International Symposium
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development
in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Program and Abstracts
Organizers:
The Uplands Program (SFB 564)
Hohenheim University
Hanoi University of Agriculture
In cooperation with:
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
National Institute of Animal Husbandry
Chiang Mai University
Funded by:
- Hosted during the German Year 2010 in Vietnam –
The Uplands Program
Prof. Dr. Karl Stahr (Director SFB)
Dr. Holger Fröhlich
Dr. Gerhard Clemens (Hanoi)
Dr. Pepijn Schreinemachers (Chiang Mai)
University of Hohenheim (796)
SFB 564
D-70593 Stuttgart
Fon.: ++49(0)711 459-23322
Fax: ++49(0)711 459-23430
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.uni-hohenheim.de/sfb564
Introduction i
Organizers and program committee
The symposium is jointly organized by The Uplands Program (SFB 564), the
University of Hohenheim and the Hanoi University of Agriculture. Members of the
program committee included:
At Hohenheim University:
Prof. Dr. Karl Stahr
Prof. Dr. Georg Cadisch
Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate
Prof. Dr. Franz Heidhues
Prof. Dr. Joachim Müller
At the Uplands Program (Thailand Office):
Dr. Pepijn Schreinemachers
At Hanoi University of Agriculture:
Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Dinh
Dr. Nguyen Thanh Lam
At Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry:
Prof. Dr. Nguyen The Dang
At the National Institute of Animal Husbandry:
Assc. Prof. Hoang Van Tieu
At Chiang Mai University:
Asst. Prof. Dr. Daruni Naphrom
Assc. Prof. Dr. Pittaya Sruamsiri
ii Introduction
About the Uplands Program
The Uplands Program (SFB 564) aims to make a scientific contribution to the
conservation of natural resources and the improvement of living conditions of the
rural population in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia.
The program, which started in 2000, is a collaboration between Hohenheim
University, its initiator, and several universities and research institutes in Thailand
and Vietnam. The program comprises thirty research projects, fourteen of which
are lead by Hohenheim University and funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-
schaft (DFG). The other research projects, lead by Thai and Vietnamese institu-
tions, are funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) in Vietnam. The German, Thai and
Vietnamese projects are linked and work on common issues.
In pursuit of its objective, the program builds on three main concepts:
Using an interdisciplinary approach, scientists of various expertises—such
as from animal science, food technology, horticulture , hydrology, crop pro-
duction, soil science, and social science -work together in common research
areas and on common research topics.
Using a systems approach, scientists study the complex relationships
between agro-ecosystems, people, and innovations by integrating the domains
of agronomic and technical, biophysical and ecological and socioeconomic
and institutional knowledge. In this way, research treats ecological, economic,
and social sustainability as inseparable aspects of sustainable development.
Active participation of stakeholders—including farmers, extension
workers, government officers, and the private sector—in all stages of the
research ensures that research addresses relevant issues and that stakeholders
can make use it. Knowledge and innovation partnerships connect researchers
with stakeholders in an iterative communication process.
The scientific contributions of the Uplands Program include: innovations, such as
improved irrigation methods, fruit drying and processing technologies, methods of
soil and water conservation, and improved livestock varieties; systems modeling
to increase our understanding of decision-making and natural resource flows in
mountainous systems and to a priori evaluate through scenarios the possible impact
of developed innovations. Capacity building including the transfer of knowledge
and innovations to stakeholders, the promotion of interdisciplinary research
approaches at partner universities, and the training of young scientists.
For more information visit www.uni-hohenheim.de/sfb564
Introduction iii
About Hohenheim University
The origins of the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, go back to the
year 1818, when King William I of Württemberg founded an agricultural
institution for teaching, experimentation and demonstration. Today, the University
of Hohenheim is one of Europe‘s leading universities in the field of agricultural
sciences. The university has a long tradition of development-oriented agricultural
research and maintains contacts and partnerships with more than 50 universities
worldwide and with many renowned national and international research organiza-
tions.
The University of Hohenheim currently offers five international M.Sc. Programs in
agriculture: Agricultural Sciences, Food Security and Natural Resource Manage-
ment in the Tropics and Subtropics; Environmental Protection and Agricultural
Food Production; Agricultural Economics; Organic Food Chain Management; and
the new joint-degree program together with Chiang Mai University Sustainable
Agriculture and Integrated Watershed Management (SAIWAM). Research and
teaching at the University of Hohenheim are characterized by interdisciplinary
cooperation across institutes, such as the Center for Agriculture in the Tropics and
Subtropics. Major emphasis is placed on long-term collaborative research
initiatives, such as the Uplands Program.
For more information visit www.uni-hohenheim.de.
About Hanoi University of Agriculture
Hanoi University of Agriculture is the oldest agricultural university in Vietnam. Its
priority mandate is the Red River delta, the northern midland regions, and the
transition zone between the mountainous regions and the delta region. Research
also increasingly focuses on the northern mountainous region. The university
works under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Training and its main
responsibility lays in teaching, though research is increasingly important. HUA
provides laboratories, gives guidance to researcher and students and maintains the
link to Government institutions at the central and provincial level.
For more information visit www.hua.edu.vn.
iv Introduction
Deutsche Forschngsgemeinschaft (German Research
Foundation)
The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) is the central public funding
organization responsible for promoting research in Germany. Its activities focus on
funding research projects carried out by scientists and academics working at
universities or research institutes and on selecting the best projects in a fair and
transparent competition. The work of the DFG serves all branches of science and
the humanities to reflect its role as the self-governing organization of German
science and research. Its legal status is that of an association under private law.
The DFG encourages international collaboration in science and research through its
funding instruments. Many of the programs have a specific international focus.
Collaborative Research Centers, such as The Uplands Program, are long-term
university research centers in which scientists and academics pursue ambitious
joint interdisciplinary research undertakings. This funding instrument aims to
create core research focuses at universities.
For more information visit www.dfg.de.
v
Concise Program
Wednesday, 21 July 2010
8:00-9:00 Registration
9:00-9:30 Opening
9:30-10:15 Plenary session Keynote 1: Dr. Alan Ziegler
10:45-12:00 Plenary session Keynote 2: Dr. Andreas Neef
Keynote 3: Prof. Dr. Anan Ganjanapan
13:30-15:15 Parallel session 1
1.1 Land use and matter flows
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
15:45-17:30 Parallel session 2
2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals
2.2 People's access to resources
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II
17:30 Reception
Thursday, 22 July 2010
8:15-10:00 Parallel session 3
3.1 Land use change
3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
3.3 Animal husbandry systems III
10:30-12:15 Parallel session 4
4.1 Land use planning and evaluation
4.2 Participatory processes and demand orientation for
successful innovation development
4.3 Innovations in Horticulture
13:45-15:30 Poster session
15:30-17:15 Parallel session 5
5.1 Land use and biodiversity
5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
5.3 Upland cropping systems
18:30 Conference dinner
Friday, 23 July 2010
8:15-10:00 Parallel session 6
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources
6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets
6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
10:30-12:15 Parallel session 7
7.1 Modeling impact of external change on highland
agriculture
7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovations
7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management
13:45-15:30 Plenary session
Keynote 4: Prof. Dr. Irb Kheoruenromne
Keynote 5: Joachim Otte
Keynote 6: Prof. Dr. Attachai Jintrawet
16:00-17:00 Panel discussion
17:00-17:30 Conclusion
vi Wednesday, 21 July 2010
Detailed Program
Wednesday, 21 July 2010
8:00-9:00 Registration
9:00-9:30 Opening
9:30-10:15 Plenary session
Chair: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Dinh
Environmental consequences of land use change in mountainous
regions of Southeast Asia ............................................................................... 1
Dr. Alan Ziegler
10:15-10:45 Break
10:45-12:00 Plenary session
Resource, knowledge and innovation management in montane
mainland Southeast Asia: What have we learned in the past
decade? ............................................................................................................ 2
Dr. habil. Andreas Neef
Multiplicity of agricultural transformation under the
competition for resources on the northern Thai highlands ......................... 4
Prof. Dr. Anan Ganjanapan
12:00-13:30 Lunch
Detailed Program vii
13:30-15:15 Parallel session 1
1.1 Land use and matter flows
Chair: Prof. Dr. Nguyen The Dang/ Prof. Dr. Thilo Streck
Rice-Stylosanthes guianensis intercropping system: Effect of
Stylosanthes guianensis establishment method on
productivity of upland rice ............................................................................ 9
Somphet Phengchanh, Done Douangdenh, Khamdok
Songyikhangsuthor, Kouang Douangsila, Benjamin K. Samson
Redistribution of carbon and nitrogen across the landscape
through irrigation in intensively cultivated mountainous
regions of northwest Vietnam ..................................................................... 10
Petra Schmitter, Holger Fröhlich, Gerd Dercon, Thomas Hilger,
Tran Thi Le Ha, Nguyen Huu Thanh, Nguyen Lam, Tran Duc
Vien, Georg Cadisch
Tracing nutrient fluxes with turbidity sensors: a time saving
alternative for better understanding fluxes at landscape level ................. 12
Johanna Slaets, Petra Schmitter, Anna Bürger, Thomas Hilger,
Gerd Dercon, Tran Thi Le Ha, Nguyen Lam, Tran Duc Vien,
Georg Cadisch
10 year-development of integrating cultural practices 'IWAM'
for sustainable highland rainfed agriculture in northern
Thailand ........................................................................................................ 14
Mattiga Panomtaranichagul, Karl Stahr, Michael A. Fullen,
Dalop Supawan, Warakun Srivichai
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
Chair: Asst. Prof. Dr. Chapika Sangkapitux
The smallholders forest carbon development in the Philippines .................... 16
Raquel Lopez, Paul L.G. Vlek, Dennis P. Garrity, Rodel D.
Lasco
Transformation of resource management in Upland East-Java,
Indonesia – From directive power to social and institutional
interaction ..................................................................................................... 18
Mangku Purnomo, Norbert Binternagel, Heiko Faust
Note: In case of multiple authors, the presenting author is underlined
viii Wednesday, 21 July 2010
Conservation, local people and struggle for securing rights over
land and forests resources: Lessons from mountainous
regions in West Java19
Heru Komarudin, Yayan Indriatmoko, Agus Mulyana, Ridwan
Soleh, Agus Prijono
"Tragedy of the non-common" – rethinking of participation in
protected area management in Vietnam, the case of Ngoc
Son – Ngo Luong Nature Reserve – Hoa Binh province ............................ 21
Quang Nguyen Ngoc
1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
Chair: PD Dr. Ulfert Focken / Joachim Otte (FAO)
Reproductive performance of local pig breeds reared under
smallholder conditions in Son La province, northwest of
Vietnam .......................................................................................................... 23
Nguyen Van Hau, Le Thi Thuy, Anne Valle Zárate
Upland aquaculture in Yen Chau district (Son La province,
northern Vietnam): Role of aquaculture in nutrient flows
and livelihoods of local people ..................................................................... 24
Silke Steinbronn, Nguyen Ngog Tuan, Euloge Dongmeza, Ulfert
Focken
Improvements in pond management and application of low-cost
fish feed increase fish production and raise the benefit of
small scale aquaculture systems in Yen Chau ............................................ 25
Johannes Pucher, Richard Mayrhofer, Mansour El-Matbouli,
Ulfert Focken
Beef cattle feeding systems and measuring their sustainability in
Bac Kan province .......................................................................................... 27
Hoang Thi Huong Tra, Philippe Lebailly, Vu Chi Cuong,
Brigitte Duquesne
15:15-15:45 Break
Detailed Program ix
15:45-17:30 Parallel session 2
2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals
Chair: Dr. Nguyen Thanh Lam / Assc. Prof. Dr. Pittaya Sruamsiri
The environmental fate of pesticides in paddy rice farming
systems in northern Vietnam ....................................................................... 29
Marc Lamers, Maria Anyusheva, La Nguyen, Nguyen Van Vien,
Thilo Streck
Pesticide concentrations in surface waters in an agriculturally
used mountainous watershed in Northern Thailand ................................. 30
Walaya Sangchan, Joachim Ingwersen, Cindy Hugenschimidt,
Prasak Thavornyutikarn, Kanokpan Pansombat, Yongyuth
Sukvanachaikul, Thilo Streck
Identifying pesticide transport pathways from a sloped litchi
orchard to an adjacent stream based on soil hydraulic
conductivity measurements and hydrograph separation .......................... 32
Thilo Streck, Andreas Duffner, Joachim Ingwersen, Cindy
Hugenschmidt
Modeling the fate of pesticides in paddy rice farming systems in
northern Vietnam ......................................................................................... 33
La Nguyen, Maria Anyusheva, Marc Lamers, Nguyen Van Vien,
Thilo Streck
2.2 People's access to resources
Chair: Dr. Alwin Keil / Prof. Dr. Anan Ganjanapan
Understanding water conflict and cooperation in Con Cuong,
Nghe An province, Vietnam ........................................................................ 34
Le Thi Thanh Phuong, Thomas Skielboe, Pham Thi Mai Huong
Emerging networks for water resource governance in Thailand:
From pilot project to institutionalized participation? ............................... 35
Sukit Kanjina, Andreas Neef
Resettling farm households in northern Vietnam: Livelihood
impacts and adaptation strategies ............................................................... 37
Bui Thi Minh Hang, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Thomas Berger
x Wednesday, 21 July 2010
Integrative planning and processes in the mountain areas of Mae
Hong Son, Thailand ...................................................................................... 38
Tanin Subhasaen, Suranee Phusuwan
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II
Chair: Iven Schad
Competition of cattle production with other livestock within
smallholder mixed farms in northern mountains of Vietnam
depending on household poverty levels ....................................................... 40
Le Thi Thanh Huyen, Dinh Thi Tuyet Van, Pera Herold, Anne
Valle Zárate
The pig sector in North East India: status, constraints and
opportunities ................................................................................................. 42
Iain Wright, Rameswar Deka, William Thorpe, M Lucille Lapar
Breeding and short food supply chain systems for small-scale pig
producers in Son La province, Northwest Vietnam ................................... 44
Regina Roessler, Pera Herold, Le Thi Thuy, Anne Valle Zárate
17:30 Reception
Detailed Program xi
Thursday, 22 July 2010
8:15-10:00 Parallel session 3
3.1 Land use change
Chair: Prof. Dr. Karl Stahr / Prof. Dr. Irb Kheoruenromne
Spatial and temporal patterns of land use intensification in
northern Laos ............................................................................................... 47
Benjamin Samson, Alice G. Laborte, Aileen A. Maunahan, Jonas
Rune, Robert J. Hijmans
Causes and effects of the land use change in the Suoi Muoi
catchment, Son La, Vietnam ....................................................................... 48
Vu Kim Chi, Van Rompaey A., Govers G.
Does varying soil fertility determine poverty and richness among
the Black Thai and Hmong ethnic groups? ................................................ 49
Holger Fischer, Rebekka Maier, Moritz Koch, Karl Stahr
Soil organic carbon dynamics in northwestern Vietnam ................................. 50
Volker Häring, Holger Fischer, Karl Stahr
3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
Chair: Dr. Pornsiri Suebpongsang
Vulnerability to poverty of upland farms in Thailand and
Vietnam ......................................................................................................... 51
Marc Voelker, Songporne Tongruksawattana, Hermann Waibel
The impact of non-farm economic activities on risk and
vulnerability in remote mountain regions: The case of
tourism .......................................................................................................... 52
Martina Shakya
Determinants of farmers’ variety choice and area allocation for
maize production in Northern Vietnam ..................................................... 54
Alwin Keil
Development of operational poverty indicators in northern
Vietnam ......................................................................................................... 55
Dinh Thi Tuyet Van, Manfred Zeller
xii Thursday, 22 July 2010
3.3 Animal husbandry systems III
Chair: Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zaráte / Assc. Prof. Hoang Van Tieu
Development of local, low cost fish feed in mountainous regions
in Vietnam ..................................................................................................... 57
Nguyen Ngoc Tuan, Ulfert Focken
The role of livestock production in the Naban He natural nature
reserve, Xishuangbanna, southern China ................................................... 58
Simon Riedel, Anne Schiborra, Katja Brinkmann, Christian
Huelsebusch, Eva Schlecht
Value chain analysis of beef cattle production in different cattle
feeding systems in Bac Kan province, the Northern
Mountainous Region, Vietnam .................................................................... 60
Hoang Thi Huong Tra, Philippe Lebailly, Vu Chi Cuong,
Brigitte Duquesne
10:00-10:30 Break
10:30-12:15 Parallel session 4
4.1 Land use planning and evaluation
Chair: Assc. Prof. Dr. Mattiga Panomtaranichagul / Dr. Alan Ziegler
SOTER database for improved land use planning in Chieng
Khoi sub-cachment, northern Vietnam ...................................................... 61
Nguyen Dinh Cong, Gerhard Clemens, Nguyen Van Dung, Karl
Stahr
Zoning and suitable land use patterns for landscape agroforestry
development................................................................................................... 62
Nathawat Khlangsap, Chongrak Wachrinrat
The potential of radiometric measurements at the soil profile
scale to detect clay illuviation processes ...................................................... 63
Wanida Rangubpit, Ulrich Schuler, Ludger Herrmann, Karl
Stahr
Land use change analysis: A village-household approach to
assess the impact of rubber production in southern China ....................... 64
Tarig Gibreel, Liu Yan Ernst-August Nuppenau
Detailed Program xiii
4.2 Participatory processes and demand orientation for
successful innovation development
Chair: Dr. habil. Andreas Neef
What problem? Assessing local stakeholder perspectives on
environmental conservation and development issues in
northern Thailand ........................................................................................ 65
Rachel Dunn
Participatory action planning for sustainable land management.
A methodology for community-based identification of land-
based problems, causes and potential interventions .................................. 67
Hans van Noord, Tashi Wangdi, Karma Dema Dorji, Tshering
Dorji, Ruth Urben
Local institutional innovation towards demand-driven research
and extension: Can it stand the test in the extension system
in Vietnam? ................................................................................................... 69
Thai Thi Minh, Andreas Neef, Volker Hoffmann
Improved household financial literacy as a way to sutainability –
initial impacts from book-keeping model in My Duc and
potential expansion ....................................................................................... 71
Pham Thi My Dung, Le Nguyet Minh
4.3 Innovations in horticulture
Chair: Prof. Dr. Joachim Müller
Experimental and simulated performance of greenhouse dryer
for drying of litchi flesh ............................................................................... 72
Serm Janjai, Pittaya Sruamsiri, Poolsak Intawee, Chumnong
Thamrongmas, Niroot Lamlert, Yutthasak Boonrod, Busarakorn
Mahayothee, Marcelo Precoppe, Marcus Nagle, Joachim Müller
Small-scale litchi dryer performance at mountainous regions of
northern Thailand ........................................................................................ 73
Marcelo Precoppe, Marcus Nagle, Serm Janjai, Busarakorn
Mahayothee, Joachim Müller
xiv Thursday, 22 July 2010
The inhibition of mango (Mangfifera indica L.) fruit ripening by
1-Methylcyclopropen .................................................................................... 74
Vu Thanh Hai, Pham Thi Huong, Martin Hegele, Jens Norbert
Wünsche
Effect of girdling on flowering and changes in carbohydrate,
nitrogen and hormonal contents of lychee grown in
mountainous area .......................................................................................... 75
Daruni Naphrom, Sorapet Masud, Kanokwan Sringram
12:15-13:45 Lunch
13:45-15:30 Poster session
P1 Soil, water, and land use change
Chair: Ms. Walaya Sangchan
Probabilistic assessment of the environmental fate of
agrochemicals under varying land use in a watershed in
northern Thailand ........................................................................................ 77
Matthias Bannwarth, Walaya Sangchan, Joachim Ingwersen,
Prasak Thavornyutikarn, Kanokpan Pansombat, Yongyuth
Sukvanachaikul, Thilo Streck
Quantifying soil erosion rates and effectiveness of SLM
interventions on steep mountain slopes of the Bhutan
Himalayas ...................................................................................................... 78
Hans van Noord, Tshering Dorji
Mapping soil erosion using radio-signatures in a limestone area
in NW-Thailand ............................................................................................ 79
Petra Erbe, Ulrich Schuler, Suwimon Wicharuck, Wanida
Rangubpit, Karl Stahr, Ludger Herrmann
Effect of land use systems on soil resources in northern Thailand.................. 80
Suwimon Wicharuck, Petra Erbe, Ulrich Schuler, Jiraporn
Inthasan, Ludger Herrmann, Karl Stahr, Mattiga
Panomtaranichagul
Detailed Program xv
Chair: Dang Viet Quang
Occurrence of secondary lime in subsoils and its consequences
for crop production in NW-mountainous regions in Vietnam ................. 81
Gerhard Clemens, La Nguyen, Vu Dinh Tuan, Mark Lamers,
Thomas Hilger, Karl Stahr
Constraints to adoption of a second rice cropping seasons in the
Uplands of Northern Vietnam ..................................................................... 82
Quang Dang Dinh, Jennifer Montagne, François Affholder,
Damien Jourdain
CDM and mitigation of land use change: Potential for densely
populated watersheds in northwest Vietnam? ........................................... 83
Nguyen Thanh, Oliver Zemek, Carsten Marohn, Thomas Hilger,
Nguyen Thanh Lam, Tran Duc Vien, Hoang Thi Minh Ha,
Georg Cadisch
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Chair: Mr. Sukit Kanjina
Water for sustainable upland development and poverty
alleviation ...................................................................................................... 85
Pongsak Suttinon, Seigo Nasu
Opening up knowledge production through participatory
research? Agricultural research for Vietnam’s northern
uplands .......................................................................................................... 86
Rupert Friederichsen
Women's Empowerment through Environmental Health in the
Mountain Areas of Mae Hong Son, Thailand ............................................ 88
Juthamat Jomjai, Suranee Phusuwan
Consumer preferences for longan: Willingness to pay for quality
and safety Longan ........................................................................................ 90
Pornsiri Suebpongsang, Apichart Daloonpate
xvi Thursday, 22 July 2010
Chair: Dr. Tran Huu Cuong
Resilient livelihoods in mountainous communities of central
Vietnam and adaptation to future climate impacts ................................... 92
Andreas Thulstrup
Ex-ante policy analysis for farming systems sustainability in Mae
Sa watershed, northern Thailand ................................................................ 93
Chakrit Potchanasin, Suwanna Praneetvatakul, Aer Sirijinda
Household typologies and socio-ecological determinants of their
land-use choices in Vietnam forest margins ............................................... 95
Le Quang Bao, Soo Jin Park, Paul L. G. Vlek
P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Chair: Kim Van Van
Are vermicompost and the stimulation of endogeic earthworm
activities relevant alternatives to chemical fertilizers? .............................. 96
Doan Thu Thuy, Pascal Jouquet
Comparison of green manure and inorganic fertilizers on upland
paddy rice ...................................................................................................... 97
Thongsavanh Keonakhone, Somphong Sybounheuang, Khamdok
Songyikhansuthor, Kouang Douangsila, Benjamin Samson
Improvement of highland rainfed multiple crop productivity
using mulching - cultivated furrow and drip irrigation in
alley cropping ................................................................................................ 98
Dalop Supawan, Rawin Surbkar, Mattiga Panomtaranichagul
Pigeonpea stem and sticklac growth relationships in an sloping
upland improved fallow system ................................................................. 100
Khamla Phanthaboun, Khamdok Songyikhansuthor, Kouang
Douangsila, Benjamin K. Samson
Detailed Program xvii
Chair: Dr. Le Thi Thanh Huyen
Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis to trace carbon sink-
and-source relationships between areas of critical land
degradation and deposition areas in the Chieng Khoi
catchment .................................................................................................... 101
Christian Brandt, Frank Rasche, Thomas Hilger, Nguyen Thanh
Lam, Tran Duc Vien, Georg Cadisch
Social-economic impacts of freshwater fish production in
mountain areas of Northern Vietnam (Lang Son and Cao
Bang provinces) .......................................................................................... 102
Petra Chaloupkova, Lukáš Kalous, Miloslav Petrýl, Jan Banout,
Bui The Anh, Dana Marešová
Preliminary results on the cause of grass-carp disease outbreak
in Yen Chau, Son La Province, Vietnam .................................................. 103
Richard Mayrhofer, Hatem Soliman, Mona Saleh, Johannes
Pucher, Ulfert Focken, T Trang, Mansour El-Matbouli
15:30-17:15 Parallel session 5
5.1 Land use and biodiversity
Chair: Dr. Thomas Hilger / Dr. Marc Lamers
Assessment of agrobiodiversity with regard to water security in
mountainous regions of China ................................................................... 105
Wilko Schweers, Luis Waldmüller, Sylvia Reinhardt,
Qingsong Li
Object-based forest biomass estimation using Landsat ETM+ in
Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia ...................................................... 106
Tsuyoshi Kajisa, Takuhiko Murakami, Nobuya Mizoue, Neth
Top, Shigejiro Yoshida
The introduction of rubber and its consequences- an assessment
of new risks and changes for upland farmers in the Nabanhe
National Nature Reserve in Xishuangbanna, Southwest-
China ........................................................................................................... 107
Patrick Artur Grötz, Thomas Aenis, Lixia Tang, Uwe-Jens
Nagel, Volker Hoffmann
xviii Thursday, 22 July 2010
Impact-oriented ethnobotany for food and nutrition security,
sustainable land-use and rural livelihood diversification in
Southeast Asian mountains ........................................................................ 109
Pavlos Georgiadis, Chalathon Choocharoen, Annabell Redegeld
5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
Chair: Dr. Oliver Frör
Organic fruit farming in the northern Thai uplands: Are urban
consumers willing to pay the price premium? .......................................... 111
Chapika Sangkapitux, Andreas Neef, Mitsuyasu Yabe,
Worapong Polkongkaew, Nucharee Pimpaud, Jiraporn
Konsurin
Mapping water poverty and its alleviation through multiple-use
water systems in the north-eastern Himalayan hill regions .................... 113
Bharat Sharma, Mohammed Vimal Riaz, Dhruba Pant, B P
Bhatt, H Rahman
Downstream residents’ willingness to pay for water resource
improvement in northern Thailand: A stated choice analysis ................ 115
Varaporn Punyawadee, Chapika Sangkapitux, Nutcharee
Pimpaud, Jiraporn Konsurin, Noppadol Sonwit, Worapong
Polkongkaew
Labour as a utility measure in contingent valuation studies –
How good is it really? ................................................................................. 116
Michael Ahlheim, Oliver Frör, Antonia Heinke, Nguyen Minh
Duc, Pham Van Dinh
5.3 Upland cropping systems
Chair: Prof. Dr. Georg Cadisch / Prof. Dr. Attachai Jintrawet
Fostering rural development and environmental sustainability
through integrated soil and water conservation systems in
the uplands of northern Vietnam .............................................................. 117
Vu Dinh Tuan, Nguyen Van Thach, Ha Van Phuong, Thomas
Hilger, Alwin Keil, Gerhard Clemens, Manfred Zeller, Karl
Stahr, Nguyen Thanh Lam, Georg Cadisch
Detailed Program xix
Improving the sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems
for smallholder farmers in the uplands of Lao PDR ............................... 119
Tin Maung Aye, Reinhardt Howeler
The effect of land preparation techniques and fertilizer
application on rice productivity of sloping uplands ................................ 120
Khamdok Songyikhangsuthor, Don Douangdenth, Kouang
Douangsila, Benjamin Samson
Analysis on influencing factors of upland rice farmers’
technology adoption in mountainous southern Yunnan ......................... 122
Shijun Ding, Yuping Chen, Haitao Wu, Dayun Tao, Sushil
Pandey
18:30 Conference dinner
xx Friday, 23 July 2010
Friday, 23 July 2010
8:15-10:00 Parallel session 6
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources
Chair: Dr. Pepijn Schreinemachers
Ex-ante impact assessment of land-use policies in Vietnam forest
margins using a multi-agent system model ............................................... 123
Le Quang Bao, Soo Jin Park, Paul L. G. Vlek
Gaming and simulation to mitigate land use conflict between
herders and foresters in northern Thailand highlands............................ 125
Pongchai Dumrongrojwatthana, Guy Trébuil, Christophe Le
Page, Nantana Gajaseni
The context of calculations: Assessing the influence of
institutional perspectives on integrated natural resource
management modeling in northern Thailand ........................................... 126
Rachel Dunn
Simulating resource dynamics of highland agriculture in
northern Vietnam by coupling biophysical and economic
models .......................................................................................................... 128
Carsten Marohn, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Prakit
Siripalangkanont, Dang Viet Quang, Nguyen Thanh, Thomas
Berger, Georg Cadisch
6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets
Chair: Prof. Dr. Franz Heidhues / Dr. Lan (TUAF)
Impact of rising food price on poverty and welfare in Vietnam .................... 130
Phung Duc Tung, Hermann Waibel
Coping and adaptation strategies of rural households in response
to rice and maize price variability in northern Vietnam ......................... 131
Susanne Ufer, Alwin Keil, Manfred Zeller
Consumption patterns for fresh fruits and vegetables from
different retail outlets among urban households in Thailand ................. 132
Rattiya Lippe, Somporn Isvilanonda
Detailed Program xxi
Land use transition in the upland of Vietnam: A case study as
implication for sustainable rural livelihoods in Toung Duong
district, Nghe An province, Vietnam ........................................................ 134
Vo Huu Cong, Rajendra Prasad Shrestha, Ganesh Prasad
Shivakoti, Nitin Kumar Tripathi
6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
Chair: Dr. Gerhard Clemens
Challenges in improving the market orientation of agroforestry
gardens and client-responsiveness of agricultural extension
services ........................................................................................................ 135
Ernesto Guiang, Nguyen Thanh Quang, Phan Van Hau, Nguyen
Dung Nam
Assessing the sustainability of upland agriculture: A case sudy of
Mae Sa watershed, northern Thailand ..................................................... 137
Suwanna Praneetvatakul, Chakrit Potchanasin, Aer Sirijinda,
Chaniga Laitae
Dendrobium chrysotoxum - marketing of an endangered species ................ 138
Wolfgang Pfingst, Oliver Hensel
Participatory and integrative approach to enhance bamboo
production and supply chain ensuring a sustainable
development of Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam ...................... 139
Aurélie Vogel, Patrice Lamballe, Nguyên Thi Huyên, Olivier
Renard
10:00-10:30 Break
10:30-12:15 Parallel session 7
7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms
Chair: Dr. Carsten Marohn
Water for forest: Potential impact of alternative land set-aside
programs at village and farm levels in the mountainous areas
of Vietnam ................................................................................................... 141
Damien Jourdain, Esther Boere, Dang Dinh Quang, Marrit van
den Berg, Cu Phuc Thanh, Do Anh Tai
xxii Friday, 23 July 2010
Integrated assessment of soil conservation: Quantifying trade-
offs between incomes and sustainability in northern Vietnam ............... 143
Dang Viet Quang, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Thomas Berger
DrukDIF, A dynamic information framework for managing the
natural resources of Bhutan ....................................................................... 144
Hans van Noord, Jeffrey Richey, Andrew Gillison, Karma
Dupchu, Tashi Wangdi, Karma Dema Dorji, Tshering Dorji
Direct seeding in mulch cropping systems. Do they fit into farms
of the mountainous area of Vietnam? ....................................................... 146
Dang Dinh Quang, Damien Jourdain, François Affholder,
Aymeric Ricome, Marion Morize, To Phuc Tuong
7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovation
Chair: Dr. Thai Thi Minh
Do group-based extension approaches in Vietnam’s smallholder
pig husbandry enable collaborative learning? ......................................... 147
Iven Schad, Andreas Neef, Volker Hoffmann
Social capital and credit constraints: A case study from Vietnam ................ 148
Dinh Hang Quoc, Thomas Bernhard Dufhues, Gertrud
Buchenrieder
Ethnic diversity, social networks, and access to credit in a rural
district of northern Vietnam ...................................................................... 149
Camille Saint-Macary, Manfred Zeller, Alwin Keil
Economics of upland farmers’ technology adoption in Southern
Yunnan ........................................................................................................ 150
Huaiyu Wang, Sushil Pandey
7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management
Chair: Prof. Dr. Volker Hoffmann
Corporate-local community collaboration: An innovative
approach in promoting sustainable natural resources
management in the Philippines .................................................................. 151
Lutgarda L. Tolentino, Leila D. Landicho, Rowena D. Cabahug,
Catherine C. de Luna, Aurora C. Maghirang, Elaine B.
