Sustainable Development Issues and Built Environment HBP, USM – 18 July 2007. Mohd. Faris Khamidi Ph.D. Department of Construction & Real Estate Management, Faculty of Technology Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (U T H M) Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta ’ zim. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Sustainable Development Issues Sustainable Development Issues and Built Environment and Built Environment HBP, USM – 18 July 2007 HBP, USM – 18 July 2007 Mohd. Faris Khamidi Ph.D. Mohd. Faris Khamidi Ph.D. Department of Construction & Real Estate Manageme Department of Construction & Real Estate Manageme nt, nt, Faculty of Technology Management, Faculty of Technology Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (U T H M) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (U T H M) Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta’zim Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta’zim
Transcript
Sustainable Development Issues Sustainable Development Issues and Built Environmentand Built Environment
HBP, USM – 18 July 2007HBP, USM – 18 July 2007
Mohd. Faris Khamidi Ph.D.Mohd. Faris Khamidi Ph.D.
Department of Construction & Real Estate Management, Department of Construction & Real Estate Management, Faculty of Technology Management,Faculty of Technology Management,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (U T H M) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (U T H M) Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta’zimParit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta’zim
UNIVERSITI
TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
(UTHM)
Where we are?Where we are?
UTHM Main Campus
Where we are?Where we are?…cont.
UTHM Main Campus
UTHM City Campus
Where we are?Where we are?…cont.
Here,
We are!
UTHM City Campus
UTHM Main Campus
PREAMBLE
“When there is LOVE,
there is LIFE…”Mahatma Gandhi
PREAMBLE
Relationship between National GDP and Construction Industry
CONCEPT (1)
CONCEPT (2)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (1)
““Sustainable designSustainable design recognizes recognizes the the interdependence of the interdependence of the built and natural built and natural environmentsenvironments; it seeks to ; it seeks to harness natural energy flows harness natural energy flows and biological processes, and biological processes, eliminate reliance on fossil eliminate reliance on fossil fuels and toxic materials, fuels and toxic materials, and improve resources and and improve resources and efficiency. In the short run, efficiency. In the short run, the impact of these changes the impact of these changes will reduce the will reduce the environmental impact of our environmental impact of our designs. In the long run, the designs. In the long run, the goal is to create buildings goal is to create buildings that are not only not harmful that are not only not harmful but actually but actually part of natural part of natural systems and restorative of systems and restorative of those systemsthose systems. . Sustainable Sustainable design is concerned with design is concerned with the quality of our the quality of our environment as a whole environment as a whole systemsystem””
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (2)
MODEL
Is this the ONLY possibility?
More people means;More people means;More houses, shops, work-places, More houses, shops, work-places, roads etc.roads etc.More demand of products and servicesMore demand of products and servicesGreater demand for landGreater demand for land
More People = More Cities More People = More Cities => More Impact=> More Impact
New Ideas, New Paradigms, New Ideas, New Paradigms, New Approaches to Building New Approaches to Building and Construction are and Construction are URGENTLYURGENTLY needed. needed.
Challenges ahead in Challenges ahead in The Built EnvironmentThe Built Environment
URBANIZATION
Construction work
Production ofmaterials
for construction(10.9%)
Transportationrelated to
construction(5.0%)
(1.3%)Operation ofBusiness facilities
(9.9%)
Operation ofBuilding
(10.2%)
Other industries(62.7%)
Energy Consumption of Energy Consumption of Building & ConstructionBuilding & Construction
Figure 4.2 Emission of CO2 – From cement production
Ecological Ecological OutlookOutlook
Ecological Ecological OutlookOutlook
Figure 4.3 Total final energy consumption
i n n o v a t i o n s
DBHS AS AN DBHS AS AN ‘ADAPTABLE BUILDING’ ‘ADAPTABLE BUILDING’
MODELMODEL
¤Part I
BackgroundBackground
Definition 1:Definition 1:““Adaptable Building”Adaptable Building” In principle is a building that In principle is a building that can can
last while its part gradually last while its part gradually changechange thus place lighter load on thus place lighter load on natural and human resources and natural and human resources and provide value to future provide value to future generations. generations.
Kendall and Ando (2004)Kendall and Ando (2004)
BackgroundBackground
Definition 2:Definition 2:““Adaptable Building”Adaptable Building” Also means that a particular building system Also means that a particular building system
is capable of is capable of adapting to a particular situatioadapting to a particular situation or usen or use; such as regional and climatic varia; such as regional and climatic variances that include social, cultural and technicnces that include social, cultural and technical differences. al differences.
