Sustainable Agriculture and Land-use in the Context of ... · Sustainable Agriculture and Land-use...

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Expert Discussion Round

Sustainable Agriculture and Land-use

in the Context of Climate Change

Organized by: Luis Waldmüller, Dieter Nill, Alberto Camacho, Reinhard Wolf,

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Context

• Agriculture is one of the sectors most severely affected by climate change. At the same time,

agriculture and land-use changes contribute to climate change with 30% of the global

greenhouse gas emissions. Land use changes are a critical issue since the expansion of

agricultural land destroys grazing and forest land and has become an important source for

emissions. However, agriculture also offers potential to serve as sink for greenhouse gases

and to reduce deforestation thereby mitigating climate change.

• The repercussions of global warming are already having a noticeable detrimental impact on

agriculture through increases in temperature, modification of rainfall patterns, sea-level rise

and salinization. Particularly the growing number of extreme climatic events such as droughts

and floods leads to losses of the natural resource base, assets and produce.

• Promotion of sustainable agricultural practices is needed to protect agricultural production and

livelihoods against climate change, while at the same time embracing methods that

additionally reduce emissions and store greenhouse gases. Possible options include the

diversification of farming systems and the use of conservation practices.

• The expert talk looked into the effects that agriculture has on climate change and vice-versa. It

served to discuss new approaches towards a more sustainable and climate-change oriented

agriculture.

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Programme

Tuesday, 14 May 2013

GIZ Bonn Godesberger Allee

Time Topic Presenter

9:00-9:30 Welcome and introduction Dr. Stefan Schmitz (Head of Division

314, BMZ)

Dr. Angelika Fleddermann (Deputy

Head of Division 45, GIZ)

9:30-10:15 How is agriculture affected by climate change and

vice versa and FAO responses?

Discussion

Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström (FAO)

10:15-10:45 Tea break

10:45-11:30 Climate smart agriculture – a review of pros and

cons.

Discussion

Dr. Christine Martins (Consultant)

11:30-12:15 Agriculture and deforestation - impacts of

unsustainable land use.

Discussion

Reinhard Wolf (GIZ)

12:15-12:45 Summary and final words Dr. Angelika Fleddermann (GIZ)

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• The new BMZ agriculture strategy is the first

guiding framework for cooperation and

multilateral activities.

• Its seven targets focus on the right to food,

partner orientation, avoidance of land grabbing,

responsible use of energy crops, promotion of

small-scale agriculture, gender and inclusion of

marginalized groups, and promotion of

agriculture as integral part of rural development.

• The strategy has been set up because

agriculture has been widely neglected in the past

years but having a great importance in regard of

world poverty and hunger.

• We do not just want to feed the world, but have

to make sure future generations have enough

and healthy food!

• World population is growing and needs to be

nourished despite severe soil degradation, fresh

water and biodiversity losses. Many of these

problems are related to land use changes.

Welcome and opening speech

Dr. Stefan Schmitz, BMZ

http://www.bmz.de/de/publikationen/reihen/strategiepapiere/Strategiepapier327_03_2013.pdf

http://www.bmz.de/de/publikationen/reihen/strategiepapiere/Strategiepapier327_03_2013.pdf

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• The agricultural sector is one of the sectors

most affected by climate change but also

responsible for it as an important emitter of

greenhouse gases.

• The aim is a sustainable intensification in

agriculture.

• This requires a sensitive management of

the linkage between development and

environment.

• Climate smart agriculture is a

comparatively new topic, which requires

incorporation at all levels. We have to take

this challenge serious to bring sustainable

agriculture in a context of climate change

into practical implementation.

Welcome and opening speech

Dr. Stefan Schmitz, BMZ

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• As already pointed out by Mr. Schmitz, we need to

find the right balance between food production and

climate change.

• It is necessary to better integrate the forestry,

agriculture and water sectors and anchor them in

national frameworks and policies.

• Policies have to change in a view to cross national

boarders.

• Climate smart measures in agriculture are often not

yet integrated into the bilateral programs. However,

a lot of researched data and extension has been

carried out already.

• “Old” agricultural topics are coming up in a different

kind of setting, which has to be regarded as new.

Opening speech

Dr. Angelika Fleddermann, GIZ

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• Is agriculture the biggest driver for deforestation?

Real drivers are behind agriculture as European

bioenergy industries and consumers. Agriculture

is not innocent but strongly driven by different

demands that need to be satisfied.

• Unproductive smallholders, the increasing

demand of food in general, esspecially the

increasing demand of meat, combined with an

enormous ecological footprint caused by

postharvest losses are facts that affect climate

change.

• Approaches could embrace more sustainable

and efficient livestock systems in combination

with a reduction of (protein) demand.

Furthermore emissions can be reduced by

keeping healthy cows, fed with good feed which

results in reduced enteric fermentation.


Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström,

FAO

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• Another point to discuss is the adaptation to

more extreme weather situations. Mainly the

industrial agriculture is extremely vulnerable by

using only few varieties. An enormous need is

seen in a new thinking on diversity to improve

potential on managing risks and diseases.

• FAO therefore has a broad range of capacity

building tools like e-learning and different

guidelines. In June 2013, there will be a new

guideline on climate smart agriculture which

can be seen as the ultimate reference in

technical understanding of climate smart

practices in agriculture.

Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO


Dr. Marja Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO

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• There are also negative aspects of Climate

smart agriculture, which are often brought

forward, e.g. by NGOs.

• One concern is that if climate smart

agriculture is included in the carbon market,

farmers might preferably use practices which

enhance carbon sequestration but are not

sustainable e.g. in terms of biodiversity or

food security i.e. it may be more profitable

for farmers to leave the carbon in the soil

instead of using carbon dynamics for food

production.

• On the other hand, some NGOs and

governments in the South promote climate

smart agriculture and see the positive

aspects about it.

• Applying the concept of the ecological

footprint instead of climate smart agriculture

could offer advantages. The ecological

footprint is a more comprehensive approach,

which takes all aspects of sustainable

agriculture into account.


Dr. Christine Martins, Consultant

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Reinhard Wolf, GIZ

• There will be a new wave of demand on palm oil.

Are sustainability certificates a possible way to

control the production? Perhaps, if they are

accompanied by more transparency and not only

checking the certificates. If the consumer knows

more about the effects of palm oil production on

biodiversity, it might create a critical mass of

consumers to change the business.

• An international company, engaged in the

establishment of an oil-palm plantation in

Cameroon, pulled out of the round table on

sustainable palmoil (RSPO), seems not to be afraid

of the reputational risk, because buyers may always

be found e.g. China may not ask for certificates.

This means that China has to be included in the

discussions. Nevertheless, a lot of palm oil is going

to the European Union making us a big driver, too.

• Only 5 % of palm oil production goes into energy

supply, the rest is used for food products and

cosmetics often as a “hidden product”.The energy

market is one driver, but only small one.

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• What potential has the regeneration of degraded

land areas? In Ecuador palm oil production in

plantations lowers after 25 years. Restoring and

using former palm oil areas in a sustainable way

could solve some of the problems. Palm oil

production and extension cannot continue like

before due to the lack of land. In the future

companies have to lower their benefit margin as a

consequence.

• In Indonesia 25% of palm oil production is on peat

soils, which is quickly degraded. To stop this would

have an immediate positive impact on greenhouse

gas emissions and biodiversity.

• There is a big potential in Africa restoring

grasslands, which is covering lager areas than land

under cultivation. Improving these areas will have a

significant impact on productivity and carbon

sequestration.

• If there is regulation in place in many countries, why

is it not effective? Regulations exist in many

countries, but are not implemented. Brazil is a

success story. The government has reduced

deforestation by 75 % during the last few years.


Reinhard Wolf, GIZ

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Summary and final words

Dr. Angelika Fleddermann, GIZ • The interesting discussion showed that it is especially

important, how we can transfer our knowledge about

climate smart agriculture into our own projects and our

daily work.

• Countries need to implement laws and governance

structures that prohibit further deforestation. This is

often difficult to achieve because large-scale

agriculture on deforested land attracts large

investments.

• There is a need to sustainably increase productivity on

the already existing agricultural land. But there is also

the pressure of consumer demand on agriculture – e.g.

for energy, animal feed, meat which has to be tackled

and we need to reduce food losses and waste.

• It is furthermore important to keep in mind the

alleviation of poverty. Deeper knowledge about climate

smart agricultural measures is important not only for

farmers but also for extension workers and ministries.

• The right balance between adaptation and mitigation

measures must be found in each single case.

Financing mechanisms are still not clear and must also

be discussed further.

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Presentation 1:

How climate change affects Agriculture andvice versa

FAO responses

Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom, FAO

May 2013

Contents

• Challenge• Climate change impacts• Approach to tackle the challenges• Need to increase productivity• Building resilience• Reducing emissions• FAO at work

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EADD - Kaptumo

Photos: E. Betemariam, C. Neely

The futureagriculture –what does it

look like?

We need to link

1. Achieving Food Security– 870 million hungry (another billion obese)– Food production to increase 70% by 2050 ?– Adaptation to Climate Change critical

and

2. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change– ”2 degree limit” requires major emission cuts– Agriculture and Land use = 30% of emissions..– ..and needs to be part of the planetary solution

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How to make this link

We need agricultural systems whichare:

• Productive• Sustainable• Resilient• Provider of many ecosystem services• Efficient (water, nutrient circulation,

energy, waste)

Impacts - Key messages

– Climate change is a major challenge foragriculture and food security!

