Sushine to Petrol

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Project: Sunshine to Petrol Technical English 2013-I

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARCOS

FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

REIMAGINING LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS

SUNSHINE TO PETROL

TECHNICAL ENGLISH

STUDENTS:

JHANINA JHANET AIRE LAUREANO

EMILY LEIVA

ALIPIO LI ESPINOZA

TEACHER:

DOMINGUEZ FRANK C

PERU July 2013


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRAT ...................................................................................... 32. PROBLEM .................................................................................... 43. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 5

3.1General objective ..................................................................... 53.2Specific objective...................................................................... 5

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS .......................................... 64.1Thermochemical process. ........................................................ 7

4.1.1Fuel procurement process 7

4.1.2Description of the CR5. .8

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ................................ 135.1 Advantages ............................................................................... 13

5.2 Disadvantages .......................................................................... 13

6. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 137. REFERENCES .............................................................................. 14


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1. ABSTRAT

This work we present is entitled Sunshine to Petrol, whose main objective is Reduce

global warming caused by CO2 globally, the increase of carbon dioxide gas or known as the

greenhouse effect is due to the massive use of fossil fuel, climate change is a bigger threat

to the planet than any initiative to solve the problem must include technologies dubbed"carbon-negative." This means that actually absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

and do something productive with them. In fact, a group of entrepreneurial companies and

researchers hope to do exactly that.

Recycling carbon dioxide is much more complex than placing different bins for glass,

aluminum, and paper. But many scientists believe that not only worth the effort, but is a

crucial project. The idea of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants that use coal

or oil as fuels and store it underground has been much interest. There are currently several

pilot projects and those under construction.

In fact it is possible to recombine carbon from CO2 with water to create hydrogen from

hydrocarbons. In other words, to create fuel so called gasoline. The problem, ironically, is

that the process requires a lot of energy. It could even include technologies capable of

absorbing carbon dioxide directly from the air, rather than flue gas of coal-fired power.

As specific objective is to convert ambient CO2 (from the chimneys of industries, from

cars, etc.) in CO, by CR5 solar reactor to produce usable fuel in various fields. The

description of the CO2 capture process (use the CR5) will be detailed in section 4 of the

work and the process of obtaining the fuel.

As a final part we mentioned some advantages and disadvantages of using this technology,

as well as some final conclusions.


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2. PROBLEM

The CO2 emission is a global problem. Nature is a resource whose rational human survival

depends. So lately there is great concern about the impact of human activities on natural

environments. To protect the proposed measures to control such activities, which try to

minimize the polluting effects. Standards are promoted to control waste waters and throwninto the atmosphere suggested the installation of scrubbers, replacement of toxic substances

harmless ones in agriculture and the development of alternative energy sources.

Unfortunately, the implementation of these measures is far from universal and there is

reason enough to address this issue.

For many other reasons a group of researchers at Sandia National Laboratories is building a

prototype for chemistry "revitalize" carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide using

concentrated solar energy. The carbon monoxide could then be used to make hydrogen or

serve as a building block to synthesize a liquid fuel such as methanol or even gasoline,

diesel and jet fuel.

The prototype, called counter rotating ring Receptor Recovery Reactor (CR5, for short),

will break a carbon-oxygen in the carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide and oxygen in

two distinct stages. It is a major piece of an approach to convert carbon dioxide into fuel

from sunlight. The Sandia research team calls this approach "Sunshine to Petrol" (S2P).

"Liquid Solar Fuel" is the end product - the methanol, gasoline, or other liquid fuel made

from water and the carbon monoxide produced using solar energy.

The Sandia research team calls this approach "Sunshine to Petrol" (S2P). "Liquid Solar

Fuel" is the end product - the methanol, gasoline, or other liquid fuel made from water and

the carbon monoxide produced using solar energy.

Sandia researchers came up with the idea to use the CR5 to break down carbon dioxide. In

the past year have demonstrated proof of concept and are completing a prototype device

that will use concentrated solar energy to revitalize carbon dioxide or water, the products of

combustion. It to form carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and oxygen, which can ultimately be

used to synthesize liquid fuels in an integrated S2P.

Coal is burned in a clean coal power plant. Carbon dioxide from the burning of coal would

be captured and reduced to carbon monoxide in the CR5. Carbon monoxide would then be

the starting point for making gasoline, jet fuel, methanol, or almost any type of liquid fuel.

The prospect of a liquid fuel is important because it matches the current gasoline and oil

infrastructure. After the synthesized fuel obtained from carbon monoxide, can be

transported through a pipe into a truck and transported to a service station.

This project has enormous potential and could be of decisive importance in the battle

against climate change and the energy crisis


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3. OBJECTIVES

As mentioned above, the work has two main objectives, the first is to reduce global

warming caused by CO2 worldwide, explained in the previous section, and the other

objective seeks convert CO2 to CO environment through the reactor CR5 Solar and fuel.

Then we mention:

General objective

Reduce global warming caused by CO2 globally

Specific objective

Convert ambient CO2 (from the chimneys of industries, from cars, etc.) in CO, by CR5

solar reactor to produce usable fuel.

To add one more point on this point is expected to demonstrate the feasibility of the CR5

concept and to determine how the results of small-scale tests can be extended to work on

real devices, the design is conservative compared to what could eventually be developed.


