Sustainable Ambient Air Quality Management

Innovative Scientific Approaches for a Sustainable Environment

St.Pious X Degree & PG College for Women, Nacharam14th March 2017

Dr. M. SuneelaScientist & ENVIS CoordinatorEPTRI, Hyderabad

Sustainable Ambient Air Quality

Management

What is an impact?

3

Water Quality

Soil Quality

Biological Environment

Micro-Meteorological Study

Noise Quality

Ambient Air Quality

The components of

interest are those that

are likely to be affected

by your activity—or

upon which your

activity depends for its

success

Socio-Economic studies

The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from the baseline situation

that is caused by the activity.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS

Natural contaminants

Ex: Natural fog, Pollen grains, bacteria and volcaniceruption.

Aerosols (particulates)

Ex: Dust, Smoke, Mists, Fog and fumes.

Gaseous and Vapours

Ex: Sulphur compounds, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbonmonoxide

Primary Air Pollutants are those

emitted directly from identifiable

source. They are

Finer particles (<10μ dia)

Coarse Particles (>10μ dia).

Sulphur compounds

Oxides of Nitrogen

Carbon monoxide

Halogen compounds

Organic compounds & Radioactive

compounds

Secondary pollutants are which

produced in air by the interaction

among two or more primary pollutants

or by reaction with normal

atmospheric constituents with or

without photo activation.

O3

Peroxy acetyl Nitrate (PAN)

Photochemical smog

Formaldehyde

Formation of acid mists (H2SO4)

AIR POLLUTANTS CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO

GROUPS: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS.

EMISSIONS MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY SOURCE

Stationary or Mobile, Point source (Large Stationary source), Area Source (Small Stationary Source and Mobile source with indefinite source, Line source (Mobile source with definite roots)

Total sources

Stationary sources Mobile sources

Point Source Area source Line source Area source

1. Industrial processing

2. Power Plants 3. Fuel Combustion (Coal, oil, gas) 4. Solid waste Disposal (Municipal Incinerators, open burning) 5. Miscellaneous.

1. Residential

By heating (Coal, gas, oil) 2 Institutional and commercial heating. (Coal, oil, gas) 3. On site incineration 4. Open-burning 5. Evaporative losses

1. High way

Locomotives Vehicles. 2. Rail road 3. Channel Vessels.

1. Motor vehicles.

(Light-duty, Medium-duty, heavy-duty) 2. Rail-yard Locomotives 3. Port-vessels. 4. Air-craft. 5. Miscellaneous

EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollutant Typical source Effects

Dust (or)

Particulates

Mines and quarries, pottery and ceramics,

factory stacks, power stations and Civil

construction works etc.

On man –respiratory diseases; diseases like silicosis, etc from

Specific dusts;

On property –soiling effect and corrosion

Sulphur dioxide Power houses, Sulphuric acid plants,

petroleum industry, oil refining, domestic

use of fuel

On man – suffocation irritation of throat and eye, respiratory;

diseases

On vegetation – destruction of sensitive crops and reduced yield

On property - corrosion

Nitrogen dioxide Acid manufacture, automobile exhaust,

explosive industry

On man – irritation, bronchitis, edema of lungs

On property- darkening of painted surfaces, corrosion.

Hydrogen

sulphide

Viscose rayon plants, petroleum industry,

sewage treatment, tanning industry, dye

manufacture etc.

On man—irritation of respiratory passages, danger of respiratory

paralysis and asphyxiation

Hydrogen

fluoride,

Fertilizer industry, chemical industry,

aluminum industry, chemical industry,

aluminum industry

On man – irritation of fluorosis, mottling of teeth, respiratory

diseases

On vegetation –destruction of crops

On animals- fluorosis in cattle grazing on such vegetation

Carcinogenic

hydrocarbons

Organic chemical industry, vehicular traffic

specially automobiles

On man – cancer

Carbon

monoxide

Fuel gases, automobile exhaust, mines,

blast furnaces

On man – poisoning increased accident liability.

