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Sustainability of SteelSustainability of Steel Structures
Helena Gervásio(hger@dec uc pt)([email protected])
Aalesund, 18th September 2008
2|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Sustainable Construction
Contribution of steel to Sustainable ConstructionContribution of steel to Sustainable Construction
Tools for Sustainable Assessment
Case study: Life cycle assessment of a residential house
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3|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OFMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF
Construction is the largest industrial sector in Europe (10-11% of GDP) and
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTORTHE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Construction is the largest industrial sector in Europe (10-11% of GDP) andin the United States (12%); in developing world it represents 2-3% of GDP
Construction sector provides 7% of world employment (28% of industrialemployment)
Construction sector consumes 50% of all resources taken from earth
Building and construction sector consumes 25-40% of all energy used(OECD countries)
The built environment is the largest source of GHGs in Europe and itaccounts for ≈ 40% of world GHG emissions
Construction and demolition waste accounts for 30-50% of total wasteConstruction and demolition waste accounts for 30-50% of total wastegenerated in higher income countries
Source: UNEP Industry and Environment (2003)
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4|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYIndustrial direct COIndustrial direct CO2 2 emissions (2004)emissions (2004)
Iron and steelOtherIron & steel industry accounts for
27%28%27% of direct CO2 emissions from
the industry sector
3 4% f G GChemicals &
petrochemicals16%
≈ 3-4% of global GHG emissions
(IPCC)
1 7 t f CO i itt d f Non-metallic minerals
27%
1.7 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for every
tonne of steel produced
Non-ferrous metals
2%Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions “(IEA, 2007)
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5|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY
Industrial final energy use (2004)Industrial final energy use (2004)Industrial final energy use (2004)Industrial final energy use (2004)
1%Chemicals & petrochemicals
Iron and steel
30%2%1%1%
16%Non-metallic minerals
Paper, pulp and print
Food and tobacco
4%
4%
2% Non-ferrous metals
Machinery
Textile and leather
Mining and quarrying
19%6%
5%
Mining and quarrying
Construction
Wood
Transport equipment
9% Non-specified
Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions “(IEA, 2007)
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6|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY
⇒⇒Use of outdated technologies and low quality resourcesUse of outdated technologies and low quality resources
⇒⇒Worldwide variability in energy intensities and COWorldwide variability in energy intensities and CO22emissions emissions
Recycling BAT and higher efficiency of energyRecycling BAT and higher efficiency of energyRecycling, BAT and higher efficiency of energy Recycling, BAT and higher efficiency of energy
⇒⇒ Energy efficiency Energy efficiency ⇒⇒ Saving potential in primary energy Saving potential in primary energy about 2.3 about 2.3 –– 2.9 EJ/year2.9 EJ/year
⇒⇒ Complete recovery of used steelComplete recovery of used steel ⇒⇒ Raise the potential to about 5Raise the potential to about 5⇒⇒ Complete recovery of used steel Complete recovery of used steel ⇒⇒ Raise the potential to about 5Raise the potential to about 5EJ/year EJ/year
⇒⇒ Reduction of COReduction of CO22 emissions emissions –– 220 220 –– 360 Mt CO360 Mt CO22/year/year
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Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions “(IEA, 2007)
7|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
“Sustainable Development meets the needs of the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSustainable Development meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs” In Bruntland report
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONSUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
In Bruntland report
Sustainable Construction results from the application ofthe principles of Sustainable Development to the globalcycle of construction, from raw material acquisition,through planning, design, construction and operation, tofi l d liti d t tfinal demolition and waste management.
