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University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems LABoratory CRB Biomass Research Center Università Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste UNIVERSITA’ DI PERUGIA - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Francesco Fantozzi Giornata di Studio sui Sistemi Energetici Efficienza energetica nei processi industriali e nel settore terziario Ferrara, 7 Febbraio 2018, ore 9.30 - Castello Estense
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Page 1: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

Sustainable energy conversion frombiomass and waste

UNIVERSITA’ DI PERUGIA - Dipartimento di IngegneriaFrancesco Fantozzi

Giornata di Studio sui Sistemi Energetici Efficienza energetica nei processi industriali e nel settore terziario

Ferrara, 7 Febbraio 2018, ore 9.30 - Castello Estense

Page 2: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA

LABORATORI DI RICERCAFCLAB – prof. Bidini

MOTORI – prof. GrimaldiLAR – prof. Di Maria

SESLAB – prof. FantozziSPRAYLAB – prof. Postrioti

LABORATORI DIDATTICIMACCHINE – prof. Bidini

FORMULA STUDENT – prof. Fantozzi

Page 3: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

SESLAB BIOMASS & WASTE TO ENERGY RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;

-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:

-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;

-BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;

-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;

-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;

Page 4: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

SESLAB BIOMASS & WASTE TO ENERGY RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;

-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:

-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;

- BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;

-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;

-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;

Page 5: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

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IPRP WITH GT and ICE

D'Alessandro, B., et al.. The IPRP (Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant) technology: From concept to demonstration (2013) Applied Energy, 101, pp. 423-431. Cited 23 times. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.036

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IPRP: attività su syngas cleaning e tar cracking

Combustibile PCI (kJ/kg) Densità (kg/m3) Viscosità dinamica (mPa s)

Gasolio 43350 825 2,72 (20°C) *

Biodiesel 37825 880 3,81 (40°C) *

Olio di girasole 38553 881 22,2 (50°C) *

Girasole esausto 38553 881 42,7 (40 °C) *

Girasole + tars pirolisi 38497 867 22,2 (50°C) **

Concentrazione del tar presente nell’olio:910 g per 15 litri di olio (6,63% in peso)

Paethanom, A., et al.. (2013) Applied Energy, 111, pp. 1080-1088. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.044

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BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore

DEUTZ BF 4M 2011C4 cylinders 50kW Direct combustionTurbocharged with IC

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ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore

B. D’Alessandro et al., 2016, “Straight and waste vegetable oil in engines: review and experimental measurement of emissions, fuel consumption and injector fouling on a turbocharged commercial engine”, Fuel, Vol. 182: 198 – 209,

Page 9: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore

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Olio di pirolisi

Olio di gassificazione

Olio di lino

Olio di mais

Olio di palma bifrazionato

Olio di soia Olio di girasole Olio di arachide

Olio di palma esausto

Gasolio Biodiesel Olio di palma raffinato

Olio di girasole esausto

Sporcamentominimo

Sporcamento medio

Sporcamentoelevato

ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore

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Università

B. D’Alessandro et al., 2016, “Straight and waste vegetable oil in engines: review and experimental measurement of emissions, fuel consumption and injector fouling on a turbocharged commercial engine”, Fuel, Vol. 182: 198 – 209,

ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore

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CRITICITA’ BIO-OLII: FOULING Necessarie opportune modifiche:

motori dotati di precamera di combustione (con singolo serbatoio);

serbatoio olio con scambiatore di calore (T = 60 - 70 °C) per iniezione diretta.

Rispetto al gasolio fossile

maggiori emissioni di CO, HC e particolato;

numero di cetano inferiore;

minore PCI (Olio 30,5 kJ/kg Gasolio 35,700 kJ/kg);

maggiore viscosità (3 cP per il gasolio, 50 – 60 cP per gli oli a T = 20 °C) .

A.M. Liaquat et al. “Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation”, Applied Energy 111 (2013) 882–893 Orhan Altin and Semih Eser,

Carbon deposit formation from thermal stressing of petroleum fuels, 2004

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Processo catalitico (superfice catalizzante)

Formazione di depositi sugli iniettori

(SEM-EDS analysis)

Processo termico(condensazione)

A.M. Liaquat et al. “Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation”, Applied Energy 111 (2013) 882–893

Charles L. Peterson, Samuel T. Jones, “Used Vegetable Oil Fuel Blend Comparisons Using Injector Coking in a DI Diesel Engine”, 2001