Pagkanlungan
Detailed Program xxiii
Vietnamese/German collaborative research: Making
transnational science-for-sustainability work locally? ............................ 152
Rupert Friederichsen
Learning to do “Research for development”: Experiences from
the uplands research and capacity development programme ................ 153
Vangthong Phengvichith
Payment for environmental services and conservation efforts in
Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP), Indonesia................. 154
Supriyanto Bambang, Ari Fahmiyati, Ruky Umaya, Dedi
Haryadi
12:15-13:45 Break
13:45-15:30 Plenary session 2
Chair: Assc. Prof. Dr. Vien (Rector HUA)
Can any effective management approach be devised to cope with
the nature of tropical highland mountainous soils? .................................... 5
Prof. Dr. Irb Kheoruenromne
The role of livestock in sustainable rural development, poverty
alleviation and food security .......................................................................... 6
Joachim Otte
Impact of climate change on crop production potential and
threats in uplands of Southeast Asia ............................................................. 7
Prof. Dr. Attachai Jintrawet
16:00-17:00 Panel discussion
17:00-17:30 Conclusion
List of Participants ............................................................................................ 155
1
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Plenary session
Environmental consequences of land use change in mountainous
regions of Southeast Asia
Alan Ziegler
Geography Department, National University of Singapore
The hydrological and geomorphological impacts of traditional swidden cultivation
in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia are virtually inconsequential, whereas the
impacts associated with intensified replacement agricultural systems are often
much more substantial. Negative perceptions toward swiddening in general by
governments in the region beginning half a decade ago have largely been based on
cases of forest conversion and land degradation associated with (a) intensified
swidden systems, characterized by shortened fallow and extended cropping periods
and/or (b) the widespread cultivation of opium for cash after the Second World
War. Neither of these practices should be viewed as traditional, subsistence-based
swiddening. Other types of intensive agriculture systems are now replacing
swiddening throughout the region, including semi-permanent and permanent cash
cropping, monoculture plantations, and greenhouse complexes. The negative
impacts associated with these systems include changes in streamflow response,
increased surface erosion, a higher probability of landslides, and the declination in
stream water quality. Unlike the case for traditional swiddening, these impacts
result because of several factors: (1) large portions of upland catchments are
cultivated simultaneously; (2) accelerated hydraulic and tillage erosion occurs on
plots that are cultivated repetitively with limited or no fallowing to allow recovery
of key soil properties, including infiltration; (3) concentrated overland flow and
erosion sources are often directly connected with the stream network; (4) root
strength is reduced on permanently converted hillslopes; (5) surface and ground
water extraction is frequently used for irrigation; and (6) and pesticides and
herbicides are used. Furthermore, the commercial success of these systems relies
on the existence of dense networks of roads, which are linear landscape features
renowned for disrupting hydrological and geomorphological systems. A new
conservation focus is needed to reduce the impacts of these intensified upland
agricultural practices.
2 Plenary session
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Resource, knowledge and innovation management in montane
mainland Southeast Asia: What have we learned in the past
decade?
Andreas Neef
Knowledge and Innovation Management, Department of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
Due to the multifunctional character of Mainland Southeast Asia‘s mountain
watersheds and the diversity of services they provide for different stakeholders,
resource entitlements remain strongly contested. Upland smallholders continue to
suffer from a high degree of tenure insecurity, as a consequence of expansion of
protected areas (e.g. in Thailand), of frequent land reallocations (e.g. in Vietnam)
and of large-scale resettlements (e.g. in Laos). Although numerous pilot projects
were instigated in the last decade that have experimented with various degrees of
stakeholder involvement in natural resource management, such as co-management
of forest resources in Vietnam, participatory land use planning in Laos and river
basin and watershed committees in Thailand, marginalized ethnic groups remain
largely excluded from major decision-making processes, and power differentials
between state agencies and upland communities with regard to resource gover-
nance tend to be perpetuated rather than diminished.
Climate change has not only poured new fuel into the long-standing upland
‗conservation-or-development‘-debate, but also added to the high level of
knowledge uncertainties under which upland farmers have to make daily decisions
on crop choices, livestock investments and resource allocations. Research of the
Uplands Program (SFB 564) has shown that upland farmers and communities need
to be regarded as managers of diversified asset portfolios and users of knowledge
from various sources. Rather than promoting uniform ‗technological models‘ and
‗boom and bust‘ commodities, the primary role of government extension services
should be to enhance equal access of all ethnic minority groups to a variety of
knowledge domains, thus enabling sustainable innovation and adaptation processes
that are based on informed decision-making. A basic prerequisite in this endeavor
is that ‗rural innovations‘ are seen as multi-dimensional processes that involve
technical, socio-organizational and institutional elements and the interplay of
diverse actors at various scales.
Based on these insights, this keynote address discusses how a more sustainable mix
of agricultural production, ecological services and rural livelihood opportunities
can be achieved through fostering multi-stakeholder knowledge and innovation
partnerships. Theoretically grounded in the concept of ―strategic niche manage-
ment‖, such partnerships advocate the creation of socio-technical experiments in
protected spaces (i.e. niches) where innovation agents are encouraged to cooperate
and exchange information, knowledge and experience, without being subject to
immediate market pressure as long as the innovation is still in an experimental
stage. The internal dynamics of such partnerships and their value for sustainable
Plenary session 3
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
upland development are exemplified by an ethnic minority fruit processing and
marketing cooperative in Mae Sa watershed, northern Thailand. One of the
conclusions from this action-research initiative is that building successful
knowledge and innovation partnership initiatives in culturally heterogeneous
mountain watersheds require an organizational setup that takes the heterogeneity of
actors into account, flexible and iterative approaches that are resilient against
occasional setbacks, and a dense network of actors and interactions that foster
communication, trust, experiential learning and the gradual convergence of
expectations among all actors involved.
4 Plenary session
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Multiplicity of agricultural transformation under the
competition for resources on the northern Thai highlands
Anan Ganjanapan
Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University
The presentation will reflect on the various issues of agricultural transformation on
the northern Thai highlands since the 1970s. Without a clear tenure policy on the
part of Thai government, the highlanders have to live with tenure insecurity. This
situation allows for increasing competition for resources such as land, forest and
water between different actors whether they are ethnic groups, outsiders and the
state. The problems become even more intense with the shifting state highland
policies from crop substitution to conservation and to an intensive market-oriented
development. The result can be seen in the multiplicity of directions in agricultural
transformation. But this transformation has also created various forms of conflicts
and contradictions which further marginalize the highlanders.
Plenary session 5
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Can any effective management approach be devised to cope with
the nature of tropical highland mountainous soils?
Irb Kheoruenromne
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
High elevation areas in the Tropics generally have cooler and moisture conditions
than do to the lower elevation areas adjacent to them. Within these areas, the
terrains essentially have high spatial variability ranging from valley floors to
mountain tops. The slope segments can be any of the rectilinear, convex, concave
or irregular with mostly diversified slope gradients and lengths. Though slope
aspect has not been sufficiently focused on when addressing agricultural
management problems, many evidences indicated its significance in planning land
uses. An equally important factor to be considered for the tropical highland
mountainous soil management is the diversity of native species that reflect soil
development condition and properties.
With diverse biophysical factors controlling soil development processes, nature of
these tropical soils is spatially diverse even in a small area. Many land uses and
conservation measures had been reported but generalization on their management
approaches is always in the making. A question remains on what would be the core
criteria on nature of these soils to be considered in devising their effective
management?
6 Plenary session
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The role of livestock in sustainable rural development, poverty
alleviation and food security
Joachim Otte
Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI), FAO
Around 2.6 billion people in the developing world are estimated to have to make a
living on less than $2 a day. In order to achieve rapid advances in poverty
reduction, interventions need to be well targeted so as to spur economic growth, to
which the poor contribute and from which they benefit. Nearly three quarters of the
extremely poor – that is around 1 billion people – live in rural areas. Despite
growing urbanization, the majority of the World‘s poor will continue to live in
rural areas for some decades to come and it has been estimated that more than half
of the ‗extremely‘ poor will reside in rural areas until about 2035. Most rural
households depend on agriculture as part of their livelihood and around ninety
percent of the World‘s extremely poor are small-scale farmers. Given that in most
developing countries agricultural populations are still continuing to grow while
land for sustainable agriculture cannot be made available at the same rate,
agricultural production cannot easily be expanded ‗horizontally‘. As a conse-
quence, productivity gains and / or diversification into high-value agricultural
products leading to increased value of output per area of land (and unit of labour
input), and hence to increased income, are one, essential, means to raise rural
incomes and improve food security. Diversification into livestock and increased
livestock productivity should form part of the strategy for poverty reduction and
agricultural productivity growth in developing countries because nearly three out
of four of the rural and extremely poor keep livestock as part of their livelihoods
and because livestock have a variety of characteristics that make them important
contributors to sustainable rural development. Livestock provide high quality food
and marketable products that can be produced by small-scale farms with limited or
no land resources and are generally of higher value and are less vulnerable to
climatic shocks and critical harvest timing than many crops. Livestock furthermore
increase crop production by the provision of draught power and manure, they
increase total farm productivity by converting organic material not suited for
human nutrition into high value food and non-food products, and they increase
farm labour productivity through temporal and intergenerational smoothing of
labour demand. Finally, livestock, specifically small-stock such as poultry, pigs,
sheep and goats are particularly important assets for rural women, who form the
backbone of the agricultural workforce, to earn some income that remains under
their control. This paper reviews how appropriate livestock sector development
could contribute to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity,
better the lives of rural populations, contribute to economic growth, and thereby to
achieving Millennium Development Goal 1 of ‗eradicating extreme poverty and
hunger‘.
Plenary session 7
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Impact of climate change on crop production potential and
threats in uplands of Southeast Asia
Attachai Jintrawet
Multiple Cropping Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University
Climate change presents a new limit to potential crop production and poses new
threats for managers of agricultural systems and natural resources, at various
levels, to maintain the same level of sustainability in highland/upland ecosystems
in Southeast Asia region. This keynote presents integrated tools, includes crop and
watershed models and decision support system, design for users to gain under-
stand, predict, and manage resources in the diverse environments. These tools can
be used to allow impact assessment at various levels and allow various stakehold-
ers participation. Process-oriented models together with spatial database offers
participants to understand the impact climate change on potential crop production
systems, and predict outputs of decision made to adapt or to improve crop
production system emergent properties. The Decision Support Systems (DSS)
allows managers to visualize consequences of their collective actions to deal with
new challenges and threats from climate change spatially and temporally and
subsequently manage their crop production resources effectively and efficiently.
However, with various degrees of uncertainty of various climate models and
complexity of highland production systems, the overall goal of the approach should
be to understand the nature, directions and magnitudes, of changes in relation to
management options and interventions so as to be able to differentiate between
associated outcome sets. Two examples of type of tools are presented to address
impacts on lowland and highland ecosystems. The keynote concludes with the
importance of system approach to understand the impacts and point to some of the
deficiencies to be overcome.
9
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 1
1.1 Land use and matter flows
Rice-Stylosanthes guianensis intercropping system: Effect of
Stylosanthes guianensis establishment method on productivity of
upland rice
Somphet Phengchanh1, Done Douangdenh
1, Khamdok Songyikhangsuthor
1,
Kouang Douangsila2, Benjamin K. Samson
3
1 Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (NAFReC), Lao PDR 2 National Rice Research Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR 3 IRRI-GMS, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
In northern Laos, reduction on upland rice areas under slash-and burn systems due
to rapid population growth in combination with government policies on allocating
land to upland household have results in increased cropping intensity, which has
increased weed problems, soil deterioration and consequently reduced yields of
upland rice. Upland rice grown with legume crops as Stylosanthes guianensis
(stylo), a promising fodder species, is thought to help in the nitrogen economy of
the rice crop, improve soil organic matter content through litter fall, and contri-
butes to the control of weeds by limiting light penetration to the soil surface.
However, legume cover crops may also compete strongly with rice and adversely
affect grain yield. Therefore, the objective of this study is to optimize establish-
ment, survival of sylo plants and to achieve high stylo biomass accumulation
during fallow period for subsequent rice crop season, while minimizing competi-
tion with rice crop during stylo establishment. Stylo was broadcasted and seeded in
line into rice crops at four weeks after rice sowing at rate of 4gm-2. The effect of
stylo establishment on tiller number, plant height, biomass, panicle length, spikelet
fertility, 1000 seed weight and rice grain yield was evaluated in comparison with
rice monoculture. Number of plants, plant height, canopy width and biomass of
stylo also were measured. No competition effect on rice-stylo intercropping
treatment was observed when compared with rice monoculture treatment. Number
of stylo plants and its biomass was about 3 times greater when stylo was line-sown
than when its seeds were broadcasted into the rice stand. Similarly, stylo plants
were taller and its canopy was wider when line-sown than when broadcasted.
Further it needs to evaluate the effect of relay-seeding staylo residuals either as
short –term or long-term fallow crops in improving rice productivity.
10 1.1 Land use and matter flows
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Redistribution of carbon and nitrogen across the landscape
through irrigation in intensively cultivated mountainous regions
of northwest Vietnam
Petra Schmitter1, Holger Fröhlich
2, Gerd Dercon
3, Thomas Hilger
1, Tran Thi
Le Ha4, Nguyen Huu Thanh
1, Nguyen Lam
5, Tran Duc Vien
5, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 SFB564, Hohenheim University 3 Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 4 Agricultural University of Hanoi, Department of Soil Science, Vietnam 5 The Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Vietnam
In the tropical mountainous regions of South East Asia, soil erosion not only
affects cultivation practices in the uplands, but also simultaneously influences
irrigated paddy systems in the lowlands, by receiving sediments and often nutrient-
rich irrigation water. Worldwide, landscape-based studies linking soil erosion with
nutrient fluxes are getting more and more attention. Monitoring these fluxes at
catchment level, however, still remains complex and is yet not fully understood.
The selected study site is located in the tropical uplands of North West Vietnam.
This study aimed at tracing total organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN)
fluxes related to suspended material in irrigation water. The area is characterized
by a reservoir acting as a sink for sediments, which feeds irrigation channels to
irrigate lowland paddy rice systems. Two automatic water samplers, at the inlet and
outlet of the irrigation channel, were installed to take flow proportional composite
samples during precipitation events covering a range of intensities in the rainy
season of 2008. In total 1200 samples were analyzed on Corg and TN by
combustion using a liquitocII C/N analyzer. A hydrograph separation was done on
the discharge data collected throughout the rainy season in 2008, using numerical
digital filters compiled in a conceptual model of runoff components. This model
integrates the contributions of direct rainfall, overland flow, irrigation discharge
and reservoir outflow during rainfall events. Each of the flow components were
linked through correlation and multiple regression analysis to rainfall data, water
level in the reservoir, Corg and TN concentrations. For single events, the lag time
analysis revealed that there is an average lag time of 20 minutes between the
rainfall peak and the discharge peak measured at the outlet. Results showed that the
irrigation water has an average baseline concentration of 4 ppm Corg and 5 ppm
TN. Once soils were rewetted and Hortonian flow was induced, Corg and TN
concentrations changed rapidly due to increasing sediment loads in the irrigation
water. Rainfall events of 75 mm per day resulted in an increase of a factor 35 for
Corg and 10 for TN. Findings showed that C/N ratio is changing during the rainy
season suggesting that the runoff created in the beginning of the rainy season is
enriched by decomposed material from the previous season compared to the end of
1.1 Land use and matter flows 11
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
the season, pointing towards the contribution of different sediment sources.
However, when estimating Corg and TN loads, the contribution of rainfall events
on total nutrient loads irrigated into paddy fields was relatively limited due to the
short lag time of 20 minutes. Nevertheless due to the overall nutrient and sediment-
rich irrigation water in absence of storm events, a significant amount of nutrients
are reallocated to the lowland throughout the season. The deposition of nutrient
rich material through irrigation can be seen as a natural fertilizer effect in rice
production and have to be taken into account when making site specific fertilizer
recommendations. These results showed the importance of assessing upland-
lowland linkages when addressing environmental services in intensively cultivated
mountainous regions.
12 1.1 Land use and matter flows
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Tracing nutrient fluxes with turbidity sensors: a time saving
alternative for better understanding fluxes at landscape level
Johanna Slaets1, Petra Schmitter
1, Anna Bürger
1, Thomas Hilger
1, Gerd
Dercon2, Tran Thi Le Ha
3, Nguyen Lam
4, Tran Duc Vien
4, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 3 Agricultural University of Hanoi, Department of Soil Science, Vietnam 4 The Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Vietnam
In many regions of South-East Asia, uplands are under continuously increasing
population pressure leading to intensified cultivation and, combined with high
intensity rainfall events, causing severe soil erosion on the steep slopes. Realloca-
tion of carbon and nitrogen through erosion-deposition processes not only affects
the upland but also the lowland area of an ecosystem. In Vietnam, lowlands are
often irrigated to ensure two rice crops a year. As irrigation systems act as a
sediment conveyor during rainfall events, nutrients will be partly reallocated within
the rice fields. Understanding and monitoring these nutrient fluxes at a catchment
level and understanding their impact on crop productivity is complex. Frequently,
expensive and labor-intensive automatic water samplers are used in combination
with discharge measurements. By using this method however, the accuracy of the
estimated nutrient budgets is highly depending on the amount of samples taken
during storm events of different intensities. More cost-effective alternatives are
therefore highly required. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of
using turbidity sensors to trace fluxes of total organic carbon (TOC) and total
nitrogen (TN) in tropical mountainous regions of North-West Vietnam. Turbidity
sensors can, after a good calibration, continuously monitor the sediment load in
irrigation channels and streams. The sensors were installed at the inlet and outlet of
the concrete irrigation channel and the river, the two main water streams in the
catchment. These data were combined with continuous discharge measurements, so
that the nutrient flows could be coupled with the hydrological features of the
catchment. For the calibration of the turbidity sensors, water samples were taken
manually every five minutes during storm events of different intensities, covering
various parts of the hydrograph. Dissolved and particulate TOC and TN concentra-
tion were determined using the combustion method on the aliquot and solid phase
of the sample. Additionally, sediment quantity was measured and laser diffraction
was used to assess particle size distribution. Turbidity readings were calibrated
using rainfall intensity, discharge, sediment quantity, TOC and TN via multiple
linear regression. A first good combined calibration was achieved for the two
sensors at the end of the river and the end of the irrigation channel, between
turbidity and particulate TOC (R²=0.92) and TN (R²=0.89), allowing the use of
continuously measured turbidity data for the estimation of TOC and TN fluxes
1.1 Land use and matter flows 13
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
within storm events. Linear regression showed that turbidity can be used to predict
total suspended solids (R²=0.78), however at high concentration ranges, the
accuracy decreases as the sensor limit is reached. Including particle size informa-
tion and discharge within the multiple linear regression indicated an improved
calibration, uncovering the seasonal variability in sedimentation. These additional
data facilitated the correlation of the sediments to their contributing drainage area
in the catchment, thus allowing turbidity sensors to be a potentially powerful and
cost effective tool to monitor and model nutrient sources and sinks in tropical
mountainous catchments.
14 1.1 Land use and matter flows
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
10 year-development of integrating cultural practices 'IWAM'
for sustainable highland rainfed agriculture in northern
Thailand
Mattiga Panomtaranichagul1, Karl Stahr
2, Michael A. Fullen
1, Dalop
Supawan1, Warakun Srivichai
1
1 Department of Soil Science and Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand 2 Department of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim
Four field experiments under the Shasea, Uplands and Borassus Projects were
carried out in Pang Mapa, Mae Honson Province (~19°33'47"N, 98°12'9"E,
altitude 700-980 m, slope gradient 30-80%) and Mae Chaem, Chiang Mai Province
(~18°31'05''N, 98°17'30''E, altitude 1,200 m, slope gradient 50-100%) during 2000-
2009. Each trial aimed to find out the best strategy for building the sustainable
highland rainfed agriculture, regarding to improved soil erosion control and
rainwater harvest to increase multiple rainfed crop productivity. Each experiment
consisted of 12-15 subplots (5-6 x 30-40 m each). It was designed as a completely
randomized design (CRD) with 3 replicates of each combination-treatment of
different contour cultural practices, cultivated ridge (CR), polythene sheet
mulching (CRP), bio-degradable mulch (BM, IM, Bn/Bg/VgM), cultivated furrow
(CF) and alley cropping (AL) respectively. The measured data were soil chemical
and physical properties, surface runoff and soil loss, soil water storage and crop
yields. In the 1st -3rd projects, the alley relay crop rotation were sweet corn-upland
rice –lablab bean, whilst the mix varieties of fruit trees in the hedgerows were
mango, lemon and jujube. In the 4th trial, several alley rotational relay cropping
systems (1st crop - sweet corn flowed by 2nd crops -upland rice, peanut, chilly,
ginger and red kidney bean, and 3rd crops were lablab bean and chick pea) were
studied. Additional fruit tree varieties (mango, lemon, star apple, guava and
sapodilla) grown in the hedgerows were also tested in the 4th experiment. The 1st
trial showed that alley cropping (AL) and contour ridge cultivation with polythene-
straw mulching (CRP) was the best and the second best practice for soil erosion
control and crop yields improvement, compared to either contour ridge (CR) or
conventional (CC) cultivation. CRP gave the highest stored soil water and highest
crop yield during the dry season. However, CRP also caused high runoff under
high rainfall intensity and was not environmental friendly. Therefore, bio-
degradable mulch such as bamboo mat and imperata grass panel were modified and
used in cultivated furrow between the hedgerows of mix fruit trees varieties during
the 2nd and the 3rd projects. The results showed that furrow cultivation mulched
with imperata grass panel (CF-IM-AL) or bamboo mat in alley cropping (CF-BM-
AL) gave the lowest soil loss and runoff, and the highest crop yields when
compared to the other contour cultivations (CP, CP-BM, CP-AL –VG, CF-M and
CF-AL). However, bamboo mat and imperata grass panel would not be practical
due to time consuming and high cost investment. Hence, the 4th experiment used
1.1 Land use and matter flows 15
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
the fresh cut natural grass or available plant residue to replace bamboo mat and
imperata grass panel for mulching in cultivated furrow. The results of the 4th trial
showed that contour furrow cultivation mulched with either banana leave or
bamboo grass or vetiver grass in alley cropping (CF-Bn/Bg/Vg M-AL) tended to
improve soil physical and chemical properties better than the other practices. It was
the best anti-erosive cultural practice by giving the lowest amount of runoff and
soil loss, whilst conventional contour planting (CP) gave the highest runoff and
soil loss compared to either CF-AL or CP-Bn/Bg/VgM-AL. Furthermore, CF-
Bn/Bg/VgM-AL and CP also had the highest and the lowest water harvest, leading
to the highest and lowest crop yields respectively, when compared to the other
treatments. The successful second crop growing were upland rice, peanut, chilly
and red kidney bean. Ginger and soybean as well as chick pea were not successful-
ly growing due to invasion of pest (mouse and aphid) including in- appropriated
management. However, each crop development and yields were varied with soil
types, locations and rainfall distributions. After the above 10 year experiments, it
was found that the best strategy for building a sustainable highland rainfed
agriculture was the ―Integrated Water harvesting, Anti-erosion, and Multiple
cropping‖ technique called ―IWAM‖. It consisted of 3 techniques, (i) contour
furrow cultivation for breaking the water flow down slope, decreasing surface
runoff and soil erosion, increasing infiltration rate and available soil water for plant
growth, (ii) mulching for decreasing rain drop energy directly impacts on the soil
surface in the wet period and reducing soil water evaporation in the dry period, and
(iii) multiple cropping for increasing a permanent soil cover as well as a permanent
income flow for the farmer.
16
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
The smallholders forest carbon development in the Philippines
Raquel Lopez1, Paul L.G. Vlek
2, Dennis P. Garrity
3, Rodel D. Lasco
1
1 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Philippines 2 Center for Development Research, Bonn, Germany 3 World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi, Kenya
This paper presents the attempts of smallholder forestry carbon projects in the
Philippines to be viable in markets for carbon emission reduction (ER) credits as
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) A/R project activity. It highlights the
potentials and constraints of such project development. It explores in which way
small landholder agroforestation projects participation can be facilitated and
benefit in such markets. It also identifies the institutional and policy reforms
necessary to reduce the barriers associated with small landholder‘s participation in
the carbon market. In the last five years, there has been an increasing interest in
Philippines to participate in the carbon markets to help mitigate climate change
through forest carbon development projects. The interest stems from the fact that
many people are facing the challenge to undertake adaptation measures while
securing food source. Forest carbon development is seen as a potential means for
small landholders to adapt to climate variability while securing food source and at
same time contribute to the mitigation efforts. With millions of hectares of
deforested areas and degraded lands, engaging in forest carbon development and
participating in the carbon market offers opportunities for the Philippines to
finance rehabilitation of its open/denuded forests and degraded land resources.
Forest carbon development by agroforestation is seen as one of the land-based
potentials with synergy for climate mitigation and adaptation. Small land holdings
(owned or claimed with or without land tenure instruments) are common in the
Philippines. To engage in forest carbon development and to gain benefits from
frameworks such as the CDM, REDD, PES and other financing schemes is a
tedious process, especially for the small landholders. Case site study assessments
were conducted to find an appropriate project development operational approach to
institutionalize forest carbon development projects in the Philippines and
determine the potentials and limitations of the project case sites operation. The key
issues and concerns in registration for ER credit under CDM A/R project activity
were elucidated. Results indicate that key stakeholders should be equipped with
proper technical know-how and information of the project development process,
including rules and guidelines. Intermediary entities, such as the proponents of the
project development, are vital to small landholders‘ participation and cooperation
in the project operation. The proponent‘s, be it a government entity, a non-
government organization, a people‘s organization, or a private organization, should
have the capacity and capability to institutionalize the project development
operation at the ground level, particularly the innovative capabilities to mobilize
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation 17
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
resources. The involvement of the small landholders, who are depending on the
natural resources, is the strongest cohesive factor of the success of forest carbon
development in the Philippines. To instill a sense of ownership, and to ensure small
land holders acceptance of the project strategy and land management scheme, their
involvement at the planning, the technical as well the socio-economic level of the
project operation should be clear from the start.
18 1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Transformation of resource management in Upland East-Java,
Indonesia – From directive power to social and institutional
interaction
Mangku Purnomo, Norbert Binternagel, Heiko Faust
Department of Human Geography, George-August University, Göttingen, Germany
Until 1998 Indonesia was ruled by an authoritarian regime under which natural
resource had been exploited excessively. Law enforcement at the local level,
especially in upland forests with fertile volcanic soils, was weak. Despite difficult
conditions for agricultural cultivation, state enterprises, for instance the so called
―PERHUTANI‖ concerned with forestry, moved to areas with steep slope ignoring
environmental risks from degradation and deforestation. Throughout the contem-
porary reform process with decentralization of power via local and regional
autonomy, natural resources are no longer dominated by direct state power only,
but by more actors at various levels of society. Law enforcement with regards to
conservation areas has been strengthened in the last five years. In this context the
paper focuses on the question, how regional demographic and cultural patterns in
upland East Java influence the struggle over natural resources and their manage-
ment by different stakeholders (i.e. government institutions, NGOs, village
communities and households). The theoretical approach follows the concept of
political ecology. The struggle over natural resources goes along with political
patterns of social interaction, including cooperation and competition. Three
villages in the highland areas around the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
(TNBTS) have been selected for case studies due to their highly differentiated
social-cultural setting. The analyses shows how local stakeholders struggle over
natural resources in an ecologically sensitive environment. Based on qualitative
research (170 semi-structured interviews, 30 in-depth interviews with key
informants, 5 focus group discussions) we found the following preliminary results:
In the early stages of the reform era many actors demanded and gained unlimited
access to forest use. In the mean time this concept has changed to situation in
which access to forest resources is the result of a negotiation process between
stakeholders. An intensified bargaining among parties on the limits of consumption
and selling of forest products can be observed. These conditions have encouraged
the actors led by NGOs, national park officials, and traditional institutions to
discuss on restrictions of and sanctions on land use by households (i.e. limitation
on the exploitation of tree species, efficiency of water consumption). We show that
public dialogue encourages power sharing in the resource use system. Various
local adaptation processes to environmental change are found, as well as varying
sanctions due to the cultural background.
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation 19
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Conservation, local people and struggle for securing rights over
land and forests resources: Lessons from mountainous regions in
West Java
Heru Komarudin1, Yayan Indriatmoko
1, Agus Mulyana
1, Ridwan Soleh
2,
Agus Prijono3
1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 2 YPAL 3 PILI Green Network
This paper presents interesting cases from two conservation areas located on
mountainous areas on Java, Indonesia, Mt. Simpang nature reserve and Mt.
Halimum Salak national park. One fundamental issue is how to make a balance
between the need to achieve conservation goals and to enhance the livelihoods of
communities who either have been living there for hundred years or have
encroached the park areas recently. The two conservation area are the remaining
important conservation areas in the country‘s most highly populated island, Java.
Mt. Simpang nature reserve is surrounded by at least 13 villages where local
communities have gone through different government regimes from the colonial to
the present era. The change has affected their interactions with nearby forests and
other actors, and ways they perceive forests. Initially, with deeply-rooted
traditional wisdom, local communities got heavily involved in conserving nearby
forests and developed strong institutions. However, the emergence of state-led land
use system, rigid implementation of rules governing forest land uses imposed by
the government coupled with increased needs for lands and resources have brought
changes in local institutions and in the ways local actors interact among themselves
and with the nature. Similar case has also occurred in Mt. Halimun Salak national
park. There are around 300 settlements within and around the park. Increased
population and demand for other sector development have caused problems for the
park management. Encroachment of park lands and unsustainable use of resources
have become the common incidents, which continue to threaten the park and
ecosystem. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari (YPAL), Pusat Informasi Lingkungan
Indonesia (PILI-Green Network) and Center for International Forestry Research
(CIFOR) have conducted action research in villages around the Mt. Simpang
reserve. CIFOR and its partners have also conducted research and facilitated the
park management of Mt. Halimun national park to resolve the conflict with local
communities. The objectives of the research were to facilitate local people in
building local institutions for natural resource management; to examine critical
elements that contribute to strengthened social capital; to identify relevant policies
governing local communities‘ access to resources and to examine how they are
supportive of the local initiative and how lessons from the local community can
inform the development of better policies. The methods used for data collection
include facilitation techniques, key informant interviews, focus group discussion
and vegetation analysis. Drawing on the research, this paper describes how the
20 1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
park management and local communities struggle for resolving the conflicts
through a ‗special zone‖, sustaining the resources and getting (for the latter) access
to resources for livelihoods; how local communities strive for life in the changing
institutions, and attempt to seek for recognition of rights over forests. It also
highlights research findings on various local perceptions on forests, condition of
village forests managed by different groups of communities, and shares lessons on
the critical elements in ensuring the equitable and sustainable management of
resources while achieving the goals of the conservation of forest resources and
biodiversity.
