1 /

Sustainability through Smart Grid

Distribution Automation Solutions

Dr. Wajdi Ahmad SASG

2012

GE - Digital Energy Dec. 2012

2 /

• Introduction to DA…what, why, why now?

• DA solution building blocks

• Reliability enhancement through FDIR and smart line

monitoring solutions

• Peak load reduction and line loss reduction through Volt-

VAR Control

• Impact of communications infrastructure on the success

of DA solutions

• Role of DA in achieving sustainability

• Conclusion

Outline…

3 / GE /

GE Proprietary © Copyright 2011 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

Economical, Societal and Environmental Sustainability

Smart

Substatio

n

Monitor &

Diagnostics

Microgrid Demand

Response

Smart

Appliance

Automatio

n

Generation

Renewabl

e

Generatio

n

Complex Event Processing, Analytics, and Visualization

DER

M

Volt/VAR

Control

Energy

Efficienc

y

Smart

Meters

Modula

r

Design

Workforce

Management

Modular

Substation

s

Desig

n

Tools

Head End Systems

Multiple Applications Platforms

Backhaul

Plant

LAN

System

WAN

Substation

LAN

Field

LAN

Customer

Area

Networks,

HAN

Transmission

Substation

s Distribution

Customer

Premise

Efficient, Reliable, Productive, Clean, Empowered

Distributed Generation and Storage

Domain

Services

Federated

Data Model Data Services

System

Security

Services

Electrical

Network

Model

Adapters

Business Process

Management

EV

Charging

Asset

Managemen

t

FDIR Energy

Storag

e

SENSING & CONTROL

DATA ANALYTICS

COMMUNICATIONS

4 /

Resistance

Hurdles to change…

Readiness

I want you to be

innovative…

I want you to find a

way to do

everything exactly

the same way it’s

been done

30 years ago!

Smart grid road

5 /

Introduction to Distribution

Automation

A Key Component of the Smart Grid

imagination at work g

6 /

DA Drawing Focused Attention…

Focused Conference & Exhibition

2nd Smart Grid Distribution Automation

February 27-28, 2013 - Sheraton, Raleigh, NC

• Control Systems and Control Software

• Improving Distribution Reliability with FLISR

• Using Volt/VAR to Target Energy Efficiency

• Regulatory Policy

• Navigating the Assorted Distribution Communications Networks

• How Distribution Automation can Facilitate the Integration of

Renewable Energy

7 / GE /

GE Proprietary © Copyright 2011 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

Completion

Date

Acquired

Company

Acquirer Category Amount ($m)

August 2012 Elster Melrose PLC AMI 2,300

July 2012 ZIV Group Crompton

Greaves

Distribution

Automation

185

August 2012 Kaon Holdings Siemens Distribution

Automation

Undisclosed

Q4 2012E Cooper Power

Systems

Eaton Distribution

Automation

11,800

Q4 2012E Vivint Blackstone

Group

HEMS, Solar 2,000

Market Activity…Latest Acquisitions

Source: GTM Research 2012

8 /

Utility CAPEX Shift from AMI…

• AMI plans … long payback periods, negative short term Net

Present Values…consumer benefits difficult to quantify in the

short run

• Cost benefits of AMI come primarily from reducing utility Opex

…not a huge interest for a public utility!

• The combination of Distribution Automation (DA) and Demand

Response (DR) can mitigate the costs of outages and peak

demand

Source: GTM Research 2012

The benefits of DA are both more

predictable and quantifiable than AMI

9 /

Distribution automation is

increasingly being cited by utilities

as justification for smart grid

network investment … in particular

reclosers, capacitor banks and

voltage regulators

Smart grid Spending…Global Trend

Source: GTM Research -

2012

Distribution automation is believed

to represent the greatest

opportunity to reap the benefits of

smart grid deployment

U.S. Energy Information

Administration

reducing distribution losses in the

U.S. by just 1% would save about

2.6 TWh of electricity

10 /

What is Distribution Automation (DA)?

• DA refers to the capabilities of an electric utility to remotely

monitor, control and regulate its distribution assets and networks

• Optimizes the flow of electricity from the utility to consumers

• Ensures that the service is delivered EFFICIENTLY and RELIABLY

Distribution Automation?

DA moves the decision-

making process closer to

the sensor

11 /

Why Distribution Automation?