CRITICITA’ BIO-OLII: FOULING

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BANCO FOTOGRAFICO

1. Manovelle per regolazione altezza microscopio e rotazione iniettore;

2. Cinematismo con ruote a denti dritti per orientamento iniettore;

3. Sede cilindrica per iniettore (testato su Deutz BF4M2011C);

4. Barre filettate per la trasmissione della rotazione agli ingranaggi.

Dimensioni esterne (mm) 430 (L) x 185 (P) x 360 (H)Dimensioni interne camera (mm) 320 (L) x 185 (P) x 340 (H)Altezza utile (min/max) (mm) 85 / 210Angoli di rotazione fissi ( °) 0 / 120 / 240Fonte luminosa Lampada incandescenza 100WFonte di acquisizione immagine Microscopio USB fino a 300XDimensione immagine (pixel) 640x480Tipo di azionamento Meccanico ed esterno al box

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FOULING INDEX

(i,j)

METODOLOGIA RAPIDA di calcolo QUANTITATIVO del fouling:- Acquisizione di immagini tramite CCD interna ad un box;- Realizzazione di una “homemade subroutine” in MATLAB;- Definizione della “Matrice Differenza” come sottrazione di immagini;

5 cm

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VOLUMETRIC INDEXAcquisizione immagine a colori

Iniettore pulito Iniettore sporco

Matrice differenzaImmagine pulito – Immagine sporco

Elaborazione immagine: Ritaglio Conversione scala di grigi

Sezione Verticale FoulingCalcolo baricentro sezione

tramite Momenti Statici

Calcolo Volume DepositoTh. Pappo-Guldino

Elaborazione immagine: Ritaglio Conversione scala di grigi

con 3 foto che si intersecano ogni 60° si calcola il volume TOTALE come somma di 6 volumi medi; ogni sotto volume costituisce la media tra quelli calcolati secondo il profilo di “destra” e di “sinistra”; passaggio pixel – mm3 ;Il volume del deposito è poi rapportato al volume del tip per creare un Volumetric Index VI.

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MISURA DEPOSITI CARBONIOSI

Media aritmetica di 20 pesature, una ogni 5 minuti, effettuate metà prima e

metà dopo l’esecuzione delle foto

“n”: numero di foto relative a ciascun gruppo;

FOULING INDEX: VOLUMETRIC INDEX:

“j” = 2n;Vi e Vtip espressi in mm3.

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TARATURA

F.I. singole foto

F.I. coppie di foto(180°)

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TARATURA

F.I. gruppi di 4 di foto(90°)

F.I. gruppi di 3 di foto(120°)

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FOULING vs VOLUMETRIC INDEXMiglior risultato con foto a gruppi di 3FOULING INDEX

VOLUMETRIC INDEX

y = 0,1309xR² = 0,9691

0

0,15

0,3

0,45

0,6

0,75

0,9

1,05

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deposit wieght [mg]

Volumetric Index: linear regression

Three Frames Sum

Trendline

μ3: 0,7082σ3: 0,003

μ4: 0,8598σ4: 0,0216

μ1: 0,2572σ1: 0,0286

μ2: 0,5247σ2: 0,0093

0

0,15

0,3

0,45

0,6

0,75

0,9

1,05

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deposit wieght [mg]

Volumetric Index

0°-120°-240°

30°-150°-270°

60°-180°-300°

90°-210°-330°

errore < 5%; R2: 0.9179; σmin : 0.0013; α retta: 0.05

errore confrontabile σmin 0.003; R2: superiore del 6%; α retta: 0.13.

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APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE

Gruppo elettrogeno BF4M2011C

Disposizione iniettori sulla testata Tip iniettore

Test con alimentazione ad olio vegetale e diesel,

prove continuative da 2 ore con carico costante di 26 kW

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APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE

1° iniettore

4° iniettore

3° iniettore

2° iniettore

Gasolio Olio girasole vergine

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APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE

Iniettore FI Gasolio FI Olio VI Gasolio VI Olio

1 0,0923 0,1152 0,1445 0,2634

2 0,1050 0,1331 0,1643 0,3790

3 0,1302 0,1019 0,1554 0,2734

4 0,0946 0,1068 0,1824 0.2885

Indice del deposito nei singoli iniettori

Volumetric Index Fouling Index

CONFRONTO INDICI DI SPORCAMENTO

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RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE PLANTS

-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;

-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:

-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;

-BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;

-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;

-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;

Page 25: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

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LIFE 16 ENV/IT/000547

Partner of

www.irexfo.eu

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Why is i-REXFO needed?

Page 27: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

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-Consumer behavior (food shopping badly planned or not planned,excessive food quantities acquired, difficulties in the interpretation ofthe instructions on expiring date, reported on the labels);

Why is i-REXFO needed?

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-When the food becomes not suitable for human consumption, thereare economic, logistic, legal and last but not the least cultural barriers,which prevent its reuse:

-In the animal feed sector;

-In the energy sector

Why is i-REXFO needed?

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i- REXFO objective the reduction of the quantity of food which is disposed in landfill.

i-REXFO follows an innovative approach which incentives actions forthe reduction of food waste (DEMO REF chain) and the energyvalorization of the food which is not edible anymore (EFE DEMOchain)

What is i-REXFO?