– Agriculture is one of the most climate-sensitive sectors

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Climate change and agriculture

• All production systems are affected byclimate change and must adapt

• Increased unpredictability of weather• Bio-physical impacts including water

availability and changing rainfall patterns,increasing temperatures, shifting agro-ecological zones, new pests and diseases

• Structural changes in the markets

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has the potential to undermine advances in povertyreduction and sustainable development

will greatly affect the health and productivity of crops, livestock, fishand forests and dependant rural livelihoods

will increase hunger and malnutrition, in particular in Southern Africaand South Asia

additional 5 to 170 Mio people at risk of hunger by 2080 dependingon projections (climate, socio-economy)

Climate change threatensFood Security

Source: IPCC 2007

Climate change affects not only food production ...

• Loss in food production• Indirect environmental feedbacks

• Infrastructure damage, asset losses• Loss of income and employment opportunities

• Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices• Higher dependency on food imports and food aid

• Human health risks, nutrition

Access

Availability

Utilization

Stability

... but all four dimensions of foodsecurity!

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= exposed to hazards + rely on climate-sensitive activities + low adaptive capacity

• least developed countries• rural and urban poor• marginalized groups

tropical countriessmall islands, coastal zonesfragile ecosystems

countries and people highlydepending on agriculture

EVERYBODY WILL BE AFFECTED.WHO IS MOST VULNERABLE?

• Agriculture is highly• We need to build the resilience ofall production systems• We need to focus on groups andareas most vulnerable to climatechange• We need to improve riskmanagement and adaptive capacity• We need to prepare for long termsystem changes

• Agriculture and climate cange Urgent need for adaptation

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Climate Change & AgricultureGHG emissions

Sources of GHG emissions by sector (IPCC 2007)

Climate Change & AgricultureGHG sources

Source: Greenpeace (2008)

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On scope of agriculturemitigation

• About 89 % of the potential is in soil Csequestration through crop landmanagement, grazing land management,restoration of organic soils

• It is not only about soils.

• Vegetation in agriculture landscapes has avery large potential

• Emission reductions per produced unit willbe a major contribution

Peatlands & organic soils –hotspots for climate change

mitigation• Huge C reserve: Peatlands contain 30 % of all soil carbon in

3 % of the global land area.• from drained peatlands & fires huge, continuing

emissions: nearly ¼ of GHG emissions of the land use sector,or 6 % of global anthropogenic emissions from 0.3 % oflandcover.

• Emissions reductions and other benefits through1) conservation;2) rewetting & wet agriculture - paludiculture;3) adapted management.

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Seeking for solutions

• Multiple legitimate goals• Agriculture is not only a provider of food

and fiber and income – it is an importantprovider of vital ecosystem services

• To achieve this we need a holistic land useapproach – we need landscape approach

A Sustainable Development landscape

National ->International

National ->Local

Climate

UNFCCC“Carbon”

Biodiversity

CBD“Species”

Food Security

CFS“Calories”

+Human rights,Health, Trade,Education, .....

LOCALREALITIES

GLOBALOBJECTIVES

Farmers, land users

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What is a landscape?• An area large enough to provide key

environmental services and smallenough to be managed by the peoplein the area

“The Landscape Approach”What is the rationale?

• food and energy security as the highestpriority expansion of agricultural land

• climate change threatening ecosystems• ongoing degradation of ecosystems

• Objective: Need to achieve food security andclimate change mitigation and adaptation goalswithout compromising environment

countries will increasingly have to managewith competing land-uses.

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– Modeling the impacts of climatechange on crop production and foodsecurity

– Identifying strategies for adaptingparticular crops and cropping systemsto changing climatic conditions

– Understanding the opportunities foragriculture to contribute to climatechange mitigation

What do we know? we know

• Limited research on integrated agriculturallandscapes;

• Limited action oriented research on how tointegrate productivity increases, adaptationand mitigation (and related tradeoffs +synergies) at landscape level ;

• Lack of policy coherence betweenagricultural, forestry, climate and land usepolicies

• Lack of modalities to manage multipleobjectives respecting the rights of land usersand processes on agreeing on sustainable landuse strategies

BUT….

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FAO and Climate Change challenges

• Integrated across Programme of Work– addressed in all Strategic Objectives

• Involves all Departments and Offices• Some key programmes

Climate-smart Agriculture

Data & knowledge for impact and vulnerabilityassessment and adaptation

FAO ACTIONS• Vulnerability assessment• Impact assessment and monitoring• Communication and access to information• Documenting and disseminating experience• Guidance, methods and tools for data and info• Capacities for impact and vulnerability assessment

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CLIMAFRICA

Medium-term of forecasting food and watervulnerabilities and recommending relevantadaptation measures.

