Sustainable Architecture Without Architects

5/19/2012

1

Sustainable Architecture without Architects

1

Simi Razavian Hemmati Architect

LEED AP, CGBP, CNE

Website: www.msahome.com

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 858 459 8250

How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk roadin Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create

energy-efficient homes

Sustainable Architecture without Architects in Tabas, Iran (Persia)

This presentation is protected by US andInternational Copyright laws. Reproduction,distribution, display and use of thepresentation without written permission ofthe speaker is prohibited.

2

Learning Objectives

� Passive solar design

� Assess how they have used sun, wind, water, Landscape

and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural

environment into comfortable spaces

� Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their

buildings

� Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture

� Observe the use of these techniques in modern

architecture

3

5/19/2012

2

What is a Green Building?

� Location, location

� Building design

� Indoor-environmental quality

� Windows and doors

� Water efficiency

� Energy efficiency

� Green building materials

� Insulation

� Renewable energy

� Landscaping

How many LEED APs? Architects, M. Engineers, Passive solar designBased on USGBC (US Green Building Council), points

4

A

Energy efficiency?

5

Passive Solar Design?

Heating and cooling without mechanical system

The sun, its light and heat, is one of the big players, name

Especially in San Diego, HVAC load, solar panel cost

Principles:

� Orientation

� Orientation

� Orientation

� Shading

� Glazing

� Thermal mass

� Insulation

� Ventilation

� Landscaping 6

5/19/2012

3

Micro Climate: San Diego

� Coastal, cross ventilation, passive heating

� Inland, cross ventilation, shade, passive heating

� Mountain, passive heating

� Desert, shade, evaporative cooling

7

Orientation

Maximize south facing windows

Sun path during summer and winter

Mesa Verde Colorado

8

http://oikos.com

Summer

Winter

www.lightningcanyon.com

Orientation

9

http://www.netspeed.com.au/abeccs/newington/newington%20design.htm

� Site planning� Maximize south facing windows� At least buy one

5/19/2012

4

Shading

� Outside

� Southern wall, overhangs

� Reduces intense light and glare

� East and west windows

10

Hyatt, Sedona

Glazing and day lighting

� Location

� South and north facing walls

� Pleasant atmosphere

� Elevates mood

� Reduces depression

� Reduces electricity cost

11

Thermal mass

� Tile, stone, concrete floor

� Masonry or tile fire place surround

� Concrete or tile countertops

� Concrete mass walls

� Pond roof

� Light color painted wall to reflect on the floor

� Do not throw rugs on the floor. Fade?

Winter time: Absorbs and stores the heat during the day then radiates the heat at night with a delayed effect and moderately.

Summer time: Absorbs nighttime coolness and release it slowly during the hot days.

12

5/19/2012

5

Ventilation

Stack ventilationStair well, clear story, attic

� Controlled movement of air through a building not a leak/ tight envelope

• Cross• Stack

� Evaporative cooling in arid area increases humidity, comfort

• “By evaporating water, the air is cooled

more than by flow alone: it takes a relatively

large amount of heat to vaporize water”

13

Cross ventilationVenturi effect

Creating shade, west and east facing

Landscaping

Wind break Natural air conditioner

14

builditsolar.com

Landscape Architect’s role

Do we follow 2000 year old design rules?

15

5/19/2012

6

Desert Micro Climate!

16

� Hostile environment

� Very little vegetation

� Almost no rainfall

� Sand storms

� Loss of life

� Not popular with travellers

� Vast area with few roads

� Marco Polo in 13th century

• Lack of water, heat and vicious sand

� Summer temperature up to 120°F

� Winter temperature dips below -4 °F

� Temperatures soar in the sun, but drop rapidly at dusk

17

Desert Micro Climate!

Comfort Zone Chart for Tabas

Building bio-climatic chart by Milne and Givoni

July 12th TabasTemp: Max: 106’°F Min: 68°FHumidity : 9%Wind: 14 mph NNE

18

5/19/2012

7

Materials

� Earth� 1/3 of population, 1/2 in developing countries

Architect Gernot Minke

� Straw

� White plaster

� Wood

19

Why did we chose to study Tabas?

• A small city • An oasis in the desert, architecturally significant•“Pearl of Persian cities”•“Bride of Persian cities”• Used to exist

20

• Connection to silk road• South and North cities• “Karevan Sara” or Motels

• Source of water• Coal mines• Compare to Santa Fe

21

IRAN

Why Tabas became important?

