Sustainability Assessment of Alternatives for Heat Generation and Transfer in Saunas

8/20/2019 Sustainability Assessment of Alternatives for Heat Generation and Transfer in Saunas

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Sustainability Assessment of

Alternatives for heat Generation

and Transfer in SaunasNora Munguia1,2, Luis Velazquez1,2, Rafael Perez1,

Daniel Rincón1, Martha Marin1, Biagio F. iannetti!,

"ec#lia M. V. B. $l%ei&a!, Feni $gostinho!

' $(stract

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' Lin0e& References

' o to "ite this $rticle1ustaina(ilit3 ra&uate Progra%, 4n&ustrial

5ngineering De6art%ent, /ni7ersit3 of onora

8/N49N:, er%osillo, Me+ico2;or0 5n7iron%ent De6art%ent, /ni7ersit3 of

Massachusetts Loell, Loell, M$, /$!Pro&uction 5ngineering ra&uate Progra%, Paulista

/ni7ersit3 8/N4P:,


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"o63right = 2>1? (3 authors an& cientific

Research Pu(lishing 4nc.

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htt6Acreati7eco%%ons.orglicenses(3C.>

Recei7e& 1 No7e%(er 2>1?E acce6te& 1!

Dece%(er 2>1?E 6u(lishe& 1 Dece%(er 2>1?

ABSTRACT

In the search for renewable energy sources,

solar energy appears, among others, as a

powerful alternative mainly for those

countries located at !arth"s e#uatorial region$

This is the case of a %resnel device that uses

solar radiation to warm&up the air for

instance, within saunas$ Authors coined theterm sustainable technological innovation to

refer to a technological innovation in

accordance to the principles of sustainability$

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The ob'ect of this research was comparing the

sustainability of a %resnel (ens Solar

Concentration )%(SC* against the sustainabilityof other twelve alternatives to generate heat$

This article assesses the sustainability of

fourteen technological options for heat

generation and transfer to saunas in the

northwest region of +eico wheretemperatures often reach above -. C and

where there is a greater potential for

eploiting solar energy$ !mergy accounting,

economic analysis, and global warming

potential are the three indicators considered in

#uantifying sustainability$ Results show that

infrared ceramic photovoltaic, infrared carbon

photovoltaic and infrared metal photovoltaic

are the most sustainable systems$ The %resnel

device reached the fourth and tenth position,

using electricity from photovoltaic and from

grid respectively, among all fourteen assessed

devices, respectively$ Although %resnel


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e#uipment does not release any global

warming gases into the atmosphere, or even it

demands low amount of non& renewableresources, /$-0 and -$-1 !/1 se2%3yr$ it

re#uires high economic investment, 40,500

and 16,700 8S93yr, for the implementation

and operation phases, which decrease its

sustainability performance compared to twelveother evaluated devices$

:eywords;

emergy, sustainable technology Innovation,


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G2H , there is still a lot of &e(ate a(out its real

%eaning G!H .

*a0ing into account that sustaina(le &e7elo6%ent is(ase& on social, econo%ic an& en7iron%ental 6illars

GCH , hich %a3 lea& toar& a hu%an &e7elo6%ent

in a res6onsi(le %anner G?H E energ3 %ust

un&ou(te&l3 (e one of its %ain questions. 4n fact,

ensuring energ3 su66l3 ithout the resultingen7iron%ental i%6acts is one of the greatest

challenges in this centur3 GJH .

$ secure, relia(le, affor&a(le, clean an& sociall3

energ3 su66l3 is necessar3 to an econo%ic groth

an& hu%an &e7elo6%ent GH . oe7er, %ost of the

energ3 use& noa&a3s is generate& fro% non)

renea(le sourcesE (3 2>12, renea(le energ3

constitute& onl3 21K of the orl&i&e energ3,

although it is e+6ecte& to increase to !!K (3 2>C>

GH , GIH . Particularl3 in the case of Me+ico,

electricit3 generation relies hea7il3 on the

co%(ustion of fossil fuels, IJK G1>H .

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Renea(le energ3 co%es fro% sources that can (e

naturall3 re6lenishe&, this has a consi&era(l3 loer

i%6act on %atters such as resource &e6letion an&e%issions hen co%6are& to tra&itional energ3

generation an& consu%6tion %etho&ologies G11H .

olar energ3 has a huge 6otential to (e use& (3

societ3, since all energ3 a7aila(le for use on 5arth is

&irect or in&irectl3 relate& to the sun G12H . *his is6articularl3 suita(le along the 5arths un(elt close

to the 5arths ther%al equatorial region, hich

co7ers a 7ast a%ount of &e7elo6ing countries in

central $frica an& $%erica G1!H , G1CH .