Chrisna du Plessis – Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction inDeveloping Countries
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8|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
CONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEELCONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEELCONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEEL CONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES TO STRUCTURES TO SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY
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9|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
LIFE CYCLE OF STEELLIFE CYCLE OF STEEL
Steelmaking
ConstructionEnd-of-life
St l t tSteel structures
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10|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEELMAKING PROCESSSTEELMAKING PROCESSELECTRIC ARC FURNACEBLAST FURNACE
e.g. Production of 1 kg of steel (sections) (IISI)Total primaryEnergy: 28.97 MJ 9.50 MJ
CO2 emissions: 2 45 kg 0 44 kg
World production of steel (IISI, 2006)
Oxygen – 65.5 %; Electric – 32.0 %; Open hearth – 2.5%
CO2 emissions: 2.45 kg 0.44 kg
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yg ; ; p
11|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEELMAKING PROCESSSTEELMAKING PROCESSSustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
Energy efficiencyHighly energy efficient facilities (e.g. high efficiency combustion burners,optimization of the reheating of furnaces, etc)
Recycling of products (e.g. waste plastic, waste tires, etc)
PJ/year Integrated steelworks energy intensity (GJ/tonne steel)
NIPPON STEEL CORUS
Recycling of products (e.g. waste plastic, waste tires, etc)
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural EngineeringSource: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2007” Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08
12|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEELMAKING PROCESSSTEELMAKING PROCESSSustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasuresReduction of CO2 emissions2
CO2 Million tonnes/year Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated l ki (k )/ li id l
NIPPON STEEL CORUS
steelmaking (kg)/tonne liquid steel
2012 reduction 2012 reduction target (<1.7 t/tls)target (<1.7 t/tls)
2020 reduction 2020 reduction target (<1.5 t/tls)target (<1.5 t/tls)
Source: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2007” Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08
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STEELMAKING PROCESSSTEELMAKING PROCESSSustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasuresBy-products 1 tonne of iron generates 600 kg of by-
d t ( l d t d l d )By products
Reutilization of by-product gases (e.g use of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas as fuel gas for heating furnaces or energy sources for power generation plants, etc)
products (slag, dust and sludge)
Use of by-products as raw materials in the steel works or in other industries (e.g. cement production) The use of blast furnace and steel slag as a substitute for
clinker in cement production could contribute 140 – 185 Mt pCO2 reduction (source: IISI)
Example: NIPPON STEEL
InIn-company
use (30%)By-products
Power plant (40%)
By-product gases
Cement industries and others
(68%)Waste (2%)
Fuel gas (60%)
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( )(2%) (60%)
Source: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2007”
14|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEELMAKING PROCESSSTEELMAKING PROCESSSustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures
Improved research and new technologiesImproved research and new technologies
Research and development (R&D)As a result of systematic technological improvements the best EU steel
e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project (http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)E j t i l i ll j EU t l i i i t d ti
As a result of systematic technological improvements, the best EU steel plants are operating at the limits of what is presently technically possible
European project, involving all major EU steel companies, aiming at a drasticreduction in CO2 emissions from steel production (50% reduction in comparison with todays’ best routes)
Use of High Strength Steel (HSS)
e g HISTAR® steels (ARCELORMITTAL)e.g. HISTAR® steels (ARCELORMITTAL) The use of HISTAR for common steels achieves reductions of 32% in steel columns and 19% in beams, allowing to save in CO2 emissions
(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 – Annual report)
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CONSTRUCTIONSteel structures are installed rapidly – the time of construction
b d d t h lf th ti d d f th t f
CONSTRUCTION
can be reduced to half the time needed for other type of
construction;
Frame elements are delivered in time for installation minimizing
the area needed for storage and contributing to an efficient
construction site;
The prefabrication of frames provides a safer and cleaner
working environment;
Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality workmanship;
Waste during construction is reduced to a minimum and most
waste is recyclable.
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y
16|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEEL STRUCTURES
Steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio making of it a very
STEEL STRUCTURES
Steel has a high strength to weight ratio making of it a very
efficient material;
Steel is 100% recyclable leading to the minimization of natural
resource depletion and environmental impacts;
Steel has a long life span allowing to amortize the
i t l i t d t it d ti tenvironmental impacts due to its production stage;
Thermal and acoustic insulation may be adapted to any localy p y
or functional requirement.
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17|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
STEEL STRUCTURESSTEEL STRUCTURES
Steel frames can easily be adapted to new functional
requirements over the building life cycle;
Rehabilitation of existing buildings is easier with steel frames
and leads to the preservation of cultural and historical value;and leads to the preservation of cultural and historical value;
A steel structure has exceptional durability, with little or no
maintenance, contributing to the safeguard of natural resources.
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END OF LIFEEND-OF-LIFE
Steel is 100% recyclable and it can be infinitely recycledy y ywithout loss of quality
Creating new steel from recycled steel reduces COCreating new steel from recycled steel reduces CO2emissions (in 2006, about 894 million metric tons of CO2were saved))
By improving design, the need for new steel productioncan be reduced as steel components can be reusedcan be reduced as steel components can be reused without reprocessing
In most sectors steel reycling rates are between 80 and
Source: “Steel and you – The life of steel” (IISI)
In most sectors, steel reycling rates are between 80 and100%
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19|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
HOW TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITYHOW TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITYHOW TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY HOW TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?