Kibert, C.J., et. al (2002)Kibert, C.J., et. al (2002)
BackgroundBackground
Definition:Definition:““Adaptable Building”Adaptable Building” modelmodel A building system that is A building system that is worthy of worthy of
emulationemulation.. DBHSDBHS as an example of as an example of
“adaptable building” model“adaptable building” model is a is a building system that is worth to be building system that is worth to be emulated for sustainable housing emulated for sustainable housing scheme among developing scheme among developing countries.countries.
Building related waste Building related waste generation in Japangeneration in JapanC&DW amounts to 20% of all the industrialC&DW amounts to 20% of all the industrialwaste and this amounts to 70% of illegalwaste and this amounts to 70% of illegaldumping.dumping.
Increment of C&DW in JAPANIncrement of C&DW in JAPAN1995 1995 12 million tonnes12 million tonnes20102010 42 million tonnes42 million tonnes20252025 56 million tonnes56 million tonnes
In 2000, Japan achieved 26% of recycling rateIn 2000, Japan achieved 26% of recycling ratefor C&DWfor C&DW
Solid waste generationSolid waste generationUnlike Japan, there is no compilation of C&DW amounts in Malaysia,Unlike Japan, there is no compilation of C&DW amounts in Malaysia,
Indonesia, China and India; however statistics show increase projectionIndonesia, China and India; however statistics show increase projection
Table 2: 1995 and 2025 Urban Per Capita MSW generation in Selected countries in Asian region
Sustainable Strategy Sustainable Strategy for C&DW minimizationfor C&DW minimization
Fig. 6: A sustainable strategy that emphasises C&DW minimization
STAGE
ACTION
RESULT
G O A L
+ +
SIT
ING
CO
NS
TR
UC
TI
ON
US
E
BUILDING PROCESS
sou
rceco
ntro
l
DES
IGN
DEM
OLIT
ION
REFU
RB
ISH
MEN
T
DFD
DFRBM
RECYCLE
BMREUSE
WASTEPRE-
VENTION
CWREDUCE
DWREDUCE
C&DWREDUCE
Sustainable Strategy Sustainable Strategy for C&DW minimizationfor C&DW minimization
Fig. 7: Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management plan
RECYCLING
REUSE
REDUCE
RECOVER WASTETRANSFORMATION
(physical, biological or chemical processes,
e.g. composting incineration)
LANDFILLING
Waste Avoidance
Waste Minimization
Waste Treatment
Waste Disposal
Most Desirable
Least Desirable
Dry-Masonry Brick House Dry-Masonry Brick House System (DBHS)System (DBHS)
To enable reduce, reuse and recycle of buildingmaterials becomes easier,
as a condition to provide more flexibilityin structural engineering,
is proposed.
a system in which materials of different kinds (heterogeneous)
shall not be bonded
SRB-DUP Structure
Reduce ScrapConstruction scrap
DemolitionEffective Use of Resources
Dry-Masonry Brick House Dry-Masonry Brick House System (DBHS)System (DBHS)
Dry-Masonry means a dry method of constructing brick house where mortar is not required but instead “Steel Reinforced Brick construction based on Distribution of Unbonded Prestress (SRB-DUP) theory is used.
Fig. 8: Double-storey DBHS Experimental House and 3D-view of clay brick used in the project.
Unbonded Structural SystemUnbonded Structural System
Brick Steel plate Nut
Spring washer
Round washer
Bolt
Fig. 9: Structural Composition of DBHS Wall with SRB-DUP Method
Structural composition of SRB-DUP Method consists of 6 main components, where vertical & horizontal reinforcements elements provide high strength quality in the seismic resistant DBHS wall
・ Larger Hole = Nut Hole・ Smaller Hole = Bolt Hole・ Including Joint Part in Vertical and Header Side・ Uniform Unit Size b ｙ Grinding
Prestressed Unit Prestressed Unit for SRB-DUP Brickfor SRB-DUP Brick
Building Technology for Sustainability
Outline of SRB-DUP Outline of SRB-DUP Construction MethodConstruction Method
Using vertical reinforcing element （ Bolts and Nuts) andhorizontal reinforcing plates, each unit is bolted and fixed (prestressed).DUP structure is constructed with breaking joint.
Outline of SRB-DUP Outline of SRB-DUP Construction MethodConstruction Method
DBHSDBHS is a is a dismantle-able building systemdismantle-able building system (structu (structure) that incorporates re) that incorporates DFDDFD and and DFRDFR in its design-st in its design-stage.age.