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4. DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS

An alternative to electricity production is the use of the energy potential of solar radiation

by converting chemical energy storage and structured (hydrocarbons). The methods for

production of fuels from solar energy are the thermochemical processes.

Figure1. The process flow

4.1 Thermochemical process

Thermochemical option is based on the use of concentrated solar radiation as a primary

source of heat for endothermic reactions fuel production using this metal oxide redox

cycles. These cycles include two coupled processes based on the reduction and subsequent

oxidation of metal oxides which act effectively in low-temperature transformation of CO2

and H2O in CO and H2 respectively.


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4.1.1Fuel procurement process

First stage: Thermal Reduction

Redox oxide thermally reduced concentrated solar energy releasing oxygen.

Second stage: Oxidation of CO2 and H2O

The oxidized and reduced system regenerates CO2 capturing and releasing oxygen and CO

capturing the other side or releasing H2O H2 gas.

Figure2. Schematic representation of a thermochemical cycle operation


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Global Reaction

The balance of the process corresponds to the formation of CO and H2 from CO2 and H2O

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

From the CO and H2 generated can produce liquid hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel,

kerosene) through the process of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Based on this concept, Sandia National Laboratory researchers have conducted in recent

years the project "Sunshine to Petrol". Within this project we have developed a prototype

called CR5 (Counter-Rotating-Ring Receiver Reactor Recuperator), to carry out the process

thermochemical production of CO and H2 from CO2 and H2O using as redox metal oxide

based material iron.

4.1.2 Description of the Counter-Rotating-Ring Receiver Reactor Recuperator (CR5)

CR5 prototype is designed with a chamber at each side (Figure 3). One of the cameras is a

high temperature while the other is at a lower temperature. Inside the prototype, there are14 rings containing oxide redox rotating at 1 rpm. The high-temperature chamber is heated

with concentrated solar power (Figure 4) to about 1500 C causing the loss of oxygen from

metal oxide redox. Once the metal oxide is reduced is moved as a result of rotation of the

ring, towards the opposite chamber of low temperature (which is about 1000 C) where it

is contacted with CO2 or H2O and reoxidized with simultaneous release of CO or H2 gas.

(Figure6). The rusty metal oxide turns back to the high temperature chamber starting a new

cycle allows continuous operation by cyclic repetition.


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Figure3.CR5 prototype to perform thermochemical process for the production of CO and

H2

Figure 4.Sandia researcher Rich Diver checks out the solar furnace which will be the initial

source of concentrated solar heat for converting carbon dioxide to fuel. Eventually

parabolic dishes will provide the thermal energy.


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The solar energy from the concentrator passes through the aperture and onto the reactive

rings. The parabolic reflector of segmented mirrors can concentrate the suns energy up to

6750 times ambient solar radiation thus the CR5 easily achieves 1500 C on the reactive

rings.

Figure 5.The concentrator solar energy to heat the prototype CR5

Figure 6 Side view of the CR5 showing a single ring.


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The current generation of ring segments features thin ceria fins fabricated by a

casting/lamination/laser cutting methodology. These ceria fins are captured within a

zirconiabased carrier ring that is in turn captured by a metal hub (Figure 7).

Figure 7.Ring segments recovered after the test showing ceria fins (pink), zirconia carrier

segments (white), and metallic central hub (gray).

The CR5 prototype has been able to demonstrate the concept of fuel generation from

concentrated solar power but needs improvements in terms of cost and efficiency level

achieved. The short-term goal is to achieve a percentage units in the overall process

efficiency. Scientists responsible for their development estimated at 15 to 20 years the time

needed for this technology to reach a commercial level with maximum efficiency in the

range of 10%. For this to occur, will require new redox oxides that allow oxygen loss at

lower temperatures allowing a greater amount of solar energy can be converted into CO and

H2.


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Figure5. Efficiency, reactor reduction and oxidation temperatures in a 12ring onsun test

conducted on August 1, 2011.


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5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1. Advantages

It reduces the environmental impact caused by the greenhouse gas CO2.

Since the prices of the "classic" fuels (fossil fuels) are increasing across the years,this turns out to be a good alternative.

The fuel would be fullly compatible with the oil infrastructures: Once synthesizedand in liquid state, it might be transported by the pipelines and supplied the gas

stations as one more fuel.

The solar reactor "CR5" sera capable of producing gases of hydrogen (H2) andcarbon monoxide (CO), in spite of these finally synthesizing fuels.

Disposition of energy without cost any (solar power).5.2. Disadvantages

The technological development of the project is complicated and expensive. Only they have tested to scale laboratory, but not on a high scale.

6. CONCLUSIONS

There would be needed approximately 300.000 acres (121.400 hectares) of mirrorsto gather sufficient solar light for the equivalent of 1 million barrels of crude oil a

day.

The reactor CR5 will be able to produce the synthesis gases ". Project is long-term between 15 to 20 years, since still studies are realized.


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7. REFERENCES

1 http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/energiasalternativas/2009/12/02/1295882 http://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=7763 http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/Energy_Goal2.pdf4 http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2012/120307.pdf5 http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-

5796P.pdf

6 https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/sunshine.html
http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/energiasalternativas/2009/12/02/129588http://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=776http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/Energy_Goal2.pdfhttp://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2012/120307.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttps://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/sunshine.htmlhttps://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/sunshine.htmlhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdfhttp://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2012/120307.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/Energy_Goal2.pdfhttp://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=776http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/energiasalternativas/2009/12/02/129588

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