Oxidants Photo- chemical products from organic

irradiated in the presence of Nitrogen

dioxide Nitrogen dioxide; by silent electric

discharge and by intense UV radiation

On man –lung irritation

On vegetation – destruction of vegetation

On property-deterioration of rubber smog formation is not

extensive in tropical countries like India.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

Government of India enacted the Air (Prevention and Control ofPollution) Act 1981 to arrest the deterioration in the air quality.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD :

• To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement ofthe quality of the air and the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

• To plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention,

• control and abatement of air pollution.

• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the SPCB.

• To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention,control and abatement of air pollution.

• To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to airpollution;

• To lay down standards for the quality of air and emission quantities.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS :

• To plan a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of airpollution and to secure the execution thereof;

• To advise the State Government on any matter concerning prevention, controland abatement of air pollution.

• To collect and disseminate information related to air pollution.

• To collaborate with CPCB in programme related to prevention, control andabatement of air pollution; and

• To inspect air pollution control areas, assess quality of air and to take steps forprevention, control and abatement of air pollution in such areas.

National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): The Board is

monitoring ambient air quality at 23 stations situated across the

Telangana State under NAMP Programme with CPCB & SPCB sharing

of funds. In this instruments were kept at selected placed and

monitored manually for 9 days per month (3 shifts per day). The

parameters are: PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, Ammonia, Heavy metals, etc.

State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme: In addition to the

above, the Board is monitoring ambient air quality in 22 additional

stations situated in all the districts of Telangana for assessing ambient

air quality with the Board funds.

Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS):

TSPCB has installed 5 CAAQMS stations at (1)Sanathnagar, Head

Office, (2)HCU, (3)Punjagutta, (4) Zoo Park and (5) Pashamylaram IDA.

The CAAQMS has been provided with sophisticated analyzers for NO2,

SO2, PM10, PM2.5, O3 , BTX and CO, instant data generation, on line

data dissemination, meteorological parameters, etc.,

Air Quality Monitoring Programme

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)

The ambient air quality objectives/standards are pre-requisite for

developing programme for effective management of ambient air

quality and to reduce the damaging effects of air pollution.

The objectives of air quality standards are: -

To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequatemargin of safety to protect the public health, vegetation andproperty

To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control ofpollutant level

To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at nationallevel and

To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.

“[SCHEDULE VII] [See rule 3(3B)]

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

S.No.

Pollutant Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial,

Residential,

Rural and

other Area

Ecologically

Sensitive

Area (notified

by Central

Government)

Methods of Measurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2), µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

50

80

20

80

- Improved West

and Gaeke

- Ghraviolet fluorescence

2 Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2), µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40

80

30

80

- Modified Jacob &

Hocbheiser (Na-Arsenic)

- Chemiluminescence

3 Particulate Matter

(size less than

2.5µm) or PM10

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

60

100

40

100

- Gravimetric

- TOEM

- Beta attenuation

4 Particulate Matter

(size less than

2.5µm) or PM24

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40

60

40

60

- Gravimetric

- TOEM

- Beta attenuation

5 Ozone (O3)

µg/m3

8 hours**

1 hour**

100

180

100

180

- UV Photometric

- Chemilminescence

- Chemical Method

6 Lead (Pb)

µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

0.50

1.0

0.50

1.0

- AAS/ICP method after

sampling on EPM 2000

or equivalent filter paper

- ED-XRF using Tetlon

filter

Concentration in Ambient Air S.No. Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Area

Ecologically Sensitive

Area (notified by

Central Government)

Methods of Measurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3

8 hours** 1 hour**

02

04

02

04

- Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy

8 Ammonia (NH3) µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours**

100 400

100 400

- Chemiluminescene - Indophenol blue method

9 Benzene (C6H5) µg/m3

Annual* 05 05 - Gas chromatography based continuous analyzer - Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis

10 Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) – particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 - Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC Analysis

11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3

Annual* 06 06 - AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at aparticular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or, 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall becomplied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed thelimits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Air quality assessment (AQA) begins with a knowledge of

existing air quality conditions that depend on ambient

pollutant concentrations, pollutant sources and their

locations, meteorology and climatology and local

topographical and physical conditions affecting pollutant

dispersion.

METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES

An Automatic meteorological station, AutoMet(model 466A) is used for monitoring of the micro-meteorological conditions.

The monitoring equipment has sensors to recordwind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relativehumidity, rainfall, solar radiation and barometricpressure at predefined intervals ranging from 20seconds to one hour intervals.

The data logger provider in the instrument wouldfacilitate downloading of meteorological data ontothe computer with the help of the software provided.

ActivityParameters to be

monitored

Sampling

period and

frequency

Total No.

of Samples

Measurement

Methods

Micro-

meteorol

ogical

study

Meteorological:

i) Wind speed and

direction

ii)Max & Min Temp

iii)Ambient

temperature

iv) Relative Humidity

v) Rainfall

Sampling

period:

one season

Frequency:

Hourly

observations

for one season

2160 for 3

months

(Hourly

data)

Automatic

weather

station

Rain Gauge

As per IMD

specification

Automatic meteorological station

Wind Rose Diagram

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

ActivityParameters to be

monitored

Sampling

period and

frequency

Total No. of

Samples

Measuremen

t Methods

Ambient

air

quality

(AAQ

Particulate matter

(PM)

i) Particulate

Matter(size less than

10 µ)PM 10

ii) Particulate

Matter(size less than

2.5 µ) PM 2.5

Gaseous pollutants

(GP)

iii) Sulphur dioxide

(SO2)

iv) Oxides of Nitrogen

(NO2)

Sampling Period:

24 hourly

sample for

particulate

matter(PM 10 &

PM 2.5 ) and 8

hourly sample

for gaseous

pollutants and

averaged for

24hours

Frequency:

Twice a week for

one season

PM 10= 24

samples/sta

tion

* 10 stations

PM 2.5= 24

samples/sta

tion

* 10

stations

GP = 72

samples/sta

tion

* 10

stations

Gravimetric

(RDS )

Gravimetric

(Ambient Fine

dust

sampler)

Improved

West-Geake

method.

Modified

Jacob-

Hochheiser

method.

Respirable Dust Sampler Ambient Fine Dust Sampler

A Case Study

Hyderabad

HYDERABAD: AT A GLANCE

Fifth largest in the country

Hyderabad was founded by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah on

Southern bank of Musi River in 1591

Location: Deccan plateau

Elevation: 536 m above sea level

Coordinates: 17.3660 N latitude and 78.4760 E longitude

Languages: Telugu/Urdu/English

Climate: Tropical Wet and Dry.

Temperatures:

Summer: Max 40 0C and Min 22 0C.

Winter: Max 22 0C and Min 13.8 0C.

Area: City has grown from 175 km2 (2007) to 650 km2

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is categorised into five zones

(south, east, north, west and central zones), 24 circles, 150 Wards, 10

municipalities & 8 panchayats from Rangareddy district, 2 municipalities

from Medak district. Population is over 84 lakhs (House Hold Survey, GHMC, 2014).

Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah

3.0

60.6

41.8

20.2 18.9

87.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population Growth Rate (%)

Po

pu

lati

on

Gro

wth

rat

e %

Growth of Hyderabad

1449716988 18172

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1991 2001 2011

Population Density per Sq. Km

Area – 650 sq. Km

Population rise in last decadephenomenally high

Density increase about 7% only

Population growth largely driven bygrowth in IT sector followed byupswing in other activities

Immediate impact

Increase in residential andcommercial sector construction

Increase in population commuting

Increased water demand

Increased power demand

Temporal variations in LULC in & around Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration 2001 & 2015

S.No

LULC (Adapted fromClass-3 classification:NRSC-2011)

Areas in Ha(2001)

Areas inHa (2015) Change Status Remarks

Annual Growth rate(ha)