5/19/2012

8

• Wind direction• Prevailing, north west

• Saam, sand storm, south east

• Water, east to west• Water storage

• Main road direction

• Buildings, north, south• Farms, source of cool breeze

• Point? Masdar city

Tabas, the city planning, m.c. elements

22

Tabas, how it became an oasis?

• Existence of water• Efficient use of water• Love of planting trees

• Shade• Distance, driving• Fruit, vegetables

23

Tree Preservation

24

5/19/2012

9

These are the spaces they formed!

• Summer living area

• E`ivan (covered patio or veranda)

• Courtyards (with water feature and planters)

• Baudgeers (wind scoops or wind catchers)

• Kitchen and storage

• Hoaz-khane (living room)

• Winter living area

• Sardab (basement)

• Hashti (eight sided vestibule)

25

Typical Floor Plan

• Season• Compact• Summer, winter area• Courtyard• Architectural elements• Four seasons• Cross ventilation

26

• Location • Elaborate• Windows• Height• Point? Vaulted or high ceiling

Summer Living Area Tabas

27

5/19/2012

10

Summer Living Area Kashan

28

E’ivan (covered porch or veranda)

• Main element• Location • Shade• Stand alone• Usage time • Day to day work• Clay jugs• Point?Dripper

29

Courtyard

• Location• Steps

• Materials• Water

• Well of cold air• Reservoir of coolness

• Point? Privacy, shade

30

5/19/2012

11

Courtyard

• Water features• Citrus fruit trees• Palm trees• Covered courtyard• Walls, wind break• US Departmentof Energy, up to 25°F cooler

• Point?• Privacy

• westfacing window

31

• Unique, important• 4000 B.C.• Opening on sides• One or three sided• Breath• Cool winds• 8’ – 20’• Point? Large bldgwith good breeze but no vent

Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)

32

• Location• Basement• Divisions, Venturi effect• Low income

Baudgeer

Low income

33

5/19/2012

12

Down draft

Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft, wind scoop)

Sensible cooling

Temperature change produce air pressures difference in air pressure generates air flow

Temperature change produce air pressures

Hot day in the afternoon no wind

Ventilation pathways

hot air rising by convection

Creates Stack effectLike a chimney

Up draf t

Air movement:• Pressure difference

• Suction• The Venturi effect• Convection

• Hot air rises

34

How does it work? By Mr M. Bahadori

• Windy day and night• Stormy day• Early morning no wind• Late afternoon no wind• Wet straw

Stack effect

Chimney effect

High press.

Low press.

• Enclosure• Sand settlement• Protection• Point? Chimney

Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)

35

Houz-khaneh (living room)

Plan

Section

Elevation

36

• Favorite• Water feature• Height • Cross ventilation• Baudgeer, center• Thermal mass• Point? Water, height

Ventilation pathways

5/19/2012

13

• Econ. status• Decoration• Opening• Fountain• Point?JW Marriott•

Houz-khaneh (living room)

Evaporative cooling, stack ventilation

Low pressure

37

• Palm tree• Clerestory, daylight• Latticed opening

Houz-khaneh

38

Houz-khaneh, Baudgeer, Kashan, Iran

39

Beauty, proportion and function

5/19/2012

14

• Flower• Reflection

Houz-khaneh

40

Yazd

Sardab (basement)

• Location• Temperature, underground• 12 to 4• Ventilation, doors, shutters• Damp walls• Under ground water, qanats• Point? Hillside homes, mold

41

Winter Living Area and Kitchen

• Room location• Length of the season• Kitchen location• Windows, shade• Size• Height• Braziers or korsi• Point? Efficient

use of your home

42

5/19/2012

15

Materials

• Sun dried adobe, salt• High heat storage capacity and

low heat conductivity: Thermal lag

• Kah-gel or plaster of clay and straw• White plaster to reflect heat• Wood/ screen

43

Structural System

• Bearing wall, thermal mass• Barrel roof• Dome roof

• Heat distribution

44

Alleys

• Shade• Breeze• Maze• Roof• Source of cool air• Point? Norman Foster in Abu Dhabi

45

5/19/2012

16

Baghe Golshan

• Main park (Persian garden)• Four gardens

• Two stream• Water feature• Water fountain• Water fall

Site plan

Section

Arial Photo46

Baghe Golshan (main park)