1.2 Approaches to forest conservation 21
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
"Tragedy of the non-common" – rethinking of participation in
protected area management in Vietnam, the case of Ngoc Son –
Ngo Luong Nature Reserve – Hoa Binh province
Quang Nguyen Ngoc
Centre for Research on Lifelong Learning and Participation, Faculty of Psychology and
Educational Sciences, KU. Leuven, Belgium
During the last haft century, the number of protected areas increases remarkably
especially in developing countries. More than 10% of the world‘s forests are
gazetted under roughly 100,000 protected areas. Given the rise in designation of
protected areas, the world forests and their biodiversity are being decreased at an
alarming rate. Vietnam is not exceptional from this paradoxical trend. Despite the
contentious debate about the effectiveness of the dominant fashion in which state
singly manages protected area, the past decades marked a growing number of
scholar and practical discussions which promoted engagement of communities in
protected area management. Several models were introduced and implemented
including ―joint forest management‖, ―community forest management‖, ―colla-
borative forest management‖, ―adaptive forest management‖, ―community
conservation area‖, ―co-management‖ and so on. While these models have shown
some advantages in comparison to the dominant one, they are still heavily
criticised that many key aspects including the participation of communities, the
power relations and the power sharing between the state and communities are often
either assumed or implicitly addressed. This paper is developed with the key aim to
adding insights to the current debate on community participation in protected area
management thorough analysing the power relations between the Government and
communities in Ngoc Son – Ngo Luong Nature Reserve. Mainly guided by actor
oriented approach and long term observation, this paper narrates the process of
Ngoc Son – Ngo Luong Nature Reserve gazettment in which it discusses key
factors leading to the catastrophe of illegal forest exploitation or ―the tragedy of the
non-common‖. It also reveals the efforts of the Government in coping with this
problem through implementation of some programmes aiming at engaging
communities in the Nature Reserve management. Further understanding the nature
of the participatory processes implemented by the Government, this paper uses
Lukes‘s three dimensions of power as an analytical lens to map out the power
relations between the Government and communities. It is found out that in
implementation of the participatory approaches the Government often uses the
second power dimension – the agenda settings and the third power dimension – the
thought controlling. In response, local communities use their own power to react
through different strategies such as resistance by not participating or pretended
obedience. These reactions were then converted into illegally chopping down the
forests. ―The tragedy of the nature reserve‖ is therefore still on the high alert given
the efforts of engaging communities in the Nature Reserve management. This
paper comes to the conclusion that before seeking for better participatory
22 1.2 Approaches to forest conservation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
approaches, it is necessary to better understand the participation‘s dimensions and
the dynamics of power in the context of the Nature Reserve. More attention needs
to be paid to the micro-physic of power, or the power relations between individuals
because it is rather neglected in the current participatory approaches. It is
recommended to further research the issues of power relations in Ngoc Son – Ngo
Luong using different viewpoints and methods in which the positive aspects, the
space and place of power are discussed.
23
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
Reproductive performance of local pig breeds reared under
smallholder conditions in Son La province, northwest of Vietnam
Nguyen Van Hau1, Le Thi Thuy
1, Anne Valle Zárate
2
1 National Institute of Animal Science, Thuyphuong, Tuliem, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim University,
Stuttgart, Germany
In the mountainous northwestern region of Vietnam indigenous local pig breeds
are still common and they are increasingly used as sow lines for crossing with
exotic boars. The objective of the study is to evaluate the reproductive performance
of the local pig breeds kept under smallholder conditions in the Son La province.
Data on reproductive performance of 119 Mong Cai and 87 Ban sows were
collected and recorded in the frame of an on-farm performance testing scheme
(OPTS). This is a performance testing scheme that combines data recording by
farmers with data recording and cross-checking farmers‘ data through researchers.
Data were collected from 2004 to 2009 in seven villages which belong to three
production systems of different intensity, i.e. a demand-driven system, a system in
transition and a resource-driven system. The reproductive data of sows were
analyzed by using generalized linear models. The analysis of variance revealed that
the reproductive performance of these breeds was influenced by village, breed, and
parity (p<0.001). Number of piglets born (NBT), number of piglets born alive
(NBA), number of piglets at weaning (NW) per litter, and number of litters per sow
and year (NLSY) of Mong Cai were 10.5, 9.7, 8.5, and 2.0, respectively and those
of Ban were 7.5, 6.8, 6.3, and 1.8, respectively. NBT, NBA, and NW of these
breeds increased from the first parity to the fourth parity with those of the first
parity significantly differing from the others. Reproductive performance of Mong
Cai sows in the villages in the demand-driven system was higher than that of Mong
Cai sows in the transition villages, and reproductive performance of Ban sows kept
in the transition villages was higher than that of Ban kept in the resource driven
system. The Mong Cai breed had on average a higher reproductive performance
than the Ban breed and both of them are favourably kept under smallholder
conditions in the northwest of Vietnam. The results of the study are actually used
to design a suitable breeding program for the smallholder farms incorporating both
breeds.
24 1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Upland aquaculture in Yen Chau district (Son La province,
northern Vietnam): Role of aquaculture in nutrient flows and
livelihoods of local people
Silke Steinbronn1, Nguyen Ngog Tuan
1, Euloge Dongmeza
1, Ulfert Focken
2
1 Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics
(480B), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Ahrensburg,
Germany
In the valleys of Son La province in mountainous north-western Vietnam, upland
aquaculture is one of the major activities among farmers, second only to paddy rice
production and upland cultivation of corn and cassava. In order to describe the nutrient
flows as well as the importance of fish production for the farmers in this so far little
scientifically investigated pond system, research has been carried out since 2003 in the
framework of the special research program (SFB 564). Data was collected in three
communes located in Yen Chau district, Son La province, by interviews with 155 fish
farmers, 22 village headmen and other stakeholders as well as by an in-depth
investigation of six individually selected case study farms including quantitative
monitoring of the flows to and from the pond system. Proximate analysis has been
carried out for all feed items commonly used by the case-study farmers, and feeding
trials in laboratory have been carried out with the most important ones. In the study
area, the majority of farmers, mainly belonging to the Black Thai ethnicity, are
involved in aquaculture. The typical aquaculture system is a polyculture comprising
mainly herbivorous and omnivorous cyprinid species and is integrated into the overall
farming system with manifold on-farm linkages. Weeds from the paddy fields, leaves
from the upland fields, crop residues such as cassava peelings and rice bran as well as
manure from large ruminants and pigs serve as inputs for the ponds; water from the
pond is sometimes used for irrigating home gardens. Not all of the feeds currently
applied are suitable as fish feed, some like bamboo leaves or certain grasses turned out
to affect fish growth negatively and should rather be given to ruminants. Large fish are
mainly sold and contribute to cash income, while small fish, crabs and mollusks
contribute valuable animal protein for the household. Although the aquaculture system
exhibits elements associated with intensive systems, such as being feed-based and
having frequent water exchange, the actual fish yields are relatively low, typically 1-1.5
t*ha-1 a-1. The current system concentrates predominantly on the production of the
herbivorous grass carp, but in the last decade, grass carp production has become a risky
venture due to the occurrence of a so far unclassified grass carp disease that causes high
mortalities. Besides the grass carp mortalities, also the lack of feed for the other fish
species contributes to the low yields in the current system. Although the productivity is
relatively low, aquaculture is a lucrative business for local farmers as very little cash
inputs are required compared to other farming activities. This baseline study on the
current aquaculture system was the focal point for ongoing research on the grass carp
disease and on modified pond management in order to enhance the production of other
species presented in separate contributions.
1.3 Animal husbandry systems I 25
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Improvements in pond management and application of low-cost
fish feed increase fish production and raise the benefit of small
scale aquaculture systems in Yen Chau
Johannes Pucher1, Richard Mayrhofer
2, Mansour El-Matbouli
2, Ulfert
Focken3
1 Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics
(480B), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Fish Medicine and Livestock Management, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna,
Austria 3 Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Ahrensburg,
Germany
Pond aquaculture of fish significantly contributes to the protein supply and cash
income of Black Thai farmers in Yen Chau, Son La province, Northern Vietnam.
The current aquaculture system is a polyculture of the macroherbivorous grass carp
as main species together with 3-5 other non-herbivorous fish species like common
carp, silver carp, bighead carp, mud carp, silver barb and Nile tilapia. The
productivity amounts to about 1.5 t fish ha-1 a-1, what must be considered as low
for a tropical, feed-based aquaculture system. The application of low quality feeds
for both herbivorous and non-herbivorous fish, high turbidity through steady water
inflow of field runoffs, very low primary production in ponds and the occurrence
of an unknown disease of grass carp are considered as reasons for this low
productivity of fish ponds. It was hypothesised that several changes in pond
management and the application of supplemental feed increases the productivity of
a polyculture with common carp as predominant species and raise the farmers'
income. Three watersheds with different water sources were identified; driven by
rainwater, reservoir/channel water and a mixture of rainwater and reservoir water.
In each of these watersheds two neighbouring ponds were chosen to compare the
commonly practiced pond management with a modified pond management
designed to overcome the limitations mentioned above. In each watershed, one of
the ponds was managed by the owner under the commonly applied traditional pond
management, characterised as: grass carp as the main species of the polyculture
system, uncontrolled water in- and outflow, application of common feed items like
green leaves (banana, bamboo, cassava, maize and grass) and crop residues (rice
bran, rice husk, cassava root peel, distillery residue …) and casually fertilizing
with buffalo or cow manure. The neighbouring ponds were managed by the owners
farmers following a pond management recommended by researchers: common carp
was the main species of the polyculture system, management of water flow by
digging by-pass channels, application of supplemental low cost feed based on
mainly locally available ingredients for non-herbivorous fish and green leaves for
grass carp, weekly fertilizing with inorganic fertilizer and cow or buffalo manure
and the use of lime. In April 2009 all ponds were stocked with fingerlings by the
density of 1.5 fish m-2 and harvested completely in November 2009, while
26 1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
monthly catches of fish in each pond were used to monitor general growth of each
species and to calculate the feeding rations of supplemental feed for the treatment
ponds. In all ponds limnological parameters were monitored frequently. Further
each farmer had to record all activities related to the pond (water inflow, kind and
masses of feed inputs and fertilizer, working time) in a record book. It was shown,
that reduction of water inflow leads to a reduction of turbidity and in combination
with fertilization to an increase of pond productivity, higher oxygen supply by
photosynthesis and higher growth of several non-herbivorous fish species;
especially, typical filter feeder of phytoplankton and zooplankton showed
significantly higher growth under treatment pond management. After seven
months, changes of pond management and application of supplemental low-cost
feed more than doubled the total fish mass and net profit compared to the control
ponds.
1.3 Animal husbandry systems I 27
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Beef cattle feeding systems and measuring their sustainability in
Bac Kan province
Hoang Thi Huong Tra1, Philippe Lebailly
2, Vu Chi Cuong
1, Brigitte
Duquesne2
1 National Insitute of Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Department of Economics and Rural Development, University of Liege, Belgium
Indigenous cattle in Vietnam Northern uplands are often kept in free ranging, part-
time grazing and cut & carry systems. In Bac Kan, Local Yellow beef cattle breeds
are predominantly raised by small farmers in free ranging or part-time grazing
systems. Local H‘Mong cattle are often kept in cut & carry feeding system. Cattle
production is accounted for an important proportion in the total gross output of the
provincial livestock sub-sector (30%), while it is accounted for only around 4% on
average in Vietnam. To help local people to escape from poverty, initiated projects
in favour of the development of beef cattle production have been implemented.
Modalities for a sustainable cattle production in the uplands have been promoted as
a perspective solution to enhance economic growth and livelihood for farmers,
especially poor farmers. However, the cattle production sector still remains under-
developed, hence the generally high poverty faced by farmers. The study is carried
out to determine the impact of selected beef cattle feeding systems on different
dimensions of sustainable development of agriculture: economic, environmental
and social. A formal survey using structured questionnaire is conducted in 97
households including 30 households in free ranging, 37 households in part-time
grazing and 30 households in cut & carry system. To measure sustainable cattle
feeding systems, different indicators are selected including social dimension
(employment opportunity, proportion of time used in cattle production, role of
women), environment (stoking rate and manure utility, manure storage, farmers‘
awareness in term of manure use and protection) and economics (gross margin).
Keeping cattle in cut & carry system creates better employment opportunities
(using 375.8 days/year and 72.6%), highly importance in the system because
having availability of labour resource due to having less land area and low
production intensity, higher economic efficiency (8.1 mil VND), however larger
risk on environment from manure emissions (67.8% manure running out and 50%
households using manure preservation). In fact, manure utility from cattle
production is evaluated less important in H‘Mong households compared to Tay
households in Free ranging and Part-time grazing systems. Low proportion of
H'Mong women participate in cattle production activities and decision making,
while Tay women play a better role than H'Mong ones. Ranking second in
efficiency of employment opportunities is part-time grazing system (275.5 days
and 68.7%). This system indicates a highly percentage in manure preservation
(89.2%) and used, and less amount of manure leaching out (37.3%). Nevertheless,
lowest benefit from cattle production is indicated in this systems with 4.9 million
VND. Meanwhile, the lowest employment opportunities are presented in Free
28 1.3 Animal husbandry systems I
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
ranging system (102.5 days and 33.1%), while medium impact of manure source is
analyzed. In general, very high proportions of manure running out to environment
is recorded among systems, which are indicated by lack of favourable preservation
methods in households and low level of cattle manure using resulting in high
pollution for households living in study sites.
29
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 2
2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals
The environmental fate of pesticides in paddy rice farming
systems in northern Vietnam
Marc Lamers1, Maria Anyusheva
1, La Nguyen
1, Nguyen Van Vien
2, Thilo
Streck1
1 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
During the last decades, high population growth and export-oriented economics
have led to a tremendous intensification of rice production in Vietnam, which in
turn has significantly increased the amount of agrochemicals applied. However, it
has long been known for almost all crop situations that agrochemicals may be
transported to adjacent environmental compartments where they may effect non-
target organisms, pollute surface and ground water, and enter the human food
chain. In Northern Vietnam, rice production systems were identified to be the
major non-point source of pollution to surface and ground water, which are often
directly used for domestic purposes. However, only few studies are available
focusing on the environmental occurrence of pesticides applied to integrated rice
farming systems in Vietnam. The aim of the present study was to measure the
water regime and transport of agrochemicals in integrated paddy field – fish pond
farming systems in northern Vietnam and to evaluate the potential risk of water
pollution across the landscape. During two consecutive rice cropping seasons
(2008) we intensively measured the water regime (inflow, outflow, water level, soil
moisture) and the concentrations of applied pesticides (dimethoate, fenitrothion) in
various system components (paddy water, soil water, pond water, soil sediment,
inflow and outflow water) of a representative paddy rice-fishpond farming system.
On the watershed scale, we additionally monitored the pesticide pollution of
surface (receiving stream) and ground water (wells) by four widely applied
pesticides (Imidacloprid, Fenitrothion, Dimethoate, Dichlorvos). In our presenta-
tion we will focus on measurement results indicating that under the current
management and pesticide application practices a considerable amount of
pesticides is lost from the paddy field to the adjacent surface water bodies or is
leached to the ground water.
30 2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Pesticide concentrations in surface waters in an agriculturally
used mountainous watershed in Northern Thailand
Walaya Sangchan1, Joachim Ingwersen
1, Cindy Hugenschimidt
1, Prasak
Thavornyutikarn2, Kanokpan Pansombat
3, Yongyuth Sukvanachaikul
4, Thilo
Streck1
1 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 3 Department of Soil and Conservation Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand
The high application of pesticides in the uplands of Northern Thailand poses an
increasing contamination risk for stream water and aquatic ecosystems. The aim of
our study was to quantify the temporal variation of pesticide concentrations in the
stream water of an agriculturally used mountainous tropical watershed and to
perform a pesticide risk analysis. In the Mae Sa watershed (77 km2) in Northern
Thailand, we monitored seven frequently applied pesticides [two organochlorines
(α, β-endosulfan, chlorothalonil), four organophosphates (dichlorvos, chloropyri-
fos, dimethoate, atrazine), one pyrethroid (cypermethrin)] in stream waters over a
period of two years (2007-2008). Two gauging stations were installed along the
mainstream, one at a headwater position and one at the outlet. A third station was
set up in the tributary Mae Sa Noi. Water samples were collected using automatic
samplers (ISCO 6712) coupled with ultrasonic sensors for discharge measurement.
In the period from July to August 2007, time-proportional sampling was per-
formed. After determining the stage-discharge curve, water samples were taken
volume-proportionally. In total, 383 samples were collected during the two years
period. Pesticides were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by
gas chromatography coupled with µ-electron capture detector or nitrogen
phosphorus detector. Based on the observed pesticide concentrations, an aquatic
risk assessment was performed using the risk quotient (RQ). The RQ is defined as
the ratio between Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC), for which we
take here either the measured mean or extreme values of pesticide concentrations,
and the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). All seven pesticides were
detected in the river. At the headwater gauge and at the outlet of the watershed,
chlorpyrifos is the pesticide that was detected most frequently (>60% detection).
At the outlet of the Mae Sa Noi subwatershed, atrazine was detected most
frequently. In general, the highest pesticide concentrations were observed during
the rainy season. Extreme pesticide concentrations typically showed up when
surface runoff started and several hours after storm events. From July to December
2007, the highest daily pesticide concentration was 0.7 µg/L chlorothalonil at the
headwater station. From January to November 2008, the highest daily pesticide
2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals 31
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
concentration was 1.3 µg/L chlorpyrifos at the headwater station. The risk
assessment showed that adverse effects (RQ>1) are to be expected for dichlorvos
and chlorpyrifos when mean pesticide concentrations were used as PEC and for
dichlorvos, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and cypermethrin when
extreme concentrations were used as PEC. Our study shows that in the Mae Sa
watershed pesticide contamination of surface waters is a relevant issue and that
measures should be taken to reduce the loss of pesticides from soil.
32 2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Identifying pesticide transport pathways from a sloped litchi
orchard to an adjacent stream based on soil hydraulic
conductivity measurements and hydrograph separation
Thilo Streck, Andreas Duffner, Joachim Ingwersen, Cindy Hugenschmidt
Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany
In the mountainous areas of northern Thailand, agricultural practice has shifted
from subsistence farming to market-driven agricultural production. Intensive
cropping has caused pesticide contamination of surface waters. To identify the
transport pathways of pesticides we mapped the saturated hydraulic conductivity
and the depth of the A horizon of a sloped litchi orchard and performed a three-
component (baseflow, interflow, surface runoff) hydrograph separation of the
discharge of an adjacent stream (Mae Sa Noi). Electrical conductivity and the
dissolved silica concentration were chosen as representative tracers. The baseflow
(80%-96%) was the dominant flow component followed by interflow (3%-18%)
and surface runoff (1%-7%). Surface runoff was the dominant atrazine transport
pathway in the first ten days after application. It was detected within the first two
hours after the rainfall. Thereafter interflow was the dominant atrazine transport
pathway. It was mainly detected during hydrograph decline between 4 and 23
hours after rainfall. Stormflow generation and atrazine transport depended on
antecedent rainfall and soil moisture. The fast transport of atrazine with interflow
water was preferential. Recovery of atrazine and chlorpyrifos in the stream was
0.4% and 0.01% of the applied mass, respectively. Saturated soil hydraulic
conductivity and the A-horizon depth were positively correlated. A simple method
was developed to predict the contribution of the surface run-off (in %) to total
discharge from the amount of rainfall. Because the regional distribution depth of
the depth of the A horizon is known, this relationship may be used for upscaling
the contribution of surface runoff in the watershed.
2.1 Water and fate of agrochemicals 33
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Modeling the fate of pesticides in paddy rice farming systems in
northern Vietnam
La Nguyen1, Maria Anyusheva
1, Marc Lamers
1, Nguyen Van Vien
2, Thilo
Streck1
1 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
During the last decades, high population growth and export-oriented economics
have led to a tremendous intensification of rice production in Vietnam, which in
turn has significantly increased the amount of agrochemicals applied in rice
cropping systems. At present, the average amount of pesticides applied on paddy
rice in Vietnam is estimated to be in the range of 1.15-2.66 kg ha-1 y-1 and 0.23 kg
ha-1 y-1 in lowland and upland areas, respectively. Since pesticides are toxic by
design, there is a natural concern over the possible impact of their presence in the
environment on human health and environmental quality. In North Vietnam,
lowland and upland rice production systems were identified to be the major non-
point source of agrochemical pollution to surface and ground water, which is often
directly used for domestic purposes. In this context, the quantification and forecast
of pesticide losses to surface and ground water from paddy rice fields is indispens-
able and a prerequisite for assessing the risk of water pollution across vulnerable
landscapes in Northern Vietnam. Since field measurements are time-consuming
and costly a precise quantification and forecast is hampered by the limited amount
of field data. A way to cope with this shortcoming is the use of process-based
models. We developed a model for simulating the fate of pesticides in integrated
paddy rice farming systems. State-of-the-art approaches and algorithms to describe
the basic processes, such as pesticide transport, degradation and sorption were
combined and numerically solved using the ordinary differential equation (ODE)
solver Berkeley Madonna (Version 8). After having been coupled with external
optimization software the model will be calibrated by means of the Levenberg-
Marquardt algorithm and validated against measured data for the two pesticides
dimethoate and fenitrothion of the spring and summer rice crop season 2008. In our
presentation, we will focus on first simulation results, which indicate that the
model is a useful tool for simulating the environmental fate of pesticides in
integrated paddy-fishpond farming systems.
34
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
2.2 People's access to resources
Understanding water conflict and cooperation in Con Cuong,
Nghe An province, Vietnam
Le Thi Thanh Phuong1, Thomas Skielboe
2, Pham Thi Mai Huong
1
1 Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Hanoi University of
Agriculture, Vietnam 2 Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology, Denmark
Water plays a central role for local livelihood and local development. In many
parts of the developing world the competition for water has increased over the last
years due to the appearance of new types and structures of water uses and water
users, growing population rates, increased pressure on land as well as rapid climate
change. In these ongoing structural changes there is a need for further understand-
ing of the local level water management, processes of cooperation and conflict in
different types of water use, and to view this in relation to social dynamics, access
to water and customary law in water governance. This paper presents some of the
findings of a study carried out under the collaborative and comparative Competing
for Water research program supported by the Danish Research Council. In seeking
to explore local conflict and cooperation events, the study has developed a
database of a quantitative inventory of water conflict and cooperation events in
Con Cuong district, Nghe An province, Vietnam. The inventory has mapped all
formally reported events in the district during the period 1995-2007, as well as
unreported events from ten villages sampled randomly from a total of 128
communities in the district. Events were identified through archival research in the
records and notes of public authorities, as well as through interviews with sample
informants in villages and authorities. The recording of events used standardized
formats describing a range of characteristics of each event, which were then
entered into a database for analysis. It was found that the local water competition
situations involve both conflictive and cooperative events, which often evolve in
succession of each other. Of the identified events in Con Cuong the majority turned
out to be cooperative and many events were often related to the development of
water works like the many gravity fed pipe water system projects carried out in the
area. Furthermore the study found that the recorded events mainly take place at
local scale within a single community and often between water users within the
same user group rather than between water users with different water use.
Moreover most events were found to remain at the local scene or among the
immediate involved parties. As far as possible, conflicts and cooperation are tried
to be resolved by the involved themselves, and without any involvement of third
parties; if denounced to a third part, it is often to community leaders or organisa-
tions within the community. The article concludes by discussing the implications
of these findings for local water governance and particularly the need to include
such findings in the further development of integrated water resource management.
2.2 People's access to resources 35
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Emerging networks for water resource governance in Thailand:
From pilot project to institutionalized participation?
Sukit Kanjina1, Andreas Neef
2
1 The Uplands Program-SFB564 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
For nearly a decade, Thailand has attempted to reform its water sector. As part of a
wider governance reform taking place after the enactment of the so-called People‘s
Constitution in 1997, it has been envisioned that public participation would play a
key role in water resource governance with the river basin as a managerial unit. To
this end, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) was established in 2002 with
its Bureau of Mass Promotion and Coordination (BMPC) being a responsible
agency for implementing the river basin project in 25 river basins across the
country. The River Basin Committee (RBC) was selected as a governing form for
each river basin with a mandate to manage water and other related natural
resources. Drawing on the concept of governance and network, this paper aims to
explore the water resource governance network – the RBC - initiated and
implemented by DWR and to discuss its challenges in becoming an effective and
meaningful mechanism for water resource governance in the country. The RBC
and related governing bodies of the Ping River Basin, which is one of the four
major river basins in northern Thailand, were selected as examples. Data were
collected by means of semi-structured interviews with key informants and
participant observation in the river basin committee‘s and related governing
bodies‘ activities in the fiscal year 2009/10. Informal research conversations were
also conducted with the officials involved, supplemented by related documents.
We found that the RBC and the river basin project remains largely at the
experimental stage although the effort has been implemented for a number of
years. This could be seen from a continuous change of policy directives for the
endeavor which resulted in changes in the structure of the RBC and its related
governing bodies and delayed their proper functioning and subsequent activities.
From the network perspective, the RBC has encountered several challenges. The
RBC is mandated by the regulation upon which DWR operate; however,
participating members – particularly government agencies – are not legally bound
by this regulation. Not only does the RBC lack a comprehensive legal backup, but
also the resources such as budget, information and expertise, which are the initial
condition – the interdependency of the partners on these resources that induces
them to form or join certain networks. The way the RBC is governed also hinders
its development. It can be seen that a lead organization form of network manage-
ment is applied; in this case, the DWR‘s water resource regional offices (WROs)
are assigned as a secretary of the RBC and also as its secretariat. Having also their
own mandates to fulfill, the WROs manage the RBC strictly based on the BMPC‘s
policy directives. As such, the RBC becomes merely a tool for the WROs to
achieve a certain target, namely the drafting of the river basin development plan.
36 2.2 People's access to resources
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The domination of the WROs in the RBC effort thus leaves a slim chance for
crucial elements of network development, such as trust, communication and joint
decision-making, to be fostered. Viewing this situation from the governance
perspective, where there is a shift from the domination of the state and its
apparatus toward an increasing role of the non-state actors in dealing with public
issues, the RBC setup, and in essence water resource governance, still remain
under a firm state control. Involvement of the local stakeholders in the RBC is
considerably limited and restricted only to relatively passive participation in
formalized meetings, which contradicts the vision that public participation is to be
a key feature of this effort. The RBC as a network for water resource governance is
apparently an important development step in Thailand‘s water sector. However, the
strict control and top-down approach used by DWR and BMPC in implementing
this project significantly impedes the RBC development and to a large extent
reduces it into a mere functional tool to achieve predefined targets. If the RBC is
still to be promoted as a water resource governance mechanism under a participato-
ry paradigm, DWR and BMPC need to promote polycentric decision-making
mechanisms in the RBC while waiting for a more comprehensive legal backing and
the provision of sufficient human and financial resources by policy-makers.
2.2 People's access to resources 37
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Resettling farm households in northern Vietnam: Livelihood
impacts and adaptation strategies
Bui Thi Minh Hang, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Thomas Berger
Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics
(490d), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
There have been an increasing number of hydropower projects in Vietnam to meet the
spiraling demand for electricity in the country. Apart from power generation, these
projects help to control floods and manage the irrigation water supply. Involuntary
resettlement, however, exposes the affected people to risks such as impoverishment,
landlessness, joblessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. Affected people include
the resettled people but also the host people whose communities are to absorb the
resettled people. Previous studies have focused on the resettled people but have often
ignored the effect on the host population; as a result, little is known about how
resettlement programs affect this group and this study contributes to filling this
knowledge gap. The study focuses on the economic, social, and health impacts of the
resettlement program. A second contribution of the study is its examination of how
people have adapted themselves to the new situation. The quantitative data were
collected through a random survey of 108 households in Muong Lum commune, a
relatively remote community in the mountains of Son La province. The sample
included 52 host households and 56 resettled households who had to relocate to this
commune as a consequence of the Son La dam project, the largest dam construction in
Southeast Asia. For each household we collected data before and after the resettlement
using recall methods. The study used descriptive statistics and t-tests to compare the
situation before and after the resettlement as well as between host and resettled
households. The analysis showed that the adaptive capacity of host and resettled
households is multidimensional with the level of adaptation depending on many factors
such as household composition, level of knowledge and education, compensation
amounts, asset endowments, social capital, and personality. We find that the changes in
income composition and distribution in the host population relate to changes in the
access to resources, mainly land. After resettling, the income of resettled households
decreased significantly and was considerably below that of the host households.
However, the percentage of households who is food insecure was not significantly
different between the resettled and host households because the former group received
food support from the government. When this support ends then the share of food
insecure people would increase. The fear of having to share resources and the fear of
disorder and the shattering of long time stability affected the mental health status of the
host people. The study finds that the share of households with mental health problems
is greater in the host than in the resettled population. The study provides new insights
about the effects of resettlement, how the affected people adapt and the factors
determining their success in adaptation. These results can help policy makers, project
managers as well as national and local government in designing and implementing
resettlement plans to ensure that the affected population‘s living standard will be
restored and their livelihood will be sustainable.
38 2.2 People's access to resources
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Integrative planning and processes in the mountain areas of Mae
Hong Son, Thailand
Tanin Subhasaen1, Suranee Phusuwan
2
1 Vice Governor, Mae Hong Son Province, Royal Thai Government, Thailand 2 Integrated Community Development for Livelihoods and Social Cohesion in Mae Hong
Son, UNDP Thailand
This paper will outline innovative integrative approaches for poverty alleviation
based on integrating planning and processes; crossing disciplines and sectors;
combining community perception with spatial technology; and creating alliances
between community and state agencies. The authors will outline the strategies used
to introduce these innovations amongst ethnic highland tribes practicing remnants
of rotational farming in heavily forested upland areas, the challenge of working
with government institutions in the mountain areas of Thailand, and lessons which
would be provide useful insights to other upland regions of Southeast Asia. Mae
Hong Son Province located in remote Northwestern Thailand is the poorest
province in the country and the one with the lowest Human Development Index
amongst 75 provinces. The province is completely mountainous and has a forest
cover upwards of 90%. Mae Hong Son is home to a diverse ethnic hill-tribe
population of about 252,692 and a large number of displaced people from
Myanmar. Due to scarce resources, economic opportunities are few, and basic
services including housing, transportation, communication, education and health
are often inadequate. The Integrated Community Development for Livelihoods and
Social Cohesion project focuses on provincial-specific solutions to promote fair
and equal treatment and access to resources and services among the different ethnic
14 communities residing in the four refugee camps, as well as promoting the
sustainable of existing resources – with special attention given to women and
children. Specifically, the project has targeted 2% of the total population in Mae
Hong Son province. The project is now in its second year and has established a
planning model to demonstrate a diversity of integrated development and
conservation activities in the local communities. The planning model was launched
with a Participatory Rural Appraisal process which evolved a simple community
map. This map allowed for the community‘s constraints and potential and related
issues to be identified and analyzed by different groups. This initiative was
followed by a Participatory 3D Mapping Model programme, which involved the
building of a topographic map. Community‘s resources and landmarks, and other
meaningful landmarks and data, were added as required. These processes allowed
an opportunity for creating a historical timeline, assessing the present and mapping
the future of community resources. The planning model also serves as a meeting
point to initiate a diversity of integrated development and conservation activities
and support and enhance decentralized governance by providing centrality to the
needs and decisions of local communities. This has been seen through the adoption
of natural resources conservation campaigns by local communities, which include
2.2 People's access to resources 39
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
the participation of women, displaced people, grassroots organizations and
government agencies. The project has also adopted a community development
approach, placing emphasis on capacity building among local staff, volunteers, and
key community members. Integrating Participatory Rural Appraisal and 3D
Mapping Model programmes for development and conservation activities has
brought together community members and displaced people in a cooperative
learning environment. This has helped ensure enhanced sustainable natural
resource management; increased community awareness and conservation; and
improved the quality of life and self-reliance for the women and men of Mae Hong
Son province.
40
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II
Competition of cattle production with other livestock within
smallholder mixed farms in northern mountains of Vietnam
depending on household poverty levels
Le Thi Thanh Huyen1, Dinh Thi Tuyet Van
2, Pera Herold
3, Anne Valle
Zárate3
1 National Institute of Animal Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Institute for Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics,
Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 3 Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480a), Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany
In Vietnam, a majority of the cattle population is raised by smallholder mixed
farms. Although the potential for beef production is assumed high in the uplands,
beef supply from northern mountains play a minor role in the market one of the
reasons being the large share of draught animals. In mixed farming systems,
different livestock species yield benefits, but they also compete for resources. The
northern uplands have the highest poverty incidence, particularly in remote areas.
