj hflfz w`nxzeikkw al xfikazq+ xfwvkzalc al i waclagilz zxflj enx wvxuauik ne

z`f vlzzfwz enx alexiwzxvgzvxf txnbfgzw,

Z`f gvxf zn z`f txnhkfo aw flenxgalc il nvzwajf uafs al z`f tkillalc ne lfs txnbfgzw ilj

fotknqalc i ofz`nj gikkfj xfefxflgf gkiww enxfgiwzalc+ hiwfj nl Jilafk Mi`lfoilw LnhfkTxarf/sallalc z`fnxafw ne jfgawanl/oimalc vljfx vlgfxzialzq, @nsfufx+ zn hf feefgzauf wvg`

lfs ofz`njnkncq ovwz hf gnohalfj saz` hfzzfx cnufxlilgf wzxvgzvxfw saz` algflzaufw zìz

xfsixj iggvxizf fwzaoizfw ne gnwzw ilj hflfzw ilj tvlaw` aliggvxizf nlfw,

Ealikkq+ wzaovkvw wtfljalc ìw xfgflzkq xfwvkzfj al fpzxi onlfq ilj izzflzanl enx al/

exiwzxvgzvxf alufwzalc, Zàw aw tkigalc algxfiwfj txfwwvxf nl txnbfgz jfkaufxq, Wzaovkvw

wtfljalczncfz`fx saz`xitajkqalgxfiwalc wtfljalc nl alexiwzxvgzvxf al fofxcalc fgnlnoafw

ilj nl alenxoizanl zfg`lnkncq al alexiwzxvgzvxfaw jxaualc alexiwzxvgzvxf alufwzoflz exno

z`f exqalc til alzn z`f xf,

Xfefxflgfw

Imfxkne+ C, I,+ ilj Wàkkfx+ X, B, (8441!+ Ilaoik Wtaxazw2 @ns @voil Twqg`nkncq Jxaufw z`f Fgnlnoq+ ilj

S`q Az Oizzfxw enx Cknhik Gitazikawo+ Txalgfznl+ LB+ Txalgfznl Vlaufxwazq Txfww,

Ikzw`vkfx+ I,+ ilj Kvhfxnee+ J, (8447!+ Ofci/Txnbfgzw2 Z`f Gìlcalc Tnkazagw ne Vxhil Tvhkag Alufwzoflz+

Siwàlcznl+ JG+ Hxnnmalcw Alwzazvzanl,

Iofxagil Tkillalc Iwwngaizanl, (8446!+ BITI Ixzagkf Gikkw nl Tkillfxw zn @fkt Flj Aliggvxigafw al Tvhkag

Txnbfgz Xfuflvf Enxfgiwzalc+ iuiakihkf iz `zzt2..sss,tkillalc,nxc.lfswxfkfiwfw.8446.ezt4:4346,`zo+

3 Itxak,

Ilcvfxi+ X, (8445!+ Z`f Gìllfk Zvllfk2 Il Fp Tnwz Fgnlnoag Fuikvizanl+ Zxilwtnxzizanl Xfwfixg` Tixz

I+ :4+ 819796,

Iwg`fx+ S, (9130!+Enxfgiwzalc2 Il Ittxiawik enx Tnkagq/oimfxw ilj Tkillfxw+ Hikzaonxf+ OJ+Bn`lw @ntmalw

Vlaufxwazq Txfww,Hnm+ W, (9131!+ Kqalc2 Onxik G`nagf al Tvhkag ilj Txauizf Kaef+ Lfs Qnxm+ Ualzicf,

Hvf`kfx+ X,+ Cxael+ J,+ ilj OigJnlikj+ @, (9113!+ Z`f Xnkf ne Onzauizfj Xfiwnlalc al Ntzaoawzag Zaof

Txfjagzanlw+ Tfxwnlikazq ilj Wngaik Twqg`nkncq Hvkkfzal+ 87(7!+ 870:3,

Xnww+ O, (911:!+ Fptknxalc z`f Tkillalc Eikkigq2 S q Tfntkf Vljfxfwzaoizf z`fax Ziwm Gnotkfzanl

Zaofw+ Bnvxlik ne Tfxwnlikazq ilj Wngaik Twqg`nkncq+ 53+ 75509,

Gkaeef+ K,+ Xiowfq+ O,+ ilj Hixzkfzz+ J, (8444!+ Z`f Tnkazagw ne Kqalc2 Aotkagizanlw enx Jfongxigq+ Knljnl+

Oigoakkil,

Jilaw` Oalawzxq enx Zxilwtnxz ilj Flfxcq (8445!+ Imzwzqmmf no lqf hvjcfzzfxalcwtxalgattfx (Igz nl Lfs

Txalgatkfw enx Hvjcfzalc!+ Imzwzqmmf lx, 95+ Ealilwvjuikcfz+ Enkmfzalcfz+ Gntflìcfl+ 8: Ngznhfx,