*he 6otential of the solar energ3 s3ste%s has

o6ene& ne %ar0ets for sustaina(le entre6reneurs

that see0 to &e7elo6 en7iron%ental soun&

technologies an& ith this, the e%ergence of solar

technologies that are usuall3 &ri7en (3 technological

inno7ations. *echnological inno7ation refers to

changes in the functionalities of the 6ro&uctE often,

the change is not o(ser7a(le (ecause it is internal to

the 6ro&uct for% G1?H . oe7er, the3 can (e an

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efficient %eans of a7oi&ing the 6ollution associate&

ith con7entional energ3 generation 6rocesses

G1JH .4n %an3 cases, sustaina(ilit3 is the %other lo&e of

technological inno7ation G?H . *his t36e of inno7ation

can (e ra&ical, at ne 6ro&uct le7el, or incre%ental

an& 6rocess oriente& G1H . 9ften, ra&ical inno7ation

occurs (efore incre%ental an& 6rocess oriente&inno7ationE this ha66ene& ith solar concentrator

technolog3 that uses trac0ers ith %irrors that

follo the suns 6ath an& concentrate its heat.

$ctuall3, the %ost utilize& technological a66roaches

for s%all)scale a66lications are 6ara(olic trough

8P*": an& Fresnel linear 8FL": solar

concentratorsE P*" has the lea& on the efficienc3

front G1H E on the other han&, FL" %ight ha& ha7e

other a&7antages in ter%s of %echanical &ifficulties

an& o6eration an& %aintenance e+6enses G1IH .

4n an3 case, a sustaina(ilit3 a66raisal s3ste% is

necessar3 to assess its 6erfor%ance in each of the

sustaina(ilit3 &i%ensions G2>H . *he a66raisal

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s3ste% %ust ha7e 6recise in&icators to 6ro7i&e

o6erational infor%ation in or&er to anal3ze tren&s

an& cause)an&)effect relationshi6s G21H . $ co%6letequantitati7e assess%ent is necessar3 hen it co%es

to fin&ing alternati7es that (ring &e7elo6%ent to a

%ore sustaina(le state.

Regar&ing electricit3 generation, the green)house)

gas 8: e%issions 6er 0;h of generate& energ3is consi&ere& a suita(le 6ara%eter in &efining the

sustaina(ilit3 of the electricit3 s3ste% at &ifferent

scales G22H . 9n the other han&, for a %ore

groun&e& sustaina(le assess%ent, en7iron%ental

consi&erations un&er a unique scale of anal3sis

har&l3 ill (e enough to co%6rise all as6ects relate&

to a (roa&er &efinition of sustaina(ilit3 G2!H .

$s a co%6le%entar3 a66roach in quantif3ing

electricit3 consu%6tion to assess sustaina(ilit3, the

e%erg3 %etho& a66ears to (e 7er3 useful G2CH .

*his is groun&e& in ther%o&3na%ic las an& a &onor

si&e 6ers6ecti7e in quantif3ing 7alue, hich allos

for ta0ing into account natural resource use rates,

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efficient e+6loitation an& aste carr3ing ca6acit3

G2?H .

*he o(ect of this research as to co%6are thesustaina(ilit3 of a Fresnel Lens olar "oncentration

8FL": against the sustaina(ilit3 of tel7e other

alternati7es to generate heat.

4$ +ethodology

*he FL" is inten&e& to (e a technological

inno7ation ithin a sustaina(le sauna that is (eing

(uilt at a s6ort facilit3 locate& at er%osillo, onora,

Me+icoE here te%6eratures often reach a(o7e C? "

an& here there is a greater 6otential for e+6loitingsolar energ3 G2JH .

*he sauna (athroo% %easures 2.! (3 1. %eters

ith a total area of C.1? %2 an& a height of 2.1

%eters. *he total internal 7olu%e accounts for .JI

%!

. ;hen in o6eration, the sauna is going to requirea te%6erature of ?O" for a ca6acit3 for u6 eight

users. ustaina(ilit3 as %easure& (3 %eans of the

e%erg3 accounting %etho&, (3 an econo%ic

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anal3sis, an& (3 their glo(al ar%ing 6otential.

More infor%ation on these %etho&s is 6ro7i&e& on

the folloing sections.