Objectives

to develop the methodology and theprototype of a Medium-term (10 years)Warning System to provide options for adaptation to climate

change and development and disseminationof planning methods, tools, guides and bestpractices for adaptation planning

FAO-Adapt

FAO’s New FrameworkProgramme on Climate Change

Adaptation

• Climate change adaptation is critical for agriculture and food security

• Adaptation is addressed across the agriculture, forestry and fisheriessectors

• FAO-Adapt brings together FAO’s efforts on adaptation: coordinatedresource mobilization and programming

• FAO-Adapt reinforces the mission towards Climate-smart agriculture

• More info: www.fao.org/climatechange/fao-adapt

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Climate change adaptation

GOAL: Support of efforts in developing countries to contributeto climate change mitigation in agriculture by moving towardsclimate-smart agricultural practices

• Involvement and collaboration with different technicaldepartments in FAO

• Supported by Germany, Norway and Finland

• http://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/

Mitigation of Climate Changein Agriculture Programme

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Components - Outputs

• Development of emissions database and life cycleanalysis (LCA) & mitigation potentials and costs

• Global economic analysis of mitigation policy options

• FAOSTAT new module with GHG emissions from allagriculture and land use

• Analysis of synergies and trade-offs of differentpractices to enhance food security and mitigationbenefits

• Technical support to UNFCCC negotiations andcapacity building of developing countries

• 2 smallholder pilot projects

• Establishment of communities of practice

Key messages 1: Practises

• Needed practices exist• Ecosystem approach at landscape level is

crucial• Investments are needed in

– filling data and knowledge gaps– R&D of technologies, methodologies– conservation and production of varieties and

breeds

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Key messages 2: Policies

• Smallholders need institutional andfinancial support for the transition

• Strengthened institutions fordissemination and coordination

• Consistency between agriculture, foodsecurity and climate change policies

Key messages 3: Finance

• Available financing, current and projected,are substantially insufficient

• Combining finance (public/private, climatechange/food security) improves options

• Fast-track financing must take sector-specificconsiderations into account

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THANK YOU!

www.fao.org/climatechange/

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Division „Rural Development and Agriculture" Page 1

Presentation 2:

Sustainable Agriculture and Land-usein the Context of Climate Change

Bonn, May 14, 2013

Climate-smart agriculture –a review of pros and cons

Dr. Christine Martins, Rural Development Consultant, Berlin


Structure of presentation

1. Introduction1.1 Where do we stand?1.2 Agriculture and climate change1.3 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)

2. Pros of CSA3. Cons of CSA4. Critical voices on CSA5. Conclusions6. Further recommendations

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1.1 Where do we stand? HLPE, 2012: Food security and climate change; A report by the High

Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committeeon World Food Security, Rome, June 2012. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), 2012: Food and

Agriculture: the future of sustainability. A strategic input to theSustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) Project. March2012. Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, 2012:

Achieving food security in the face of climate change. March 2012. Pretty et al., 2010: The top 100 questions of importance to the future

of global agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and

Technology for Development (IAASTD), 2009: World Agriculture Report

Call for Change

1. Introduction


1.2 Agriculture and climate change

Projected climate change Increased temperature Increased severity and frequency of extreme weather events (floods,

droughts, cyclones) Delays in wet season

Impacts of projected climate change on agriculture Changes in productivity Changes in crop suitability Loss of land Increased fire, forest dieback and landslides Increase in pests, pathogens and invasive species

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Greenhouse gases from agriculture

Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog und Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 86.


CO2 from agriculture, countries

Source: WRI, 2005: Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. By: Kevin A. Baumert, TimothyHerzog and Jonathan Pershing. 2005 World Resources Institute. 132 pages. http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. Page 87.

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CO2 from land use change and forestry




CO2 from land use change and forestry,countries

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Definition of climate-smart agriculture“Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience(adaptation), reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation), andenhances achievement of national food security anddevelopment goals.”FAO, 2010: “Climate-Smart” Agriculture – Policies, Practicesand Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation.By L. Lipper, W. Mann, A. Meybeck and R. Sessa. 49 pages.Rome, FAO. Page ii.

1.3 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)


Triple Win

Win-win-win-win (Simons, 2012)- Increase productivity/income- Strengthen farmers’ resilience/adaptation- Reduce agriculture GHG emissions- Increase Carbon sequestration

Quelle: Vermeulen, 2011, slide 2, und Vermeulen, 2012, slide 6.

Triple Win

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History of CSA 2010:

- Introduction of CSA by FAO,- FAO: Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA), 22 staff 2011:

- FAO: FAO-Adapt,- CGIAR: Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture

and Food Security (CCAFS), 47 staff CSA Partnership:

- CCAFS,- FAO,- The Global Mechanism,- IFAD,- World Bank,- WFP,- UNEP


Source: Neufeldt, H., P. Kristjanson, T. Thorlakson, A. Gassner, M. Norton-Griffiths, F. Place andK. Langford, 2011: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor. ICRAF Policy Brief 12:Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), page 3.