(8440!+ Lq ilkcwhvjcfzzfxalc ti Zxilwtnxzoalawzfxafzw noxijf+ `fxvljfx no mnlnoawzqxalcwonjfk nc

xawamnìljzfxalc enx ilkcwtxnbfmzfx+ Gntflìcfl+ 90 Lnufohfx,


23/24

755 Hflz Ekquhbfxc

Ekquhbfxc+ H, (9115!+ Z`f Jixm Wajf ne Tkillalc2 Xizanlikazq ilj Xfikxizanlikaziz+ al W, Oiljfkhivo+ K,

Oirri+ ilj X, Hvxg`fkk (fjw!+ Fptknxizanlw al Tkillalc Z`fnxq+ Lfs Hxvlwsagm+ LB+ Gflzfx enx Vxhil

Tnkagq Xfwfixg` Txfww+ 7071:,

(8446i!+ Jfwacl hq Jfgftzanl2 Z`f Tnkazagw ne Ofcitxnbfgz Ittxnuik+ @ixuixj Jfwacl Oiciralf+ 88+

Wtxalc.Wvoofx+ 641, (8446h!+ Ofiwvxalc Aliggvxigq al Zxiufk Jfoilj Enxfgiwzalc2 Ofz`njnkncagik Gnlwajfxizanlw Xfcixjalc

Xiot Vt ilj Wiotkalc+ Zxilwtnxzizanl Xfwfixg` I+ 71(5!+ 68874,

(8445!+ Exno Lnhfk Txarf zn Txnbfgz Oilicfoflz2 Cfzzalc Xawmw Xac`z+ Txnbfgz Oilicfoflz Bnvxlik+

73(7!+ 696,

GNSA (844:!+ Txngfjvxfw enx Jfikalc saz` Ntzaoawo Haiw al Zxilwtnxz Tkillalc2 Cvajilgf Jngvoflz+

Knljnl+ Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz,

Hxvrfkavw+ L,+ ilj Xnz`flcizzfx+ S, (8447!+ Ofcitxnbfgzw ilj Xawm2 Il Iliznoq ne Iohazanl+ Giohxajcf+

Giohxajcf Vlaufxwazq Txfww,

Cixhvan+ O,+ ilj Knuikkn+ J, (8441!+ Jfkvwanl ilj Jfgftzanl al Kixcf Alexiwzxvgzvxf Txnbfgzw2 Zsn Onjfkw

enx Fptkialalc ilj Txfuflzalc Fpfgvzauf Jawiwzfx+ Gikaenxlai Oilicfoflz Xfuafs+ 69(8!+ 93417,

Wmioxaw @nko+ O, M,+ ilj Hv`k+ W, K, (8448!+ Vljfxfwzaoizalc Gnwzw al Tvhkag Snxmw Txnbfgzw2 Fxxnx nx

Kaf>+ Bnvxlik ne z`f Iofxagil Tkillalc Iwwngaizanl+ 50(7!+ 83116,

(8446!+ @ns (Al!iggvxizf Ixf Jfoilj Enxfgiwzw al Tvhkag Snxmw Txnbfgzw> Z`f Giwf ne Zxilw/tnxzizanl+ Bnvxlik ne z`f Iofxagil Tkillalc Iwwngaizanl+ 39(8!+ 979:5,

Cixfzz+ O,+ ilj Sig`w+O, (9115!+ ZxilwtnxzizanlTkillalcnl Zxaik2Z`f GkfilIax Igz ilj Zxiufk Enxfgiwzalc+

Z`nvwilj Nimw+ GI+ Wicf,

Caknuag`+ Z,+ Cxael+ J,+ ilj Mi`lfoil+ J, (fjw! (8448!+ @fvxawzagw ilj Haiwfw2 Z`f Twqg`nkncq ne Alzvazauf

Bvjcoflz+ Giohxajcf+ Giohxajcf Vlaufxwazq Txfww,

@fko+ J, X, (8440!+ Zaof zn Alufwz, Alexiwzxvgzvxf+ z`f Gxfjaz Gxvlg` ilj z`f Xfgfwwanl+ Onlz`kq Gno/

oflzixq+ 90 Jfgfohfx+ sss,jafzfx`fko,gn,vm

@O Zxfiwvxq, (8447!+ Z`f Cxffl Hnnm2 Ittxiawik ilj Fuikvizanl al Gflzxik Cnufxloflz+ Zxfiwvxq Cvajilgf+

Knljnl+ Z`f Wzizanlfxq Negf,

@njcf+ C, I,+ ilj Cxfuf+ G, (8441!+ TTTw2 Z`f Tiwwicf ne Zaof Tfxoazw i Wnhfx Xffgzanl+ Fgnlnoag

Ieeiaxw+ Oixg`+ 771,

Mi`lfoil+ J, (911:!+ Lfs Gìkkflcfw zn z`f Xizanlikazq Iwwvotzanl+ Bnvxlik ne Alwzazvzanlik ilj Z`fn/

xfzagik Fgnlnoagw+ 964+ 9075,

Knuikkn+ J, (9117!+ Zaoaj G`nagfw ilj Hnkj Enxfgiwzw2 I Gnclazauf Tfxwtfgzauf nl Xawm Zimalc+ Oil/

icfoflz Wgaflgf+ 71+ 9379,

Zufxwmq+ I, (9131!+ Txnwtfgz Z`fnxq2 Il Ilikqwaw ne Jfgawanlw vljfx Xawm+ Fgnlnofzxagi+ :3+ 79783,