Ethnic minorities live there in less productive areas with poor infrastructure and
low accessibility to market and off-farm work. This study aims to investigate the
competition of cattle production with other livestock species within smallholder
mixed farms at different household poverty levels in northern mountains of
Vietnam. This study was conducted in 20 villages, both lowlands and highlands, in
the mountainous Yen Chau district, Son La province. Data on livestock production
of 299 randomly selected households of different ethnic groups were collected by
using standardized questionnaires. The relative poverty status of the household was
assessed using terciles based on per-capita daily expenditure as a measure of
monetary poverty or wealth. Analysis of variance with SAS software version 9.2,
PROC GENMOD, was used to process quantitative data. Results show that cattle
were mainly kept by better-off farmers, with more than half of the farmers in the
richer terciles and only 29% of farmers in the poorest tercile keeping cattle. Cattle
keeping farms had bigger family and farm sizes compared with non-cattle keeping
farms. Number of cattle raised was closely related to the poverty level of the
household. The poorest farmers kept fewer cattle than the better-off farmers (1.7
cattle/ farm compared with 2.3-3.5 cattle/ farm, respectively). The poorest owned
more pigs, poultry and similar numbers of buffaloes. The poorest may need to keep
a male draft animal but do not engage in raising offspring. Only better-off farmers
could keep cattle with other ruminants. Particularly, a number of richer cattle
keepers in the highlands, were identified for having still fodder available and
owning more buffaloes and pigs than the other groups. Richer farmers adopted
more frequently innovations to livestock than the poorer farmers. With 65%, cattle
keepers applied new feeding strategies more often than non-cattle keepers to
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II 41
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
reduce feed competition. In conclusion, smallholder mixed farms only kept cattle
when forage, labour and capital were available. Cattle compete with other livestock
in the use of limited farm resources. Better-off farmers with still available forage
resources had more advantages than the poorer in keeping larger number of cattle
together with other livestock. For the poorest, small animal were more suitable
than beef cattle.
42 2.3 Animal husbandry systems II
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The pig sector in North East India: status, constraints and
opportunities
Iain Wright, Rameswar Deka, William Thorpe, M. Lucille Lapar
International Livestock Research Institute
Introduction The eight states in NE India are ethnically and culturally akin to SE
Asia and are amongst the poorest in India with a much higher proportion of the
population below the poverty line (35%) than the national average (26%). The
economy is mainly rural and agrarian, with livestock accounting for 18% of the
value of output from the agriculture sector. For the majority tribal population,
livestock keeping - and pig keeping in particular - is integral to their way of life,
with 3.8 million pigs (over one quarter of the pigs in India) in the NE Region.
There is a growing demand for pork and much of this demand is being met from
imports from other states in India and from Myanmar. Despite the huge potential
for pigs to contribute to the improvement of livelihoods there have been few
systematic studies of the pig sector that can aid the design of effective development
programs. Objectives The objective of the reported studies were to undertake rapid
appraisals of the pig sector in Assam and Nagaland to: a) build a comprehensive
understanding of pig systems, and b) identify entry points for effective public and
private sector interventions for developing the pig sector within a pro-poor market-
oriented strategy to improve livelihoods. Methods Two complementary approaches
were used. Firstly, a review of secondary information was conducted and secondly,
primary data were collected by semi-structured interviews from actors along the
pig value chain in five districts in Assam (Dhemaji, Golaghat, Karump, Karbi
Anglong and Kokrajhar; September to December 2006) and three districts in
Nagaland (Dimapur. Mon and Pkek; May to June 2007). Interviewees included
consumers, market agents, producers, service providers (private and public) and
key informants at village and district levels. Results and Conclusions Most families
keep 1-3 pigs. A number of key technical, institutional and policy constraints were
identified. Traditional management practices continue to dominate pig keeping,
except that scavenging systems have given way to tethering or penning. In some
districts nearer to markets there is a higher proportion of cross-bred pigs, but in
remote areas indigenous pig breeds predominate. However, management practices
vary by location and ethnic group and any development interventions need to be
sensitive to these differences. Key production constraints include lack of good
quality piglets, little or no supply of concentrate feed (feeding systems are mainly
based on locally available feed resources) and limited or no animal health care,
especially in remote districts. Except near the large towns no concentrates are fed.
The market for pigs and for pork was good: over the previous five years in Assam
the price of pork had increased in real terms by 20% and in different districts of
Nagaland by 8-46%. The study resulted in a number of key recommendations for
pro-poor, market oriented development of pig production and marketing. These
included development of location-specific participatory action research programs,
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II 43
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
that especially include women, to improve pig feeding through cultivation of food-
feed crops, improved management, development of innovative community-based
systems of animal health care and breeding of replacement stock through
introduction of improved and pigs, and application of participatory risk assess-
ments along the meat value chain to identify critical intervention points to improve
meat hygiene and food safety to guide implementation of specific training of key
actors on meat hygiene and quality assurance programs. There is a strong need to
support capacity building of key stakeholders including government and NGOs on
participatory processes of project implementation, market agent and producers.
The establishment of a planning and coordination group as a platform to catalyze
the process of mind-set change and to prepare a policy on pig sector development
could lead to significant development of the pig sector with substantial benefits to
rural livelihoods. Some of the outputs from the study have informed the design of
new pig development projects in the region.
44 2.3 Animal husbandry systems II
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Breeding and short food supply chain systems for small-scale pig
producers in Son La province, Northwest Vietnam
Regina Roessler1, Pera Herold
1, Le Thi Thuy
2, Anne Valle Zárate
1
1 Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480a), Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 National Institute of Animal Husbandry
In Vietnam, development incentives focus on the intensification and commerciali-
sation of pig production. Yet the majority of the national pig herd is used on small-
scale household farms. Small-scale pig producers, particularly in remote areas in
Northwest Vietnam, face numerous problems to improve their pig breeding and to
market their products. Thus, possibilities are needed to organise pig breeding and
marketing in remote areas in Northwest Vietnam. The present study evaluated
different crossbreeding schemes for lean meat production. It identified a possible
design for an appropriate organisational setting for pig breeding and marketing
systems in that area. Data collection was realised in the frame of sub-project D2 of
the Uplands Program. This long-term collaborative research project aims at the
development of village breeding programs incorporating local pig breeds. As a first
step, an on-farm performance testing scheme for pigs (OPTS) has been imple-
mented in nine villages in Mai Son district and Son La town, Son La province. A
survey was conducted in eight project villages (6 villages with market-oriented
production and 2 villages with resource-driven pig production) involving in total
188 small-scale pig producers with 262 sows. Smallholders‘ breed and trait
preferences for local pig breeds and smallholders‘ breeding management were
evaluated. These data were then analysed with SAS 9.1. Together with basic data
of the OPTS, results were used for modelling different breeding programs. Models
of breeding programs were developed and evaluated with the PC program ZPLAN.
Evaluation criteria used were the genetic and economic success of the modelled
breeding programs. Finally, a desk study on the organisational requirements for
different breeding and corresponding supply chain systems was performed to find
appropriate organisational structures for the modelled breeding programs. Survey
results indicate that small-scale pig producers with market-oriented pig production
preferred the improved local Mong Cai breed and exotic genotypes. Future
breeding programs should improve the reproductive and growth performance as
well as the carcass quality. Next to the Mong Cai, Ban pigs were the second most
predominant breed, mainly used in villages with resource-driven production or
farer away from towns. They were valued by smallholders for their feed intake
spectrum and capacity, disease tolerance, health (strength) and carcass quality. For
the latter trait Ban meat is also preferred by consumers. All modelled crossbreed-
ing schemes yielded low genetic gains and negative profit calling for improve-
ments in the population size and reduction of costs for performance testing. The
traditional production and fattening of F1 crosses between exotic and local breeds
would not require particular organisational set-ups. Advantage of an organised
2.3 Animal husbandry systems II 45
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
scheme would be the controlled maintenance of the local breed. For the latter, a
stratified pig breeding scheme seems promising, requiring innovative organisation-
al set-ups. A short food supply chain is proposed. This system builds links between
remote and close-to-market villages and pig populations, overcoming critical
organisational aspects like poorly developed infrastructure, poor access to input
and output markets and information. The successful creation of short food supply
chains and implementation of village breeding programs will however require the
support by the government or other institutions, including more rigorous
enforcement of political measures, clear assignment of responsibilities and
financial support.
47
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 3
3.1 Land use change
Spatial and temporal patterns of land use intensification in
northern Laos
Benjamin Samson, Alice G. Laborte, Aileen A. Maunahan, Jonas Rune,
Robert J. Hijmans
International Rice Research Institute
We used multi-sensor and multi-temporal satellite images to analyze land use
change in northern Laos from 1967 to 2007. Prior to the 1990s, the average annual
rate of deforestation was 6% but this trend reversed in the last two decades with
growth in forest area at 4% per year at present. The directions of change in the
trend are consistent with that of agricultural statistics but the magnitude of change
is different. Although half of agricultural land still had a fallow period of more
than five years, 27% which used to be mostly under shifting cultivation, now have
only one to two years of fallow. Topographic complexity and accessibility were the
main factors that explained spatial variation in land use in northern Laos.
48 3.1 Land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Causes and effects of the land use change in the Suoi Muoi
catchment, Son La, Vietnam
Vu Kim Chi, Van Rompaey A., Govers G.
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Belgium
The research has examined the mechanisms, the causes and the effects of land use
change in the Suoi Muoi catchment, Son La province, in NW mountain of
Vietnam, where is characterised by a remarkable ethnic diversity, mainly living
from farming activities. Land use and land cover changes were mapped from
different data sources including aerial photos and satellite images, taken from
1950s up to present. The results showed that increasing land demand led to a
significant decrease of the forest and shrub land in favour of upland fields before
1995 and the success of forest policies results the expansion of forest area over the
last 15 years. Logistic regression techniques were used to detect which variables
are correlated with the observed land use change patterns. This analysis revealed
that both from biophysical parameters such as topography, lithology and cultural
factors were significantly correlated with the observed land use change. Cultural
background in different ethnic groups played a role in the change of land use. The
results from household interviews at different ethnic communities made clear that
ethnic groups with a market-oriented strategy were able to increase the productivi-
ty of their agricultural practices by adopting new technologies such as sowing new
crop varieties, breeding new animal species and using fertilisers, resulting in a
decrease of the land pressure. Beside, ethnic groups with a subsidence economy are
rather slow in the adoption of new technologies, which results in an increasing land
pressure and ongoing shrub-upland field conversions. At catchment level, soil
erosion on the slope was simulated and sediment depositions at flood plain were
measured to confirm the effects of land use change on local environment.
3.1 Land use change 49
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Does varying soil fertility determine poverty and richness among
the Black Thai and Hmong ethnic groups?
Holger Fischer, Rebekka Maier, Moritz Koch, Karl Stahr
Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
The study was performed in six villages (three inhabited by the Black Thai ethnic
group and three by the Hmong) in the Yen Chau district, Son La province in
northern Viet Nam. In each village, subproject F2 has selected two households; one
of the wealthiest third the other of the poorest third, randomly. Representative soil
samples were taken from each participating household. Parameters for soil fertility
(pH, CEC, contents of N, Corg, plant-available P, K, etc.) were determined.
Additional information, as e. g. yield, slope, fertilizer application, and distance to
the next street were collected. Soil fertility was assessed either according to the
systems proposed by Pagel, 1982 an Jahn, 2006 (Black Thai) or the Land
Suitability Classification of the FAO (Hmong) For the Black Thai only Corg and
Nt showed a correlation between soil fertility and wealth, but not the other
parameters or the complete soil fertility assessed by the mentioned methods. Input
of different hybrid species and more applied fertilizer as much as more corn seeds
(Black Thai) seem to be far more important for yields than natural soil fertility. For
the Hmong households preliminary results hint on physical parameters as
determining factor for yield and thus for wealth. However, according to the Land
Suitability Classification no difference in soil fertility could be observed for any
Hmong household.
50 3.1 Land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Soil organic carbon dynamics in northwestern Vietnam
Volker Häring, Holger Fischer, Karl Stahr
Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
The majority of people in the northwest of Vietnam live in poor conditions and
depend on slash-and-burn agriculture. Reduced yields as a consequence of soil
degradation are a serious threat. Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the
cultivated steep slope lands of northwestern Vietnam are essential for quantifica-
tion of soil fertility decline and potential carbon sequestration. Therefore, we
investigated SOC dynamics using natural 13C abundance of chronosequence sites
with varying ages of maize cultivation since deforestation of primary forest. Our
aims were to quantify (1) the carbon loss due to cultivation, (2) the amount of
newly established SOC as well as (3) carbon turnover rates of both bulk SOC and
functional pools. Due to the different photosynthetic pathways of maize (C4 plant)
and primary forest (mainly C3 vegetation), the stocks of newly established maize
derived SOC can be quantified. Three chronosequences have been established in
slopes on limestone, clayey shale and sandstone and contain one reference site
under primary forest. The sites have been identified using participatory tools in
order to integrate the farmer‘s knowledge about land use history, management
practices and soil fertility. Soils have been sampled in 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm
depth, as well as horizon wise in soil pits. Soils were described and classified
according to the world reference base for soil resources. Total organic C and the
13C:12C ratio of soils and respective vegetation (maize, weed, and forest
vegetation) were measured. Additionally total carbon and nitrogen, potential cation
exchange capacity, exchangeable cations (Ca++, Mg++, K+, N+), texture, pH and
clay mineralogy have been determined for the effective rooting space of characte-
ristic sites within the chronosequences. Three functional pools (labile, intermediary
and passive), representing characteristic turnover times as well as stability against
decomposition, were analysed using physical SOC fractionation methods. First
results suggest that the SOC derived from maize in one year is low (<2% of total
SOC), while total SOC is declining with increasing duration of maize cultivation.
Soil depth functions show that the bulk SOC is declining whereas, the proportion
of 13C is increasing with increasing soil depth. All functional pools are expected to
be enriched in 13C due to maize cultivation, with the labile pool showing the
highest enrichment. The presented study is still ongoing and further investigation
(e. g. determination of soil loss due to erosion) will elucidate how severe the actual
land management affects SOC resources.
51
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
Vulnerability to poverty of upland farms in Thailand and
Vietnam
Marc Voelker, Songporne Tongruksawattana, Hermann Waibel
Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics, Department of Economics and
Business Administration, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
Agriculture in poor countries is prone to numerous risks which can make farmers
become trapped in poverty or throw them back to poverty when idiosyncratic and
covariate shocks strike. This is a major reason why even in emerging market economies
like Thailand and Vietnam poverty remains a problem especially in peripheral rural
areas. In order to be able to develop effective strategies for pathways out of poverty the
concept of vulnerability to poverty has gained importance in the development
economics literature. In this paper vulnerability is calculated by means of farm level
models using linear and quadratic programming models. The models represent typical
farm households in selected areas in Thailand and Vietnam, incorporating the
households‘ income generating portfolios, resource endowments, consumption patterns
and their degrees of risk aversion. Constraints regarding the availability of production
factors, seasonality aspects in income generating activity options as well as the
households‘ subsistence requirements are accounted for in the model. External shocks
are incorporated by means of a Monte Carlo based simulation of random events. The
model allows assessing the efficiency of households‘ coping actions and the effective-
ness of externally introduced economic and social protection measures. In the empirical
part the model is tested against positive shock as well as negative shock events. The
former is the 2007 hikes in food prices of major agricultural commodities accompanied
by the increase in prices for agricultural inputs in both Thailand and Vietnam. Negative
shocks are reflected by adverse weather conditions especially storms in Vietnam. In the
study two different production settings, i.e. the upland farming areas of North-Eastern
Thailand and the agro-forest based mountainous areas of Vietnam‘s North Central
Coast region are compared. The study areas are similar in their remoteness from
national economic centers and their proximity to national borders, but differ with
regards to the prevailing structure of farm households and the local institutional,
environmental and demographic setting. The data that form the basis of this study were
collected in a large-scale household panel survey undertaken in Ubon Ratchathani
(Thailand) and Thua Thien Hue (Vietnam) in 2007-2008 within the context of the DFG
research project ―Impact of Shocks on the Vulnerability to poverty: Consequences for
Development of Emerging Southeast Asian Economies‖. Results show that adjustments
are influenced by resource endowments and the household‘s objective function.
Households with larger land availability and more residential household members tend
to react more elastic than resource-constrained households. Adjustment to shocks is
strongly affected by behavioural factors such as subsistence consumption and food
security objectives emphasizing the importance of risk preferences.
52 3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The impact of non-farm economic activities on risk and
vulnerability in remote mountain regions: The case of tourism
Martina Shakya
Institute of Development Research and Development Policy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
Germany
Life in remote mountain regions is inherently risky. People in the mountains are
more vulnerable to food insecurity, ill-health and natural hazards than the
population of less remote rural and urban areas. ―Remoteness‖ implies distance
from markets and low endowments of physical, financial, social and human capital.
Livelihood diversification is particularly important in remote, rural areas to spread
risk and to reduce households‘ dependence on farming. However, the scope for
exploiting non-farm income sources in remote mountain regions is limited, leading
to a ―vicious circle‖ of poverty and vulnerability. The proposed paper presents a
methodology to assess risk and vulnerability in remote mountain regions. Taking
the example of tourism, it also examines the economic, social and ecological
impact of non-farm economic activities on rural livelihoods, with a special focus
on risk and vulnerability. In the context of this paper, vulnerability refers to the
threat of poverty, i.e. the susceptibility of individuals or households to fall into or
to remain at a standard of welfare that is below a socially-accepted minimum level.
Risk is an essential element of vulnerability and the main variable that distinguish-
es poverty and vulnerability. Vulnerability is disaggregated into three analytical
dimensions: Risk exposure, risk management capacity and coping capacity. As
vulnerability and risk are socially constructed, context-dependant concepts, they
cannot be measured in absolute terms. In addition, indicators for risk exposure, risk
management capacity and coping capacity must reflect the socio-economic and
geographical environment of the area under examination. A comparative, multi-
level and multi-method research design was therefore chosen to determine the
relative vulnerability of rural households and to assess the impact of non-farm
income sources on this vulnerability. The paper presents results from an empirical
study conducted in four rural communities in Nepal. The research combines the
rigor of quantitative analysis (regression and correlation analysis, statistical tests of
household survey data) with the explanatory power of qualitative research (village
case studies, information gathered from participatory appraisals). The study
confirms the significantly higher vulnerability of remote mountain communities as
compared to less remote rural communities in the Nepalese lowlands. The most
vulnerable households in the survey sample are typically those residing in the
mountains, with a low degree of livelihood diversity, a low level of education, a
small household size, a small proportion of non-farm income, a low level of
absolute cash income and with small landholdings. The research results also reveal
the vulnerability-reducing impact of non-farm activities, which are exemplified
here by households‘ economic involvement in tourism. Tourism has a clear,
positive effect on risk management and coping capacity, and this impact is
3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas 53
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
particularly pronounced among households living in remote mountain communi-
ties. The study also suggests that tourism increases the risk exposure of rural
households. However, in the context of remote mountain regions, which offer little
scope for economic diversification, this ―disadvantage‖ is overcompensated by the
increased risk management and coping capacity of the households involved in
tourism.
54 3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Determinants of farmers’ variety choice and area allocation for
maize production in Northern Vietnam
Alwin Keil
Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics
(490a), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
In Vietnam, maize has become the second most important crop after rice due to its
importance as feed for the country‘s rapidly growing livestock and poultry industry. In
the mountainous district of Yen Chau in north-western Vietnam, 97% of households
grew maize in 2007 which covered 84% of the upland areas and generated 65% of
households‘ total cash income, on the average. Given the fluctuating input and output
prices and adverse ecological effects observed, such as massive soil erosion on steep
slopes, this high degree of specialization on maize production has to be viewed as a
relatively risky livelihood strategy. Hereby, the level of risk may vary depending on the
maize varieties used if these differ in terms of yield potential, input requirements, and
susceptibility to pests and diseases, for instance. Knowledge of farmers‘ decision
making with respect to the intensity and scale of maize production is a crucial
prerequisite to the formulation of policies to enhance both its economic and ecological
sustainability. Hence, based on empirical data on the growing season 2007 collected in
a random sample of 300 households in Yen Chau district, the objectives of this study
are to investigate (1) the maize varieties used and their characteristics, (2) determinants
of farmers‘ choice between riskier and less risky varieties, and (3) determinants of the
area share allocated to maize. A probit regression model identifies determinants of
variety choice, and a subsequent OLS regression identifies factors influencing area
allocation, accounting for possible differences between farmers who grow riskier or
less risky maize varieties. The dominant five varieties can be classified into two groups,
LVN10 and CP888/CP999 on the one hand (named LVN hereafter), and
NK54/NK4300 (NK) on the other. In 2007, LVN was used by 78% of maize growers
and is characterized by relatively cheap seed, a medium yield potential, and good
storage quality. NK was chosen by 20% and is characterized by relatively expensive
seed, a high yield potential, higher input requirements, and poorer storage quality,
implying that growing NK involves a higher level of risk than growing LVN. The
probit model correctly classifies 78% of NK growers and 91% of LVN growers,
indicating a relatively high level of predictive power. Amongst others, the maize price
received in 2006, literacy of the household head, access to credit, and residence in a
relatively wealthy village positively influence the choice of NK. The price ratio of NK
relative to LVN seed, food insecurity, and the distance to the next paved road are major
determinants of opting for the less risky LVN varieties. The area share allocated to
maize is positively influenced mainly by per-capita land availability and the share of
upland area, and negatively by the price of urea; farmers who grow the riskier NK
varieties tend to allocate a slightly larger area share to the crop. Hence, while maize
production is obviously highly attractive to all farmers in Yen Chau, the poorer, less
food secure, and more remote farmers do try to reduce the level of risk involved.
3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas 55
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Development of operational poverty indicators in northern
Vietnam
Dinh Thi Tuyet Van, Manfred Zeller
Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics,
Department of Rural Development Theory and Policy, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart,
Germany
The Vietnamese Government uses the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social
Affairs (MOLISA) tool in its annual assessment of poor households to determine
how to best allocate available resources at local levels. This tool suffers from a
number of shortcomings. A constant and outdated income poverty line has been
applied for a period 2006-2010. To update the poverty status of households, local
authorities define poverty status of households based on how knowledgeable
neighbours are about each others, neglecting the income benchmarks developed by
the MOLISA. This method, thus, is subject to manipulation which can be affected
by political, administrative, and budgetary reasons. Therefore, more precise and
practicable tools for identifying the poor are needed. The purpose of this paper is to
compare and discuss the accuracy and practicability of three alternative tools,
compared to the MOLISA tool. Two alternative tools are the IRIS and the
Schreiner tools, using nationally representative samples in Vietnam. The other
alternative tool has been developed by the authors, using household expenditure
data of 300 households of Yen Chau district in Northern Vietnam. We investigate
two research objectives: identifying alternative poverty indicators, then testing
predictive accuracies of the newly developed tool together with the MOLISA, and
the other two tools. Our hypothesis is that tools calibrated for the nation will
perform worse than tools specifically calibrated for certain smaller regions within a
country. A questionnaire contained many potential poverty indicators related to
demography factors, education, housing characteristics, assets, and other facets of
poverty. To capture the seasonality of agriculture production and incomes in the
area, two expenditure survey rounds were implemented. A new rural poverty line is
estimated, taking into account timing of the two expenditure survey rounds, and
inflation rates. Four models were used, namely Ordinary Least Square, Quantile,
Linear Probability Model and Probit, applying the MAXR procedure to yield best
10 variables which accurately predict the ―true‖ poverty status of each household.
For the calibration of the various models, a random 200-household subsample has
been chosen. The remaining 100 households constitute the validation sample,
where the prediction accuracy for the Molisa tool, our tool and the two national
tools are being compared. Results show that when using all poverty variables,
quantile regression yields highest accurate performance among other regressions
with an optimal point of estimation set at the 42nd percentile. While specifying
only with non-monetary variables, Quantile tool exhibits higher accuracy in
correctly predicting the poverty status of households at an optimal point of 36th
percentile as a compared to the MOLISA tool. Best derived poverty indicators are
56 3.2 Vulnerability of poor households in highland areas
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
reliable and cost-effective to measure poverty, allowing for higher accuracy
performances. Provided, this is, that the new tools do not take into account the
mentioned manipulation. During the fourth phase of the project, we plan to test the
developed tools across time and space in a newly selected sample of 200
households together with the MOLISA and the other two tools to seek for a best
local-specific tool in defining the poor in Northern Vietnam.
57
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
3.3 Animal husbandry systems III
Development of local, low cost fish feed in mountainous regions
in Vietnam
Nguyen Ngoc Tuan1,2
, Ulfert Focken3
1 Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480B), University
Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University
of Agriculture, Vietnam 3 Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institut, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Ahrensburg,
Germany
Aquaculture is very important in Vietnam. In the lowlands, especially in the delta
regions, most aquaculture is intensive and fish are produced mainly for export. In
remote mountainous areas like Son La province on the other hand, small scale
farmers use relatively simple aquaculture systems to supplement their household
income and to provide an important source of animal protein for their families and
local markets. Although demand for aquatic products in the uplands is increasing,
the productivity of the current system is very low because of an unknown disease
of grass carp (the main species grown in ponds) and a lack of appropriate feed for
other cultured species. We therefore investigated the nutritional value of a number
of local crops and by products such as soybean, maize, cassava from Yen Chau in
Son La province. Chemical composition and amino acids levels were determined
according to the methods of AOAC 1995 standard, EU standard 98/64/EG, and
2000/45/EG. The results revealed that many locally available products are suitable
as ingredients of fish feed since they have good proximate composition, well
balanced amino acid profiles and low anti-nutrient content. Using these data we
formulated, compound feeds with approximately 30% crude protein and 10% crude
lipids and fed them to common carp in both laboratory and pond trials. In the
laboratory trials, fish fed diets made from local ingredients had lower growth rates
(2.0%.day-1) and higher feed conversion ratios (1.7 g/g), than those fed a
conventional control diet (2.8%.day-1 and 1.1 g/g respectively), but both the cost
per unit of feed as well as the cost per unit of fish produced was much lower (from
43 to 45% less than those of control feed). These findings were confirmed in a
pond trial in which the different feeds were offered to carp reared in hapa nets all
located in the same pond at the aquaculture facilities of Hanoi University of
Agriculture. The fish grew well on the cheaper feeds (2.1%.day-1) and had a lower
feed conversion ratio than in the laboratory trial (1.4 ± 0.1). Therefore, aquaculture
of carp using feeds made mainly from locally available resources seems to be a
promising option for farmers in the upland regions.
58 3.3 Animal husbandry systems III
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The role of livestock production in the Naban He natural nature
reserve, Xishuangbanna, southern China
Simon Riedel1, Anne Schiborra
1, Katja Brinkmann
1, Christian Huelsebusch
2,
Eva Schlecht1
1 University of Kassel 2 DITSL, German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture
Although China‘s tremendous economic raise has alleviated poverty of millions of
people, especially rural dwellers still suffer from low incomes. In 2009, China‘s
agriculture only contributed 10.9% to the GDP, although 69% of the population
earns a living in this sector. Tropical Xishuangbanna, located in the South of
China, is mainly inhabited by poor small-scale farmers. Of its 1.1 million
inhabitants, nearly 600,000 spread over 19,700 km2 rural area around the
prefecture‘s capital Jinghong, primarily earning their income through farming. This
study assessed the contribution of livestock production to farmers‘ livelihoods in
the Naban He National Nature Reserve, 20 to 50 km north-west of Jinghong. A
structured interview was applied to 204 small-scale farmers, living under a variety
of geographical and environmental conditions. Besides data on livestock numbers
and management practices, farmers‘ socio-economic status and their agricultural
practices were recorded. A cluster analysis was performed to assign individuals
from the diverse base population to meaningful groups. Three major production
systems were identified: Lowland (L) farms are located at around 694 m a.s.l. and
reach Jinghong within 0.67 to 1.2 hours by motorbike. They cultivate cash crops
(2.02 ±1.49 ha), annual crops (0.44 ±0.55 ha), and keep a few animals (2.2 ±1.57
TLU^1 ), mainly exotic pigs (2.5 ±1.92 head) for self-consumption at special
occasions. Midland farms (M) are situated at 1032 m a.s.l. about 2 hours drive
from town and cultivate 2.83 ±6.32 ha cash crops, 0.77 ±0.53 ha annual crops and
keep 4.1 ±2.64 TLU including 4.8 ±3.48 pigs for self-consumption and occasional
farm gate sales. Highland farmers (H) live around 1685 m altitude and need 4
hours to reach Jinghong. They have smallest area of cash crops (1.31 ±3.01 ha) but
largest annual crop fields (1.84 ±1.78 ha). Although their livestock numbers (3.4
±10.77 TLU) are not highest, these farms keep the most pigs (5.0 ±3.46), which
only here significantly contribute to income. L farms are more mechanized and
employ modern technologies such as improved plant and animal genetics, and
mineral fertilizers. Piglets are bought by traders and raised with improved fodder.
Due to high income prospects from cash crops, animal production dwarfed down to
a self supply level and farmers show little interest in reactivating this sector. H
farmers still run the traditional mixed systems where crop and livestock husbandry
foster each other. Crop-animal interactions, such as utilization of manure, buffalo
draft power and crop residue feeding are regularly exploited. Families keep one or
two local mothering pigs with offspring using forest-collected fodder. Group M
farmers range in-between the two other groups; they still use buffaloes as draft
power and rear local pigs under traditional conditions, but prefer inorganic
3.3 Animal husbandry systems III 59
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
fertilizer over manure use. If announced road construction materializes in the near
future, good chances exist, especially for group H, to overcome poverty by
fostering the local livestock production. They could benefit from an intensified
market-oriented pig production through slight modifications to the current feeding
practices, without putting at risk the present ecological sustainability of the farming
system. Footnote: ^1 TLU = Tropical Livestock Unit: Cattle=1 Buffalo=1.2 Pig=0.4 Chicken= 0.1
60 3.3 Animal husbandry systems III
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Value chain analysis of beef cattle production in different cattle
feeding systems in Bac Kan province, the Northern Mountainous
Region, Vietnam
Hoang Thi Huong Tra1,2
, Philippe Lebailly1, Vu Chi Cuong
2, Brigitte
Duquesne1
1 University of Liege, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Belgium 2 National Insitute of Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam
Prevalence of cattle markets with high demand in uplands of Northern Vietnam
leads to ease of marketing of cattle, giving a positive condition for cattle
development. This has not been as vigorous as expected despite existence of
supporting policies. Market for cattle in uplands is still underdeveloped although
marketing of cattle is considered as essential factor influencing their development.
Herd sizes have not increased, in some cases, farmers have decreased size or
ceased production altogether. This paper uses a value chain analysis approach to
examine cattle subsector in Bac Kan and will attempt to identify potential entry
points for improving value chain to assist cattle production. A significant
proportion of marketed cattle come from neighbouring provinces and China and
amount of cattle traded in local markets depends on seasons and outbreaks. Live
cattle prices have fluctuated significantly due to economic crisis and cattle lean
meat capacity. Tay minority farmers producing cattle in free-ranging and part-time
grazing systems often sell cattle at local markets but have poor negotiation
capacity. H‘Mong minority farmers producing in Cut & carry systems bring their
cattle to markets to achieve best price, as having a better capacity for valuation,
many H‘Mong also work as cattle traders. Middlemen working in groups with tight
relation with each other play a key role in price determination, but need for high
capital investment to undertake this business and gaining high risk. Middlemen and
slaughterhouse owners have strong relationships to ensure cattle supply. Most
farmers lack information on correct pricing for cattle, deciding value of cattle
based on middlemen. Farmers who are not grouped or working in collaboration
together get less benefit than others. The value chain analysis suggests that
formation of community farmer groups for collective marketing and capacity
building with formal regulation is a critical option to improve bargaining powder,
position and linkages of farmers with other actors, and there should be more
government intervention in control of cattle smuggling, control of quality of
products, defining procedures for cross-border trading and paperwork. Specific
policies related to slaughterhouse conditions, location should be implemented in
the Northern provinces in order to improve development of beef cattle.