Old wine in new skins?

Climate-smart practices useful in smallholder agricultural productionCrop management Livestock

managementSoil and watermanagement Agroforestry Integrated food

energy systems Intercropping with

legumes Crop rotations New crop varieties

(e.g. droughtresistant)

Improved storageand processingtechniques

Greater cropdiversity

Improved feedingstrategies (e.g. cut'n carry)

Rotational grazing Fodder crops Grassland

restoration andconservation

Manure treatment Improved livestock

health Animal husbandry

improvements

Conservationagriculture (e.g.minimum tillage)

Contour planting Terraces and bunds Planting pits Water storage (e.g.

water pans) Alternate wetting

and drying (rice) Dams, pits, ridges Improved irrigation

(e.g. drip)

Boundary trees andhedgerows

Nitrogen-fixing treeson farms

Multipurpose trees Improved fallow

with fertilizer shrubs Woodlots Fruit orchards

Biogas Production of

energy plants Improved stoves

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What is new?

Adding climate aspects to agriculture:- Adaptation,- Mitigation (sequestration of CO2 in soils, GHG emissions);

Provision of funds to finance CSA, e.g. through GreenClimate Fund (GCF), REDD+, PES; still under discussion ifand to what extent these funds can be used to finance CSAactivities


Engaging multiple stakeholders to facilitateenhanced climatic risk management

Source: CCAFS, 2012: Building Partnerships to promote climate smart agriculture: A case study from NorthernGhana: By Naab, J., R. Zougmore and A.S. Abdoulaye; 2ND Global Conference on Agricultural Research forDevelopment (GCARD), 29-31 Nov., 2012, Punta del Este, Uruguay.

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2. Pros of climate-smart agriculture Contributes to revival of agriculture and rural development Attention on climate aspects in agriculture Useful concept: agriculture has to become more productive and

more resilient and, at the same time, contribute to climateprotection, food security and poverty alleviation Focus on small holder farmers and rural development Holistic view of agriculture Additional technical expertise available (research and extension),

example WB Kenya Agriculture Carbon Project , 60.000 farmers Research results and practical experiences well documented

(publications, slideshare) Smart wording – short, to the point, catchy, sexy … (see FAO/MICCA, CCAFS, World Bank, etc.)


3. Cons of climate-smart agriculture No clear definition, no distinction from unsustainable forms of agriculture

(monocultures, GMOs, high use of external inputs) – but term often usedsynonymous for sustainable agriculture, Strong focus on mitigation and carbon markets, mitigation funds not

relevant for small-scale farmers, Danger of small-scale farmers to focus too much on carbon certificates

rather than improving resilience, Incorporation of CSA in the carbon market benefits large-scale agriculture

enterprises, Adaptation and sustainable increase of production is more relevant for

farmers in the South than mitigation, Technical limitations (soil carbon difficult to measure and highly variable) Focus on climate at the costs of other aspects of agriculture (e.g.

biodiversity, food security), World Bank: policy advisor and carbon broker, not neutral, Term CSA “hijacked” from the agro-industry, CSA as slogan for selling

agro-inputs, e.g. Yara funding African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF)

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4. Critical voices on CSA (1) Simon Mwamba of the East African Small Scale Farmers’ Federation,

ESSAFF: “Climate Smart Agriculture is being presented assustainable agriculture – but the term is so broad that we fear it is afront for promoting industrial, ‘green revolution’ agriculture too,which traps farmers into cycles of debt and poverty.” Farmers’ Organizations and Civil Society Statement to the Hanoi

Conference (2nd Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security andClimate Change), Sep. 2012 : „We continue to have deep concernsabout the use of the vague concept of climate smart agriculture. Thereal solutions lie in agro-ecological practices and sustainableagricultural systems, using techniques, breeds and varietiesdeveloped and selected by small farmers for millennia. Ecological,sustainable agriculture practiced by peasants, small scale foodproducers and indigenous peoples, must be the centerpiece of thesystems transformation needed to truly address the climate challengein agriculture.“

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Anderson, 2011: The many faces of CSA: “Where once “sustainableagriculture” meant something specific to the environmentalmovement, the term has been co-opted to now mean the exactopposite. The Climate Smart crowd can clearly see the benefits ofusing similar vague language. The many faces of CSA show that itsadvocates understand that to get civil society on board, they needthe eco-friendly image … used to usher in more intensive andindustrial models of agriculture that are in complete opposition tothe agro-ecological model that many of us would rather support.” Actionaid, 2012: CSA „boils down to utilising smallholder farmers to

supply carbon credits and food, rather than about building their long-term resilience to climate change”, CSA does not reduce GHG emissions of the industrialized countries,

shifting of responsibility for climate change from rich countriesonto the poor, CSA gives wrong solutions (biofuel, carbon market, soil carbon

sequestration)