• Vanishing edge pool was an efficient way to go• Stream passes through park entry and moves toward the city

47

Kashan

Kashan

Yakh-chal (Ice pit), Tabas

48

� For storing ice� Desert � Middle of summer, next winter

� Location, less expensive� Domed shape, above ground� Underground storage space� Cover the ceiling

5/19/2012

17

� Many parts of the world

� Mastered the technique, 400 B.C. idea as old as 1700 B.C. in this area

� Above ground dome, up to 60’ for cooling

� Underground space, up to 150,000 C.F.

with deep storage space

49

Yakh-chal (Ice pit)

Yakh-chal (Ice pit) Construction

� Materials: � Thick mud brick (adobe), walls up to 7

feet thick at the base

� Mortar called Sarooj: sand, clay, egg

whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in

specific proportions

� Resistant to heat transfer

� Water impenetrable, Dam

� Trench to catch melted ice

50

Yakh-chal (Ice pit)

51

How does it work?

� Storing ice and snow of the mountains

� Shallow pools on the north side of a tall, east west wall

� Transferring ice into the deep ice pit

5/19/2012

18

Yakh-chal (Ice pit)

52

� Straw and mat� Different kind of ice

� Glass ice for drinking� Ice cream, falodeh

� Ice for everybody � Point? Reducing HVAC load

for large project in the hot desert area

Karevansara, Chahar deh,Tabas

53

� Karevan-sara, caravan-house� Lodging, loading or landing of

the caravans� Storing goods and commercial

exchange, post office� Travelling time, 2 to10 am,

5 to 11pm, not extreme

Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost

Karevansara, Khan, Tabas

54

� Hot and dry area� Square or rectangle� Courtyard, veranda � Baudgeer, south� Copula� Roof opening� Design inspiration� Stable� Motel, 20 in Tabas


5/19/2012

19

Karvansara, Meidan, Tabas

55

� Stable ceiling opening

� Height at lobby

� Water, qanat, well tower� Stay free, pay for food

� Point? Motels, ventilation, shade, env.


Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan

56

� 300 years ago� Courtyard and verandas� Height on the south side� Three story� Water feature

Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En

Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan

57

� Interior� Beautiful, enchanting and relaxing� Tea in the courtyard

Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En

5/19/2012

20

Benefits & drawbacks, local materials

• Shear strength in adobe• 7.9 magnitude earthquake• 22,000 died

Tabas After Earth Quake, 1978 58

Santa Fe

59

Designsand similarities to

Persian architecture

Santa Fe, New Mexico

60

5/19/2012

21

61

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Iran? Santa Fe?

62

Abyane, Iran

Santa Fe? Iran?

63

Taos Santa Fe

5/19/2012

22

Iran? Santa Fe?

64

Naiband Tabas, IranSanta Fe

Masooleh Iran

Masooleh, Iran

AB

CD

Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration

� Age� Similarities

• Mountain shape or irregularpyramid

• Adobe: puddle, brick • Flat roof, dome roof, wood

65

� Early architecture in New Mexico

by Bainbridge Bunting

� Francisco Uvino

Santa Fe

Santa Fe

Abyaneh, Iran

Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration

• Courtyard, early houses in trail• Privacy, ladder• South facing• Window size • Bread oven, blue color• Narrow streets• Plaza

• Differences• No arches• Protection from wind

� Coincidence?

66

Abyaneh, Iran

5/19/2012

23

Santa Fe NM

67

In harmony� Nature� Climate� People� Energy efficient?

� Cheap energy

� Spoiled by HVAC

� Changing our behaviors, thanks to H.E.C of last year

� Experiment and start from scratch

� Historical examples, new techniques

� Santa Fe

� Healthier

We are building a new civilization

68

San Diego weather pattern in the chart

Innovative uses of the same strategy in new buildings

July 12th July 12 San DiegoTemp: Max: 75°F Min: 52°F Humidity : 75%Wind:14 mph W

July 12th TabasTemp: Max: 106’°F Min: 68°FHumidity : 9%Wind: 14 mph NNE

69

5/19/2012

24

Passive Solar Design in S.D.

70

� Natural resources; wind, sun, water,

Thermal mass and landscape

� Orientation, orientation, orientation

� South facing windows

� Ventilation

• Cross

• Stack

� Shade

� Thermal mass

� Natural day-light

� Landscape

� Tight envelope, insulation

Value of architects

Architect role

71

Value of architects

Revision clouds

72

5/19/2012

25

Which one is more Green?