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20|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
RATING SYSTEMSe.g. LEED - voluntary labelling system aiming to assess the global environmental performance of a building through its life cycle
RATING SYSTEMS
Process based in a system of 64 credits divided by 5 areas of environmental impacts:
. Sustainable Sites (SS)
. Water Efficiency (WE)
. Energy and Atmosphere (EA)M t i l d R (MR). Materials and Resources (MR)
. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
. Innovation and Design Process (ID)
> 26 credits Classification:
LEED certification> 33 e < 38 credits Sil> 33 e < 38 credits Silver > 39 e < 51 credits Gold> 52 e < 69 credits Platinum
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RATING SYSTEMSAssessment of steel structures according to LEED system
RATING SYSTEMS
Materials and Resources (MR)Building reuse – steel buildings are flexible and adaptable
Construction waste management – steel is consistently recycled
Resource reuse – structural steel can be refabricated and reused
Recycled content – steel has close to 100% recycled content from scrap
Innovation and Design Process (ID)Use of composite members
Design for deconstruction
Design for adaptability
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISThe environmental impacts of buildings occur throughout alllife cycle stages of a building or other construction;
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
life cycle stages of a building or other construction;
To overcome the shifting of burdens from one life cycle stageto another when deciding between options the life cycleto another when deciding between options, the life cycleperspective needs to be taken into account
N i t ti l t d d f t i bilit t fNew international standards for sustainability assessment ofbuildings under development follow a life cycle approach
e.g.: prEN 15643-1 Sustainability of construction works - Integrated assessment of building performance - Part 1: General framework. ISO/TS 21931-1 Sustainability in building construction - Framework for
th d f t f i t l f f t timethods of assessment for environmental performance of construction works - Part 1: Buildings.
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ANALYSISSystem BoundarySystem Boundary
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Construction Operation End of lifeMaterial ProductionProduction
Raw Materials
EnergyAir Emissions
Raw Materials
Unit Process
EnergyWater
Water EffluentsReleases to LandOther releases
Intermediate Material or Final Product
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CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
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SINGLE FAMILY DWELLINGSINGLE FAMILY DWELLING
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Comparative analysis between two alternative structural
INTRODUCTION
solutions of a dwelling in the context of sustainableconstruction;
Both solutions were designed for a service life of 50 yearsaccording to their respective Structural Eurocodes;
Lif l i t l l i t k i t t th b lLife cycle environmental analysis takes into account the balancebetween the operational energy and the embodied energy of thebuilding;
A sustainability analysis is carried out in order to evaluate which structural system has a better environmental performance,
id i lif l hconsidering a life cycle approach.
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Production of materials
TransportRecycling
ConstructionTransport
Operational energyUseDemolition
Embodied energy
Operational energyUseDemolition
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PROJECT OVERVIEW
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APPROACH
The functional unitA residential house, for a family of 5 persons,designed to fulfil the requirements of nationalregulations about safety, comfort and energydemand for a service life of 50 yearsdemand, for a service life of 50 years
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CASE STUDY1st Floor – 183 m2 2nd Floor – 183 m2 3rd Floor – 68 m2
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Case ACase A Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLABCase A Case A –– Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
1. C 150 profile (walls), C 250 profile (slabs)2. Gypsum plaster board BA153. Rock wool (140mm)4. OSB 11 (walls), OSB 18 (slabs)( ), ( )5. Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)
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32|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Case ACase A Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
INTERIOR WALLS
Case A Case A –– Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
1. C90 profile 2. Gypsum plaster board BA15 3. Rock wool (70mm) 4. Gypsum plaster board WA13 5. Ceramic
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Case ACase A Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
Bill of materialsMaterial Quantities Unit
Case A Case A –– Lightweight steel solutionLightweight steel solution
Material Quantities UnitConcrete 70680 kgCold formed steel 19494 kgRock wool 12335 kgGypsum plaster board 13208 kgOriented strand board 7016 kgReinforcement steel 1307 kgExterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS): Insulation board (Polystyrene) 330 m2
Finish Coat (acrylic) 330 m2
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)Element U
Exterior wall 0.240
Roof 0.292
Terrace 0.289
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Case BCase B Concrete solutionConcrete solution
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB
Case B Case B –– Concrete solutionConcrete solution
1. Internal clay brick wall (11 cm)2. External clay brick wall (15 cm)2. External clay brick wall (15 cm)3. Mortar (2 cm) + Paint4. Air space (6 cm)5. Mineral wool (6 cm)
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35|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
Case BCase B Concrete solutionConcrete solution
INTERIOR WALL
Case B Case B –– Concrete solutionConcrete solution
1. Concrete frame2. Clay brick wall (11cm)3 Mortar3. Mortar4. Mineral Wool (6cm)5. Stucco6. Paint7. Nesting mortar