4. Critical voices on CSA (2)


5. Conclusions The focus in developing countries (especially sub-Saharan

countries) is not on mitigation, rather than adaptation (food security,balanced nutrition) focus should remain on adaptation , Benefits for small-scale farmers for payments to sequester

greenhouse gases are minimal (add-on), For the German International Development Cooperation

sustainable agriculture is the main focus, not CSA (see BMZStrategy Paper 3, 2013: “Promoting Sustainable Agriculture”), focus should remain on sustainable agriculture, However, it is recommended to contribute to networks dealing with

CSA and keep up the contact with the „CSA-Community“, Important CSA principles should be incorporated into project

approaches and strategies,

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Promoting Sustainable AgricultureDevelopment Policy Strategy, BMZ Strategy Paper 3 | 2013 e

Agriculture must, first, reduce poverty and hunger and it must,second, be resource-conserving and climate-neutral.Seven guiding principles are applied when it comes to achievingthose goals:1. Realising the right to food;2. Alignment;3. Putting a stop to land grabbing;4. Responsible energy crop cultivation;5. Prioritising smallholder farm development;6. Promotion of gender equality and

integrating marginalised groups;7. Embedding agricultural sector development

within a comprehensive rural strategy.


6. Further recommendations (1) Resilience of farmers should include economic diversification, off-farm

income, disaster management, insurances, weather forecasts , Sound legal, institutional and policy frameworks at all levels and good

governance, to create enabling environment for investment intosustainable agriculture and rural development (e.g. tenure and secureaccess to land), Promote micro-credits, agric. extension (farmer-to-farmer extension, FFS),

gender, empowerment, CSO, risk reduction, …, CSA-funding by climate fee on mineral fertilizer, plane tickets, tax on fuel

used for shipping goods internationally, tax on financial transactions, Apply innovative measures such as weather-insurance-for-work instead of

cash-for-work or food-for-work,

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Tackle other areas which have a high leverage on food availability, e.g. Acknowledge seed and animal genetic resources as global good,

promote farmer-based breeding initiatives (local diversity is the bestclimate insurance), Reduce post-harvest losses, Reduce losses during marketing (from producer to consumer), Reduce wastage at consumers (throwing food away), Change the food patterns of consumers (reduced meat consumption,

over-consumption), e.g. by state-funded advertisements promoting low-meat diets, esp. in industrialized countries, Reduce population growth

70% more food should not be needed by 2050!

6. Further recommendations (2)


Thank you!

For further information, contact [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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Presentation 3:Agriculture as the main driver of deforestation

and key sector for the successfulimplementation of REDD+

Reinhard Wolf; GIZ Sector Programm International Forest PolicyBased on a study conducted by Timm Tennigkeit and Katalin Solymosi / UNIQUE

REDD+ =Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation;

+ = and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forestsand enhancement of forest carbon stocksin developing countries

A “mechanism” on results-based payments discussed under UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) since2005

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Structure

• Introduction• Methodology of the study• Agriculture as global driver of deforestation with regional

differences• 4 ways to combine sustainable agriculture and forest protection• Country examples

IndonesiaCameroonLaosBrazil

• Challenges and approaches• Conclusions

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Methodology of the study

• Literature Review

• Emergence of four analysis categories

1. Vertical and horizontal coordination

2. Efficiency of agricultural production

3. Information flow (communication)

4. Integration of the private sector

…with particular proxy-indicators

• 4 countries case studies on the basis of above categories

• Feedback from GIZ country offices

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Agriculture as global driver of Deforestation

• Ca. 31% globaler Emissionen stammen aus Landnutzung (IPCC 2007)

• 60% davon aus den Tropen, größte Quellen dort: Direkt: Methan (Viehwirtschaft, Reis), Stickoxide (Feuer, Dünger, Dung),

Indirekt: Landumwandlung (CO2 und Stickoxide aus Feuer)

• Pro Kopf Emissionen in Entwicklungsländern meist niedrig,werden aber schnell wachsen

• Immenses Klimaminderungspotenzial für landnutzungsbasierteEmissionen

• Größter Entwaldungstreiber weltweit ist landwirtschaftlicheProduktion, zunehmend aus industriellem Anbau (EC 2009, FAO 2006)

• Landwirtschaft ist nun Thema der REDD+ Verhandlungen imRahmen der UN-Klimakonvention

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Source: IPCC

Origin of agricultural area expansion 1980-2000

6

source: Gibbs et al. 2010

4

Deforestation headlines


5



6



7



8



9

Align sustainable agriculture and forest protection

1. Linkage of institutions and sectors (1)• Factors which typically prevent transformation:• Institutional conditions• Existing laws and regulations• Strong interests of the sectors driving deforestation