4$/$ Case study

*he 6re%ise of inno7ation is rein7enting the %eans

for co%6letion of 0non goals, ith e+isting

0nole&ge an& in6uts reco%(ine& to enhance eitherthe 6roce&ure itself or the resulting 6ro&uct as a

ne 7alua(le out6ut G2H . 4nno7ation can ta0e the

for% of a utilit3 %o&el that &escri(es the ca6acit3 to

i%6ro7e a &e7ice, (ase& on %arginal %o&ifications.

/suall3, utilit3 %o&els ha7e the 6otential forin&ustrial a66lication G2H . 4n &e7elo6ing countries,

li0e Me+ico, the utilit3 %o&el is recognize& as a

%aor constituent of en7iron%entall3 relate&

inno7ation G2IH .

For the 6ur6ose of this case stu&3, authors coine&

the ter% sustaina(le technological inno7ation 8*4:

to refer to a technological inno7ation in accor&ance

ith the 6rinci6les of sustaina(ilit3. *ra&itionall3,

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saunas use gas or electricit3 for heat generationE

therefore, the use of solar energ3 oul& (e a

sustaina(le technological inno7ation 8*4: that ta0esa&7antage of a renea(le energ3 source. *he %ain

i&ea (ehin& the *4 is integrating the FL" as a

su(s3ste% to the entire ecological en7iron%ent of

the saunaE ta0ing into account that the natural

en7iron%ent offers the con&itions for the&e7elo6%ent of s6orts in har%on3 ith nature G!>H .

olar ther%al concentration techniques at s%all

scale ha7e (een alrea&3 teste& G!1H .

De%onstrating its technical feasi(ilit3 as not

enough, for that reason, it as necessar3 to contrast

the FL", in sustaina(ilit3 ter%s, against other

heating alternati7es. Figure 1 shos the heat

sources consi&ere& in this research (ecause the3 are

the %ost i&el3 a&o6te& an& sol& in the %ar0et.

4$4$ A Sustainability Assessment model

$ccor&ing to G!!H , e7er since the use of

ther%o&3na%ics in e+6laining ecos3ste%

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functioning, 6lent3 of attention has (een gi7en to

the cause)effect relation integrating in6ut, state,

an& out6ut for an e7aluate& s3ste%. enerall3, it isan o6en s3ste% here onl3 %atter an& energ3

in6uts are necessar3 to (uil& an& sustain the

s3ste%s

%igure /. eat source classification accor&ing to its

origin, a&a6te& fro% G!2H . ra3 rectangles in&icate

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the alternati7es technologies assesse& in this stu&3

consi&ering their &ifferent heat sources.

functionalit3, inclu&ing the internal structure,

toar&s %a+i%izing the con7ersion of energ3 an&

%atter in6uts into useful ser7ices an& goo&s

out6uts.

*he %o&el on Figure 2 illustrates the re6resentation

of a 6ro&uction s3ste%, since its o(ecti7e is usingefficientl3 all s3ste% in6uts fro% renea(le

resources (3 con7erting the% into a netor0 that

%a+i%izes 6ro&uction, hich results in loer

a%ounts of aste as out6ut.

4n relation to the in6utQ, the i%6ortance in quantit3an& qualit3 of the resources as 0e3 ele%ents on the

s3ste%s &e7elo6%ent is of recognition, here the

use of en7iron%ental 5%erg3 accounting G2CH is

noteorth3 hen co%6are& to other a66roaches &ue

to its s3ste%ic character, a &onor si&e 7ie inesta(lishing 7alue, an& the recognition of energ3

qualit3. $ccor&ing to G!!H , although not ha7ing a

strong anthro6ocentric relation ith s3ste%s out6ut,

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the use of 5%erg3 on the in6utQ re6resentation

&enotes a (io6h3sical counter6art for this out6utQE

hich then stan&s for the i%6ortance of en7iron%ental or0, true ealth, nee&e& for hu%an

action an& acquisition of ell(eing. 4n this stu&3, the

non)renea(le 5%erg3 co%ing fro% econo%3 FQ

use& (3 the s3ste% is consi&ere& an in&icator for

the &istance (eteen the s3ste% itself an&sustaina(ilit3. 4t %eans that higher s3ste%

&e6en&ence on FQ resources translates to higher

&istance to sustaina(ilit3, (ecause (3 &efinition FQ

resources are classifie& as non)renea(le resources.

For the stateQ as6ect, G!CH argue that an econo%3s

o6eration is (ase& on the con7ersion fro% resources

into goo&s an& ser7ices useful to societ3E usuall3

%onetar3 7alue. i7en the recognize& i%6ortance

an& influence on &ecision %a0ing, %onetar3 cost of

i%6le%enting an& %aintaining the functioning of

stu&ie& s3ste%s is consi&ere& a %easure of stateQ.