73

A

B

Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!

74

Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!

75

5/19/2012

26

Children Museum, San Diego

Rob Quigley Architect

� Baudgeer concept (as cooling chimney) � Exhaust ventilation

76

Carnegie Center, Global Ecology in Stanford

EHDD Architecture Rumsey Engineers

� Baudgeer� Shade� Cross ventilation

Spray ring

Dense, Cool AirFills Lobby59` F. 85% R.H.

Prevailing Winds85` F. 36% R.H.

A California Building Revives Traditional Middle Eastern Design77

Mission Style Spanish Architecture

78

5/19/2012

27

J.W. Marriott, Palm Desert

� Courtyard� Water feature� Water falls

CII-Godrej GBC

79

Orchid PlazaBahrain

Twirling TowerBy David Fisher in Dubai

� Wind powered � Electricity generating wind tower

80

Burj al-Taqa, Dubai

� High-tech baudgeer� Wind driven ventilation� Central atrium� Dbl layered façade for

shade w/solar panel

Gerber architect Germany

81

5/19/2012

28

Santa Fe NM

82

In harmony� Nature� Climate� People� Energy efficient?

Salk Institute, La Jolla

Louis Kahn architect

� Persian gardens and water feature

CII-Godrej GBC India

� Wind tower

� HVAC load83

Masdar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi

AS +GG Architect of Chicago

� Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation

84

5/19/2012

29

85

'The Pearl' dome house

Passive solar design with a touch of high-tech

David Fanchon

Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007

Foster & Partners

86

� Narrow streets� Shading

� Windows� Exterior walls� Walkways

� Wind towers� Thick-walled buildings� Courtyards

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx

Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007

Foster & Partners

87

� Vegetation, Green parks� Generally walkable city� Northeast-southwest

orientation � Underground public

transportation � Indirect daylight, cupola� 70 degree cooler, envir.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx

Lowest possible carbon footprint

5/19/2012

30

French school, Damascus, Syria

French architects Ateliers Lion

� Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation� Black-painted polycarbonate sheet� Natural ventilation, court yard, removable shade� Earth ducts, thermal mass

A Damascus School Revives Traditional Iranian Cooling Techniques

88

National Commercial Bank - Jeddah, S. A.

Architect: S.O.M.

89

� Courtyard, vertical� solid to the outside� opens up to the cooler

courtyard in the middle � Shading

� Windows

http://www.carboun.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1.jpg

Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990

MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.

� Existing building� West facing windows� Strategic location

of windows� Cross ventilation

New

Existing

90

5/19/2012

31

Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990


� Strategic locationof windows

� Overhang� Shade� Daylight� Cross ventilation

91

Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant


� South facing windows� West facing windows� Cross ventilation� HVAC usage?

Before

After

92

Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant


� South facing windows� Shade

After

After

Before

93

5/19/2012

32

David Residence, La Jolla


� South facing windows� Shade � Court yard� Cupola

94

Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000

MSA & MSA & MSA & MSA & AssocAssocAssocAssoc. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.

� West facing lot� Great view� No buyer for 2 years� Small flat area� Low cost solution� Waste reduction

95

Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000

MSA & MSA & MSA & MSA & AssocAssocAssocAssoc. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.

� South facing windows� West facing windows?� Overhangs� Cross ventilation� HVAC?

96

5/19/2012

33

Soledad Home, Pacific Beach


� South facing windows � Cross ventilation� Stack ventilation� Fan

97

Chalcedony, Pacific Beach


� South facing windows � Shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation

98

La Jolla Residence, La Jolla


� South facing windows� Cross ventilation� Daylight� Courtyard� Umbrella

After

Before

99

5/19/2012

34



� South facingwindows

� Use of shade� Water� Courtyard� Daylight� Umbrellas

Before

After

100



� Courtyard� North facing windows

Before

Before

After

After

101

CSS, San Bernardino, Ca. 1990


� Steel manufacturing • Warehouse• Office bldg• 30,000 S.F.