DA systems provide:

• Remote monitoring & control of

distribution assets

• Identify, isolate, and restore

service automatically

• Reliability, Efficiency, power

quality

Reference : Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Litos Strategic

Communication under contract No. DE-AC26-04NT41817, Subtask 560.01.04

Most utilities have long wished

for real-time monitoring and

remote control of system &

assets such as substations,

voltage regulators, capacitor

banks, feeder switches,

distribution transformers, and

other physical facilities.

Energy

Efficiency

Operational

Efficiency

Grid

Reliability

Grid

Performance

Voltage

managemen

t

Crew

managemen

t

Outage

managemen

t

Power

quality

12 /

Distribution Automation Solution Building Blocks

/FLISR

Distribution system Reliability

Distribution system Efficiency

Control

system

+ Field Devices

13 /

Distribution Automation Benefits

Efficiency (with VVC) • Improves load management and power

quality

• Enhances and optimizes asset

utilization

• Decreases electrical losses in the

distribution systems

Reliability (with FDIR/FLISR)

• Improves customer service and

reliability indexes (SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI)

• Optimizes assets, reduces maintenance

and related repair costs

A rolling blackout across Silicon Valley

totaled $75 million in losses.

In 2000, the one-hour outage that hit the

Chicago Board of Trade resulted in $20

trillion in trades delay.

Sun Microsystems estimates that a

blackout costs the company $1 million

every minute.

The Northeast blackout of 2003 resulted

in a $6 billion economic loss to the

region.

Reference : Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Litos Strategic

Communication under contract No. DE-AC26-04NT41817, Subtask 560.01.04

DA allows us to move from time-based

maintenance to condition-based

maintenance

14 /

Distribution Reliability

Improvement System

15 /

Local

Intelligence • Switch

Controller

• Recloser

Controller

• Field RTU

Distribution Reliability…End-to-End Solution

Field

Monitoring &

Controls

Wireless

Communication

s • Licensed Radios

• Unlicensed

Radios

Substation

Intelligence • FDIR/FLISR

• Data

Concentration

• Automation Logic

Communications • Licensed Radios

• Unlicensed Radios

• Ethernet Switches

• Multiplexers

Local

Communication

s

Substation

FDIR &

Gateway

Backhaul

Communication

s

17 /

Grid Reliability through FDIR/FLISR

What is Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration FDIR/FLISR)?

FDIR / FLISR Benefits:

• Maintain service through fault isolation and re-routing of power

• Improved efficiency due to decrease in repair/ restoration

• Quickly identify fault location and dispatch appropriate work crews

• Improved reliability as measured through utility indexes (SAIDI, SAIFI,

CAIDI)

FDIR /FLISR systems enable the utility to reconfigure the electric

grid remotely or automatically in response to unplanned outages.

18 /

Centralized FDIR System • System-wide system…usually part of the DMS

• Used for complex network switching

• Often based on load flow analysis

Distribution Reliability Improvement - Architectures

Distributed or Peer to Peer System • Devices communicate with each other to determine the

fault location and appropriate action

• Difficulty addressing multiple faults

• Need to re-program local controllers if the system is

expanded

Substation Based (De-centralized) System • Cost effective and scalable deployment

• High degree of reliability with independent systems

deployed across network

21 /

Automatic Reconfiguration - FDIR

Since there is communication,

crews are dispatched

immediately following a faulty

segment isolation. FDIR can be

set up to work fully automatic,

or with Operator confirmation.

FDIR makes the decision to

open SW 2 & SW 3, close OVR 1

22 /

Distribution Automation - Improving Grid Reliability

FDIR/ FLISR is part of DA solution that improves reliability indexes Increased level of automation drastically reduces the length of time customers are

without power after a fault occurs

Shorter outages reduce Utility’s SAIDI, SAIFI, & CAIDI Indices

23 /

Outage Restoration Improvement… Cali-Columbia

Source: GTM Research, 2012

Condition-Based Ratings

• Most Overhead Transmission Lines

Today Operated Based on Conservative

Static Ratings

• Line Ampacity Constrained by “Sag”,

and “Thermal Capacity” - both

Dependent on Conductor Temperature

• With Accurate Assessment of Conductor

Temperature, Potential to Safely Unlock

Hidden Operating Capacity

• Avoid / delay new construction or re-

conductoring

• Avoid re-dispatch, renewable

curtailment

Condition-Based Ratings

• Most network problems (faults) occur on

overhead network

• Little visibility between substations and

end customers

• AMI and Substation data only provides

visibility of end points

• Need to optimize use of assets in Medium

voltage network

• Enable the Network to Manage Distributed

Generation

Reliability - Line monitoring

Distributed intelligence across the HV/MV network provides more

visibility & opportunity for improving efficiency and reliability

• Regulatory pressure to reduce outage time on distribution network

• Need to reduce truck roll time and dispatches for false notifications

• Capacity restrictions on Sub-transmission due to increase in Distributed Generation

• Detect locations causing non-technical losses on MV circuit

• Focus maintenance activity

Why Monitor Overhead Networks?