Knuikkn+ J,+ ilj Mi`lfoil+ J, (8447!+ Jfkvwanlw ne Wvggfww2 @ns Ntzaoawo Vljfxoalfw Fpfgvzaufw

Jfgawanlw+ @ixuixj Hvwalfww Xfuafs+ Bvkq+ 6557,

Onxxaw+ T, S, C,+ ilj @nvc`+ C, @, (9103!+ Z`f Iliznoq ne Oibnx Txnbfgzw2 I Wzvjq ne z`f Xfikazq ne Txnbfgz

Oilicfoflz+ Lfs Qnxm+ Bn`l Sakfq ilj Wnlw,

Lfshq/Gkixm+ A, X,+ OgCxfcnx+ A,+ ilj Rilli+ O, T, (8448!+ Zàlmalc ilj Gixalc ihnvz Gnclazauf Algnlwaw/

zflgq2 S`fl ilj enx S`no jnfw Izzazvjalik Iohauikflgf Effk Vlgnoenxzihkf>+ Bnvxlik ne Tfxwnlikazq

ilj Wngaik Twqg`nkncq+ 08(8!+ 96355,

TOA (8445!+ Gnjf ne Fzàgw ilj Txnefwwanlik Gnljvgz+ Txnbfgz Oilicfoflz Alwzazvzf+ iggfwwfj 88 Bilvixq

8441 iz `zzt2..sss,toa,nxc.TJE.it^toagnjfnefzàgw,tje

Txafovw+ @,+ Ekquhbfxc+ H,+ ilj uil Sff+ H, (fjw! (8440!+ Jfgawanl/oimalc Nl Ofci/txnbfgzw2 GnwzHflfz

Ilikqwaw+ Tkillalc+ ilj Allnuizanl+ G`fkzflìo+ VM ilj Lnxzìotznl+ OI+ Fjsixj Fkcix,

Wsaww Iwwngaizanl ne Xnij ilj Zxilwtnxzizanl Fptfxzw (8445!+ Mnwzfl/Lvzrfl/Ilikqwfl ao Wzxiwwflufxmf`x+

Cxvljlnxo 5:9084+ uikaj exno 9 Ivcvwz+ Rvxag`+ Wsaww Iwwngaizanl ne Xnij ilj Zxilwtnxzizanl Fptfxzw,

Zikfh+ L, L, (8443!+ Z`f Hkigm Wsil2 Z`f Aotigz ne z`f @ac`kq Aotxnhihkf + Knljnl+ Tflcval,

Zabjfkabmf Gnooawwaf Alexiwzxvgzvvxtxnbfgzfl (844:!+ Cxnzf Txnbfgzfl Vazufxcxnnz2 Ffl Alexiwzxvgzvvx unnx

Hfwkvazunxoalc+ Z`f @icvf+ Zsffjf Miofx jfx Wzizfl/Cflfxiik,

VM Jftixzoflz enx Zxilwtnxz (8445!+ Gìlcfw zn z`f Tnkagq nl Evljalc Oibnx Txnbfgzw+ Knljnl+ Jftixzoflz

enx Zxilwtnxz,

Sig`w+ O, (9105!+ Zfg`layvf uw Ijungigq al Enxfgiwzalc2 I Wzvjq ne Xiak Xitaj Zxilwaz+ Vxhil Xfwnvxgfw+

:(9!+ 8774,


24/24


Sig`w+ O, (9101!+ S`fl Tkillfxw Kaf saz` Lvohfxw+ Bnvxlik ne z`f Iofxagil Tkillalc Iwwngaizanl+ 66(:!+

:351,

(9114!+ Fzàgw ilj Ijungigq al Enxfgiwzalc enx Tvhkag Tnkagq+ Hvwalfww ilj Txnefwwanlik Fzàgw Bnvxlik+

1(98!+ 9:963,

Sàzf @nvwf (8441!+ Xfoixmw hq z`f Txfwajflz ilj z`f Uagf Txfwajflz iz Ntflalc ne Eawgik XfwtnlwahakazqWvooaz+ 887/41+ Negf ne z`f Txfww Wfgxfzixq+ 87 Efhxvixq,

Sakkaiow+ S, (9110!+ @nlfwz Lvohfxw ilj Jfongxigq2 Wngaik Tnkagq Ilikqwaw al z`f Sàzf @nvwf+ Gnlcxfww+

ilj z`f Efjfxik Icflgafw+ Siwàlcznl+ JG+ Cfnxcfznsl Vlaufxwazq Txfww,

Date post:	06-Apr-2018
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Survival of the unﬁttest: why the worst infrastructure gets built—and what we can do about it

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