1 Agricultural plantation 416.35 2028.33 1611.99 Increase Positive development 115.14

2 Crop land 13975.40 9135.79 -4839.62 DecreaseExpected outcome ofurban growth -345.68

3 Fallow land 89843.90 87088.40 -2755.51 Decrease Urban growth -196.82

4Land with/withoutscrubs 57174.02 38014.62

-19159.40 Decrease Negative impact -1368.52

5 Scrub/forest 18338.74 16960.69 -1378.05 DecreaseNegative impact on livingcondition -98.43

6Barren rocky / Stonywaste 36034.82 25539.90

-10494.92 Decrease Construction work -749.63

7 Builtup industrial 1744.93 2232.36 487.43 Increase Growth engine 34.81

8 Builtup rural 2006.87 2483.80 476.92 Increase Urban sprawl 34.06

9 Builtup urban 40246.16 75354.57 35108.41 Increase Growth 2507.74

10 Open land 65.21 103.93 38.72 Increase Positive impact 2.76

11 Play ground / Recreation 113.20 129.11 15.91 Increase Positive 1.13

12 Urban vegetation 1639.74 1681.26 41.52 Increase Positive 2.96

13 Reservoir/Tanks (Dry) 8491.33 9114.84 623.51 Increase Positive impact 44.53

14 River/stream 1662.64 1532.33 -130.31 DecreaseNegative impact. Cause forurban flooding -9.30

15 Water body 5949.28 4764.73 -1184.56 DecreaseNegative impact. Cause forUrban flooding -84.61

16 Roads 4841.56 6465.62 1624.07 IncreaseRoads widening &construction of ORR & IRR 116.00

17 Forest plantation 400.13 305.92 -94.21 DecreaseConstruction of RGIA in

Shamsabad -6.72

Statistics of LULC variations in Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA)

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Ve

hic

le S

tre

ngt

h

Vehicular Strength in Hyderabad

Road Transport

TSRTC bus fleet strength increased by24% i.e. only 3% every year whereas the

Population carried increased by only11% i.e. only 1.4% every year

Total km operated per bus droppedfrom 1.82lakh km to 1.7 lakh km

Population was increasing by atleast8% every year

Rate of increase of bus fleet & population carried is much smaller than population growth rate, resulting in more than 100% growth (i.e. over 13% annual growth) in overall vehicle strength.

Secondary

pollutants

8%

Bio mass burning

4%

Coal

4%

Cement

2%

Road dust

33%

Vehicles

49%

Source: PCB, study in 2003

The source apportionment studies

indicates contribution of Particulate

Matter(i.e. PM10) mainly due to mobile

sources (vehicles 49%), road dust

(33%), secondary pollutants (8%), bio-

mass burning (4%) and other 6%.

Air Quality

Source: CPCB

Source: TSPCB

S.

No.Station Name

PM10 µg/m3

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

1 Balanagar 94 100 100 127 144 135 104

2 Uppal 96 89 97 109 90 99 104

3 Jubilee Hills 47 52 78 83 72 80 99

4 Jeedimetla 104 97 108 97 92 107 120

5 Paradise 107 82 99 93 84 120 128

6 Charminar 108 78 105 110 95 112 140

7 Zoopark 57 61 60 68 73 73 86

8 BPPA 74 66 61 72 54 68 75

9 MGBS 84 72 66 66 79 69 67

10 Chikkadapally 85 68 87 87 79 84 87

11 Langar House 101 103 99 105 104 91 180

12 Madhapur 86 74 47 82 88 66 61

13 Shameerpet 45 51 59 68 74 79 71

14 Kukatpally 93 90 100 117 137 114 123

15 Sainikpuri 50 59 72 85 113 92 136

16 Rajendranagar 39 38 35 43 42 33 29

17University of

Hyd38 43 40 39 55 71 106

18 Nacharam 86 85 86 85 74 94 106

19 Abids 106 97 98 99 81 104 105

20 Panjagutta 113 109 99 122 120 117 130

21 KBRN Park 48 51 57 60 44 58 63

Standards 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Average 79 75 79 87 85 89 101