$s a %easure of out6ut, a%ong se7eral other

alternati7es, the glo(al ar%ing 6otential 8;P:



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in&icator is (eing i&el3 use& an& recognize& as

i%6ortant &ue to cli%ate change concerns aroun&

the orl&. 4n this sense, this or0 assu%es that;P is consi&ere& as re6resentati7e for the out6utQ

for the sustaina(ilit3 %o&el a&o6te&. For this

6ur6ose, the &irect e%issions of "92, "Can&

N92 are accounte& for as (36ro&ucts of the energ3

generation 6rocess su66l3ing heat for the &e7ices inaunas.

Dee6er &etails on the e%erg3 accounting an&

econo%ic a66roaches, as ell as ;P in&icator

calculations use& in this or0 are 6resente& in the

folloing sections.

4$4$/$ !mergy accounting

5%erg3 $ccounting e7aluates the en7iron%ental

6erfor%ance of the s3ste% on a glo(al scale,

accounting for all consi&ere& freeQ en7iron%ental

resources such as sunlight, in&, rain, soil, an& the

in&irect en7iron%ental su66ort e%(o&ie& in hu%an

la(or an& ser7ices. *his %etho&olog3 has (een use&


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6re7iousl3 for &ecision %a0ing alloing efficient

resource usage G!?H since it consi&ers the stu&ie&

s3ste%s energ3 flos G!JH (3 integrating (oth ahu%an an& natural econo%ies G!H .

*he accounting is e+ten&e& (ac0 in ti%e to inclu&e

the en7iron%ental or0 nee&e& for resource

for%ation, thus e%erg3 is a %easure of the 6ast an&

6resent en7iron%ental su66ort to an3 6rocessoccurring in the (ios6here G!H . $ccor&ing to the

secon& la of classic ther%o&3na%ics, each

transfor%ation 6rocess &egra&es the a7aila(le

6otential energ3 hile the qualit3Q of the re%aining

energ3 in the 6ro&uct is increase&. 5nerg3 qualit3 is

crucial hen &iscussing e%erg3 accounting, as

e+6resse& (3 the 5%erg3 4ntensit3 Values1.

%igure 4. Re6resentation for the in6ut)state)out6ut

%o&el of a 6ro&uction s3ste%. $&a6te& fro% G!CH .

Legen&A seF S solar e%oules, a unit %easure of

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e%erg3 %etho&E 0g"92)eq. S 0ilogra%s of car(on

&io+i&e equi7alent, an in&icator of glo(al ar%ing

6otential.

5%erg3 accounting is organize& as a to6 &on

a66roach. For its a66lication, initiall3 an energ3

s3ste% &iagra% using the s3%(ols, 6ro6ose& (3

G2CH %ust re6resent the s3ste% un&er stu&3.

u(sequentl3, all ra 7alues of energ3 an& %assgoing into the s3ste% are %ulti6lie& (3 their

res6ecti7e e%erg3 intensit3 7alues, resulting in

flos re6resente& ith the sa%e unitA solar

e%oules 8se:. Finall3, these flos are aggregate&

to calculate the e%erg3 in&ices to &ra conclusionsa(out the s3ste%s sustaina(ilit3 6erfor%ance.

Dee6er un&erstan&ing a(out 5%erg3 $ccounting

rules, %eanings an& calculation 6roce&ure can (e

foun& %ainl3 at G2CH an& G!H .

/suall3, the in&ices consi&ere& in e%erg3 stu&ies,shon in Figure !, are /5V, Renea(ilit3 8KR:,

5%erg3 @iel& Ratio 85@R:, 5n7iron%ental Loa&ing

Ratio 85LR: an& ustaina(ilit3 4n&e+ 854:, (ut

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sustaina(ilit3 in this anal3sis as characterize& (3

the loest 6ossi(le &e6en&enc3 of resources fro%

econo%3, usuall3 la(ele& as non)renea(le. *hus,the e%erg3 in&icator use& to re6resent sustaina(ilit3

in this or0 is FQ, i.e. the fee&(ac0 fro% econo%3

resources re6resenting the su% of %aterials,

energ3, ser7ices an& la(or use& (3 each in&i7i&ual

heat su66lier e7aluate&.*he fee&(ac0 fro% econo%3 in&icator 8FQ: as

o(taine& (3 %ulti6l3ing the ra &ata as 6resente& in

$66en&i+ B (3 its res6ecti7e /nit 5%erg3 Value as

6resente& in $66en&i+ $ an& (3 its res6ecti7e 6artial

renea(ilit3 as 6resente& in $66en&i+ B.

