SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

English for ScienceCitation Styles

The reasons for and practice of scientific citation

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• Books;

• Papers/articles;

• Personal communications;

• Internet.

Remember that original, English sources are necessary.

Citations must be made recognisable by an identifier.

Different sources

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

How can I persuade my teachers to allow me to use Wikipedia as a legitimate research source? Kaitlyn Grigsby, Medina, Ohio.

I would agree with your teachers that isn't the right way to use Wikipedia. The site is a wonderful starting point for research. But it's only a starting point because there's always a chance that there's something wrong, and you should check your sources if you are writing a paper. Jimmy Wales.

References unnecessary or superfluous:

• Common knowledge, text books, dictionaries (translations);

• Wikipedia.

To reference or not to reference?

References necessary:

• Specific information (who measured/counted?);

• Actual quotations, original ideas.Wales (2007)

Wales (2007)

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• Text IDiamond (2005:115ff) proposes …

• Text IISocieties choose to survive (Diamond, 2005:120)

• ReferencesDiamond, J. (2005): Collapse. Penguin: Richmond.

Books

Identifier

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• Text IShermer (2005) proposes …

• Text IIPeople believe when logic fails (Shermer, 2005)

• ReferencesShermer, M. (2005): Men Who Stare at Goats. Skeptic, 12.1, 105-108.

Papers/Articles

Identifier

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• TextWatson et al. (1953)

• ReferencesWatson, J.D., Crick, F.H.C. (1953): A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Nature, 171, 737-738.

Note that in this case (two authors) it would also be permissible to use "Watson & Crick (1953)".

Multiple Authors

Identifier

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• TextPinker (2006) …Tavris (2000) …

• Reference ListPinker, S. (2006): personal communication (email) of December 12, permission granted for citation.Tavris, C. (2000): interview of October 10, .wav file in author's possession.

Personal Communications

Identifier

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

http://www.fsz.uni-hannover.de/sprachbereiche/englisch/index.htm

ProtocollPath to rootHost namePathDocument

www.

Server

fsz.uni-hannover.de

Site name = identifier

Internet – Parts of a URL

Host name:

= +

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• TextNickell (2005a), fsz.uni-hannover.de[1], Nickell (2005b), fsz.uni-hannover.de[2] …

• References (alphabetical!)fsz.uni-hannover.de[1]: http://www.fsz.uni-hannover. de/ sprachbereiche/englisch/index.htm, retrieved/accessed March 27, 2007.fsz.uni-hannover.de[2]: another URL at the same identifier but different document Nickell (2005a): the first publication in 2005Nickell (2005b): the next one in 2005

Multiple Publications

SuSe 2011 © 2011, Lee Traynor, MA (Oxon)

• American Psychological Association (2009-10): http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/electronic-references/, accessed October 25, 2010.

See also (on electronic sources):

Reference

• Wales, J. (2007): 10 Questions. Time, 169.14, 4, available at: http://www.time.com/time/business/article/ 0,8599,1601491,00.html, accessed October 25, 2010, alternative citation: time.com