� Stack ventilation� Summer heat

� Daylight

102

5/19/2012

35

Ten in rows, Linda Vista


� South facing windows � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight

103

Ten in rows, Linda Vista


� South facing windows � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight� Possible, solar panel

104

Jamshidi, La Jolla


� On the board� West view/ main view � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight

105

5/19/2012

36

Jamshidi, La Jolla


� South and north facing windows � Skylight� Daylight� Ceiling plan� Solar water heater� Solar panel for floor heating

106

Jamshidi, La Jolla


� Cross ventilation in basement� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight� water efficient landscaping� Tight envelope

107

Green Building Design- Passive solar

� Natural resources; wind, sun, water thermal mass and landscape

� Orientation, orientation, orientation

� South facing windows

� Ventilation

• Cross

• Stack

� Shade

� Thermal mass

� Natural day-light

� Landscape

� Insulation

� Tight envelope

108

5/19/2012

37

Low cost energy saving solutions

1. Behavioural change

2. Check orientation

• Locate your windows

3. Summer:

• Daylight

• Ventilation

• Shade for south

• West and east

4. Winter:

• Open south facing windows

• Daylight

109

Low cost energy saving solutions

5. Thermal mass

• Area rug

6. Landscape

• Deciduous trees

• West and east facing windows

7. Insulation

• Tight envelope

8. Changing windows

• Dbl glaze, south facing

9. Water in dry climates

10. Remodel based on your budget

and Passive solar110

� Master Theses research by Simi Razavian, Lila Khalvati and Fereshteh Asefi.

� Gardens of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost

� Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost

� Early architecture in New Mexico by Bainbridge Bunting

� Urban structure and architecture in the hot arid zone of Iran by Mahmoud Tavassoli

� http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=1040

� http://www.gulfweeklyworldwide.com/article.asp?Sn=5536&Article=19304

� www.lightningcanyon.com/pages/passive-solar/introduction_passive_solar.html

� www.inhabitat.com/2007/05/16/david-fishers-twirling-wind-power-tower/

� Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regeions of the middle east By Mehdi N. Bahadori Professor of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University of

Technology Tehran, Iran

�Three dimensional numerical investigation of air flow over domed roofs by: Ahmadreza

K.Faghih and,MehdiN .B ahadori School of Mechanical Engineering,SharifU niversity of Technology,Tehran,Iran

Resources

111

5/19/2012

38

Resources

112

� historicaliran.blogspot.com/2010/02/abyaneh-village.html

� www.carboun.com/sustainable-development/sustainable-design/a-damascus-

school-revives-traditional-cooling-techniques/#more-1495

�http:/www.carboun.com/?s=Carnegie+Center,++Global+Ecology+in+Stanford+

� http://www.eartharchitecture.org/index.php?/archives/1045-Yakhchal-Ancient-

Refrigerators.html

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhchal

� http://www.mytholia.org/wiki/index.php/Yakhchal

� http://heritage-key.com/site/ice-house-abarku-abarqu

� http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En

�http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9

%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7

� Islamic architecture: form, function and meaning, Robert Hillenbrand (Author)

Resources

113

�http://travelingrainvilles.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8357fa03b69e2010535b84a2a97

0b-popup

� http://wchpgrte.blogspot.com/2010/05/western-center-for-historic.html

� http://brothaluvacafe.blogspot.com/2009/05/santa-fe-new-mexico-apr-may-2009.html

� http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar.html

� http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx

Simi Razavian Architect, LEED AP, CGBP, CNE

Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design with Emphasis on Passive Solar

Design and Vernacular Architecture of Tabas, Iran

Co- founder of MSA & Assoc. Inc. in 1987

Licensed Architect in the State of California

Certified Green Building Professional

Speaker at :

Mesa College Dec 5th, 2011, La Jolla Library Sep 20th 2011 HP (Hewlett-Packard), Jan 20th 2011,SIAP Nov.11th, La Jolla Library Nov 3rd 2010, New Mexico Solar Energy Association Sep 11 2010, UCSD Osher program July 15th, 2010, iWIA San Diego July 12th, 2010, Notre Dame

University, School of Architecture, April 23rd, 2009, La Jolla Library July 13th, 2009, AIA Convention May 2nd, 2009, CCSE, WIA San Diego, April 2009

Speaker

Contact InformationSimi Razavian Hemmati

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.msahome.com

Tel: 858 459 8250

114

Date post:	12-May-2015
Category:	Business
Upload:	california-center-for-sustainable-energy
View:	2,313 times
Download:	1 times

Sustainable Architecture Without Architects

Business