4$4$4$ !conomic Cost

5cono%ic cost re6resents the %ar0et cost &uring

i%6le%entation an& %aintenance 6hases for all 1C

anal3ze& s3ste%s &uring a 2>)3ear lifeti%e. $fter

ela(orating a &ata(ase containing the quantitati7e

a%ount of %aterials an& ser7ices &e%an&e& for

construction an& %aintenance of each heat s3ste%,


19/49

the %ar0et 7alues of each in6ut into the s3ste%

(oun&aries ere o(taine& fro% regular %ar0et for

the Me+ican case in 2>1C. *he Me+ican currenc37alues, Me+ican 6esos, ere con7erte& to / &ollars

(ecause it re6resents an international currenc3E for

this, a con7ersion rate of 1!.1> MN/D as use&.

$ll econo%ic 7alues are 6resente& in $66en&i+ B.

4$4$=$ 9irect !missions

5%issions can (e accounte& for as &irect 8or local:

an& in&irect 8or glo(al:, accor&ing to &ifferent scales

of anal3sis. 4n this regar&, see for instance G!IH .

For the 6ur6oses of this or0, onl3 the &irecte%issions are consi&ere& to e7aluate the relate&

e%issions in using a 6articular energ3 source to

o(tain heat ithin sauna. For this, the folloing

e%ission factors fro% GC>H are consi&ere&A 1: oo&

an& oo& resi&uals S 1JC> 0g"92 ton, 12J

g"C ton, an& J!gN29tonE 2: gas fuel S .J5T

0g"92 , !.IC5TI g"C , an& .I5T1> gN29. *o

calculate the glo(al ar%ing 6otential 8;P:

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20/49

in&icators, a 1>>)3ear ti%e inter7al for i%6acts is

consi&ere& un&er the folloing eight factorsA 1:

"92 S 1E 2: "C S 2?E !: N29 S 2I.

%igure =. eneric energ3 &iagra% re6resenting allenerg3 sources in7ol7e& in the transfor%ation

6rocess. 3%(ols fro% G2CH . uffi+es nQ an& rQ

stan& for non) renea(le an& renea(le

res6ecti7el3, referring to the renea(le an&

nonrenea(le co%6onent of %aterial an& energ3flos.

4$=$ Graphical representation of Results



21/49

$i%ing to i%6ro7e their inter6retation, results are

6resente& on a gra6hical &esign. $ll fourteen

s3ste%s are 6lotte& in the sa%e gra6h, an& for this,a linear nor%alization is consi&ere& to allo that all

in&icators ranges fro% zero 8%ini%u% 7alue: to one

8%a+i%u% 7alue:. *his is &one (3 setting the

%a+i%u% 7alue achie7e& (3 the highest rate&

s3ste% for a s6ecific in&icator to 1, hile the loest6ossi(le 7alue is set to >. *hen, a linear 6ro6ortion

is use& for all others in&icators to %a0e the%

co%6ara(le. *he a66roach chosen 6ro7i&es to

i%6ortant 6ieces of infor%ationA 1: the hierarch3

fro% (etter to orst s3ste% 6erfor%ance accor&ing

to the three in&icators of sustaina(ilit3 consi&ere& in

this or0E 2: the area o(taine& for each s3ste% (3

ta0ing into account all three in&icators re6resents

the o7erall sustaina(ilit3 of that s3ste%, here a

large area in&icates orst co%6ara(le 6erfor%ance.

=$ Results and discussion


22/49

*he energ3 &iagra%s of Figure C an& Figure ? sho,

through the use of a s3ste%ic 6ers6ecti7e, all

%aterial an& energ3 s3ste%s in6uts, internalrelations, as ell as the air heating out6uts for the

e7aluate& saunas. Due to si%ilarit3 (eteen so%e

s3ste%s functioning, to re6resentati7e &iagra%s

ere &ran (3 %erging the electric heat source

alternati7es, inclu&ing Fresnel, infrare& cera%ic,%etal, car(on, an& heater, in one &iagra%, hile the