Page 30: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

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i- REXFO objective the reduction of the quantity of food which is disposed in landfill.

i-REXFO follows an innovative approach which incentives actions forthe reduction of food waste (DEMO REF chain) and the energyvalorization of the food which is not edible anymore (EFE DEMOchain)

What is i-REXFO?

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i-REXFO is a BUSINESS MODEL to reduce waste food through aholistic approach;

It finances actions to reduce food waste consumer awareness donation to charities last minute market & doggy bags

by selling bioenergy produced by food waste.

The iRexfo model requires environmental sustainability on the entireLife Cycle.

What is i-REXFO?

The project is focused on the food waste generated by:-Food industry;-Farms;-Big retailers;-HORECA sector;- Consumers.

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The i-REXFO model

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Page 34: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

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1. FEASIBILITY and TRANSFERABILITY TOOL

2. DEMONSTRATIVE ACTIONS IN UMBRIA REGION FOR

WASTE FOOD REDUCTION

3. DEMONSTRATIVE ACTIONS IN UMBRIA REGION FOR

WASTE FOOD TO ENERGY CHAIN

4. TRANSFER OF THE I-REXFO BUSINESS MODEL TO

OTHER REGIONS IN ITALY & HUNGARY

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How does i-REXFO work?

Transferability tool

+

Design REF + EFE

Demonstration - Umbria

Transfer - Hungary

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i-REXFO RESULTS

- CO2 reduction 8.500 ton/year

- Waste Food Reduction 3.400 ton/year

- Water Consumption Reduction 480.000 m3/year

- Renewable Energy Production 2.800 MWh/year

- Energy saving 2.400 MWh/year;

- Land Occupation Reduction 1.100 ha/year

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i-REXFO Partners

A + Srl. Outsourced marketing Communication strategy in IT

Biogáz Unió ZRT. Transferability (EFE chain)

Solidarietà Caritas Onlus Pilot action on REF (charity)

Associazione di Volontariato SAN MARTINO

Pilot action on REF (charity)

ECOPARTNER srl Pilot action on EFE

Waste pre-treatment

Hungarian Food BankAssociation

Transferability (REF chain)

Noesis snc Reporting and amministration

Primetime Kommunikation A/S Communication, good practice

Regione Umbria Legislation and permit

Azienda Agricola Iraci Borgia Pilot action on EFE (biogas plant)

University of Perugia (CO)

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Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)

B.1 Transferability tools development

Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG

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Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)

B.1 Transferability tools development

Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) pH Meter Ultimate Analysis (CHN)

BIOMETHANE POTENTIAL TEST (BMP)

BMP test GAS Cromatography (GC)

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Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)

B.1 Transferability tools development

Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG

Chemical and physical characterization - RESULTS

Lettuce Onion Apple skin& flesh

Whitebread Inoculum

Moisture (%) 92,47 89,67 72,35 10,66 94,18

Volatile Solids (%wb) 6,19 8,01 21,53 71,25 5,58

Ash (%) 1,19 1,62 0,75 0,53 0,09

Fixed Carbon (%) 0,15 0,70 5,37 17,56 0,15

Starting pH 7,44 7,50 5,47 5,8 7,49

C (%) 41,70 38,4 47,60 47,00 41,16

H (%) 5,20 4,95 6,24 6,18 4,44

N (%) 2,53 5,14 0,49 2,20 2,31

C/N 16,48 7,47 97,14 21,36 17,82

Page 43: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)

B.1 Transferability tools development

Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG

Test BMP (Temperature range: mesophilic) - RESULTS

Vessel Substrate BMP**(Nm3

CH4/KgSV)1*

(S:IVS basis= 0,313)lettuce 55 g 0,296inoculum 195 g

2*(S:IVS basis= 0,315)

onion 45 g 0,480inoculum 205 g

3*(S:IVS basis= 0,317)

apple skin & flesh 19 g

0,305inoculum 231 g

4*(S:IVS basis= 0,314)

white bread 6 g 0,507inoculum 244 g

5 (blank assay) inoculum 250 g -

*all test was carried out in duplicate**the BMP of the substrate was determined by subtracting the methane production of the blankfrom the gross methane production of the substrate

Page 44: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

Feasibility study planned sites in Hungary

• Built-in electric power - 844 kW Built-in electric power - 1,487 kW

Page 45: Sustainable energy conversion from biomass and waste · FORMULA STUDENT –prof. Fantozzi. University of Perugia Department Engineering SES-LAB Sustainable Energy Systems ... serbatoio

Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering

SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory

CRBBiomassResearchCenter

Università

LIFE 16 ENV/IT/000547

Partner of

budget: 2,324,915 EuroDurata Settembre, 2017 - Febbraio, 2021Coordinatore Francesco Fantozzi


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