Air Quality

Figure illustrates the sector-wise carbonemissions

Due to lack of appropriate publictransport system in Hyderabad andhaphazard growth due to unplannedurbanization has led to large scale usageof private vehicles. Emissions fromtransport sector is 56.86%

Source: GHG footprint of Major cities in IndiaArticle in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · January 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.036

Air Pollution Impacts on Respiratory Health

72000 more deaths

Source: CSE India, State of India Health Report,2015

SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONEMENT

Maintenance of factors or practices that contribute to quality of Environment on long term basis

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

Set of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

INNOVATION

Application of Better Solutions

Sustainable Development

Goals

The Goal 3 “Ensure healthy lives andpromote well being for all at all ages”aims at securing a healthy life for all.Measures to achieve this goal involvessubstantially reducing the number ofdeaths and illness from hazardouschemicals and air, water, and soilpollution and contamination.

5 SINS OF POLLUTION

12

3

4

5

Source: Times of India ,Hyderabad November 6,2016

Actions taken by Government

Phasing out of Transport vehicles of more than 15 years’ age:

All goods vehicles of more than 15 years’ age and above have been

prohibited from plying within the twin cities.

Promotion of alternate fuels:

It is proposed to encourage the usage of LPG/CNG in Motor vehicles.

Restriction of 3 wheeled Contract Carriages (Auto rickshaws):

New auto rickshaw permits are granted with LPG / CNG fuel only.

Inspection and maintenance in-use transport vehicles:

Strict regime of inspection is being followed at the time of renewal of

fitness certificate for the transport vehicles.

Implementation of B.S-III and B.S-IV Standards for Registration:

BS-III emission standards are made mandatory for Registration of 2 and

3-wheeled vehicles in Hyderabad including Secunderabad i.e., GHMC

Area manufactured on or after 1-4-2010.

BS-IV emission standards are made mandatory for 4 wheeled vehicles in

Hyderabad including Secunderabad i.e. GHMC Area manufactured on or

after 1-4-2010.

Transport department will initiate steps for retrofitting of particulate

filters in diesel vehicles when BS-V quality fuel is available.

Monitoring of pollution levels in the vehicles registered in

GHMC Area

All the 234 Pollution Testing Stations Licensed in GHMC Area are

computerized for better testing of vehicle pollution levels and issue

PUCs.

Introduction of Green Tax to control movement of aged

vehicles:

Government has introduced the Green Tax, to control the

movements of aged vehicles and to control the pollution, caused

by in use aged vehicles.

Tax exemption of Battery/CNG/Solar energy Vehicles for 5

years:

Booking of cases by Transport Dept on Pollution:

Steps taken by Police (Traffic) Department:

ATC (Area Traffic Control) with Synchronized signal and corridor

management.

Cameras to monitor the traffic congestions, density on each

road.

Meet Clean air and energy saving targets

Strengthening the second generation action on public

transport, walking and cycling and cleaner fuels and technologies

and land use planning

Upscale public transport

New JNNURM buses and the deluxe metro services are becoming

more expensive where as conventional service is deteriorating

Integrate all forms of transport to maximize access.

Walk and cycle more

Sustainability goal can remain elusive if the city fails to protect its

walkers, cyclists with well planned and safe infrastructure and

design

Cities will have to change the spending pattern.

Need compact dense cities

Needs network design for area of influence to make it more walkable

and transit oriented

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Cities should negotiate harder with the national government for

tighter emissions standards to reduce toxic emissions

Expand the program for cleaner fuels-CNG and electric vehicles-with

right incentives and the infrastructure backup.

Build relevant and credible data bases for policy action

Targeting emissions source to meet air quality standards

Cities should carry out pollution source inventory and

apportionment studies to refine their action plans

Account for the health cost linked to air pollution in decision

making.

Need strong baseline data on diseases and deaths as well as

robust protocol to support health risk assessment in all medical

institutions

Build public information system on daily air quality with health.

Source: Citizen’s Report Air Quality and Mobility Challenges In Hyderabad

Thank You