other one re6resents fireoo&, 6ellets an& gas

technological o6tions. *he energ3 &iagra%s are

re6resentati7e %o&els of realit3 as inter6rete& (3

the authors. 9ne o(ecti7e for these energ3

&iagra%s is to allo the rea&er a large)scale 7ie,

hich can (e consi&ere& useful to (etter un&erstan&

the s3ste%s functioning an& 6otentials for

i%6ro7e%ent. *hrough these &iagra%s, (oth

anal3sts an& rea&ers can un&erstan& the nee&e&

e%(o&ie& energ3 (3 the s3ste%s to 6ro&uce a goo&

or ser7ice, e7en recognizing the i%6ortance of the

so)calle& hi&&en energ3 flos that are usuall3

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23/49

&isregar&e& fro% se7eral sustaina(ilit3 anal3ses &ue

to %etho&ological constraints or also &ue to a lac0 of

large)scale co%6rehension a(out the orl&i&eenerg3 relationshi6.

Both energ3 &iagra%s 6ro7i&e infor%ation regar&ing

the &e%an& for e+ternal resources 8in&icate& (3

circle co%6onents: an& la(or. $&&itionall3, it can (e

seen ho these e+ternal resources interact ithins3ste%s (oun&aries to 6ro&uce a goo& or ser7ice,

hich are the ar%e& air to sauna an& the su()

6ro&ucts as aste an& e%issions.

$fter un&erstan&ing the s3ste%s functioning

inclu&ing their &e6en&ence on e+ternal resources as

ell as their internal fra%eor0, the three

%etho&ologies consi&ere& in this or0 as

re6resentati7e of sustaina(ilit3 ere a66lie&. *a(le

1 shos the three in&icators o(taine& for the all

fourteen assesse& saunas heat sources. $ high

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24/49

%igure -. 5nerg3 &iagra% of electric alternati7es for

heat source. 4t inclu&es Fresnel, infrare& cera%ic,%etal, car(on an& heater e7aluate& s3ste%s as

6re7iousl3 shon in Figure 1.


25/49

%igure .. 5nerg3 &iagra% of heat sources fro%

natural gas an& 7egetal (io%ass (urning. 4t inclu&es

heater 8fireoo&, 6ellets, an& gas: an& fire6lace

fro% oo&, as 6re7iousl3 shon in Figure 1.

Table /. 5%erg3, econo%ic an& e%ission flo

anal3ses for the fourteen assesse& heat su66liers.


26/49

Values corres6on& to a 2>) 3ear lifeti%e 6er heater,

inclu&ing i%6le%entation an& o6eration 6hases.

6hot. S electricit3 fro% 6hoto7oltaic 6anelsE aseF 3r

S 8nu%(ers fro% categor3 colu%n in $66en&i+ B: U

8/5Vs 6resente& in $66en&i+ $: U 81)Par) tial

renea(ilit3:E (5cono%ic costs a7aila(le at $66en&i+

BE ;P calculate& (3 using ra &ata of $66en&i+ B

an& coefficients 6resente& in the 6re7iousl3 2.2.!.Direct e%issionsQ section.

a%ount of non)renea(le resources FQ is

&e%an&e& (3 s3ste% 12 gas heater 82?.>> 51

seF 3r:, hich re6resents a(out 1> ti%es that of the

secon& orst 6erfor%ance o(taine& (3 s3ste% 1>fireoo& heater 81I.>> 51 seF 3r:, folloe& (3

s3ste% 1! heater gri& 81.!> 51 seF 3r:. *his is

a 7er3 interesting result (ecause it as not e+6ecte&

since the econo%ic cost of heater gas an& fireoo&

are not the %ost e+6ensi7e &e7ices. 9n the otherhan&, as e%erg3 %etho&olog3 consi&ers a large)

scale a66roach in its fra%eor0 calculation, it

%eans that (oth heaters 8gas an& fireoo&: &e%an&


27/49

in&irectl3, an& usuall3 not %ar0eta(le, a large

a%ount of glo(al resources hich i%6lies in higher

e%erg3 for the%. Due to this 0in& of result, the useof a %ulti)criteria a66roach instea& of unique

in&icators to re6resent sustaina(ilit3 can (e

consi&ere& as %ore a66ro6riate. $ll other s3ste%s

&e%an& non)renea(le resources ranging fro% 1.C>

to I.C 51 seF3r, 6lacing s3ste%s ! Fresnel6hoto7oltaic, ? infrare& cera%ic 6hoto7oltaic an&

infrare& %etal 6hoto7oltaic as the (est

6erfor%ers for this 6articular sustaina(ilit3 in&icator.