(agriculture, mining, …)• Hindering policies can be:• Tax relief, low development costs, subsidies

• Supporting policies can be:• PES; forest legislation and law enforcement; measurements

which help to increase the energy and production efficiencyand offer alternative possibilities of income

• General: intersectoral, landscape approaches 17


1. Linkage of institutions and sectors (2)

Enhance coordination between the sectors from national tolocal level ,i.e. through climate strategies, integrated land use planing

Spatial separation of remaining forest areas and regions ofintensive production with mixed systems in the transitions zones

Development of non-agriculture rural employment opportunities Inclusions of all actors in the planing process, including the REDD-

Design and zoning processesRecognition of land use rights of indigenous people Improvement of law enforcement, thereby strengthening country

sovereignty against powerful business lobbies18

10


2. Decoupling of production and land consumption (1)

19source : World Bank 2008


2. Decoupling of production and land consumption (2)Potential efficieny rise includes all steps in the production chain:

• Cropland: Use of organic fertilizer (composting), soil- and waterconservation, irrigation, crop rotation, green manures,agroforestry

• Livestock: Introduction of leguminous fodder crops, improvedmanagement of sustainable herd sizes

• Value Chains: Strengthen farmers´associations, develop processingcapacities storage, infrastructure etc.

• Consumer behaviour: Phasing out subsidies, sustainableprocurement, certification, awareness raising, school feeding,consumer protection, reducing food waste

20

11


3. Connect stakeholders with information providers (1)

• Agricultural research, development and advisory service is mainlyfinanced by the public sector

• Main problems: low expenses, fragmentation of researchstructures, low capacity of staff members

• Coexistence instead of cooperation of the state and privateproviders of agricultural consultancy

• In the forest sector: Data collection and management is mainlygovernment driven but there is often a weak link to control theactor involved in deforestation

21


3. Connect stakeholders with information providers (2) Large regional research networks reduce costs and facilitate

knowledge transferPublic-private partnerships in science, development and

consultancyComparison of agricultural research systems (Weltbank 2007):

In the forest sector:Capacity building in remote-sensing technologies 22

12


4. Promote private sector engagement (1)• Agriculture is driven by the private sector, only together with the

private sector climate change adaptation and mitigation potentialscan be captured

• Growing sector in many developing countries, significant for thenational economy, livelihood for many

• Many small and medium size enterprises do not capture theirproduction potential

• Investment in agriculture is 2.5 to 3.0 times more effective inincreasing the income of the poor than in other sectors (IFPRI2012)

23


4. Promote private sector engagement (2)Market-based incentives• Risk management for investments in agriculture• Payments for Environmental Services (PES) incl. carbon• Financing the transformation cost for sustainable (deforestation

free) production

Regulatory policies• Monitor sustainable production practices and related law and

policy development and enforcement• Minimum production standards• Abandon subsidies that favour non-sustainable production• Certification 24

13

Case studies

25

Brazil

Cameroon

Laos

Indonesia

Selection:- Different deforestation- Hotspots- Different forest transition types

Indonesia

26

Forest cover: 52%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.71%Main agricultural deforestation drivers: oil palm and other plantations

REDD+ ProcessesEnabling • Forest moratorium

• Improvement of primary forest and peat land governance (criticized as a weakpolicy due to the influence of business on government)• Agriculture Sector Climate Change Road Map sets targets for forest protection in

part through agricultural land optimization

Hindering REDD+ • Tax dependence on forest, mining and palm oil industries• Tax breaks for forest products, farming produce, pulp and paper• Mining permits in protected areas• Facilitation of large-scale projects (Biofuel development

oil palm plantations)

Autonomy of State • Low to medium autonomy of state towards agribusinesses targeting the forestmoratorium• Vested interest supporting business as usual: large scale plantation and logging

companies, pulp and paper industry, mining and electoral campaigns

26

14

Cameroon

27

Forest cover: 42%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -1.07%Agricultural deforestation drivers: shifting cultivation, expanding agro-industrial business interests

REDD+ ProcessesEnabling • Law Territorial Planning and Sustainable Development in Cameroon

• Forest and Environment Sector Programme (2004), although suffers fromlow enforcement• Governance partnerships with the Ministry of Forests and Wildlife, e.g.