Achieve high Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and low Achieve high Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and low Life Cycle Cost (LCC) performance.Life Cycle Cost (LCC) performance.
During construction of DBHS experimental house iDuring construction of DBHS experimental house in Kumamoto Pref., n Kumamoto Pref., 98.34% of bricks98.34% of bricks used in the c used in the construction can be onstruction can be REUSEDREUSED and the balance and the balance 1.61.66%6% can be can be RECYCLEDRECYCLED..
Other partsOther parts like steel bolts, nuts and plates can like steel bolts, nuts and plates can 1100% be RECYCLED00% be RECYCLED caused they can be easily reco caused they can be easily recovered and separated.vered and separated.
Takasu and Khamidi (2001)Takasu and Khamidi (2001)
Summary of Summary of ConclusionsConclusions
Growth in Growth in construction activitiesconstruction activities increases increases the the rate of C&DW generationrate of C&DW generation, thus its , thus its reduction becomes important.reduction becomes important.
A A dismantle-able building systemdismantle-able building system (structure) that incorporates (structure) that incorporates DFDDFD and and DFRDFR can be used as a sustainable housing scheme can be used as a sustainable housing scheme that emphasizes C&DW minimization. that emphasizes C&DW minimization.
Promotes Promotes 3R3R – – reduce-reuse-recyclereduce-reuse-recycle; ; enhances its application as an ‘adaptable enhances its application as an ‘adaptable building’ model. building’ model.
Developing countries throughout Asian region Developing countries throughout Asian region highly regards brickhighly regards brick as the as the main building main building materialmaterial, therefore adapting DHBS is , therefore adapting DHBS is relevantrelevant and and significantsignificant..
¤Part I
MALAYSIA GREEN MALAYSIA GREEN BUILDING INITIATIVE: BUILDING INITIATIVE: The Innovative Way The Innovative Way
ForwardForward
¤Part II
Building Assessment Building Assessment ToolsTools
United States of AmericaTools name: Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) Main Attributes: Location, sustainable, water efficiency, indoor environment quality, materials and resource, energy and atmosphere, homeowner awareness, innovation & design process.Developer: United States Green Building Council (USGBC)Rating given: Platinum, gold, silver, bronze
CanadaTools Name: GBToolMain Attributes: site selection, energy resource & consumption, environmental loadings, indoor environmental quality, functionality, long-term performance, social economic aspectDeveloper: Natural Resources Canada, handed to International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE) in 2002,Developed since: 1998Rating given: negative(-2), minimum(0), good practice(+3), best practice(+5)
SpainTools Name: VerdeMain Attributes: Resource & environmental impact, environmental quality, social & economic impactDeveloper: Arquitectos, Urbanistas e Ingenieros Asociados, S.L..URating given: 0 to +5
United KingdomTools name: Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM)Main Attributes: Energy, transport, pollution, water, materials, land use & ecology, health & well-beingDeveloper: Building Research Establishment (BRE)Developed since: 1990Rating given: pass(25-39), good(40-54),very good (55-69), excellent(70-100)
ItalyTools Name: Potocollo ITACA (Federal Assesment for Italian Region)Main Attributes:indoor environmental quality, resource consumption, loadings, outdoor environment quality,management quality, quality of service, transportDeveloper:ITACA (Federal Assesment for Italian Region)Developed since: 2003Rating givem: negative(-2), minimum(0), good practice(+3), best practice(+5)
Australia & New ZealandTools Name: GreenstarsMain Attributes: Management, indoor environment quaity, energy, water, materials, land use & ecology, emissionDeveloper: Green Building Council Australia (GBCA)Developed since: 2004Rating given: 4 stars(best practice), 5 stars(Australian excellence)
JapanTools Name: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental & Efficiency (CASBEE)Main Attributes: indoor environment, quality of service, environmental loadings, outdoor environment on site, energy, resource & materials, off-site enviroment Developer: Japan Sustain Building Council(JSBC)Developed since: 2001Rating given:BEE>3=“s”(sustainable), 2.5<BEE<2.9=A,, 2.0<BEE<2.4=B+, 1.5<BEE<1.9=B-, 0.9<BEE<1.4=C