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Case BCase B Concrete solutionConcrete solution
Bill of materials
Case B Case B –– Concrete solutionConcrete solution
Material Quantities UnitConcrete C25/30 517482 kgReinforcement steel 15877 kgBrick walls (int. + ext.) 120852 kgBrick walls (int. ext.) 120852 kgCement mortar 38508 kgInsulation board (polystyrene) 1327 kgAlkyd paint 139 kg
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)Element U
Exterior wall 0.483
Roof 0.610
Terrace 0.500
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INVENTORY ANALYSIS
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE (PCA)(PCA)Portland (PCA)(PCA)Cement
Production
Fine Aggregate Production
Material Transportation
Ready-Mix Plant Operations
Coarse Functional Unit of Coarse Aggregate Production
Functional Unit of Concrete
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38|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)
INVENTORY ANALYSIS( )( )
System
Raw material and energy
d ti Site boundariesproduction (including
extraction) Transportation Steelworks
Natural reso rces
Site boundariesSteel products
Non allocated
Emissions By-products
minus
Consumables production
Recovery processes
resources from earth
By-products
to earthminus
Merchant scrap,
Save external
operations
Scrap
Equivalent By-product functions
p,other
steelwork, etc
p
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OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGEOperational energy quantificationEuropean Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings [2002/91/CE]
OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGE
ISO 13790A fully prescribed monthly quasi-steady state calculation method;A fully prescribed simple hourly dynamic calculation method;Calculation procedures for detailed dynamic simulation methods.y
RCCTE (Dec.Lei 80) - Quasi-steady approach, in which dynamiceffects are taking into account by means of a gain and/or losseffects are taking into account by means of a gain and/or lossutilization factor
annual energy need for heating (Nic) < Ni annual energy need for cooling (Nvc) < Nannual energy need for cooling (Nvc) < Nv
ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
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Climate data of PortugalClimate data of PortugalWinter climatic zones Summer climatic zones
Coimbra Coimbra
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41|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGEOperational energy quantification
Heating season
OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGE
Heating seasonSet point temperature: 20oC
C i b li ti i t ICoimbra: climatic winter zone I1Length of heating season: 6 months
Degree-days: 1 460 oC.days
Cooling seasonCooling seasonSet point temperature: 25oC
Coimbra: climatic summer zone V2Coimbra: climatic summer zone V2
Length of cooling season: 4 months (June-September)
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Operational energy quantificationEnergy need for space heating (per year):Energy need for space heating (per year):
Case A – LW. steel frame:
Operational energy quantification
NiC = 27.92 kWh/m2 (= 8835.67 kWh) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2
Note: From the simulation analysis Ni = 4216.60 kWh (-52%)
NiC = 34.17 kWh/m2 (= 10813.32 kWh) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2
Case B – Concrete frame:
y i ( )
iC ( ) i
Case A – LW. steel frame:Energy need for space cooling (per year):Energy need for space cooling (per year):
Nvc = 13.98 kWh/m2 (= 4424.50 kWh) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2
Note: From the simulation analysis Nv = 6517.08 kWh (+47%)
Nvc = 11.26 kWh/m2 (= 3563.82 kWh) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2
Case B – Concrete frame:
y v ( )
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vc ( ) v
43|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGE
OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY
OPERATION STAGEOPERATION STAGE
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ENDEND OFOF LIFE STAGELIFE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE SCENARIOS
ENDEND--OFOF--LIFE STAGELIFE STAGE
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ENDEND OFOF LIFE STAGELIFE STAGE
ALLOCATION OF SCRAPALLOCATION OF SCRAP Closed material loop recycling Closed material loop recycling
ENDEND--OFOF--LIFE STAGELIFE STAGE
OC O O SCOC O O SC C osed ate a oop ecyc gC osed ate a oop ecyc gmethodology (IISI)methodology (IISI)
S (kg)S (kg) Net scrap = RR - S
Steel product (1kg)
LCI credit/debit = (RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)
RR (kg)
LCI product = X’ – [(RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)]
RR (kg)
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RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
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47|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio
RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LIGHTWEIGHT
STEEL FRAME
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RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – CONCRETE FRAME
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RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
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RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISRESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISLIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
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FINAL REMARKSFINAL REMARKSFINAL REMARKSFINAL REMARKS
Steel structures have a positive contribution towards the
sustainability of the construction sector;
Steel industry needs to be recognize by the role played in the
sector;
It is necessary to demonstrate the benefits of steel structures
based in credible data and appropriate methodologies;
Life cycle analysis allow to highlight the advantages of steel
structures, namely, recycling and reuse of structures;
Further initiatives leading to more eficient life cycle performance of
steel structures (e.g. deconstruction, modular construction, design
for adaptability, improvements in the energy efficient, etc).
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