61
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 4
4.1 Land use planning and evaluation
SOTER database for improved land use planning in Chieng Khoi
sub-cachment, northern Vietnam
Nguyen Dinh Cong1, Gerhard Clemens
1, Nguyen Van Dung
2, Karl Stahr
1
1 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam
Northern Vietnam has stable increasing population with intensive agriculture
farming systems. This puts pressure on soil resources causing degradation and
reducing productive capacity. Land use planning is a method to match site quality
and adjusted land use and to reduce the risk of unwanted effects of land use. The
existing plans can not consider the biophysical circumstances sufficiently because
of the lack of necessary information. The increasing pressure on land and soil
resources calls for a system that can store detail information on natural resources of
all kinds in such a way that these data can be used to the analysis of land
suitability, potential food production, environmental impact of land use and the
identification of conservation measures. On the basis of such a system, land use
planning at all levels can be carried out, using both internal and external resources
efficiently. Objective of this study is to develop a database using an adopted
SOTER methodology, comprising general and detailed terrain description, geology
and soil information for mountainous landscapes in Chieng Khoi sub-catchment.
The main differentiating criteria were landscape morphology and geology. In the
first level, 5 terrain units could be distinguished. The terrain units are subdivided at
a second level into 6 terrain components according to the soil parent material and
landform. In the last level of database, the result shows 16 soil profiles within 10
soil components. Based on the database, the FAO/ITC land suitability procedure
was used to identify constraints to specific land use. Suitability map for maize is
established as a result of a case study of use of SOTER database.
62 4.1 Land use planning and evaluation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Zoning and suitable land use patterns for landscape agroforestry
development
Nathawat Khlangsap1, Chongrak Wachrinrat
2
1 Trat Agroforestry Research and Training Station, Research and Development Institute,
Kasetsart University, Thailand 2 Department of Silviculture, Facultry of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Thailand
Agroforestry is a sustainable land use approach to alleviate the conflict between
forestation and agricultural lands demand. This research aims to develop an
approach for agroforestry landscape planning in Khlongphu-Khlongpook
Watershed, Trat province, eastern of Thailand. 5 Classes of zoning (zone 1-5) was
formulated by using classes of watershed, slope, elevation and distance from main
stream and the zones were mapped by using GIS program. Agroforestry index
(AFI) was set to evaluate sustainable level (SL) of 7 land uses by using 8 indicators
namely soil loss, organic matter, plant diversity, net profit, time dispersion of
income, input self sufficiency, risk and uncertainties, and food security. Weighing
and scoring technique were used for zoning and AFI steps. The SL of land uses
was determined with AFI value at; lowest (1.0-1.8), low (1.8-2.6), moderate (2.6-
3.4), high (3.4-4.2) and highest (4.2-5). The land uses in each zone were planned
by using AFI. The results showed that AFI value of complex agroforest, forest,
rubber plantation, mixed fruit orchard, mixed tree plantation, fruit orchard, and
pineapple were 4.39, 3.84, 2.64, 2.64, 2.19 and 1.58 respectively. For land use
patterns in each zone, complex agroforest and forest can be practiced into all
zones. In addition, rubber plantation, mixed fruit orchard, and mixed plantation can
be applied into Z3, Z4 and Z5. Fruit orchard can be practiced into Z4 and Z5.
Meanwhile, pineapple can be only practiced into Z5. It is then recommended that
agroforestry patterns in Z1 and Z2 should be designed for main forest functionali-
ty. At least simple agroforestry system or woody plantation should be designed in
Z3 and Z4 and all land uses can be practiced in Z5. In conclusion, zoning and land
use evaluation are important approach to sustainable landscape agroforestry
development.
4.1 Land use planning and evaluation 63
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
The potential of radiometric measurements at the soil profile
scale to detect clay illuviation processes
Wanida Rangubpit1, Ulrich Schuler
2, Ludger Herrmann
3, Karl Stahr
3
1 Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand 2 BGR, Hannover, Germany 3 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Germany
Pedogenesis can enhance or reduce radioelement concentration in comparison to
the original state in the parent material. According to Dickson and Scott (1997) the
radioelement concentration is decreasing during the weathering of felsic volcanics
rocks. In contrast U and Th is enriched during soil genesis of mafic volcanic rocks.
Dickson and Scott (1997) also state that clay illuvation can alter the radioelement
concentration with depth in a soil profile. This study uses ground radiometric
measurements applied to soil profiles in order to identify the magnitude of clay
illuvation. Measurements have been conducted at 3 different sites. The first is
located in Bor Krai area, Pang Ma Pha district, Mae Hong Son province. This area
mainly consists of limestone and mudstone that emit low radiometric background
radiation. The second site is Huai Bong, Mae Cham District, Chiang Mai province.
Major parent rocks are clastic sediments including siltstone and sandstone also
resulting in low radiometric background radiation. The last site is located in the
Mae Sa Watershed, Mae Rim district. This area in contrast is built up from gneiss
and granite exhibiting a high radiometric background. Radiometric measurements
were executed using a GRM-260 gamma-ray spectrometer directly applied too the
soil profile wall. The closest measuring interval was every 10 cm for 3 minutes and
repeated 3 times. Radiometric field data were then compared with soil analytical
data (texture). According to the World reference base for soil resources (FAO
2006), clay illuviation type soil groups are subdivided by using clay activity as
expressed by the cation exchange capacity. The results of radiometric measure-
ments at the soil profile scale show that with high activity clay profiles (Luvisol)
that K-radiation is increasing with depth, while the low activity clay soil profiles
(Acrisols) did not show any significant change of the K-value with depth. Dickson,
B. L. and K. M. Scott (1997). "Interpretation of aerial gamma-ray surveys-adding
the geochemical factors." AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics
17(2): 187-200.
64 4.1 Land use planning and evaluation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Land use change analysis: A village-household approach to
assess the impact of rubber production in southern China
Tarig Gibreel, Liu Yan Ernst-August Nuppenau
Institute of Agricultural Policy and Market Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen,
Germany
Deforestation greatly challenges ecological environment human rely on, and results
in serious loss every year. Nevertheless, conventional ways of improving rural
livelihoods such as augmented investments in agricultural intensification measures
can have negative impacts on natural habitats such as forests by extensively
increasing motivations for clearing. Over the past two decades, rapid land use
change in Yunnan province south of China has been characterized by increasing
mono-culture rubber plantations in the Nature Reserve, which heavily affects the
floral and fauna diversity and further deteriorates fragile mountainous ecology.
Rubber has become the main cash crop for many farm households and changed the
landscape as well as land culture rapidly. Meanwhile, over-dependent on one
income source puts farm households in greater risk. The study focuses on
construction of a linear programming model and simulation of policy scenarios
compliant with local conditions to analyze local economy and suggest rational
policy options. A village-household linear programming model was developed to
identify factors driving landscape and land-use change for three different farming
systems in the Southern China and to provide policy makers with potential
strategic intervention options for land use. The main assumption is that farmers
maximize expected income subject to annual subsistence requirements in adverse
conditions. The effect of net returns of alternative land uses by village farm
households was quantified. The analysis provides evidence to the relative
importance of markets and provincial agricultural or rural development policies on
land-use changes nationally. Simulations from different policy scenarios indicate
that demographic pressure, higher natural rubber price were found to intensify
agricultural production processes; whereas introduction of increased rural wages,
and reduced food crops prices were found to impede the process of forest
degradation. In conclusion, some feasible managing measures such as incentive-
based compensation policies were suggested.
65
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
4.2 Participatory processes and demand orientation for successful innovation development
What problem? Assessing local stakeholder perspectives on
environmental conservation and development issues in northern
Thailand
Rachel Dunn
Cornell University and the Thai Royal Project Foundation through King Mongkut's
University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand
It can be very difficult to elicit stakeholder perspectives in landscapes of uneven
power distributions, such as those in Northern Thailand where ethnic minorities
have been struggling to secure citizenship, development and land tenure rights in
national conservation areas. However, these perspectives are important to assess
before embarking on any environmental conservation or development project as
these perspectives play a critical role in determining what actions and technologies
local stakeholders will be willing and able to adopt. Several methods have been
attempted to elicit stakeholder perspective on current environmental management
and development concerns, such as role playing games and interviews on opinions
with respect to specific environmental issues. However, these approaches
presuppose the importance of different environmental conservation and develop-
ment concerns. This makes it difficult for stakeholders to propose different
problems and solutions and exacerbates the unequal power differential between the
researchers and their subjects. The objective of this research was to test the
hypothesis that, in areas that have undergone a significant number of research and
development initiatives, it is possible to determine local perspectives on environ-
mental conservation and development concerns by asking community members to
evaluate the success of previous projects. In order to test this hypothesis a series of
interviews were conducted in a Hmong and Karen (Bakinyaw) village in Doi
Inthanon National Park, Thailand. During the interviews, community members
were asked to identify and assess development projects that had been carried out in
their village according to several indicators including: the overall assessment of the
project and its sponsorship; benefits to and investments of the sponsor, the
individuals, and the community; the water and land use required by the project; the
labor requirements of the project; and the resulting use of chemicals. This research
found using individual development project assessment interviews to be a very
productive way by which to elicit local stakeholder perspectives with respect to
environmental conservation and development concerns. Specifically, community
members indicated concern with respect to the growing use of agricultural
chemicals and the effects that non-native commercial cultivation species are having
on traditional agricultural practices and the local environment. These results are
significant because development and conservation projects in Northern Thailand
66 4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
typically focus on maintaining or increasing forest cover by intensifying agricul-
tural practices and introducing high value plant and animal species for cultivation.
Furthermore, during the interview process several of the villagers interviewed in
both communities suggested another interview approach: asking how easily
villagers can change aspects of their routines and practices. This second set of
interviews indicated the two communities perceived very different development
constraints, and villagers spoke about how these perceptions are shifting as new
generations start making resource use decisions. These results are significant
because tools such as mathematical models developed to inform policy making
decisions regularly assume that stakeholders have consistent decision making
patterns across ethnicities, communities and generations. Thus, development
project assessment interviews provide an expedient means by which to elicit local
perspectives and knowledge on environmental conservation and development
concerns, thereby providing invaluable understanding for future projects and
resource extension initiatives.
4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development 67
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Participatory action planning for sustainable land management.
A methodology for community-based identification of land-based
problems, causes and potential interventions
Hans van Noord, Tashi Wangdi, Karma Dema Dorji, Tshering Dorji, Ruth
Urben
National Soil Services Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of
Bhutan
Almost 70% of the Bhutanese population is dependent on land for their livelihoods
and subsistence agriculture is still prevalent. The challenging environment of the
Bhutanese landscape poses serious constraints for the rural communities in terms
of accessibility, steep and limited land holdings, lack of quality planting materials,
land degradation and irrigation water availability. Sustainable management of the
scarce natural resources (less than 8% of Bhutan is arable) is a key policy target of
the Royal Government of Bhutan and sustainable land management (SLM)
interventions and community-based approaches have been piloted over the past
years. The objective of this paper is to present a participatory SLM action planning
methodology that has been developed over the past years as a community-centered
approach to SLM planning and practices at village and municipality level. The
methodology has been developed through learning and doing and successes and
failures in 43 pilot villages (chiogs) in Bhutan as an example of decentralized area-
based planning. Participatory SLM action planning consists of a continuous
engagement with the local communities through municipality (geog) SLM
planning teams or GSPTs made up of municipality extension agents of the RNR
sectors (livestock, forestry and agriculture), locally recruited geog SLM planners
(GSPs), representing villages and district (Dzongkhag) Field Coordinators (FCs).
These multi-sectoral teams start to sensitize the communities to SLM issues and to
identify the sustainability of their land-based livelihoods and livelihood resources.
Participatory natural resource mapping of land-based problems and use of natural
resources is combined with a community area–based problem ranking and
identification of causes and ultimately the listing of potential SLM interventions.
The action planning process culminates in a chiog SLM action plan (AP) that is
compiled into a geog SLM AP for discussion and endorsement by the municipality
council (consisting of elected village representatives and the elected municipality
head and government administration officials). The SLM AP is implemented by
the communities with technical guidance by the GSPT. Each year a new SLM AP
is compiled through an iterative participatory process. The methodology has been
developed in 43 villages initially and has now been rolled out to another 83
villages. Feedback from the communities is very positive as they feel empowered
in terms of voicing their primary land-based problems. Their awareness on SLM
has also been increased considerably. They also report improvement of their
livelihoods because of a combination of short-term and long-term SLM interven-
tions (seeds and seedlings and cash crop inputs versus orchard development,
68 4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
terracing, stone walling and FYM/Dairy shed construction). The participatory SLM
action planning approach is documented in a manual and tool kit containing a step-
wise presentation of the planning process and detailed description of the action
planning tools (transect walks, participatory mapping, livelihood and expenditure,
prioritisation criteria, well-being ranking etc.) and related formats, including
games, participatory monitoring and evaluation, and social and environmental
screening). The challenge now lies into mainstreaming this decentralized area-
based action planning approach to district and national levels.
4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development 69
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Local institutional innovation towards demand-driven research
and extension: Can it stand the test in the extension system in
Vietnam?
Thai Thi Minh1, Andreas Neef
2, Volker Hoffmann
1
1 Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Communication and
Extension, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Knowledge and Innovation Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan
Vietnam‘s agricultural extension system has been criticised for its classic top-down
approaches, which are often non-responsive to farmers‘ needs. Despite the great
effort of non-governmental actors in promoting demand-driven approaches during
the last fifteen years, the extension system is still dominated by the supply-driven
approach, limiting its possibility to reach a substantial number of households,
especially the millions of poor small–scale farmers living in remote and mountain-
ous areas. An institutionalization of the demand-driven extension approaches is
prevented by a number of unfavourable factors like the differences in system
structure, management mechanisms, political agenda and development philosophy
between the government and other promoting actors – mainly donor agencies.
These issues are pinpointing to the challenge of institutionalizing more demand-
driven extension approaches. Drawing on the case of the Ethnic Farmer Research
and Extension Group (EFREG) concept, this paper aims to analyse the institutional
innovation process towards demand-driven approaches and its potential of
replacing the predominantly supply-driven, hierarchical Vietnamese extension
system based on the existing conditions of the grassroots level. Our findings are
mainly based on primary data collected and synthesised from group meetings and
open interviews with 30 extension workers at the grassroots level in Son La and
Quang Binh Provinces and on the first author‘s action research on development of
the EFREG concept in Muong Lum Commune, Yen Chau District, Son La
Province with the participation of 50 farmers and the communal extension worker
since 2007. We found that EFREG can be seen (1) as ―communication hubs‖
where the knowledge demand from farmers can be articulated and integrated into
local agricultural research activities and (2) as ―local knowledge centres‖ where
innovations can be effectively and rapidly diffused among the local communities.
From the village-based knowledge demand, extension plans are developed by
farmers with facilitation by members of the EFREG and put forward to the
communal extension worker. The EFREG can also be an environment where
farmers‘ capacity and partnership in the knowledge generation and transfer process
can be developed through their active participation. At the village level, the sub-
EFREG is reputedly ―a social catalyst‖ creating common room for manoeuvre and
new opportunities for all farmers, especially for ethnic minority women, to
participate in collective activities and make joint decisions in agricultural
production and in natural resource management. Additionally, the EFREG
represents a new form of farmer association that can increase farmers‘ knowledge
70 4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
about the farming system and the market, strengthen market accessibility and
enhance farmers‘ ability to negotiate with other market actors. Based on the
principle of voluntary participation, the sub-EFREG‘s operation can connect
farmers with different knowledge domains. The sub-EFREG organises and
manages farmers‘ research and extension activities. The EFREG, therefore, can
deeply change farmers‘ ownerships in demanding for and selecting the right
knowledge for their own farming purposes. This essentially depends on the
creation and function of sub-EFREGs, which has been seen as a critical point
determining the sustainability of the institutional changes at the local community
level. The active and committed farmer members joining sub-EFREGs, the
involvement of representatives from the village management board as members of
the sub-EFREGs, the close collaboration between sub-EFREGs and village mass
organizations/ management, and the good team work strategy have been observed
as promising for the success of the reform process through EFREGs and for a
gradual scaling out of the approach. The philosophy of demand-oriented extension
changes the role of extension workers from ―knowledge deliverer‖ to ―knowledge
facilitator‖, which helps both to improve their working environment and reputation
and to increase the degree of acceptance and the adoption rates of introduced
innovations in the local communities. This approach of decentralized grassroots
extension creates conditions that can change the functional practices of the
extension workers at the grassroots level toward addressing farmers‘ knowledge
demands without questioning their formal mandates and function. This change
process, however, is contingent upon the extension workers‘ attitude to address
farmers‘ needs, their capacity to adopt the new approach and their facilitation and
coordination skills in the EFREG‘s operation. This action research on the EFREG
concept using the ―adaptive approach‖ created a unique environment to analyse the
driving and inhibiting factors in the process of a local institutional innovation on
demand-driven extension changing the grassroots institutions. At the individual
level, the possibility of changing the grassroots extension institutions in the
transition period from a traditionally top-down oriented to a more-demand-driven
extension system is highly dependent on the ability and attitude of extension
workers, farmers and local communities – the main implementation actors. Their
training, coaching and support as well as their positive experience with the success
of this approach is also decisive in convincing other locals to undergo a similar
reform exercise. At the organizational level, the biggest challenge in scaling out
and up demand-driven approaches for extension and development will be
maintaining the necessary quality of intervention reached in the pilot project, even
when new and other actors are involved.
4.2 Participatory processes and innovation development 71
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Improved household financial literacy as a way to sutainability –
initial impacts from book-keeping model in My Duc and
potential expansion
Pham Thi My Dung1, Le Nguyet Minh
2
1 Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam 2 Oxfam America, East Asia Regional Office
In developing countries around the world smallholders frequently represent both a
majority of the farming community and a majority of the poor. They face
challenges - competition for land and water use, escalating input costs, dubious
access to finance, limited market information, little opportunity to add value, and
exacerbating stresses of climate change - which make improvements in their
livelihoods extremely difficult. There is a plethora of technologies and technologi-
cal innovations already available to rice growers worldwide, many requiring little
capital investment and many incurring little recurrent costs. Nonetheless farmers
(particularly poorer farmers) often fail to gain access to these. Drawing on results
of household book-keeping model in My Duc, Vietnam as an emerging example of
an innovative approach suitable to small-scale farmers; this paper argues that
improved financial literacy at the household level is critical to sustainable
development. The book-keeping model was developed through partnership of
Hanoi University of Agriculture and Oxfam America. The initial focus is to raise
awareness and capacity of small farmers to apply book-keeping principle and
method, demonstrate the advantages to local farmers and relevant government
bodies and subsequently to begin developing an appropriate, replicable program
model to ultimately bring book-keeping to scale country-wide. With simplified
accounting forms the farmers keep records of their production and living
expenditures as the basis for analysing their household financial situation and for
making decisions about how to invest their resources. In late 2007 the first set of
books was tried in My Duc district, former Ha Tay province with participation of
40 farmer households. By end of 2009, 120 farmer households have practiced
book-keeping for several crop seasons. Accounting forms are continuously refined
upon feedback from participating farmers, academics and development practition-
ers. First 32 farmer trainers have played important role in quality monitoring and
expansion of the model. An extensive assessment carried out during October 2009
and January 2010 confirmed that this model is relevant and replicable at a large
scale to contribute to sustainable rural development. The paper concludes that
quality extension of this model must take on several dimensions: it requires long-
term investment; it must be learning centered; it must be coordinated; it must
incorporate monitoring and technical support mechanisms; it must inform research
agendas and above all it must foster on-going adaptations and interactive
communications with farmers to sustain and strengthen their new capability.
72
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
4.3 Innovations in horticulture
Experimental and simulated performance of greenhouse dryer
for drying of litchi flesh
Serm Janjai1, Pittaya Sruamsiri
2, Poolsak Intawee
1, Chumnong
Thamrongmas1, Niroot Lamlert
1, Yutthasak Boonrod
1, Busarakorn
Mahayothee3, Marcelo Precoppe
4, Marcus Nagle
4, Joachim Müller
4
1 Solar Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn
University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand 2 (Department of Plant Science and Natural Resource, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand) 3 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology,
Silpakorn University, Thailand 4 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Hohenheim University, Germany
In this study, experimental and simulated performance of solar greenhouse dryer
for drying of litchi flesh was investigated. The dryer consists of a parabolic roof
structure covered with polycarbonate sheets on a concrete floor. This dryer has the
base area of 5.5x8.0 m2 and the height of 3.5 m. Three fans powered by a 50-W
PV module ventilate the dryer. To investigate the experimental performances of the
solar greenhouse dryer for drying of litchi flesh, 10 experimental runs were carried
out. One hundred kilograms of litchi flesh were used for each experimental run.
The drying air temperature varied from 39°C to 66°C during drying of litchi flesh
on a clear day. The drying time of litchi flesh in the solar greenhouse dryer was 3
days, whereas 5-6 days were required for natural sun drying under similar
conditions. High quality dried products in terms of colour and taste were obtained.
A system of partial differential equations describing heat and moisture transfer
during drying of litchi flesh in the solar greenhouse dryer was developed and this
system of non-linear partial differential equations was solved numerically using the
finite difference method. The simulated results reasonably agreed with the
experimental data for solar drying of litchi flesh. This model can be used to
provide the design data and is also essential for optimal design of the dryer.
4.3 Innovations in horticulture 73
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Small-scale litchi dryer performance at mountainous regions of
northern Thailand
Marcelo Precoppe1, Marcus Nagle
1, Serm Janjai
2, Busarakorn Mahayothee
3,
Joachim Müller1
1 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Hohenheim University, Germany 2 Department of Physics, Silpakorn University, Thailand 3 Department of Food Technology, Silpakorn University
In Thailand litchi has significant economical importance. It is produced primarily
by smallholders in the northern mountainous regions of the country. However, due
to unstable farmgate prices and insufficient access to markets litchi orchards are
being substituted by seasonal field crops, a process that increases erosion, pesticide
use and water demand. Local production of dried litchis by farmer cooperatives
allows to decouple producer from the unstable fresh market and to eliminate the
middle man from the value chain. However, small-scale drying technology in
northern Thailand is still in the early stages of development. Producers face
difficulties in achieving uniform batches with the desired product properties.
Aiming to improve a locally-available dryer for producing high-quality dried fruits
at affordable cost, the performance of a batch dryer used for litchi on a farmers'
cooperative at the mountainous region was studied. Performance indices were
calculated and plotted against time. The analysis of those time-based indices were
used to devise possible modifications to the dryer design and operation. Each batch
yielded approximately 15 kg of dried litchi and required about 15 kg of liquefied
petroleum gas. To evaporate 1 kg of water 10 MJ was required. To produce 1 kg of
dried fruit 47 MJ were consumed. Main heat losses identified was through exhaust
air. At the drying chamber non-uniform vertical and horizontal temperature
distribution was observed. Batch color, moisture content and water activity were,
consequently, heterogeneous. Energy performance of the dryer could be improved
by adjusting the relative humidity of the exhaust air close to saturation. This could
be done by reducing air flow rate or increasing the proportion of air recirculation.
Quality performance could be improved by re-designing the chamber's air inlet to
obtain a better air flow distribution. Overall, it is believed that those simple
modifications can improve significantly dryer performance without impacting
equipment price.
74 4.3 Innovations in horticulture
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The inhibition of mango (Mangfifera indica L.) fruit ripening by
1-Methylcyclopropen
Vu Thanh Hai1, Pham Thi Huong
2, Martin Hegele
1, Jens Norbert Wünsche
1
1 Department of Special Crop Cultivation and Crop Physiology, Hohenheim University,
Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Horticulture, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam
Climatic fruits such as mango (Mangifera indica L.) ripen rapidly at higher
temperature. In the tropical climate of Son La province in Northern Vietnam
mango fruits may soften and deteriorate quickly at ambient condition after harvest.
The market attractiveness and financial returns of two major local mango varieties
‗Tron‘ and ‗Hoi‘ may considerably improve if fruit firmness losses during storage
and shelf-life could be minimized. Many research reports on the ethylene inhibitor
1-Methylcyclopropen (1-MCP) has shown a positive effect on fruit firmness and
shelf-life. 1-MCP can be effectively applied at postharvest stage to many tropical,
subtropical and temperate fruit crops. Subsequently the objective of this study was
to investigate the effect of 1-MCP on various fruit ripening parameters of 'Tron'
and ‗Hoi' mango fruit. Fruit were collected from five ‗Tron‘ and ‗Hoi‘ trees from
each of four orchards, respectively, at 10 days prior and at commercial harvest in
2008. Fruit were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 nl/l 1-MCP for 12 hours in gas-
tight glass chambers at ambient condition. Fruit was then placed in sealed plastic
containers and stored at 12°C and a relative humidity of approximately 70%.
Following 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days of storage duration, fruit samples were
removed and kept for 24 h at 20°C prior to fruit quality evaluation. Generally, fruit
of both cultivars treated with 1-MCP had greater post-storage flesh firmness and
lower total soluble solids concentration than non-treated control fruit. Fruit treated
with 1000 nl/l 1-MCP had an extended shelf-life of 20 days for ―Hoi‖ and 10 days
for ‗Tron‘. Moreover, skin and flesh colour changes were much delayed in both
cultivars when compared to control fruit. The effect of 1-MCP was greater on 1st
pick fruit than 2nd pick fruit.
4.3 Innovations in horticulture 75
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Effect of girdling on flowering and changes in carbohydrate,
nitrogen and hormonal contents of lychee grown in mountainous
area
Daruni Naphrom, Sorapet Masud, Kanokwan Sringram
Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand
The experiment was conducted at lychee orchard located in Mae Sa Mai Village,
Pongyang District, Amphur Mae Rim, Chiang Mai Province. Two trials were
designed at different elevations; 750 metres above mean sea level (msl) and 1,200
msl. Each trial consisted of 2 treatments; non-girdling and girdling with 4
replications. At the elevation 750 msl, flowering percentages were not different in
girdling and non-girdling trees, 19 and 23 %, respectively. Leaves flushing
occurred in both treatments. In addition, the nitrogen contents in leaves were not
different in both treatments and tended to decrease gradually prior to flowering and
increased afterward. The changes in carbohydrate were not different between
treatments, and the contents tended to increase before flowering and decreased
afterward. Changes in cytokinins were not different in leaves and shoots between
treatments, the contents tended to increase before flowering. Furthermore, the IAA
content in shoots tended to increase in the girdling trees prior to flowering.
However, the IAA content in leaves was steady throughout the experimental period
in both treatments. At the elevation 1,200 msl, it was found that the girdling could
not only inhibit leaves flushing but also promote flowering as 89.7 %. Meanwhile,
there were flushing and no flowering in non-girdling trees. Furthermore, the
nitrogen content in leaves of the girdling trees was lower than in non-girdling trees,
while the contents of carbohydrate were higher. The cytokinins almost were not
different in leaves and shoots between treatments. High amounts were observed in
some times. The IAA content in shoot seemed to decrease prior to flowering in
both treatments, while could not be observed in leaves because of the lower
detection limit (< 10ng), however it was enhanced at the flowering date.
77
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Poster session
P1. Soil, water, and land use change
Probabilistic assessment of the environmental fate of
agrochemicals under varying land use in a watershed in northern
Thailand
Matthias Bannwarth1, Walaya Sangchan
1, Joachim Ingwersen
1, Prasak
Thavornyutikarn2, Kanokpan Pansombat
3, Yongyuth Sukvanachaikul
4, Thilo
Streck1
1 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 3 Department of Soil and Conservation Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand
The agriculture of the northern Thai uplands is nowadays dominated by market-
driven crop production. This type of production tends to be unsustainable. The
application of agrochemicals increases, which may lead to contamination of
ground and surface waters. Furthermore, the pesticides are often applied in the
poorly developed upland regions and transported by the rivers to the lowlands.
There, the contaminants may have an adverse impact on human health. The aim of
the present study is to assess the impact of different land use options on the loss of
agrochemicals from a mountainous tropical watershed. For modeling the fate of
pesticides, the SWAT model will be applied. The model will be set up, calibrated
and validated based on a three-year data set of discharge and pesticide measure-
ments. Before calibration, we will carry out a global sensitivity analysis to identify
high-leverage parameters. In a next step, the GLUE-method (Generalized
Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) will be used to assess the uncertainty of
selected output variables (e.g. discharge, pesticide concentrations etc.). Here, we
will not only account for the uncertainty of parameters, but also for the spatial and
temporal variability of model input variables. The assessment of the relative
effectiveness of different management options, again together with the respective
uncertainties, will serve as important input for deriving possible compensation
schemes between upstream and downstream populations. In our poster, we will
present the concept of our ongoing work, together with some key results on
agrochemical transport from the last phase.
78 P1 Soil, water, and land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Quantifying soil erosion rates and effectiveness of SLM
interventions on steep mountain slopes of the Bhutan Himalayas
Hans van Noord, Tshering Dorji
National Soil Services Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of
Bhutan
Soil erosion on the steep agricultural land of Bhutan is perceived as a serious challenge
for the Bhutanese farmers as it reduces productivity by continuous truncation of the soil
profile, diminishes the workability and ultimately degrades the land to such an extent
that agriculture is not longer sustainable. Additional off-site effects as siltation of
hydropower reservoirs, damage to turbines and water quality effects for downstream
communities are reported. The objective of this study to quantify soil erosion rates
under different agro-ecological conditions in Bhutan and to measure the effectiveness
of sustainable land management (SLM) interventions in reducing erosion rates.
Secondly the research aims at demonstrating the impact of soil erosion to the local
farming communities and to illustrate the positive effect of selected SLM techniques.
Soil erosion plots (20) at 5 different sites in Bhutan have been established, with
different agro-ecological conditions ranging from sub-tropical to temperate, precipita-
tion ranging between 1000mm to 4000mm and slope gradients from 9 to 30 degrees.
The plots measure 4m by 10m and have a catch pit at the bottom. At each site 4
different treatments are practiced: a reference or bare plot, a plot with traditional
agricultural practice, a SLM plot with 2 hedgerows and a SLM+ plot with hedgerows
and additional legume intercropping. Soil is collected from the catch pits at the end of
each year together with additional information on yields, biomass production, daily
precipitation records and a management history of the plots, as recorded in a site log
book. The plots were established in 2008 and two years of measurements have now
been collected and analyzed. Composite soil samples of top- and subsoil are taken from
every plot annually to study the change in soil nutrients. The results of the first years of
measurements show a wide range of soil erosion rates with very severe erosion
(>80t/ha/yr) in the southern foothills on steep slopes (30 degrees) with phyllitic soils on
the reference plot and with only slight erosion rates (0-5 t/ha/yr) for the temperate
reference plots with slope angles less than 20 degrees on soils with metamorphic rock
types. The grass hedgerows on the SLM plots reduce erosion rates compared with the
traditional practice plot (mainly maize, potato and millet). The erosion rate on the SLM
plots is reduced on average by 41% compared to the traditional treatment plots (3.82
t/ha for the SLM plots compared to 6.42 t/ha for the traditional plots). The grass
hedgerows on the SLM plots have not only reduced considerably the erosion rates, but
altered the homogenous slope profile to a development towards partial terraces, with
steps up to 60cm developed within two years and a reduced slope angle above the
hedges. This dramatic visual effect helps to convince visiting farmers of the beneficial
impact of hedgerow development. The study has for the first time quantified existing
soil erosion rates under different agro-ecological conditions in Bhutan and recorded the
erosion reduction through establishment of grass hedgerows on steep Himalayan
slopes.
P1 Soil, water, and land use change 79
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Mapping soil erosion using radio-signatures in a limestone area
in NW-Thailand
Petra Erbe1, Ulrich Schuler
2, Suwimon Wicharuck
1, Wanida Rangubpit
1,
Karl Stahr3, Ludger Herrmann
3
1 The Uplands Program (SFB 564), Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand 2 BGR, Hannover, Germany 3 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Germany
Land use change from forest to crop rotation (slash and burn) and intensive mono-
cropping systems in sloping lands in recent decades are the main factors for soil
erosion and land degradation in northern Thailand. This common problem leads to
deteriorating soil properties, decreasing soil productivity and ultimately crop
yields. Particularly, soil erosion causes the reduction of soil fertility and soil water
storage capacity. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effects of
several land use types on chemical and physical soil properties and to present the
details of soil translocation (soil deposition and soil loss) at various slope positions.
Among the conventional agricultural systems in Northern Thailand, five types
were selected in eight small catchments around the villages Bor Krai and Luk Kao
Lam, Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand, namely secondary forest (SF),
mixed orchard (MO), maize field (MF) upland rice field (RF) and fallow land (FL).