South KoreaTools Name: Green Building Certification System(GBCS) of KoreaMain Attributes: Use of land, commuting transport, energy, materials & resource, water resource, atmosphere pollution, management, ecological powerment, indoor environmental qualityDeveloper: Korean Institute of Energy Research(KIER)- for office buildingDeveloped since: 2000Accrediation: 25 projects
FranceTools name: High Environment Quality (HQE)Main Attributes: Construction, products & facilities, build with environment, water management, air qualityDeveloped since: 1996
¤Comparative Analysis
Table 4.1 Key Attributes in Ecological Dimension
¤Comparative Analysis
Building Assessment Building Assessment ToolsTools
Table 4.2 Percentage covered by ‘Possible Scores accumulated from Key Attributes in Ecological Dimension’ of ‘All Possible Scores accumulated from All Attributes of All Dimensions’
Total 96 attributes
Total 85 attributes
Total 122 attributes
Total 51 attributes
Derived from all possible scores
accumulated
¤Comparative Analysis
Building Assessment Building Assessment ToolsTools
Table 4.3 Ecology attributes based on ‘Ecology of The Sky’
Figure 4.4 Images of completed Office Buildings based on ‘Ecology of The Sky’
¤Comparative Analysis
Eco-mimetic
Building Assessment Building Assessment ToolsTools
Malaysian Construction Malaysian Construction Industry StakeholdersIndustry Stakeholders
B U I L D I N G P R O C E S S
SITING CONSTRUCTIONDESIGN USE DEMOLITIONrefurbishment
VITAL STAKEHOLDERSDeveloper, Architect,
Planner, QS, Manager etc.
Figure 5.1 Stakeholders during Design Phase of building process
¤Result of Semi-structured Interview
i) Awareness of sustainable building and construction.- 80% said that law & legislation is the key
ii) Awareness of Building Assessment Tools.- 100% believed it’s critical to improve building performance
Malaysian Malaysian Construction Industry Construction Industry StakeholdersStakeholders ¤Result of Semi-structured Interview
iii) Importance of ecological attributes in Building Assessment Tools.□ design with local characteristics 100%□ indoor environment quality 60%□ site selection & building materials 40%□ impact on site & heat island 20%- % ecological attributes should be covered in BAT = 1/3
iv) Role that can be played to promote green building.- 100% agreed that involvement during the pre-construction phase is vital
Malaysian Malaysian Construction Industry Construction Industry StakeholdersStakeholders ¤Result of Semi-structured Interview
Summary of Summary of ConclusionsConclusions
i) Ecological attributes should at least covered 1/3 of the total attributes in Building Assessment Tool.
ii) Building Assessment Tools is a critical check list/quality rating to improve building performance among Purposed Built Offices in Malaysia.
¤Part II
o n – g o i n g r e s e a r c h
Introducing
B E E S T A R IBuilding Environmental Efficiency asSustainable Tool forAssessment and Rating Initiative
ReferencesReferences
Richards, I. (2001). “T.R.Hamzah & Yeang: Ecology of the Sky.” Australia: The Images Publishing Group
Japanese Sustain Building Council. (2006). “Structure of CASBEE-NC Tool: Assessment of CASBEE.” Retrieved online from http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/method2E.htm.
U.S. Green Building Council. (2001). “LEED Rating System Version 2.0.” Retrieved online from http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEED_RS_v2-1.pdf.
Cole, R. J. & Howard, N. (2005). “Building Environmental Assessment Tools: Current and Future Roles.” Retrieved online from http://www.sb05.com/academic/4&5_IssuePaper.pdf.
Fowler, K. M. & Raunch, E. M. (2006). “Sustainable Building Rating System Summary.” Retrieved online from http://www.usgbc.org/showfile.aspx?DocumentID=1915.
Australia Green Building Council. (2007). “Green Star – Office Existing Building EXTENDED PILOT Rating Tool.” Retrieved online from http://nolog.gbcaus.org/gbc.asp?sectionid=89&docid=953.
International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment. (2002). “GBTOOL V1.81.” Retrieved online from http://greenbuilding.ca/iisbe/sbc2k8/sbc2k8-start.htm.
Sinou, M. & Kyvelou, S. (2006). “Present and Future of Building Performance Assessment Tools.” Management of Environment Quality: An International Journal. 17 (5). pp 570 – 586.
Kawazu, Y., Shimada, N., Yokoo, N. & Oka, T. (2005). “Comparison of the Assessment Results of BREEM, LEED, GBTOOL and CASBEE.” Proceedings of The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference – SB05. Tokyo: SB05 Tokyo National Conference Board.
Green Built Green Built Environment Environment
is one way to make a is one way to make a difference.difference.