EU-FLEGT, that are developing or will soon enter into force

Hindering REDD+ Logging exports Infrastructure (roads, rails and dams) and mining development The Rural Sector Development Strategy (RSDS 2006) foresees 25%

agricultural area expansion in forested areas for cocoa, coffee, rubber,oil palm and others

Autonomy of State Low law enforcement and control capacity of the state in the forestrysector

Opposing interests concerning REDD+ : local and national elites driveillegal logging through corruption, growing interest from foreign investorsagribusiness 27

LaosForest cover: 41%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.49%Agricultural deforestation drivers: small-scale agriculture, increasingly large scale plantations

Entwaldungsrate 2005-2010: -0.49%Entwaldungstreiber in der LW: kleinflächige LW, zunehmen große Plantagen

28

REDD+ ProcessesEnabling Forestry Strategy 2020 (goal: to increase forest cover to 70% by 2020)

Climate Change Strategy, National Adaptation Programme of Action toClimate Change

Prime Ministerial Decree on Forest Policy Reform Land Use Planning program since mid-1990s, although with negative

socio-economic effects on smallholders Different efforts for poverty reduction in rural areas

Hindering REDD+ Promotion of FDI in the agricultural sector with no safeguard policies Tax dependence on forest and mining industries Large infrastructure projects (hydropower) Different forms of resettlement

Autonomy of State Low enforcement and control capacity of the state towards agriculturaland timber sector

Opposing interests concerning REDD+: infrastucture development, illegallogging, agricultural expansion 28

15

BrazilForest cover: 62%Deforestation rate 2005-2010: -0.42%Agricultural drivers of deforestation: cattle, soy and sugarcane

29

REDD+ ProcessesEnabling law on reducing deforestation

Brazilian Forest Code: conservation requirement on private land economic and ecological zoning efforts to certify producer legality in value chains (beef, soy) Action Plan for Protection and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon

(PPCDAM): improved enforcement of land use policies includingprotected areas, land regularization process, demarcation of indigenousland

real-time monitoring of deforestationHindering REDD+ rural credit for cattle ranching (decreasing) or infrastructure development

poor enforcement of land tenure and environmental laws and collectionof fines

Autonomy of State Low to medium enforcement capacity of the state towards agribusinessestargeting forest protection regulations

Opposing interests concerning REDD+: land speculation, illegal logging,cattle ranching, strong agribusiness lobby in general, tax evasion, drugtrafficking, patron–client relationships

29

Challenges: Lack of Coordination

- Many countries engage various ministries through the REDD + taskforce

- Ministry of Environment usually in charge of climate changecoordination

- In some cases, e.g. Cameroon, limited support for REDD+ from thegovernment;

- Agriculture: Often the white elephant in the room, but limitedinterest and capacity to engage in various environmental andenergy related planning processes

30

16

One solution: integrated landuse-planning

31source: (GIZ 2011, Beispiel Laos)

- Production of food andbiofuels is increasingeverywhere

- Shift in eating habits to moremeat and veg. oils

- However: Yield can bedecoupled from land use

32

Crop production versus Deforestation

50

55

60

65

70

020406080

100

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Wal

dbed

ecku

ng %

MIll

ione

nTo

nnen

Brazil

203040506070

020406080

100

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Wal

dbed

ecku

ng %

Mill

ione

n To

nnen

Indonesia

15

25

35

45

55

0

1

2

3

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Wal

dbed

ecku

ng %

Mill

ione

n To

nnen

Cameroon

50

60

70

80

012345

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Wal

dbed

ecku

ng %

Mill

ione

n To

nnen

Laos

Cereal Production Cereal area Forest cover

Challenge:increasing fooddemand

17

Challenge: Information flow

• Spendings for agricultural research, development and consultingstagnate at low levels or decrease

• Capacities often lack (budget, training, research infrastructure)• Lack of monitoring institutions in the forest sector• Good examples in the agriculture and forest sector from Brazil

33

Public Spending for agricultural research and development

5

7

9

11

13

15

1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Mill

iard

en20

05 P

PP$

Brazil

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Indonesia

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Mill

ione

n20

05 P

PP$

Laos

Challenge: FDI

• Privat-sector investment in agriculture is increasing worldwide(Farmer investments dwarf FDI and public investments)

• The global commodity boom is often overburden governancestructures in many developing countries

• Large scale projects are often approved without sufficientenvironmental and social safeguards and engage in land grabbing

Agricultural direct investments, net inflow of foreign currency 1989 and 2009 (account of payments US$)

34

18

Conclusions• Agriculture is the main driver of deforestation with distinct regional

patterns. Local situation-adapted solutions need to be explored,implemented & enforced.

• Sustainable intensification and agricultural value adding activities inrural areas can reduce the deforestation pressure but only incombination with enabling government frameworks andenforcment mechanisms.

• The agriculture sector is more private sector driven compared to theforest sector. Instruments to engage agriculture in REDD+implementation have to reflect this.

• Society needs to find a balance between REDD+ and food securitytargets.

• The 4 pathways presented are not new, but the context has changedand there is momentum to find cross-sector solutions for old ruraldevelopment problems. 35

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