Soil translocation was measured with modified Gerlach troughs. Soil samples
(composite and undisturbed) at 0 – 200 cm soil depth were taken from each site for
soil physical and chemical analyses and total stored water within 1 m soil depth
was measured to evaluate soil water availability.
The results showed that different types of land use have an essential influence on
soil translocation rates. The measurement of soil translocation revealed lowest
rates for SF, MO and FL, while agricultural fields (MF, RF) yielded high
translocation rates, particular for RF.
The results will be used in future studies to calibrate/validate and predict soil
erosion using the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) and WEPP
(Water Erosion Prediction Project) model. The overall goal of the ongoing project
is to assist decisionmakers and stakeholders to select an appropriate cropping
system for their soils in order to avoid land degradation and to enable sustainable
land management planning.
80 P1 Soil, water, and land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Effect of land use systems on soil resources in northern Thailand
Suwimon Wicharuck1, Petra Erbe
1, Ulrich Schuler
2, Jiraporn Inthasan
3,
Ludger Herrmann4, Karl Stahr
4, Mattiga Panomtaranichagul
5
1 The Uplands Program (SFB 564), Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand 2 BGR, Hannover, Germany
3 Department of Soil resources and Environment, Faculty of Agricultural and Plant
Production, Maejo University, Thailand 4 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Germany 5 Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand
Land use change from forest to crop rotation (slash and burn) and intensive mono-
cropping systems in sloping lands in recent decades is the main factor for soil
erosion and land degradation in northern Thailand. This common problem leads to
deteriorating soil properties, decreasing soil productivity and ultimately crop
yields. Particularly, soil erosion causes the reduction of soil quality and soil water
storage capacity. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effects of
several land use types on chemical and physical soil properties and to present the
details of soil translocation (soil deposition and soil loss) at various slope positions
under different land use systems. Among the conventional-agricultural systems,
five types of land use systems were selected in eight small catchments around the
villages Bor Krai and Luk Kao Lam, Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand,
namely secondary forest (SF), mixed orchard (MO), maize (MF-A, MF-B and MF-
C) upland rice (RF-A and RF-B) and fallow (FL). Soil translocation was measured
with modified Gerlach troughs. Soil samples (composite and undisturbed) at 0 –
200 cm soil depth were taken from each site for soil physical and chemical
analyses. Furthermore, total stored water within 1 m soil depth was measured to
evaluate soil water availability. The results showed that different types of land use
have an essential influence on soil translocation rates. The measurement of soil
translocation revealed lowest rates for SF-A, MO and FL, while agricultural fields
(MF-A, MF-B, MF-C, RF-A and RF-B) yielded high translocation rates, particular
in RF-A and RF-B. The results will be used in future studies to calibrate/validate
and predict soil erosion using the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator)
and WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) models in order to test the model
reliability. The overall goal of the ongoing project is to assist decision makers and
stakeholders to select an appropriate cropping system for their soils in order to
avoid land degradation and to enable sustainable land management planning.
P1 Soil, water, and land use change 81
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Occurrence of secondary lime in subsoils and its consequences
for crop production in NW-mountainous regions in Vietnam
Gerhard Clemens1, La Nguyen
1, Vu Dinh Tuan
1, Mark Lamers
2, Thomas
Hilger3, Karl Stahr
4
1 The Uplands Program, Vietnamese-German Center, Polytechnical University of Hanoi,
Vietnam 2 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics section, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 3 Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 4 Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
It can be hypothesized that the recent intensification of land use on upland fields in
the mountainous areas of North-West Vietnam associated with reduced fallow
periods or even permanent cropping (often with hybrid varieties) augment the
susceptibility of sloping land to degradation by erosion, leaching and depletion.
One key factor in the frame of soil degradation is increased soil erosion due to
increasing erosive slope length, decreasing soil cover and soil organic matter
leading to compaction, deterioration of soil structure and reduced infiltration
capacity. The present study is carried out in the Chieng Khoi catchment, Yen Chau
district, Son La province, which is characterized by a tropical monsoon climate
with an annual precipitation of 1,100 mm. Different facies, such as sandstone,
claystone, chocolate siltstone and inter-bedding of calcareous conglomerate, as
dominant bedrocks reveals Alisols and Luvisols as the predominant reference soil
groups. More recently, soils characterized by accumulation of secondary lime in
the subsoil were mapped mainly on an upper slope position of a steep slope (24-48
.. However, these findings were in some way unexpected since the accumulation of
secondary lime in the subsoil indicate incomplete leaching, a process which iis
typically reported for soils under dry climatic conditions but not for soils under the
given climate in North-West Vietnam. Therefore, we hypothesized that significant-
ly high surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow result in a moderately dry soil
moisture regime in subsoil layers yielding in the accumulation of carbonates in
those soil layers. The aim of the present study is to gain knowledge on the
processes and key factors entailing the accumulation of secondary lime in subsoil
of steeply sloped areas in the Chieng Khoi catchment. The results are expected to
shed more light on the importance of hydrological processes on the productivity of
soils and its consequences for crop production. In our presentation we will focus on
first measurement results with regard to soil properties and related hydrological
processes such as evapotranspiration, infiltration, and surface runoff.
82 P1 Soil, water, and land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Constraints to adoption of a second rice cropping seasons in the
Uplands of Northern Vietnam
Quang Dang Dinh1, Jennifer Montagne
1, François Affholder
2, Damien
Jourdain2,3
1 Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Instituten (NOMAFSI), Vietnam 2 Agricultural research for development (CIRAD) 3 International rice research institute (IRRI)
Mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam have undergone major changes over the
past decades with several important policy shifts such as the redistribution of the
land, liberalization of the markets and a rapid population growth. Policy-makers
now face new challenges for implementing land use policies that continue to
alleviate poverty, increase food production, and do not affect the natural resources.
Among the possible innovations to reach those goals, the Vietnamese government
promoted rice double cropping in irrigated areas. Although authorities are
distributing non light-sensitive, short duration cultivars to farmers, rice double
cropping has not been adopted uniformly in Northern Vietnam. For areas with low
adoption rates, one hypothesis is that low temperatures lengthen the duration of the
rice cropping season. Long growth duration during the spring season is likely have
an impact on yields of that season, but will also delay the summer season planting
dates. This study aimed to identify how the duration of the cropping season, with
the available cultivars and the cropping systems practiced by farmers, might limit
the opportunities to shift to double cropping depending on temperatures. Phenolog-
ical, and growth data of spring rice on plots contrasted by their altitudes, and initial
planting dates. Both factors are giving a high range of temperature effect on growth
of rice crops. Cultivars commonly used by farmers of the region were tested. We
also conducted farmers‘ interviews to obtain information on the main cropping
systems, and to get farmers‘ point of view on the constraints to adoption. Finally,
we developed a model to simulate the cropping season duration and rice yields
under different climatic scenarios representative of Northern Vietnam areas. The
results indicated that temperature had an important influence on cropping season
durations depending on locations and elevations. It was also shown that farmers
were constrained by the available cultivars and their current cropping systems
(sowing date, cultivation strategies) since the double cropping was not achievable
for all simulations. To increase the probability of success of double cropping two
alternative solutions should be pursued: (a) shorter duration cultivars or cold-
resistant cultivars with higher tolerance to cold spells than the available ones, or (b)
to reduce the duration of activities between the two seasons.
P1 Soil, water, and land use change 83
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
CDM and mitigation of land use change: Potential for densely
populated watersheds in northwest Vietnam?
Nguyen Thanh1,2
, Oliver Zemek1, Carsten Marohn
1, Thomas Hilger
1, Nguyen
Thanh Lam1, Tran Duc Vien
2, Hoang Thi Minh Ha
3, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Department of Agroecology and Plant Production, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart,
Germany 2 Centre for Agricultural Research and Environmental Studies (CARES), Hanoi University
of Agriculture, Vietna) 3 ICRAF-CIFOR Vietnam Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
In Northwest Vietnam, increasing population density and economic development
have forced people to expand agricultural production into upland areas. This
resulted in decreasing natural forest area with a conjoint increase of tree-based
plantations and a replacement of upland rice-based swidden farming systems with
continuous maize cropping systems. In context with climate change, the aims of
our study were to reconstruct past land cover by classifying land cover changes
based on remote sensing imagery, combining this information with primary
quantitative biomass and C-stocks data of perennial vegetation to quantify and
evaluate communal CO2 sequestration potential. This research was conducted
within the framework of the Uplands Program SFB 564, subproject C4, in
cooperation with GTZ and ICRAF Vietnam. To map the change of land cover in
Chieng Khoi commune, remote sensing and interview historical local knowledge
data, in combination with the development of hybrid classification method, using
ENVI 4.3 and ArcGIS 9.3, was used. A decision-tree based on land suitability and
cropping season for different annual crops, participatory soil maps and local
stakeholder interviews, LANDSAT 1993, 1999 and LISS III 2007 were used to
classify five land cover types. To quantify C-stocks, 10 perennial land-use systems
were surveyed using a nested sampling plot design. Aboveground biomass
parameters of overstorey trees were measured non-destructively, parameters of
mid-, understorey vegetation and coarse litter were sampled destructively.
Additionally, allometric equations for Melastoma sanguineum Sims, Chromolaena
odorata (L.) and local bamboo species were developed. Thus land cover maps for
years 1993, 1999 and 2007 were generated, with the hybrid classification method
rendering land cover maps with overall accuracies of 81.1% (1993), 98.5% (1999)
and 82.5% (2007). Even though there was a decrease in forested area of ‗only‘
36%, based on the generated map of 2007 our study results showed a reduction of
61% in total communal carbon stocks during last 50 years. This shows the different
carbon storing capacities of natural forest vegetation and tree based plantation
systems and the limited usefulness of C stock estimates based on rough land cover
categories without proper ground measurements. Looking at above-ground C-
stocks of timber and fruit tree plantations, stand ages of 12 and 20 years showed
significant differences. Two scenarios showed that Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects may provide new income opportunities for local farmers. In
84 P1 Soil, water, and land use change
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
summary, our results provide land cover maps that allow a spatial and temporal
extrapolation of the quantified biomass and carbon stocks of different terrestrial
vegetation in Chieng Khoi commune; additionally they provide crop management
options that may lead to both ecological and economic benefits for local farmers
and international stakeholders. Moreover, the generated data can be used as input
data for the spatially explicit and dynamic LUCIA (Land use Change Impact
Assessment) tool. The results generated from LUCIA model will be applied to
assist local land use planning authorities seeking for possibilities to mitigate
climate change and hereby may improve the management of natural resources for a
more sustainable development.
85
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
P2. Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Water for sustainable upland development and poverty
alleviation
Pongsak Suttinon, Seigo Nasu
Research Center for Social Management, Kochi University of Technology, Japan
In last decades, people located in remote upland area are gradually developing by
transformed agriculture to reduce rural poverty. However, development of quality
of life without destruction of natural resources such as forest and other parts is the
main topic. From this reason, sustainable improving life for mountain communities
becomes a priority for policy makers to make this remote area more productive. It
seems to be that one of the main obstacles is limited natural resources especially
water. Water is one of the most precious natural resources and the lifeblood for
sustained economic development in any sector especially agriculture and
household use in mountain areas. By this reason, mountainous regions should be
carefully developed under suitable water resources management. The paper
presents the main issue in development upland areas by using both water supply
and demand schemes in mountain areas. These measures are applied based on the
basis of limitation of water with sustainable socio-economic development. This
paper concludes with comments on future trends and a summary of the contents of
the study.
86 P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Opening up knowledge production through participatory
research? Agricultural research for Vietnam’s northern uplands
Rupert Friederichsen
Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
This poster presents key findings of my PhD dissertation, which was completed as
part of the uplands Program‘s second phase (2003-2006), and which looked at
participatory agricultural research in northern Vietnam, with special emphasis on
the Uplands Program (SFB 564). The objectives are to: 1) Pinpoint typically
encountered meanings of ‗participation‘ within the actor constellation ‗agricultural
research about and for Vietnam‘s northern uplands‘. 2) Analyze the conditions
under which these meanings emerge. 3) Explore the role of participation in
research practice, with a particular focus on the contribution that participatory
methods can make to methodologically sound and ethical research. Methods:
Empirical research was conducted in Vietnam (and to a lesser extent in Germany)
between 2002 and 2006. It applied an interpretive, qualitative methodology seeking
to combine fine-grained analyses of communicative events and social interaction
with the bigger picture of institutional structures and long-term historical trends.
To this end, an extensive review was conducted of existing academic literatures
and Vietnamese official documents, such as the national master plan for agricultur-
al research. The main empirical methods used were semi-structured interviews
with a range of stakeholders (Vietnamese and German researchers, ethnic minority
farmers, local government officials), and participant observation of field research
conducted under the Uplands Program (in particular focusing on farmer/researcher
interaction and the application of participatory or interactive methods). Results: 1)
A typology of discourses of participation typically found among Vietnamese and
German (tropical) agricultural scientists, marking out the breadth of views among
the group studied and typical rationalities of action. The five types identified are
Enthusiast, Skeptic, Participation-indifferent, Populist, and Cadre. 2) Contempo-
rary as well as historical international influences on the Vietnamese research
system, and local socio-cultural specifics of Vietnam‘s northern uplands are key
contexts in which concepts of participatory research circulate and by which they
are shaped. 3) Participatory methods emphasize the processes of communication
and negotiation among and between local stakeholders and researchers. Methodo-
logically, participation entails an opening up of agricultural research towards
qualitative social research methods. This promises to enrich agricultural research
by adding a new dimension to the dominant quantitative and natural sciences based
methodologies, and can open up new spaces for participation. Within these ‗invited
spaces for participation‘, interactive methods can be applied in a scientific context,
and significantly improve intercultural communication during fieldwork.
Interactive methods thereby contribute to the validity and reliability of studies of
e.g. local knowledge and innovation processes. Conclusion: The possibilities to
implement participatory research, understood as a multi-layered opening up of the
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development 87
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
research process, are narrowly circumscribed in academic agricultural research in
developing countries. Participation in the practice of agricultural research is
bounded by scientific and practical demands, and local political circumstances. The
multicultural and transnational actor constellation ‗development-oriented
agricultural research‘ creates multiple meanings of participation as the concept
circulates in the international scientific and development communities, in the often
culturally diverse settings of marginal areas, and in multiple institutional contexts.
The meaning of participation therefore is continuously transformed in various ways
and its effects are highly context-dependent.
88 P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Women's Empowerment through Environmental Health in the
Mountain Areas of Mae Hong Son, Thailand
Juthamat Jomjai1, Suranee Phusuwan
2
1 Public Health Station - Le Kho Village, Sob Moei District, Mae Hong Son, Thailand 2 Integrated Community Development for Livelihoods and Social Cohesion in Mae Hong
Son, UNDP Thailand
This poster session will share how a pilot environmental health initiative with
women can contribute to women‘s empowerment in the highland areas of
Thailand. The authors will outline the strategy used to introduce action research
and participatory development amongst an ethnic highland tribe with its traditional
lifestyles and belief system, the challenge of working with public health volun-
teers, and lessons which would be of interest to those working on empowering
mountain women in the upland regions of Southeast Asia. Mae Hong Son Province
located in remote Northwestern Thailand is the poorest province in the country and
the one with the lowest Human Development Index amongst 75 provinces. The
province is completely mountainous and has a forest cover upwards of 90%. Mae
Hong Son is home to a diverse ethnic hill-tribe population of about 252,692 and a
large number of displaced people from Myanmar. Due to scarce resources,
economic opportunities are few, and basic services including housing, transporta-
tion, communication, education and health are often inadequate. The Integrated
Community Development for Livelihoods and Social Cohesion project focuses on
provincial-specific solutions to promote fair and equal treatment and access to
resources and services among the different ethnic 14 communities residing in the
four refugee camps, as well as promoting the sustainable of existing resources –
with special attention given to women and children. Specifically, the project has
targeted 2% of the total population in Mae Hong Son province. The project with
close collaboration with the Governor‘s office and Provincial Public Health office
is now in its second year and has piloted an environmental health and sanitation
initiative with Karen women. This pilot is largely based on education and
awareness by putting into place a village health volunteer and developing simple
indicators for assessing the environmental and health status with grading criteria as
―good; fair; and poor‖ depicted by ―green; yellow; and red‖ flags in front of each
house in the community. The action included continuing technical support and
monitoring by the village health volunteer. Every quarter an in-kind incentive is
provided to the most active household. The data being collected will be used by the
Public Health Station to monitor the health status of households and take
appropriate action. This initiative has already had a positive impact and the
community‘s awareness of household hygiene and sanitation has improved. This
awareness has also lead to other health related initiatives such as latrine improve-
ment, improved water filter systems and water tank, a campaign for a Cleaning
Day for public areas in the community, material recycled bank and animal dung
bank through the school students, and an organic vegetable production for
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development 89
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
household consumption. The public health officers, teachers, and agricultural
extension workers are now more engaged and responsive to the community needs.
This pilot has also strengthened linkages with women in the community and has
initiated other activities related to women‘s empowerment and livelihoods. The
contact with the women has helped to create an enabling environment for women
to participate in development planning and management and to transcend their
traditional roles of household management. Some of the future focus areas will
include reproductive health and rights, economic empowerment, and, women‘s
leadership development.
90 P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Consumer preferences for longan: Willingness to pay for quality
and safety Longan
Pornsiri Suebpongsang1, Apichart Daloonpate
2
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 2 Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand
While qualitative surveys regarding consumers‘ attitudes about safety and quality
and their application to longan production are plentiful, quantitative studies are less
so. In this paper we compare consumer attitudes and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for
different longan safety and quality, while taking into consideration the potential
trade-offs between attributes which play a key role in consumer preferences. This
paper chooses six important longan attributes which are the size, the skin color, the
skin beauty, the longan production system, the safety assurance label, and the
price. Thus, the main objectives of this paper are: a) to analyze and to compare the
relative importance of consumer WTP for all of the attributes indicated above; and
b) to test the role played by consumer socio-demographics on preference of the
attributes. In order to elicit consumers‘ preferences we use a choice modeling
framework, which allows individuals to select between many alternative options
that contain a number of attributes at different levels. Utility functions are
estimated using conditional logit models. However, in the conditional logit the
coefficients cannot be directly interpreted as the direct effects of the respective
explanatory variables on the probability of choosing each particular longan type.
Rather, they represent the direct effects associated with each of the explanatory
variables on the (unobservable) utility function, which can be used to calculate the
mean willingness-to-pay estimates for each of the attributes. Therefore each of the
estimates is calculated as the ratio of the coefficient associated with the attribute of
interest over the Price coefficient. Each of these ratios is understood as a price
change associated with a unit increase in a given attribute. Our results obtained
from a household survey of 500 households in Chiang Mai and 500 households in
Bangkok. The results of the choice modeling analysis suggest that the highest
utility increment occurs due to the presence of safety longan production system,
food safety certification labeling, followed by the bigger size of longan. When
looking at the role of the socio-demographic variables, the interaction between
household location (Bangkok or Chiang Mai) and longan quality and safety is
statistically significant. Bangkok respondents have a higher preference on longan
quality and safety issues. Further, the education of the respondent has a positive
and statistically significant effect on the preference of longan quality and safety.
The consumers are willing to pay more for the longan from the the chemical safety
orchard, the safety inspection labels and the bigger longan size. The consumers‘
WTP for the longan from the chemical safety orchard is fairly high, being 1.12
dollars per kg. While having a label denoting the product is safety carries a
premium of 0.66 per kg. The consumers‘ WTP for the longan bigger size is 0.42
per kg. The results indicate that the perceived quality and safety of longan by
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development 91
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
consumers may play a crucial role when assessing the benefits versus the costs
associated with quality and safety production program. These higher consumers‘
WTP estimates for quality and safety of longan extend the information available
for the debate on a promotion and control policy on quality and safety of longan
production which both longan producers and consumers will have net benefits.
92 P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Resilient livelihoods in mountainous communities of central
Vietnam and adaptation to future climate impacts
Andreas Thulstrup
Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
The current focus within climate change adaptation (CCA) has mainly been on impacts
rather than the underlying processes that contribute to the resilience of social-ecological
systems. A resilient ecological system can withstand shocks and rebuild itself, while
social resilience emphasizes self-organization and the ability to learn and adapt
Examining social-ecological resilience in the context of resource-poor communities in
developing countries can make important, new contributions to research in climate
change adaptation since the poor are particularly adversely affected by an uncertain
climate. These groups include members of Vietnam‘s many ethnic minorities who are
the predominant inhabitants of Vietnam‘s mountains and sloping land area. In addition
to the effects of an uncertain physical environment people in Vietnam‘s these areas -
both ethnic minorities and Kinh settlers - have experienced rapid changes in livelihoods
through government resettlement programs, land laws, and physical infrastructure
projects. This PhD project examines the scope for CCA by examining the social-
ecological resilience of livelihoods in two villages in Tam Tra commune in Nui Thanh
district in Quang Nam province. One village (Thon 4) is a predominantly Co village
and the poorest in the commune. The other is a Kinh village which was strongly
affected by the Ketsana storm in 2009. Data collection has at time of writing only been
conducted in Thon 4. The research focuses on the following key issues: key social
transformations, changes in forest cover and land use, soil erosion, social vulnerability,
and coping with natural hazards. The methodology employs the fusing of the
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and a Resilience Framework. Data collection is
carried out by using a mixed methods approach where initial qualitative data is
collected through life histories, semi-structured interviews, and Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA) sessions. A questionnaire with both open-ended and closed-ended
questions will be elaborated following the initial analysis of qualitative data. Analysis
of land cover will involve the collection of in-situ data which complement the
classification of satellite imagery in a time-series analysis while soil erosion data will
be used in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation 2 (RUSLE-2). Initial results
indicate that household incomes in Tam Tra commune are largely dependent on Acacia
trees managed on household plots and sold to a paper mill in the lowlands. The trees
are highly vulnerable to storms, exemplified by the effects of Ketsana which destroyed
over 50% of them in Thon 4. Local rice production is insufficient and some households
in Thon 4 lack rice for 3-6 months a year. This situation is exacerbated by recurring
droughts in May and June. Households in Thon 4 have benefitted from infrastructure
development and poverty alleviation programs implemented by the government and are
completely reliant on local government for guidelines on land use as well as for support
during natural hazards. However, local government departments are ill-equipped to
respond to natural hazards and rely on the external support of NGOs and private
companies in the wake of these events.
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development 93
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Ex-ante policy analysis for farming systems sustainability in Mae
Sa watershed, northern Thailand
Chakrit Potchanasin, Suwanna Praneetvatakul, Aer Sirijinda
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand
Land utilization for agriculture in watershed area of northern Thailand has long
been in society dilemma either conservation or resource management. As the area
is enriched by ecological systems and natural resources, unsuitable agricultural
practices can produce great disturbance and impacts to agricultural systems which
induce unsustainable development of the area. In many cases, government
intervention is necessary to compromise and adjust development and resource
utilization to direction which bring better-off situation under current policy
makers‘ perspective. However, consideration of policy makers to elaborate
development policies needs to take consideration of the questions which are what
are the area‘s consequences needed to be improved? and how are the impacts and
situation improvement due to policy contributions? Therefore, many efforts
attempt to think about ex-ante analysis whereby prospective policies can be
assessed and the change in long run can be projected. This study is also among
scientist endeavor to fill this gap and try to contribute information to assist and
guide the area‘s policy elaboration. The study focus in the case of Mae Sa
watershed where it is a part of the Ping tributary, one of five major tributary of
Thailand main river, known as Chao Praya river. The area is located in 40 km
northwest of the main urban of Chiang Mai province and covers 140.19 km2. The
area consists of 23 Hmong and northern-Thai villages founded in the Suthep-Pui
National park. Farming systems in the area are transforming from subsistence to
commercial agriculture and, of course, agricultural practices are changing. Ex-ante
analysis of this study is performed through simulation via integrated watershed
model, Mathematical and Multi-Agent Systems model (MP-MAS model), which is
fully looking for individual farm optimization between opportunity costs of
resource constraints and alternative farm activities. The model is formed by
bottom-up integration of the area‘s socioeconomic and biophysical part. In
addition, consideration of heterogeneity and interaction of watershed area‘s
component enhances model capacity to capture and evaluate impacts of interven-
tion to the area‘s farming systems. Therefore, the MP-MAS model supports and
advances for projection long run policy impacts and area‘s situation change. The
results of the study can be drawn the current and 10 years trend (2006-2015) of
area farming systems situation whereby area characteristics of land resource usage,
socioeconomic situation, and resource and environmental change are captured and
projected. Results show that agricultural land resource is intensively used with
changing land use pattern in higher annual crop area proportion. Consequently, this
responds to the change of increasing of erosion and chemical usage which induces
rising of toxicity to farmers, consumers, and ecological systems. These lead to the
study conclusion which erosion and chemical usage in the area should be primarily
94 P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
improved. Under scenario analysis, the policies to improve the situation are set as
extension of Vetiver grass cultivation to control erosion and introduction of Good
Agricultural Practice (GAP) to farmers to reduce pesticide use. Simulation results
under each policy condition express the change in better-off situation either erosion
or chemical use and toxicity while the policies produce only little change in
economic circumstance. Recommendation can be expressed that the policies under
scenario analysis have potential to improve agriculture in the area towards
sustainable situation. However, elaboration policies to improve sustainable
situation should take into account stakeholder participation and also the policies
should suit to crop specifics which are needed and have different practices.
P2 Socio-economic aspects of highland development 95
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Household typologies and socio-ecological determinants of their
land-use choices in Vietnam forest margins
Le Quang Bao1, Soo Jin Park
2, Paul L. G. Vlek
3
1 Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), Natural and Social Science Interface (NSSI),
ETH Zürich, Switzerland 2 Department of Geography, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 3 Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany
Efforts in formulating sustainable land-use policies in diverse mountain landscapes
require adequate understandings of socio-ecological determinants of farmer‘s
decisions on land use. This paper presents sequential methods to analyze land-use
choices by households in a complex socio-ecological environment in a mountain-
ous region of Central Vietnam. Spatially explicit household surveys together with
Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses of environmental data produced an
integrated household-landscape dataset. We used factor analysis to discover
underlying factors of household differentiation, and used subsequent cluster
analyses to identify household typologies with distinct livelihood structures and
strategies. Multi-nominal logistic regressions then identified socio-ecological
factors that influence land-use choices of each household typology and measured
their weights of influence. The results showed that determinants of land-use
choices are specific for every household typology and covering a wide range of
social and environmental factors, providing a comprehensive cross-sectional
explanation for land-use adoption. On the one hand, the measured heterogeneity in
land-use choices has implications for effective land-use policies in the diverse
mountain environment. On the other hand, the analysis procedure and results can
be used for empirical calibration of household-based processes encoded in multi-
agent system models of land-use changes.
96
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
P3. Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Are vermicompost and the stimulation of endogeic earthworm
activities relevant alternatives to chemical fertilizers?
Doan Thu Thuy1, Pascal Jouquet
2
1 Soils and Fertiliser Research Institute (SFRI) 2 IRD- IWMI - SFRI, France
Soil degradation and water pollution are widespread land degradation problems in
Vietnam. There is therefore an urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices.
Presently, farmers and researchers are investigating different strategies to maintain
soil fertility and avoid off-site effects. Within this context, direct (i.e., the
drilosphere) and indirect (vermicompost) earthworm activities could be considered
as interesting ecosystem services suppliers. The aim of the present study was to
examine the interactions between an endogeic earthworm species, Metaphire
khami, compost, and vermicompost produced by Eisenia andrei, an epigeic
earthworm species, in a degraded tropical soil. A year-long experiment was carried
out in greenhouse with a corn-tomato-corn cycle. Following organic fertilizer
inputs earthworms survived and soil properties were improved; the soil‘s carbon
and nutrient contents were higher. For the first corn crop, the same yields were
obtained with vermicompost inputs as with chemical fertilizer. However, this
positive effect did not continue with time and no difference was observed between
vermicompost and compost for the second corn crop, one year later. The effect of
M. khami on corn growth was unexpected. While we observed a positive
interaction between M. khami and vermicompost, the earthworms had a negative
impact on plant growth in combination with compost. In conclusion, this
experiment demonstrated that organic matter amendments do show interesting
potential for the rehabilitation of tropical soils. However, negative interactions can
occur between local endogeic earthworms and compost.
P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems 97
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Comparison of green manure and inorganic fertilizers on upland
paddy rice
Thongsavanh Keonakhone1, Somphong Sybounheuang
1, Khamdok
Songyikhansuthor1, Kouang Douangsila
2, Benjamin Samson
3
1 Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (NAFReC), Lao PDR 2 National Rice Research Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR 3 IRRI-GMS, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Rice production from upland paddy fields have consistently been reported to
decrease over time. Decreasing productivity may be attributed to declining soil
fertility die to crop removal and losses due to water and sediment flow. It is
essential to stabilize and improve soil fertility in order to maintain rice productivi-
ty. The trials are laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with each trial in a farmer‘s
field as a replication which fertilizer treatments are 1) Control (No fertilizer or
green manure applied), 2) Inorganic fertilizer (60-30-30 kg/ha), 3) Green manure
(Chromolaena odorata, 3,000 kg/ha) and 4) Green manure (Chromolaena odorata,
6,000 kg/ha). Seven farmers from Fai and Houayleuang villages, Pak Ou district,
Luang Phrabang province are participated in these trials. Plots are 40 m2 (5m x
8m), with a total area of 1600 m2 allocated to the trial per farmer. Hills are
transplanted at 20cm x 20cm spacing, with two seedlings per hill. The grain yield,
plant height, aboveground biomass, weed biomass at weeding are measured and
recorded. Grain yield and yield components are determined at harvest. This is a 1.1
t/ha yield increment over fields which are not fertilized. Weed biomass was low at
first weeding, peaked during the second weeding and declined at third weeding.
Weed free plots had 21 to 37 percent more grain yield than surrounding plots. The
lowest yield gap due to weeds is observed in plots where no chemical fertilizer or
green manure have been added. Chemical fertilizer, green manuring (3,000 kg/ha),
green manuring (6,000 kg/ha) had a yield gap due to weeds of 31, 37 and 33
percent respectively. Four of the seven fields in the trials had varying degrees of
gall midge damage, while the rice crop in two of the fields had serious rodent
damage. The Chromolaena odorata green manure raised rice grain yield 0.4-0.5
t/ha in Fai, Houayleuang and Houaykhot villages during a year when gall midge
and rodents are major field problems that affected rice productivity. Yield gap due
to weeds was lowest in control plots and higher where either chemical fertilizer or
Chromolaena odorata green manure have been added to enhance soil fertility.
98 P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Improvement of highland rainfed multiple crop productivity
using mulching - cultivated furrow and drip irrigation in alley
cropping
Dalop Supawan, Rawin Surbkar, Mattiga Panomtaranichagul
Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand
The two studied plots were established in Banthuan Village, Mae-Chaem District,
Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. The 1st trial was modified from the
BORASSUS experimental plot which was funded by the EU during 2005-2008.
The 2nd studied plot was located in the farmer‘s field nearby the 1st plot. The
experiment aimed to increase the highland rainfed multiple crop production using
(i) mulching-cultivated furrow to increase the alley crop yields, (ii) rain harvest for
supplementary drip irrigation to improve the hedgerow mixed fruit yields. The
experiments were designed as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three
replications of 4 contour cultural practices, (i) contour planting (CP), (ii) cultivated
furrow mulched with fresh cut bamboo grass (Thysannolaena maxima Kuntze, CF-
BgM), (iii) cultivated furrow mulched with fresh cut forking fern (Dicranopteris
lineris) in alley cropping (CF-FM-AL) and (iv) contour furrow planting mulched
with bamboo (Arundinaria gigantean) mat in alley cropping (CF-BM-AL). The
measured data were steady infiltration rate (IR) and stable aggregate (SAT), total
stored soil water (TSW) within 1 m soil dept and crop yields. Hill tribe farmers
were trained in the 2nd plot to compare the effects of CF-BgM with the traditional
contour planting (CP) on their own agricultural sloping land on soil water storages
and crop yields. The results of the 1st trial showed that CF-BM-AL tended to be
the best while CF-BgM and CF-FM-AL were the second best for improving the
accession of water into the soil surface (average IR = 35, 32 and 30 cm hr-1,
respectively) and stable aggregate (average SAT = 34, 28 and 29 g 100-1g-1,
respectively) when compared to CP (average IR = 13 cm hr-1 and average SAT =
27 g 100-1g-1). CF-BM-AL and CP tended to give the highest TSW during the wet
and the dry season respectively when compared to either CF-BgM or CF-FM-AL.