Reduced SAIDI, CAIDI, cost of maintenance, crew

repair time, CAPEX, and MV energy theft

Intelligent Line Monitoring Solution - System

Architecture Line Sensor

• Measures critical

parameters of the

overhead lines and

stores in it’s own

buffer.

Analytical Applications

• Fault location and

Maintenance planning

• Dynamic Line Rating

Calculation and Analysis

Software

Sensor Network Gateway

• Collects Sensor Data and

provides Backhaul

Communications

GPS Satellite

provides

timing

reference

Key Differentiators Intelligent Line Monitoring Solution

• Automatically

identifies fault

location

• Strategic

notification to field

crews

• Determines max

safe loading of lines

• Determines Sag

caused by loading

• Identifies lines

indicating problems

• Prioritizes

maintenance

requirements

Fault Location Dynamic Line Rating Maintenance Planning

Distribution Efficiency

Improvement System

30 /

Coordinated Control of:

• Substation transformer

tap changers

• Feeder voltage

regulators

• Capacitor banks

To ensure an optimal VAR

flow and voltage profile for

improved efficiency &

power quality

Efficiency…Volt-VAR Control (VVC)

Optimize Voltage - through

‘Conservation of Voltage’ that leads

to reduced peak demand

Increase efficiency- through

improved power factor and reduced

VAR flow, which helps to reduce

power line losses

32 / GE /

GE Proprietary © Copyright 2009 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

Volt/VAR Optimization – Benefit Calculation

VAR Optimization:

• Distribution line loss reduction

• Distribution demand reduction to improve capacity

• Cap Bank inspection savings

• Loss of use from blown fuses

Volt Optimization:

Load Reduction (to manage demand and reduce energy

costs)

Environmental Benefits:

CO2 Reduced (Metric Tons)

Volt VAR Control can reduce customer peak

demand and energy consumption

123 Volts

1,056 KW

607,600 kwh

119 Volts

3%

2%

1,034 KW

595,448 kwh

Volt-VAR Control…13kV Feeder

Substation

EOL 55 CAP 1 CAP 3 CAP 4 REG 1 REG 2 CAP 2

116.0

118.0

120.0

122.0

124.0

126.0

Normal Operation With VVC

Source: Tom Weaver – Distributech 2011

Demanding Requirements of DA

36 Source: GTM Research, 2012

37 /

Communications Network

• The business case for a DA communications network cannot be

isolated from the business case for the overall SG program

• The following parameters need to be considered in order to determine

the cost of communications network:

• Coverage area characteristics (population density, terrain, etc.)

• Bandwidth and latency requirements…most DA devices do not

require large bandwidths

• Reliability…communications system must continue working

during service disruption

• Spectrum availability for wireless systems

• Total cost of ownership…wide variation in operational cost

Private or public??

No “one-size-fits-all”...

However, in the US, private

networks dominate the DA market

38 /

A saving of only 1% of T&D losses, saves

177.12 GWh!!

@ 7427 kWh per capita … 2400 customers!

@ 0.25 SAR/kWh … ~ 44M savings per year

17712000000 kWh

204200000000 kWh

186488000000 kWh

+

=

Electricity Production

Electricity Landscape in KSA 2009 World Bank Report on KSA:

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/saudi-arabia

Electricity Consumption

T & D Losses

8.7%

7427kWh

per capita

39 /

So…what’s holding back investments in DA?

Technical issues

Policy issues

Management issues

Cost issues

DA in general continues to be a

“hard sell” upwards within the utility

organization:

• To avoid near-term cost

• Business mentality…“if it’s not

broke, don’t fix it!”

• Competing with other utility

budget priorities

• “We’re piloting some DA now!”…

(And probably have been for 20

years!)

Nonetheless…it is time to put DA

on top of our agenda in our pursuit

for sustainability…It is our

obligation!!