Different results ere o(taine& hen consi&ering

econo%ic costs, in hich case the orst

6erfor%ance as o(taine& (3 s3ste%s 1! heater

gri& ith 2>C,>>> /D3r, folloe& (3 s3ste%s 1

fire6lace fro% oo&, 2 Fresnel gri&, an& 1C

6hoto7oltaic heater. For all other s3ste%s, the

econo%ic cost ranges fro% a(out ?,>>> to ?,>>>

/D3r, in hich s3ste%s ? infrare& cera%ic

6hoto7oltaic an& I infrare& car(on 6hoto7oltaic


28/49

ha7e the (est o7erall 6erfor%ance ith ?C2>

/D3r.

/n&er this criterion, currenc3, onl3 those resourcesthat ha7e %ar0et 7alue are accounte& for an&

7aluate& un&er an anthro6ocentric a66roach as

illing)to)6a3. *hus, free)of)charge resources are

&isregar&e& in the e7aluation, an& so%e are

un&er7alue& co%6are& to an e%erg3 6ers6ecti7e.For e+a%6le, hile natural gas or oo& energ3 can

reach high 7alues un&er an e%erg3 7ie, i.e. high

transfor%it3, their %ar0et 7alue can (e seen as lo

&ue to go7ern%ental su(si&ies. 5%erg3 %etho&

&oes not allo this 0in& of su(ecti7it3. Due to this

%ain &ifference in the scientific (ases for (oth

%etrics, results are also &ifferent hen co%6aring

econo%ic 7ersus e%erg3 %etho&s.

*he thir& sustaina(ilit3 in&icator consi&ere& in this

or0 e+6resse& (3 lo(al ;ar%ing Potential 8;P:

shoe& that s3ste%s fro% 2 to I, 1! an& 1C

are not "92 e%ittersWat least not at local scale as

consi&ere& in this or0W, thus those s3ste%s ha7e


29/49

the (est 6erfor%ance for ;P. *his (eha7ior as

alrea&3 e+6ecte& since the energ3 source su66orting

these s3ste%s co%es fro% electricit3 8gri& or6hoto7oltaic: an& not fro% (urning 7egetal (io%ass

or fossil fuelWnatural gas in this case. *he orst

6erfor%ance as o(taine& (3 s3ste%s 12 gas

heater ith 1J,I>> ton"92)eq. 3r ith consi&era(le

lea&, folloe& (3 s3ste%s 1 fire6lace fro% oo&81> ton"92)eq. 3r:, 1> fireoo& heater 8!1

ton"92)eq. 3r: an& 11 6ellet heater 82! ton"92)

eq. 3r:.

4t is interesting to highlight that, accor&ing to *a(le

1, s3ste%s ? infrare& cera%ic 6hoto7oltaic, I

infrare& car(on 6hoto7oltaic, an& infrare& %etal

6hoto7oltaic ha7e the (est 6erfor%ance for all three

in&icators of sustaina(ilit3 consi&ere& in this or0,

resulting in the first 6osition for the% regar&ing

sustaina(ilit3 hen co%6aring all the fourteen

s3ste%s e7aluate&. *his is gra6hicall3 e+6resse&

(3 Figure J, hich shos a nor%alization of all

in&icators 6ro7i&e& in *a(le 1 for all fourteen

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30/49

anal3ze& s3ste%s. 4n this figure, s3ste%s are

6ositione& in a sequence fro% (etter to orst

general 6erfor%ances, here a larger area %eansorst o7erall 6erfor%ance consi&ering all three

in&icators of sustaina(ilit3 at the sa%e ti%e. 3ste%

12 gas heater ha& the largest area an&

consequentl3 the orst sustaina(ilit3 6erfor%ance

co%6are& to all other s3ste%s. *his occurs (ecause,although s3ste% 12 has a %o&erate econo%ic cost

8CJ,!>> /D3rE occu63ing the ninth 6osition

a%ong all s3ste%s:, it has (3 far the highest ;P

an& &e6en&ence on non)renea(le resources.

4t is recognize& that a sustaina(ilit3 assess%ent

coul& inclu&e se7eral other in&icators un&er &ifferent

scales an& ti%e a66roach ai%ing toar&s a %ulti)

criteria 6ers6ecti7e. oe7er, the conce6tual %o&el

consi&ere& in this or0 co7ers i%6ortant (io6h3sical

an& econo%ic as6ects strongl3 relate& to

sustaina(ilit3 assess%ents, %ainl3 for case stu&ies

un&er a 7er3 s%all)scale of attention as those ones

e7aluate& in this or0. "hanges in the result &ata


31/49

treat%ent fro% a linear nor%alization to a 6on&ere&

sche%e coul& (e &one to allo other inter6retations.