However, CF-BM-AL, CF-BgM and CF-FM-AL tended to give similar crop yields
(sweet corn, maize and lablab bean) which were significantly higher than CP
which gave the lowest of all crop yields. The 2nd experiment in the farmer‘s plots
also showed that mulching cultivated furrow (CF-BgM) gave better soil and water
conservation and crop yield than contour planting (CP). The above results
indicated that cultivated furrow mulched with either bamboo mat or fresh cut weed
(bamboo grass or forking fern) was able to increase the rainfed alley crop yields in
both wet and dry seasons significantly. The 3rd experiment has been carried out
since the dry period in 2010 by giving water as supplementary drip irrigation to the
hedgerows of mixed fruit tree varieties in the 1st trial. Rainwater harvested during
the wet season has been collected in a container (the concrete cylinder of 0.95 m3
capacity, 1x1.2 m), set at the highest point of the selected sub-plots. The amount of
P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems 99
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
water harvested and water used by each fruit tree were calculated based on
potential evapotranspiration of mango (Mangifera indica L.), lemon (Citrus
aurantifolia), star apple (Averrhoa carambola L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.) and
sapodilla (Manilkara achras Fosberg) grown in the hedgerows during the dry
season (January - April). The rate of drip irrigation for each fruit tree was
calculated based on the actual crop water consumption for 1 m2 growing area,
which was 3 mm d-1 or 3.0 L d-1. Hence, expected actual water use by each tree
during the dry period is equal to 480 liter approximately. Some soil properties
(organic matter, bulk density, aeration porosity, soil temperature), soil water
storage and plant development were measured to evaluate the effects on the
improvement of hedgerow fruit production. This experiment has been carried out
as a preliminary study since the early January 2010. All study activities are being
conducted and progressed.
100 P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Pigeonpea stem and sticklac growth relationships in an sloping
upland improved fallow system
Khamla Phanthaboun1, Khamdok Songyikhansuthor
1, Kouang Douangsila
2,
Benjamin K. Samson3
1 Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (NAFReC), Lao PDR 2 National Rice Research Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR 3 IRRI-GMS, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Renewal of soil fertility in the sloping uplands can partly be achieved by
incorporating legumes in the cropping system. A number of legume species have
been tested in the uplands for this purpose, but farmer adoption has been hampered
by the need of farmers to gain tangible returns for their efforts. Pigeonpea culture,
in combination with sticklac production, is an economically attractive option for
farmers to renew soil fertility since it generates a product that can be readily sold at
a good price. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of the
size of the pigeonpea shrubs to the production of sticklac resin. Seeds of a local
cultivar of pigeon pea were distributed to five farmers and sown on fields that were
designated for fallow in 2007 in Silalek (three farmers, about 1.5 ha land) and Fay
(two farmers, about 1.0 ha land) villages in Xieng Ngeun and Pak Ou districts,
respectively. Pigeonpea seeds were direct seeded into the soil at a spacing of 2 x 2
m, two weeks after the rice crop was sown. Sticklac insect inoculant was applied to
the pigeonpea shrubs six months after sowing. Five months after inoculation,
sticklac length and width, together with pigeonpea stem diameter were collected.
Pigeonpea branches have to be at least 0.5 cm to be able to support the growth of
the sticklac insect and produce harvestable sticklac resin. Data showed a weak
positive linear relationship between sticklac resin length. Pigeonpea stem diameter
between 0.5 and 3.0 cm pigeonpea stem diameter. A similar relationship was
observed between sticklac resin diameter and pigeonpea stem diameter. Total
weight of harvested sticklac resin was higher in Ban Fai than in Banh Silalek. The
difference in resin yield might be due to less insect damage on the sticklac insect
inoculum, better management of the field (fewer weeds around the pigeonpea
plants) in the Ban Fai fields compared to those in Banh Silalek.
P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems 101
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis to trace carbon sink-
and-source relationships between areas of critical land
degradation and deposition areas in the Chieng Khoi catchment
Christian Brandt1, Frank Rasche
1, Thomas Hilger
1, Nguyen Thanh Lam
2,
Tran Duc Vien2, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Dept. of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Vietnam
Innovative technical and progressive approaches are strongly required to
adequately trace soil organic carbon (SOC) sink-and-source relationships between
areas of critical land degradation and deposition areas. This is in particular crucial
for many fragile mountainous landscapes of South East in which cropping systems
have encountered a radical change in the recent past due to enhanced agricultural
commercialization as well as a growing population and migration processes.
Consequently, this agricultural intensification in upland areas is leading to rampant
water erosion promoting severe losses of SOC which has been acknowledged as
central determinant of soil productivity. It is therefore of central importance to
study such sink-and-source relationships between areas of critical land degradation
and also deposition areas in the lowlands. The application of stable isotopes (i.e.
stable 13C) has been proved to be very useful in investigating SOC dynamics in
cultivated soil ecosystems. In the present study, we introduce a compound-specific
stable-isotope (CSSI) approach which is currently under development at the
Department of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics of
the Hohenheim University to investigate source-and-sink relationships of SOC in
the Chieng Khoi catchment, Son La Province, Vietnam. By applying the CSSI
approach, we use natural abundance signatures of plant-specific organic com-
pounds (e.g., δ13C values in fatty acids and lignins) originating in upland soils in
the studied tropical catchment including a range of different crops (e.g. maize,
cassava), as well as natural and secondary forests. These CSSI-biomarkers will be
then traced in the lowland soils (i.e. paddy rice soils) to estimate the dynamics of
landscape SOC stocks at catchment level and to assess how land use intensification
has changed the spatial and temporal distribution of the respective C from uplands
to lowlands.
102 P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Social-economic impacts of freshwater fish production in
mountain areas of Northern Vietnam (Lang Son and Cao Bang
provinces)
Petra Chaloupkova1, Lukáš Kalous
2, Miloslav Petrýl
2, Jan Banout
1, Bui The
Anh3, Dana Marešová
1
1 Institute of Tropics and Subtropics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech
Republic 2 Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences,
Prague 3 Research Institute for Aquaculture
Aquaculture production in Vietnam is one of the main economic activities of the
country and demand and consumption of fish products in local market is increasing
yearly. The presented study is based on experience with development project
running in mountain areas of Northern Vietnam in Lang Son and Cao Bang
provinces. The project ―Support of freshwater fish production in Northern
Vietnam‖ financed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic is
coordinated by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague and on the Vietnam-
ese side by the Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1. The main objective of the
project is to introduce sustainable approach of freshwater fish production in the
reservoirs with area from 12 to 18 ha that were constructed for irrigation purposes.
The suggested methods are selected with respect to application of environment risk
assessment. The implementation of new technologies should lead to increasing
production and create more stable socioeconomic environment in respective area.
Target group represents five cooperatives which totally include more than 177
members – local families with the origin of ethnic minorities Nung and Tay that
carry on their own habits and traditions. The project activities are oriented to
capacity building and technical support of these cooperatives. Two types of
aquaculture were chosen: culture-based fisheries and cage culture. Following fish
species were selected for introducing into these systems: Tilapia nilotica,
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngo-
don idella. For cage culture fisheries was identified and is testing local fish species
Hemibagrus guttatus which has high economic value and its production could
improve income of cooperatives members. Fish feeding system is combined also
by earth worm culture system. The main objective of the study is to find out the
immediate real impact on social-economic development of the project implementa-
tion on cooperative members. The research is oriented to compare values of socio-
economic indicators from the time before the project implementation and current
situation. Methodology is based on semi-structured interviews, participant
observation and descriptive data collection. Participatory survey was running in
2009 and 2010 across 117 households (cooperative members). Data were collected
on demographic issues, on human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial
capital and on social capital.
P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems 103
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Preliminary results on the cause of grass-carp disease outbreak
in Yen Chau, Son La Province, Vietnam
Richard Mayrhofer1, Hatem Soliman
1, Mona Saleh
1, Johannes Pucher
2, Ulfert
Focken3, T. Trang
4, Mansour El-Matbouli
1
1 Fish Medicine and Livestock Management, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna,
Austria 2 Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics
(480B), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 3 Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institut, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Ahrensburg,
Germany 4 Dept. of Aquacultural Development, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture,
University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
In the Yen Chau region of Son La province, Vietnam, fish farming is commonly
practiced as a source of dietary protein and for cash income. The typical pond
system in Vietnam is an integrated semi-intensive polyculture. The primary fish
species in the semi-intensive polyculture is the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idella). Grass carp plays an important role in small scale aquaculture in Vietnam
because of its comparably high price and plant-eating feed property, which allows
production with minimum cash input. An emerging disease has affected the grass
carp populations causing a major economic impact on fish farm earnings in Yen
Chau region. The Objectives of this study were: 1. Monitoring the incidence and
clinical appearance of the grass carp diseases in the Yen Chau, Son La Province in
Northern Vietnam in different periods during the year especially during the peak of
the disease. 2. Identification and characterization of the causative agent(s) of the
unknown grass carp disease in the research area. In the period from September
2008 to November 2009, the research area was visited three times for epidemiolog-
ical study and samples collection. 74 fish were sampled which include: 50 grass
carp with clinical signs, 15 control grass carp fish and 9 control fish from other
species (1 common carp, 4 mrigal, 2 silver carp and 2 tilapia). The fish length was
6 – 46 cm and weight 0.005-1.05 kg. Conventional parasitological techniques were
employed during the dissection of all fish and standard post-mortem examination
was carried out. Subsequently, specific-samples were collected for histopathologi-
cal, bacteriological, virological and molecular biology investigations. Diseased fish
demonstrated clinical disease signs which included haemorrhagic epidermis and
ulceration, haemorrhagic intestine, black discolouration of the skin, loss of scales
and occasional exophthalmia and exophthalmia. Conventional parasitological
examinations revealed moderate gills infestation with Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus
and Trichodina. Light microscopy of the histological samples revealed degenera-
tive changes and necrotic lesions in the liver, kidney, spleen and presence of
bacterial aggregates in the epidermis, especially in the haemorrhagic parts. No
pathological changes were observed in the control fish. Different bacterial species
were isolated from the collected samples. These isolates were identified morpho-
104 P3 Sustainable crop and livestock systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
logically, biochemically and by Gram-stain as: Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas
hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare and Clostridium sp. Molecular investiga-
tions of the DNA extracted from the collected samples revealed amplification of
16S ribosomal RNA gene of different bacterial species by PCR. Nucleotide
sequences analysis of the PCR products revealed a high percentage of homology
with the same bacterial species isolated bacteriologically. Isolated bacterial species
will be used for laboratory controlled experimental infection of SPF grass carp
either individually or in combination to verify if these bacterial species are the real
cause of the grass carp disease in Vietnam or not. Virological investigations, RNA
extraction and RT-PCR are in progress. After identification of the causative agent
of the disease, preventive as well as therapy methods will be developed.
105
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 5
5.1 Land use and biodiversity
Assessment of agrobiodiversity with regard to water security in
mountainous regions of China
Wilko Schweers1, Luis Waldmüller
2, Sylvia Reinhardt
2, Qingsong Li
2
1 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China 2 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
With increasing importance of water resources for sustainable development, the
topic of water and biodiversity has become a focal point of international research
and development activities. UN programmes acknowledge the interactions between
terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and recognize the importance of freshwater
for biodiversity. The need to produce more food does usually compromise the need
to protect natural ecosystems and biodiversity. While productivity-oriented
concepts and technologies need to be fostered to maintain food security, a deeper
understanding of biological diversity could optimize the use of scarce resources,
attend to other, non-provisioning ecosystem services, and also be supportive of
sustained production. For instance natural ecosystems, which are more diverse, are
generally more resource efficient and have a higher net primary productivity than
agricultural ecosystems. The objective of this investigation is to identify linkages
between agrobiodiversity and water security: How could biologically more diverse
agroecosystems contribute to achieving water security and conversely, how could
planning and technologies for water quantity and quality conservation take
biodiversity better into account? Answering these questions requires having a look
at the ways that agricultural practices or landscaping measures affect hydrological
processes. This was done by consulting literature sources and referring to examples
from projects, one of them targeting biodiversity management in mountainous
areas of South China. Agrobiodiversity, i.e. greater diversity in genes, crops,
cropping systems and landscape elements can in fact support the establishment of
water security. Examples are windbreaks and buffer strips, drought resilient
varieties and crops, agroforestry, intercropping and more diverse rotation systems.
One problem to be further addressed in the future is that some of the water security
benefits of agrobiodiversity, especially those derived from landscape elements,
require policy support to make up for loss in farm revenue. In order to get such
support, more systematic description, categorization and valuation of agricultural
practices and landscaping measures is required. Some elements of a generic
valuation approach that includes agrobiodiversity are shared for discussion.
106 5.1 Land use and biodiversity
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Object-based forest biomass estimation using Landsat ETM+ in
Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Tsuyoshi Kajisa1, Takuhiko Murakami
2, Nobuya Mizoue
1, Neth Top
3,
Shigejiro Yoshida1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan 2 Niigata University 3 Cambodia Development Resource Institute
Information about forest biomass distribution is important for sustainable forest
management and monitoring fuelwood supply. The objective of this study is to
develop an accurate forest biomass map for Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia.
We used a new technique (object-based approach) and a conventional technique
(pixel-based approach) for the estimation of forest biomass using Landsat
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The object-based approach created
segments of images, and calculated statistical and textural attributes. Our results
showed that estimation accuracy of the object-based approach, with the use of band
1 and an exponential fit, was the best (R 2 = 0.76), and this accuracy was
comparable to that of the pixel-based approach (R 2 = 0.67). Although several
textural variables were related to forest biomass, they did not contribute signifi-
cantly to improvement of estimation accuracy. However, the object-based method
can be used for image segmentation so that the image objects are spectrally more
homogeneous within individual regions than with their neighbors. Hence, they can
be regarded as management units for policy-related spatial decisions. Therefore, it
is possible to select either of the two methods depending upon what the situation
demands.
5.1 Land use and biodiversity 107
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
The introduction of rubber and its consequences- an assessment
of new risks and changes for upland farmers in the Nabanhe
National Nature Reserve in Xishuangbanna, Southwest-China
Patrick Artur Grötz1, Thomas Aenis
1, Lixia Tang
2, Uwe-Jens Nagel
1, Volker
Hoffmann3
1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences, Agricultural Extension and
Communication, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany 2 China Agriculture University, College of Humanities and Development, Beijing, China 3 Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension, Hohenheim University,
Stuttgart, Germany
Village life in Xishuangbanna, Southwest-China has changed tremendously in the
last decades, mainly caused by the introduction of a non-native plant: rubber. In the
meantime, the commodity is the driving engine for economic progress in the
region. Furthermore, Xishuangbanna is one of the world‘s ―biodiversity hotspots‖
and home for a number of upland minority people with very different languages,
cultural traditions and land-use systems. As a result, a rapid rubber-driven
economic and infrastructural development goes along with a rigorous drop in
biodiversity and loss of tropical rain forest. Being part of the Sino-German
research cooperation ―LILAC- Living Landscapes China‖, the authors study the
case of the Nabanhe National Nature Reserve (NNNR). As all over China, land
tenure systems in the research site are currently in alteration. Farmers‘ decisions on
land use are also complex. However, it is important to understand the land users‘
perspective in order to identify the significant factors in their decision-making
process on land usage. The main driving and inhibiting forces are to be identified
which have either supported or hampered the adoption and diffusion of innovations
in the past. Based on the analysis of these results, an assessment can be drawn for
the likelihood of the adoption and diffusion of innovations in the future which may
improve the current monoculture systems. After an initial baseline study in 2008,
an in-depth analysis on the adoption and diffusion process of four selected
innovations has been carried out combining narrative interviews, participant
observation, expert interviews, and stratified, semi-standardized household
surveys. In the scope of the ongoing ―Chinese Land Tenure Reform‖ and the strong
promotion by the formal Governmental Agricultural Extension, rubber has been
introduced during the 1980s to private small-scale farmers in Xishuangbanna.
Nowadays, the region faces great disparities in the level of development since
rubber can only be grown up to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level: farmers
below the ―rubber boundary line‖ operate almost exclusively rubber monocultures
and experience fast economic growth. In contrast, farmers in higher altitudes still
search for alternative livelihoods. However, a precondition for the introduction of
rubber was the improvement of the infrastructure in the region, most notably the
construction of roads to connect farming households with the rubber-processing
factories. These roads in turn have been an important requirement for the
108 5.1 Land use and biodiversity
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
introduction of other innovations such as ―tractors‖, ―hybrid paddy rice‖ and most
recently ―hemp‖. The analysis of the histories of these innovations has clearly
indicated that they are not disconnected scenarios, but rather highly interlinked
processes which mutually influence each other. The capacity lies now in potential
innovations, which ameliorate the existing monoculture systems and help to strike
a balance between economic development and environmental protection. New
opportunities have to be identified on how farmers above the rubber production
zone can directly or indirectly also benefit from the booming rubber business.
Further, the case study on rubber plantations in the NNNR may serve as an
example for other areas in Xishuangbanna and can give important indications on
how to improve further monoculture systems such as sugar cane, banana or tea.
5.1 Land use and biodiversity 109
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Impact-oriented ethnobotany for food and nutrition security,
sustainable land-use and rural livelihood diversification in
Southeast Asian mountains
Pavlos Georgiadis, Chalathon Choocharoen, Annabell Redegeld
Department for Rural Communication & Extension, Institute of Social Sciences in
Agriculture (430a), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
Agricultural productivity and the availability of wild foods are strongly connected
to the well-being of the world‘s poorest people. There is an increasing need for
innovative agricultural approaches for poverty reduction. Those seek to enable the
rural poor to expand their economic opportunities while sustaining and enhancing
their forests and other biological as well as cultural resources. The combination of
indigenous knowledge and contemporary science is promising to build a shared
understanding of the value of biocultural diversity for the improvement of local
livelihoods, with a view to influencing strategies that can reduce poverty and
conserve nature. Impact-oriented ethnobotanical research investigates the driving
and inhibiting factors for the creation of synergies between indigenous people,
scientific expertise and environmental enterprises, all vital for the viability of a
knowledge-based system of biodiversity productivity. Current research investigates
the socio-cultural and economic aspects of human-plant interactions in remote
mountainous areas of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China and Northern Thailand. Both
regions are centers of rich biological and cultural diversity which are largely
threatened by increasing pressures related to persistent poverty and resource
depletion. This necessitates the application of near-to-nature approaches for the
ecological and economic rehabilitation of these degenerated former highly diverse
forest areas. Production concepts involving the utilization of indigenous trees as
combination of timber- and fruit trees and shade-tolerant annual and perennial
crops are considered for optimum diversification. Highly diverse land-use systems
for the humid tropics, like the Rainforestation Farming technology currently
applied in Xishuangbanna, combine biodiversity protection with production and
offer additional benefits like carbon sequestration, water retention, erosion control
and habitat to a maximum of locally useful flora and fauna. Apart from diversify-
ing production, they have the potential for expanding income generation by
capturing the benefits of several environmental markets and sustainable tourism
enterprises. If local communities can be helped to benefit from these, they may
prove to be an innovative and highly effective way to harness global finance in
tackling the environmental and social challenges of the mountainous regions of
Southeast Asia. Ethnobotanical data generated from this participatory research with
different ethnic communities in the two mountainous regions initially provide
important information about indigenous plant species utilization. This can further
be processed for actions ranging from conservation of plant genetic resources,
ecosystem rehabilitation and knowledge rejuvenation, to knowledge- and
biodiversity-based productive systems for endogenous, self-directed development
110 5.1 Land use and biodiversity
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
and income generation. Application of participatory rural appraisal tools such as
semi-structured interviews for free-listing and cultural domain analysis, matrix
ranking, seasonal calendars and land-use mapping are combined with extensive
ethnobotanical field and market surveys. This presentation communicates initial
research findings and practical implementation examples in key ecosystems of the
region.
111
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
Organic fruit farming in the northern Thai uplands: Are urban
consumers willing to pay the price premium?
Chapika Sangkapitux1, Andreas Neef
1, Mitsuyasu Yabe
1, Worapong
Polkongkaew2, Nucharee Pimpaud
3, Jiraporn Konsurin
3
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan 2 Humboldt University, Germany 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University
From a global perspective, organic and safe food markets have developed
dynamically in recent years. Against the background of its ambitions to become the
‗Kitchen of the World‘, Thailand has also stepped up its efforts to enhance the
share of Thai organic and safe food products in both local and international
markets. This trend may also offer new opportunities for high-value agriculture in
mountainous regions by enhancing household incomes among previously
marginalized ethnic minority group and by reducing harmful effects of agrochemi-
cals on human health and the environment. Yet, the success of the development of
these new markets depends strongly on consumers‘ willingness to pay a price
premium for environment-friendly and safe products. This paper addresses the
potential of organic, environment-friendly and safe products from upland
agriculture taking litchi, a typical upland fruit crop in northern Thailand, as an
example. The Choice Experiments (CE) method was employed to determine
consumers‘ preferences for safety and quality attributes of litchi fruits. Attributes
of fresh litchi used in this study included color, taste, size, production certification
under Good Agriculture Practice (GAP), product labeling as safe and organic, and
price. Data were collected from 100 urban consumers in Chiang Mai in 2009/2010.
Each respondent would face six choice sets with three alternatives. Econometric
analysis was conducted using a conditional logit model that links choice attributes
with the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of the consumers. The
results show that urban consumers are willing to pay a price premium for fruits that
are safe and of good quality. Labeling as ―safe food‖ produced under the GAP
certification scheme was highly significant. ―Size‖ and ―taste‖ of fruit were also
found to be significant, while the attribute ―color‖ was not significant. With regard
to socio-economic factors, age and income played an important role in determining
consumers‘ preferences for safe and good quality attributes. Respondents‘ attitude
toward environmental conservation significantly and positively affected the
preference for safe and good quality of litchi. The most interesting finding of this
study is that being labeled as ―organic product‖ was found to be insignificant in
determining consumers‘ willingness to pay. The results of this study suggest that
organic fruit farming for domestic markets still may have a long way to go in
Thailand. For the time being, fruit growers in the Thai northern uplands – possibly
in cooperation with government agencies in the food sector and by Thai exporters
112 5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
– would need to target consumers in international markets, if they plan to switch to
organic fruit production. In order to promote organic fruit products in the domestic
market, Thai food agencies may focus, first, on raising consumers‘ awareness of
the positive contribution of organic agriculture to human health and the environ-
ment and, second, on enhancing trust in organic products by guaranteeing a high
standard of the domestic certification and control system for organic farming.
5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty 113
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Mapping water poverty and its alleviation through multiple-use
water systems in the north-eastern Himalayan hill regions
Bharat Sharma1, Mohammed Vimal Riaz
2, Dhruba Pant
3, B P Bhatt
4,
H Rahman5
1 International Water Management Institute, New Delhi, India 2 Institute of Rural Management, Anand 3 International Water Management Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal 4 ICAR Research Complex for North-East Hill Region, Nagaland Centre 5 ICAR Research Complex for North-East Hill Region, Sikkim Centre
In the water abundant north-eastern hill region of India, the societal water use is
less than 5 per cent of the existing potential and vast water resources of the region
remain unutilised for economic activities. The unutilised and excessive water
supplies create vast devastation and miseries during the rainy season and the
households face acute water shortages for both consumptive (domestic, livestock,
enterprise) and productive purposes during post-rainy season periods. Though
majority of the population is still dependent on agriculture, the region generally
practices very low yielding rainfed monocropping or the more destructive shifting
(Jhum) cultivation. The ratio of percent irrigated area to net sown area for the NE
region as a whole is abysmally low at 10.6%. This leads to poor crop yields, low
cropping intensity and little incentive for diversified or high value agriculture.
Among other things, assured water supply, though for a limited area (homestead
gardens, bari) is a pre-requisite for moving up the value chain and sustainable
livelihoods. Water poverty mapping based on household surveys in a typical
village in Mon district (Nagaland) showed that all the households fared very poorly
in terms of the most components of Water Poverty Index (WPI): Water Use (0.15),
Water Resource (0.38), Water Access (0.40) and Capacity (0.40) with an overall
value of 0.44. ‗Access‘ and ‗Capacity‘ are the two major factors contributing to
water poverty in the study village and applicable to similar other villages in
Nagaland and the NEH region. This was also reflected through low levels of
income and high prevalence (44% of households) of malaria, tuberculosis and
other water-borne diseases. The villages still practice traditional Jhum cultivation
with very low yields of rice and millets and ever-shortening period of Jhum-cycle.
Analysis showed that the community immediately needed simple, small, low-cost
and relatively high-value agriculture models which can provide for the basic water
needs and also improve their incomes. Improving the accessibility to water
resources and per capita income would significantly reduce the water poverty and
thus improve the livelihoods. Multiple-Use Water Systems developed and
implemented successfully in the similar agro-ecological hill regions of Nepal are
cost-effective, flexible, provide water supply both for house-hold needs and micro-
irrigation for small high-value agriculture plots (homestead gardens), has low pay-
back period with low household investments. More importantly, these systems
reduce drudgery for women, improve sanitation and hygiene, provide significant
114 5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
financial incentives and ensure high-levels of community participation. The most
innovative part of the technology was to facilitate productive utilisation of locally
available small water sources in the hills- the springs and rivulets through a water
storage system (low-cost water tanks), water conveyance and optimally placed
distribution system and a simple and small precision water application system.
Each system is normally designed to meet water needs of 10 to 40 households with
an all inclusive cost of about US$ 200 per household. With additional annual
income of about US$ 190 through sale of surplus produce the system has a
payback period of only 1 year and is very attractive. The market linkage along with
collection centres for the surplus produce was important in the development of the
technology. The only constraining factors were the availability of an adequate and
reliable water source in the village neighbourhood and certain technological
problems in the initial period which can be resolved through proper capacity
building of the farmers and scheme functionaries. The suggested Multiple-Use
Water Systems is quite appropriate to the high rainfall hilly states of the northeast
hill region and similar agro-ecologies elsewhere. The present and new drinking
water supply schemes in these regions need to be designed more innovatively on
the suggested pattern by integration of public health, irrigation and agriculture
development schemes. The success of the schemes shall greatly depend upon the
motivation and participation of the village communities for which the local NGOs,
government functionaries, village chiefs and village level institutions shall play an
important role. The suggested model has a great potential in reducing the water
poverty, saving time and reducing drudgery, increase household income, improve
hygiene and sanitation, empower women, ensure community participation and thus
improve the livelihoods of poor households in the north-eastern and other hill
region states of India and elsewhere through improved use of the water and land
resources of the region.
5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty 115
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Downstream residents’ willingness to pay for water resource
improvement in northern Thailand: A stated choice analysis
Varaporn Punyawadee1, Chapika Sangkapitux
2, Nutcharee Pimpaud
3,
Jiraporn Konsurin3, Noppadol Sonwit
1, Worapong Polkongkaew
4
1 Faculty of Economics, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University 4 Humboldt University, Germany
Quality and quantity of water supply in mountainous areas vary due to a number of
reasons. In the area of the Mae Rim Water Works in Chiang Mai province,
northern Thailand, water resources used for producing tap-water are derived
mainly from the Mae Sa watershed. Steep slope cultivation, excessive use of
agrochemicals, and dry season irrigation in the upstream areas of Mae Sa River
have negatively affected the quantity and quality of water resources used for tap-
water production. Choice Experiments (CE) are used to elicit downstream water
users‘ willingness to pay for improvement of certain water attributes of the Mae
Rim Water Works, Chiang Mai Province. Attributes of water determined through
focus group discussions and expert interviews reflected both quality and quantity
aspects. Respondents‘ concerns about water quality due to erosion and chemical
contamination were translated into attributes to be used for the study. Water
shortage and water pressure are attributes representing water quantity improve-
ment. 100 households using water supplied by Mae Rim Water Work system were
randomly selected, with each respondent facing eight choice sets with three options
including two options for water improvement and one for maintaining the status
quo. A face-to-face survey was employed for data collection. The results from the
conditional logit model show that the downstream water users are willing to pay an
amount that exceeds by more than 100% their usual payment to obtain drinkable
water quality. The model incorporates socio-economic factors, such as income,
education and attitudes towards environmental issues that help explaining
respondents‘ choices regarding the types of water resource improvement. The
study suggests that involved agencies, such as the Mae Rim Water Works, should
better understand and meet prevailing needs of water users in terms of the quality
and quantity of water supplied to their customers. The results also provide a signal
of demand for improving upstream agricultural practices from conventional
chemical-based to more environmentally friendly ones. This study implies that
there is an opportunity of improving upstream water users‘ practices through
introducing a ―Payment for Environmental Service‖ scheme.
116 5.2 Environmental valuation and poverty
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Labour as a utility measure in contingent valuation studies –
How good is it really?
Michael Ahlheim1, Oliver Frör
1, Antonia Heinke
1, Nguyen Minh Duc
2, Pham
Van Dinh2
1 Institute of Economics (520f), University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Hanoi University of Agriculture
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) aims at the assessment of people's
willingness to pay (WTP) for a public project. The sum of the individual WTPs is
interpreted as the social benefits of the project under consideration and compared
to the project costs. If the benefits exceed the costs the project is recommended for
realization. In very poor societies budgets are so tight that households cannot give
up any part of their income, i.e. of their market consumption, in favour of a public
project, so that their WTP for that project stated in a CVM interview has to be zero
or close to zero. This leads to a severe discrimination against poor regions in the
decision process on the allocation of public funds. Therefore, several authors
suggest to use labour contributions to the realization of a public project instead of
monetary contributions as a measure of people's WTP for that project. In this paper
we show theoretically and empirically, based on a CVM study conducted in
Vietnam, that labour is severely flawed as a measuring rod for individual utility so
that CVM based on labour contributions does not provide a reliable and meaning-
ful decision rule for the allocation of public projects.
117
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
5.3 Upland cropping systems
Fostering rural development and environmental sustainability
through integrated soil and water conservation systems in the
uplands of northern Vietnam
Vu Dinh Tuan1, Nguyen Van Thach
2, Ha Van Phuong
3, Thomas Hilger
1,
Alwin Keil4, Gerhard Clemens
5, Manfred Zeller
4, Karl Stahr
5, Nguyen Thanh
Lam6, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Department of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics,
Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Hanoi University of Agriculture 3 Extension Service Station, Yen Chau, Son La Province, Vietnam 4 Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics,
Hohenheim University 5 Department of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University 6 Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies, Hanoi University of Agriculture
In Vietnam, overexploitation of resources has led to productivity reduction,
increasing rural poverty and food insecurity during the past decades, and hence
accelerates the migration to less densely populated, marginal forested regions.
Almost half of Vietnam‘s land area is now considered barren lands in which
agricultural activities on slopping land has caused erosion with on- and off- site
effects. Based on promising results from field experiments in Northeast Thailand
and funded by the EnBW Rainforest Foundation, the University of Hohenheim
initiated together with the Hanoi University of Agriculture a participatory research
project in the Yen Chau district of Northwest Vietnam under the umbrella of ‗The
Uplands Program‘. The overall goal of this project is to foster sustained and
enhanced livelihoods and environmental quality in the uplands of NW Vietnam.