$nother inter6retation on results coul& %o&if3 the6erfor%ance outco%e for each heating su66l3

s3ste%E hoe7er, a su(ecti7e as6ect oul& a66ear

in eighting in&icators, hich is a non)

reco%%en&e& a66roach (3 se7eral life c3cle

assess%ent anal3sts. $s elicite& (3 Figure J, the&ifferences (eteen the acclai%e& to6 6erfor%ers

are 7irtuall3 negligi(le. 4n this sense, (e3on&

shoing the s3ste%s ith (etter 6erfor%ance,

results shoe& that s3ste%s 12 an& 1!, gas an&

gri& heaters, ha& so far the orst 6erfor%ance for

sustaina(ilit3 a%ong the fourteen heat sources

consi&ere&, thus (oth shoul& not (e chosen for

future 6roects in aunas.

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32/49

%igure 7. ra6hical re6resentation in &ecreasing

sequence of sustaina(ilit3 6erfor%ance for the

fourteen heat generation s3ste%s stu&ie&. Larger

area %eans loer sustaina(ilit3 accor&ing to thee7aluation criteria use& in this or0.

-$ Conclusions


33/49

"onsi&ering the %etho&ological a66roaches an&

assu%6tions %a&e in this or0, the folloing

conclusions can (e &ranA1: *he e7aluate& s3ste%s ?, I, an& , infrare&

cera%ic 6hoto7oltaic, infrare& car(on 6hoto7oltaic,

an& infrare& %etal 6hoto7oltaic, can (e consi&ere&

the %ost sustaina(le a%ong all fourteen heat

sources e7aluate& in this or0, (ecause the3 ha&the loest econo%ic cost, ?C2> /D3r, the a(sence

of gas e%issions causing glo(al ar%ing 6otential,

an& the3 &e%an&e& loer a%ount of non)renea(le

resources for their i%6le%entation an& functioning,

1.?I51 seF 3rE

2: *he Fresnel equi6%ent, originall3 allege& to (e

the %ost sustaina(le one, reache& the fourth an&

tenth 6ositions, for electricit3 fro% 6hoto7oltaic an&

gri&, s3ste%s ! an& 2 res6ecti7el3, on the

esta(lishe& sustaina(ilit3 hierarch3 a%ong all heat

sources e7aluate&. Neither the a(sence of glo(al

ar%ing 6otential nor their co%6arati7e lo

&e%an& for non)renea(le resources, 1.C> an& C.C


34/49

51 seF 3r, as a(le to classif3 the% as the (est

s3ste%s, (ecause the3 require high in7est%ent an&

%aintenance econo%ic costs, 2>,>> an& I,J>>/D3r res6ecti7el3.

Ac>nowledgements

$uthors are grateful for financial su66ort fro% Vice)

Presi&ent of the Post)ra&uate an& ResearchDe6art%ent of the Paulista /ni7ersit3 in Brazil an&

the National "ouncil for cience an& *echnolog3

8"9N$"@*: in Me+ico. *his 6u(lication as

su66orte& (3 the fun& 9PPR9F9"45)2>1C)

2JM/>>1?X)12)>1.

Cite this paper

NoraMunguia,LuisVelazquez,RafaelPerez,DanielRincó

n,MarthaMarin,Biagio F.iannetti,"ec#lia M. V.

B.$l%ei&a,Feni$gostinho, 82>1?: ustaina(ilit3

$ssess%ent of $lternati7es for eat eneration an&

*ransfer in aunas. Journal of Environmental


35/49

Protection,07,1!)1!I!.

&oiA1>.C2!Je6.2>1?.J1212>

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37/49

. . 4nternational Renea(le 5nergies $genc3

84R5N$: 82>1?: Renea(le 5nerg3 "a6acit3 tatistics

2>1?.

htt6A.irena.orgDocu%entDonloa&sPu(licatio

ns4R5N$[R5["a6acit3[tatistics[2>1?.6&f

I. I. 4nternational 5nerg3 $genc3 845$: 82>1C:

;orl& 5nerg3 9utloo0 2>1C Factsheet.

htt6A.orl&energ3outloo0.org%e&iaeoe(sit

e2>1C;592>1CFactheets.6&f

1>. 1>. 4nternational Renea(le 5nergies $genc3

84R5N$: 82>1?: Renea(le 5nerg3 Pros6ectsA

Me+ico.

htt6A.irena.orgDocu%entDonloa&sPu(lications4R5N$[R5%a6[Me+ico[re6ort[2>1?.6&f

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38/49

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