The project aims at (i) identifying integrated soil and water conservation
techniques in a participatory way, (ii) establishing in collaboration with local
stakeholders pilot sites to further develop and demonstrate identified technologies
and assess their impact on crop yields and farmers‘ livelihoods, (iii) training
agricultural extension staff in the Son La province in the use of Participatory
Technology Development (PTD) to design and implement soil and water
conservation techniques, (iv) disseminating the knowledge gained on successful
soil and water conservation technologies and PTD in close collaboration with the
agricultural extension service to other parts of Yen Chau district. In two workshops
with local stakeholders the following treatments were identified: (i) maize
/farmers‘ practice (control); (ii) maize with Panicum maximum as grass barrier;
(iii) maize under minimum tillage with Arachis pintoi as cover crop (iv) maize
under minimum tillage and relay cropped with Phaseolus calcaratus. Farmers‘
reason to opt for these treatments was that they provide fodder for ruminants which
is scarce in the region under current land use. Two trials were established in
118 5.3 Upland cropping systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
2008/2009 on representative site, one in Chieng Hac farmer managed and one in
Chieng Khoi researcher managed to monitor erosion and yield performance of
maize and associated crops and assess the feasibility of applying soil conservation
technologies and the impact on livelihood of smallholders. First results indicated a
very critical phase at the onset of the rainy season until canopy is closed by maize;
50% soil cover (harvest residues, weed) in March vs. 80% (mainly maize) in July
and 90% in September. In 2009, almost 90% of the annual soil loss occurred
during the first rains in March and the first six weeks after maize planting mid of
May, reaching 16 t ha-1 a-1. This leads to depletion of soil nutrients so that farmers
have to apply more fertilizers to maintain productivity. Soil P levels increased with
time but still remained below critical levels for maize, although high amounts were
applied. Soil cover was low in Zero-N-plots compared to fertilized plots. Shear
strength measurements across the rainy season indicated that soils are highly
susceptible to erosion at the onset of the rainy season. It is hypothesized that soil
conservation measure used will mitigate the erosion impact with time.
5.3 Upland cropping systems 119
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Improving the sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems
for smallholder farmers in the uplands of Lao PDR
Tin Maung Aye, Reinhardt Howeler
CIAT in Thailand, c/o FCRI, Dept. of Agriculture, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
Cassava production in Laos is developing rapidly due to the increasing demand for
its multiple end-uses in the region. As a result, cassava is changing from a
traditional food crop to a cash crop, even for smallholders living in remote upland
areas. For farmers growing cassava on sloping lands, one of the main challenges is
the high rate of soil erosion, as well as nutrient depletion due to continuous
cropping without fertilizers. However, poor farmers are generally not interested in
erosion control or sustainability as the effect of these is not readily visible, and
most farmers are only interested in maximizing their net income. It is therefore
necessary to identify cost-effective fertilization practices as well as farmer-friendly
methods of soil erosion control. Objective To determine the most economic
fertilizer practices to obtain and maintain high cassava yields in a particular
location, and simple but effective options for soil erosion control in smallholder
cassava-based cropping systems. Materials and Methods The two experiments
were conducted at the Extension and Improvement of Livestock Systems Center in
Xieng Khouang province, Laos, located at an altitude of 1,100 masl, and at 19º 29‘
12‖ N; 103º 08‘ 49‖ E. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 1,200 mm
and has an extremely acid (pH 4.9) and infertile soil (2 ppm of available P). The
fertilizer experiment had various combinations of different rates of N, P and K
fertilizers (twelve treatments) and two cassava varieties (i.e. Local and KU50). The
soil erosion control experiment had ten treatments with 2 replications. All plots
were laid out on the contour and had a plastic-covered channel along the lower side
to catch the eroded sediments. The amount of eroded soil in each channel was
weighed and a sample of the wet soil was dried to determine the dry soil loss for
each treatment. Results There was a very significant response of both varieties to P
and K, while there was almost no response to the application of N, even a small
negative response in case of KU 50. This experiment also clearly indicated that KU
50 has a much better tolerance to low-P conditions compared to the local variety.
In the erosion control experiment, the Tephrosia candida and Paspalum atratum
contour hedgerows resulted in significantly less soil loss than with vetiver grass or
Gliricidia sepium hedgerows. The latter two species seem to be not as well adapted
to the poor soil and cool climate of this site. Conclusion These and many other
experiments indicate that more sustainable crop management practices should
emphasize increasing yields by the use of higher-yielding varieties, proper
fertilization, good weed control, use of good quality planting material, closer plant
spacing; and possibly the use of contour hedgerows of grass or leguminous species,
well-adapted to the soil and climatic conditions, not-competing with nearby
cassava plants, and preferably useful for feeding animals in a cut-and-carry feeding
system.
120 5.3 Upland cropping systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The effect of land preparation techniques and fertilizer
application on rice productivity of sloping uplands
Khamdok Songyikhangsuthor1, Don Douangdenth
1, Phasith Chanethala
2,
Benjamin. K. Samson3
1 Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (NAFReC), Lao PDR 2 National Rice Research Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR 3 IRRI-GMS, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Farmers report that rice productivity decreases as fallow periods shorten. This is
well known in literature concerning upland agriculture. This long-term experiment
is aimed at understanding soil fertility loss and designing interventions that address
this issue. The objectives of the experiment were to: 1) compare rice productivity
of slashed/burned and slashed/mulch methods of land preparation over time, 2)
compare response of improved and traditional rice cultivars to application
fertilizer. The experiment factors were land preparation technique (slashed and
burned, slashed and mulched), fertilizer management (zero fertilizer, fertilizer
added) and rice variety (B6144F-MR-6 and Laboun). The experiment was laid out
as a split-split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications.
Each plot measured 24 m2. The experiment site was conducted at Northern
Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Xieng Ngeun district, Luang Prabang
and is intended to continue for three years. Seeds were sown by dibbling. Fertilizer
treated plots were applied 60-30-30 kg/ha (N-P2O5-K2O); 30-30-30 kg/ha by
broadcast at sowing; 15-0-0 broadcast after first and second weeding. Soil
sampling was conducted at the beginning and end of the experiment for later
chemical analysis to determine changes in chemical composition of the soil. Grain
yield was measured, recorded and statistically analyzed. Weeds were sampled at
every time that weeding was conducted. About 30-40 percent of the field was
damaged by birds and rodents during booting to maturity stages in 2008. Soil
analysis data is not yet available. Rice in slashed-burned fields yielded twice as
much (426 kg/ha) as rice grown in slashed-mulched fields (250 kg/ha) in 2008. The
following year (2009), slashed-burned plots (935 kg/ha) had slightly higher grain
production than slashed-mulched fields (838 kg/ha). The trend of grain yield is
consistent with the rapid release of essential nutrients that takes place with burning.
In contrast, essential nutrients trapped in plant biomass are released much more
slowly in slashed-mulched plots. Mean grain production of B6144F-MR-6 was the
same as Laboun in 2008. In contrast, in 2009, B6144F-MR-6 mean grain
production (1039 kg/ha) was 297 kg higher than Laboun (738 kg/ha). Heavy rodent
and bird damage in 2008 may have masked differences in grain production
between varieties. Weed biomass was not statistically different among treatments.
Differences in mean grain yield between fertilized and unfertilized plots were not
significant in both years. However, in 2008, unfertilized plots had slightly higher
grain production than fertilized plots. The following year, mean grain yields were
slightly higher in fertilized plots. Total weed biomass in slash and burned plots
5.3 Upland cropping systems 121
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
showed an increasing trend from 2008 to 2009 (+315 kg/ha between years), while
total weed biomass of slash and mulched plots decreased between years (-27
kg/ha). Difference in weed biomass in between years in fertilized plots was higher
(134 kg/ha) than in unfertilized plots (55 kg/ha). Weed biomass in the B6144F-
MR-6 plots was higher compared to Laboun in both years, but were not statistically
different. Burned plots generally had higher weed biomass than mulched plots,
however addition of fertilizer to mulched plots encouraged weed growth.
122 5.3 Upland cropping systems
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Analysis on influencing factors of upland rice farmers’
technology adoption in mountainous southern Yunnan
Shijun Ding1, Yuping Chen
1, Haitao Wu
1, Dayun Tao
2, Sushil Pandey
3
1 Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China 2 Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming China 3 International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines
Upland rice production is the staple measurement to farmers‘ food self-sufficiency
in places with high altitude and far away from market of southern Yunnan.
Improved upland rice varieties (IUR) have been developed there, and proven to
have considerably higher yield as compared to traditional upland rice (TUR).
Together with government supporting policy of terrace land construction in
mountainous southern Yunnan, IUR helps protection soil erosion and environment.
The paper aims to investigate factors influencing rice farmers‘ decision on whether
or not to adopt IUR (extensity of adoption) and decision on the extent (area) to
which IUR are adopted (intensity of adoption) in the study areas. This will provide
evidence for policy interventions on the extensity and intensity of agricultural
technology diffusing. Data for this paper is derived from household survey
conducted in 2004 over mountainous southern Yunnan. 7 counties from southeast,
south and southwest Yunnan near Vietnam, Lao PDR and Myanmar are selected as
sample counties, and 2 villages are selected from each county. A cluster of 30
households in each village are randomly selected for structured questionnaire
survey. A total of 473 households in 14 villages (located among 845-1810 meters
altitude) are interviewed for collecting information on household demographic,
resources, income and crops production activities with improved upland rice
production as the central issue. Rice farmers‘ decisions on whether or not to adopt
a technology and how much (area) to adopt are said to be made separately or
subsequently, namely, they firstly decide whether or not to adopt the technology. If
they decide to adopt, then secondly they decide how much to adopt. A double-
hurdle model, originally due to Cragg (1971), is employed to analyze the
influencing factors, in which two stochastic processes determining the decision of
whether or not to adopt and how much adoption were separate treated. In southern
Yunnan, rice farmers‘ decisions on IUR adoption are separately made in two
subsequent stages. There exits great differences between factors that influence
decision on whether or not to adopt and factors that influence decision on the
extent of adoption. Farm‘s resources endowment, including farm size, area of
lowland rice, distance to market, terrace land area, altitude and whether there are
available government technology extension programs, have different ways in
influencing rice farmers‘ IUR adoption decision. These suggest that policy
attentions should be given in differentiating factors that determine extensity of
adoption and factors that determine intensity of adoption.
123
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 6
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural
resources
Ex-ante impact assessment of land-use policies in Vietnam forest
margins using a multi-agent system model
Le Quang Bao1, Soo Jin Park
2, Paul L. G. Vlek
3
1 Natural and Social Science Interface (NSSI), Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED),
ETH Zürich, Switzerland) 2 Department of Geography, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 3 Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany
Assessment of future socio-ecological consequences of land-use policies is useful
for supporting decisions about what and where to invest for the best overall
environmental and developmental outcomes. However, the task poses a great
challenge due to the inherent complexity of coupled human-landscape systems and
the long-term perspective required for sustainability assessment. Multi-agent
system models have been recognised to be well suited to express the co-evolutions
of the human and landscape systems in response to policy interventions. This paper
applies a multi-agent system model to a mountain watershed in central Vietnam for
supporting the design of land-use policies that enhance environmental and socio-
economical benefits in the long term. The modelling strategy for complex
integrated systems, aims to assess the relative impacts of policy interventions by
measuring the long-term landscape and community divergences (compared with a
baseline) driven from the widest plausible range of options for a given policy.
Model tests included empirical verification and validation of sub-models, rational
evaluation of the coupled model‘s structure, and behaviour tests using sensitivi-
ty/uncertainty analyses. We designed experiments of replicated simulations for
relevant policy factors in the study region including (i) forest protection zoning, (ii)
agricultural extension and (iii) agrochemical subsidies. The stronger the human-
environment interactions of the performance indicators, the more uncertain the
indicators turned out to be. Time lags between the implementation of land-use
policies and the appearance of socio-ecological consequences were observed.
Long-term legacies were found in the responses of the total cropping area, farm
size and income distribution to changes in forest protection zoning, implying that
impact assessment of nature conservation policies on rural livelihoods must be
considered over decades. Our comparative assessment of alternative future socio-
ecological scenarios shows that it is challenging to attain better household income
or forest conservation by straightforward expansion of the current agricultural
extension and subsidy schemes without improving the qualities of the services. The
results also suggest that the policy intervention that strengthens the enforcement of
124 6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
forest protection in the critical areas of the watershed and simultaneously create
incentives and opportunities for agricultural production in the less critical areas
will likely promote forest restoration and community income in the long run. We
also discuss limitations of the simulation model and recommend future directions
for model development.
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources 125
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Gaming and simulation to mitigate land use conflict between
herders and foresters in northern Thailand highlands
Pongchai Dumrongrojwatthana1, Guy Trébuil
2, Christophe Le Page
2,
Nantana Gajaseni3
1 Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 2 CIRAD, UPR GREEN, Montpellier, France 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
In the remote highland forest-farmland ecosystem of Doi Tiew, a Hmong village in
Tha Wang Pha District of Nan province, Northern Thailand a land use conflict is
taking place between the local herders and two government agencies (Nanthaburi
National Park and the Nam Khang headwater research and development unit)
having different interests, objectives and perceptions on land use and land
management. In this research we are using the integrative companion modeling
approach (http://www.commod.org) to co-construct a simulation tool representing
the dynamic interactions between vegetation dynamics, reforestation efforts, and
livestock grazing at the study site. This paper will focus on the participatory
modeling process implemented with concerned stakeholders. Three main
investigation tools were used to gather knowledge on the relevant ecological and
human decision making processes: field surveys (history of land use and analysis
of vegetation dynamics at landscape level), farmers‘ interviews (analysis of
decision making and determining factors across different types of farms),
institutional analysis (changes in land use policy and related state interventions).
This knowledge was first assembled in simple gaming exercises used with local
herders and foresters to validate the researchers‘ understanding of key interactions
regulating vegetation and land use dynamics. The outputs of these collaborative
modeling activities were used to design the suitable features and rules of a role-
playing game representing the complex human and ecological interactions at the
landscape level. This game allowed stakeholders to criticize and improve this
comprehensive formalization of the landscape dynamics. It was also used to
introduce gaming and simulation exercises and to stimulate stakeholders to identify
possible future land management scenarios mitigating the current conflict. The
results from two gaming and simulation field workshop allowed local stakeholders
to set up of co-management action plan collectively. Moreover, it proved that the
gaming and simulation could facilitate the communication and shared learning
among conflicting parties. Regarding the next steps, an agent-based model under
the CORMAS simulation platform to facilitate the exploration of future scenarios
in a time efficient way.
126 6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
The context of calculations: Assessing the influence of
institutional perspectives on integrated natural resource
management modeling in northern Thailand
Rachel Dunn
Cornell University and the Thai Royal Project Foundation through King Mongkut's
University of Technology Thonburi
Ecologically sensitive areas with indigenous populations in Southeast Asia and
Northern Thailand have become focal points of conflict over standards of
sustainable development and environmental conservation. Integrated natural
resource management (NRM) models are being used to develop and assess policy
schemes to address these issues. Current evidence suggests that NRM models must
link the environmental problems being addressed to the social realities of culture
and politics, but that there has been limited success in this integration of discipli-
nary understanding. The research objective of this study was to demonstrate the
link between institutional and political perspectives and the structure of NRM
models developed for Northern Thailand, thereby showing that model developer
perspective, or modeling context, strongly influences the model formulation and
development process and, therefore, the extent to which social and cultural
understanding can be successfully integrated into the NRM model. In order to
achieve this, government and institutional perspectives were first identified
according to policy development studies on conservation and development
practices in Northern Thailand. These perspectives were then compared to the
priorities and perspectives driving NRM modeling efforts in Northern Thailand.
These perspectives were evaluated according to two inter-related model compo-
nents: the indicators used to determine sustainability and the logic structure of the
model. The results of this study found that the priorities of model development in
NRM models constructed for Northern Thailand are strongly tied to Thai political
perspectives on environmental conservation and sustainable development.
Specifically, NRM models developed for this area have used model logic structures
that determine whether or not conservation goals are being met by evaluating the
effects of changes in land cover type as driven by small farmer cropping decisions
and policy changes. The sustainability of these scenarios are assessed using
indicators such as forest cover loss, erosion rates, peak flow rates, and water loss to
ascertain the possible extent of environmental degradation associated with any
given scenario. Indicators of societal well-being, if used in these models, generally
include ascertaining some form of economic stability and possibly the level of self-
sustenance maintained. Several authors have demonstrated that the emphasis of
conservation efforts and economic strength linked to these types of indicators and
logic structures are strongly tied to the politics of development, deforestation,
water shortages and flooding in Southeast Asia in general, and Northern Thailand
in particular, and that these priorities do not necessarily reflect local need and may
actually result in decreasing sustainability. This is significant in that it indicates
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources 127
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
that NRM model development is context dependent according to the perspectives
and priorities that are driving the model formulation processes. This indicates that
further integration of local understanding might be achieved by using the
perspectives of local community concerns and priorities to drive model formulation
and development processes.
128 6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Simulating resource dynamics of highland agriculture in
northern Vietnam by coupling biophysical and economic models
Carsten Marohn1, Pepijn Schreinemachers
2, Prakit Siripalangkanont
2, Dang
Viet Quang2, Nguyen Thanh
1, Thomas Berger
2, Georg Cadisch
1
1 Institute for Agroecology and Plant Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University, Stuttgart, Germany 2 Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics,
Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
Agriculture in northern Vietnam has much intensified in the past two decades.
Fallow periods have shortened and farmers grow maize on sloping lands year after
year. Because soil conservation methods are little used, large amounts of soil are
eroded from sloping lands annually. Farmers have been able to compensate for the
loss in soil nutrients by using mineral fertilizers and planting higher yielding
varieties, but these practices are unsustainable if not combined with methods to
conserve the topsoil. Farmers are well aware of the danger that erosion poses for
their future farm revenues. Yet farmers need cash to support their household and to
buy farm inputs every year. By depleting the soil, farmers tend to trade future crop
revenues for higher current crop revenues. Exploring strategies to promote
sustainable resource use therefore requires knowledge about the biophysical as
well as the economic system and its dynamics. By coupling two models, one
representing the biophysical dynamics and the other representing the economic
decision-making, this study seeks to get a better understanding of the resource use
of farmers. It aims at quantifying the impact of unsustainable land use and at
identifying under which conditions soil conservation methods would be economi-
cally attractive for farmers to use. The Land Use Change Impact Assessment
(LUCIA) model is a spatially explicit dynamic model which simulates watershed
functions, soil fertility and plant growth. The hydrological part combines elements
of SPAW, KINEROS 2, and algorithms from PCRaster. Plant growth is simulated
based on CGMS-WOFOST and was amended for perennial crops and natural
vegetation. Residue and soil organic matter decomposition are carbon-driven and
follow the Century model. Mathematical Programming-based Multi Agent Systems
(MP-MAS) is an agent-based model simulating the land use decisions of large
numbers of farm households using whole farm mathematical programming. Agents
make decisions about what crops to grow and the amount of inputs to apply based
on their expectations about prices and crop yields. By adjusting these expectations,
trade-offs between future and current income can be analyzed and quantified. The
models are dynamically linked using the Typed Data Transfer library. MP-MAS
simulates the crop choice and input use for each pixel in the catchment on a yearly
basis and transfers these data to LUCIA, which computes crop yields and resource
dynamics on a daily time step. Crop yields are then returned to MP-MAS and
agents evaluate their farm revenues and update their crop yield expectations. The
coupled model was calibrated to one catchment in northern Vietnam comprising
6.1 Modeling people's interaction with natural resources 129
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
five villages and 471 farm households. Farmers grow paddy rice in the valleys and
mostly maize and cassava on the slopes while keeping small numbers of livestock.
Using scenario analyses, the study analyzed how crop yields change over time in
response to changes in input use and changes in soil fertility. By imposing a
sustainability constraint on the agent decision-making in the coupled model, it
quantifies the current cost of sustainable land use. The implications for promoting
soil conservation methods are discussed.
130
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets
Impact of rising food price on poverty and welfare in Vietnam
Phung Duc Tung, Hermann Waibel
Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics, School of Economics and
Management, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
In 2008, the international prices of food commodities increased to an unprecedent-
ed level since the end of the 1970s. From April 2006 to June 2008 the real food
price index had more than doubled. Several factors are assumed to be responsible
for this price increase, including increased production of biofuels from food grains
and oilseeds due to the soaring petroleum prices, a weak US dollar compared to
other major currencies, the increase in food production costs due to higher energy
prices, the shortfall of agricultural production due to weather shocks, export bans
and speculative activities in food markets. Most of the current papers have looked
at the impact of the food crisis on poverty in net importing countries. This paper
analyses the effects of the food price increase in Vietnam a net exporter of rice and
other agricultural commodities. A methodology is presented that allows to measure
the impact of the food crisis on income, welfare and poverty status of various types
of rural households in different regions of Vietnam. The study uses two sources of
data. First, panel data of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey between
2006 and 2008 with a sample size of 4500 households in all 63 provinces of
Vietnam are used. Second, panel data from a large-scale household survey
conducted within the framework of the DFG-funded research project ―Impact of
shocks on the vulnerability to poverty: consequences for development of emerging
Southeast Asian economies‖ conducted in 2007 and 2008 with a sample size of
2200 households in three Vietnamese provinces. In a first step decomposition
approach is used that allows identifying the relative importance of the factors that
affect income growth including changes in yield, cultivation area and prices as well
as diversification into alternative crops and non-farm labor activities. In addition, a
difference in difference model was developed that is used to estimate the impact of
a change in the staple food price on household welfare measured by consumption.
Results show that the effect of the increase in food prices on the real incomes of
households who are net sellers of food products is relatively stronger (more than
10%) than the reduction in real income of net buyers (less than 5%). On average
higher food prices increased the welfare of Vietnamese households; however there
is a large variation among different household types and regions. Similar results
could be shown for welfare effects of the food price hike. The rising of food price
increased the poverty in Vietnam as the share of net buyers exceeds those of net
sellers.
6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets 131
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Coping and adaptation strategies of rural households in response
to rice and maize price variability in northern Vietnam
Susanne Ufer, Alwin Keil, Manfred Zeller
Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics
(490a), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
World food prices were characterized by massive fluctuations during the past three
years. Rapidly increasing food crop price levels in 2007 and in the beginning of 2008
were followed by a sharp decline later on in the same year. Rural households in low
income countries are affected by price volatility of agricultural commodities both
through its impact on consumption expenditures and income. Food price hikes in 2008
also caused major public concern about food security in low income countries, but also
created hopes of higher agricultural incomes for rural households. Therefore, the
objective of this study is to investigate both the extent of net income shocks related to
volatile food crop prices as well as households‘ response to income and consumption
risk through a household level study covering the period from 2006 to 2008. The
research was conducted in the mountainous Yen Chau district in North-western
Vietnam, which is among the poorest districts in the country. Agricultural production is
dominated by two major crops, paddy cultivation for subsistence needs in the lowlands
and intensive production of maize as the primary cash crop in the uplands, which
constitute, on the average, approximately 8.5% of total consumption expenditures and
65% of total household cash income, respectively. In a first step the static impact of
rising rice and maize prices on household net income was analyzed using the Net
Benefit Ratio, a method widely applied in literature. Rising rice prices had a moderate
impact on net income, but the effect was widespread since 50% of the households are
rice net buyers. Households‘ maize income fluctuated significantly between 2006 and
2008, whereby the massive decline in maize income in 2008 of 29% relative to 2007
was mainly attributable to considerably higher input costs rather than to the decrease of
output prices. In a second step households‘ resilience to the maize income decline in
2008 was analyzed using an OLS regression model which employs an asset based
approach linking households‘ capital endowment with the stability of their consumption
expenditures. The regression results show that the maize income decline of 2008 did
not translate into decreased consumption expenditures compared to the year before.
Only few households applied specific measures to cope with the income depression, the
most widespread one being the postponement of the purchase of valuable consumption
durables. Nevertheless, farmers did respond to differences in maize and input prices by
adjusting the timing of maize sales as well as the quantity of fertilizer used. Although
households were found to be resilient to the maize income depression in this instance,
the high degree of specialization on maize production has to be viewed as a relatively
risky strategy, given the high levels of input requirements and severe soil erosion
observed, coupled with fluctuating input and output prices. Therefore, policies should
focus on improving the economic and ecological sustainability of maize cultivation in
the short run, but also foster income diversification in the longer run.
132 6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Consumption patterns for fresh fruits and vegetables from
different retail outlets among urban households in Thailand
Rattiya Lippe, Somporn Isvilanonda
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart
University, Thailand
The food retail sector in developing countries has started to undergo a restructuring
process in recent years because of changes in purchasing habits of consumers,
especially those in urban areas. Modern retail outlets have been growing and
expanding. This has had an effect on the competitiveness of traditional markets and
the production patterns of, particularly, high-value food commodities. This
phenomenon is being driven by economic growth, urbanization, increasing
consumer attention to and concern with food safety, quality and health attributes of
food, and the liberalization of foreign investment regulations. In Thailand, the fresh
markets are traditional places for food items and continue to be a major outlet for
fresh fruits and vegetables. Their continuing importance is related to the nature of
the supply chain for these perishable produce. However, many consumers have
begun to patronize modern retail outlets because of convenience, the wide variety
of products on offer and implementing strategies to control the process of setting
safety and quality standards. The growth of supermarkets, hypermarkets and
specialty shops is linked with consumption patterns and households‘ purchasing
decision. Understanding the factors that influence consumption and purchasing
behaviors would thus provide better information for the formulation of agricultural
policies that foster development of market demand through local food producers
and traders. In this regard, we analyzed the consumption patterns for fresh fruits
and vegetables and the determinants of purchasing decisions of urban households
as differentiated by the choice of retail outlets. We estimated the demand
parameters by employing the Linear Almost Ideal Demand System (LAIDS).
LAIDS was constructed in a two-stage demand system by incorporating a
demographic translating function and explicitly accounting for censored data. The
binary choice model was used to identify determinants in the purchase fresh fruits
and vegetables from modern retail outlets. The analysis was made based on a
consumer survey of 500 households in urban areas of Bangkok, the capital, and
Chiang Mai, the largest city in the Northern region of Thailand. The demand for
fruits and vegetables from modern retail outlets increased more with increasing
income than the demand for produce from traditional retail outlets. Urban
households are more price-responsive to fresh produce from modern retail outlets.
Decision to purchase fresh produce from modern retail outlets is driven by
household income and educational level of household head. Consumer confidence
in quality products solely obtained in supermarkets and specialty stores was a
positive and significant factor in purchasing fresh produce from modern retail
outlets; this was linked to the health attributes of safe and quality food. Our
findings show that economic development and policies that foster income growth
6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets 133
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
and improve the education of the population would continue to drive the
restructuring of the food retail sector. The implication of our findings for
traditional retailers is to raise their competiveness by improving costumer
convenience, offering a wider variety of produce and adopting safety and quality
standards for fresh produce. Modern retailers could enhance their reputation by
contributing to improvements in the production of premium standards to reach
high-class consumers. Local producers can better access high-value supply chains
by providing them technical assistance on improved crop production for higher
yields, better management practices that focus on product quality and safety, and
farm business management and marketing that enable higher margins.
134 6.2 Integration of highland farmers into markets
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Land use transition in the upland of Vietnam: A case study as
implication for sustainable rural livelihoods in Toung Duong
district, Nghe An province, Vietnam
Vo Huu Cong1, Rajendra Prasad Shrestha
1, Ganesh Prasad Shivakoti
1, Nitin
Kumar Tripathi2
1 Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies, Hanoi University of Agriculture 2 Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
This study of land use transition and its implications on local livelihoods was
conducted in Tam Dinh commune located in the Ca River Basin, the central of
Vietnam. Land use classification for three years 1989, 1998 and 2005 was done
using landsat TM, and ETM+ images in integration with GIS tools. Factors of land
use changes were identified and examined by applying linear regression model at
p<0.05 which showed the relationship between each land use type and its
influenced factors, the correlation among factors affects on the land use types.
Local livelihoods assessment was analyzed employing Sustainable Livelihood
Assessment framework combined with weighting index method to assess the level
of accessibility to the assets of local people and their livelihood strategies.
Household survey was carried out with 68 households in two villages focused on
the spatial location of each village compared to road systems. The results showed
that land use mapping achieved high accuracy as 94.7% of land use map 2005, and
88.5% and 88.42% were achieved for 1989 and 1998, respectively. There was a big
change in swidden agriculture in both periods with 72.3% of rice swidden being
degraded forest (767.5 ha) and 10.9% of that being secondary forest in period
1989-1998 and there were 44.1% rice swidden area converted to degraded forest
and 27.0% of it was converted to secondary forest in the period of 1998-2005.
Forest land changes give a good signal of reforestation with the transition of
degraded forest to secondary forest and secondary forest being natural forest. The
transition of degraded forest to secondary forest experienced huge amount of forest
area 1,406 ha (28.8%) and 1,852 ha (37%) in the periods of 1989-1998 and 1998-
2005, respectively. The area of secondary forest generated to natural forest was
508 hectares in the period of 1989-1998 but it got highest growth rate in the period
of 1998-2005 with a huge area of 1,357 hectares equivalent 32.2 % of total natural
forest area. Factors of land use change, especially agricultural land use, has been
addressed as the number of household members, education and land holding size
played the highest roles. Local livelihood components were presented by labor
forces, rate of educated household member, agricultural occupation, forest land
holding size, income from livestock. Since the area of irrigated paddy was not
increased due to limitation of suitable land, livelihood of people in Tam Dinh being
more depended on the swidden cultivation, collection of firewood. Recently,
household member has to earn their job from big cities, or urban area for labor
wage. Furthermore, land use change need to model for future planning with the
more involvement of socio-economic data.
135
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
Challenges in improving the market orientation of agroforestry
gardens and client-responsiveness of agricultural extension
services
Ernesto Guiang1, Nguyen Thanh Quang
2, Phan Van Hau
2, Nguyen Dung
Nam1
1 FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAORAP) 2 Quang Nam’s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development - DARD
In 2008, the Italian Government provided a grant for the second phase of the
―Project on Market-Oriented Agro-forestry Development to Reduce Poverty in
Quang Nam Province‖. Phase 2 continued to address poverty by improving the
quality, productivity and market orientation of home and forest gardens and by
strengthening the ―client-orientation‖ of agricultural extension services in six
communes and two districts. In the six communes, the annual per capita income of
23-70% of households ranges from VND 1.4 million to VND 2.0 million VND.
The areas of home and forest gardens average from 2,500-4,500 square meters and
half to one hectare, respectively. At least 60% of the gardens need to improve
productivity and market orientation. The existing short-, medium-, and long-term
crops in most gardens have not been able to meet the households‘ needs for food
and cash. Initial benefit and cost analysis showed that improved gardens would
have higher NPVs and IRRs. There are limited opportunities to save and access
micro-finance services in the six communes. There are untapped potentials for
agri- and forestry-based micro enterprises. To improve market orientation, the
project has promoted five types of household and/or group enterprises. These are
home and forest gardens for the households, village nurseries for supplying high
quality planting materials, relending services for village savings groups, and
competitive microenterprises. Under a commune-led and decentralized implemen-
tation arrangement, the project supported training activities, cross visits, technical
experts, and start-up support for enterprises, meetings to improve coordination and
collaboration, and some logistics to strengthen the extension-related capacities of
local officials and technicians for home garden owners. Interventions in home
gardens include technologies for minimizing below- and above-ground competi-
tion, crop-livestock integration, thinning and reducing the number of densely-
planted low-value species from as high as 15 species of perennials, fruit trees,
spices, vegetables, and cereals into 3-4 high value, easy to manage, and market-
oriented species. In forest gardens, the project has supported thinning, pruning, and
enrichment planting using high value long-term forest trees. All assistance
activities in home and forest gardens were designed to promote savings that is
linked with micro-credit, enterprises, and capacity building activities. Initial results
indicate that a commune-led and decentralized approach for implementing agro-
136 6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
forestry development plans has encouraged local officials, village leaders, and
technicians to be more responsive to garden owners. The mixes and choices of high
value fruit and forest seedlings for improving gardens reflected a higher degree of
market orientation. More financial resources were shifted towards supporting
short- and medium-term species for home gardens with less support for improv-
ing/developing forest gardens especially after the typhoon in September 2009. The
communes‘ work and financial planning for 2010 activities affirmed increasing
interest for high value fruit trees, savings and relending services, local nurseries for
raising high value planting materials , and starting rural enterprises that would
improve value chains.
6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture 137
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Assessing the sustainability of upland agriculture: A case sudy of
Mae Sa watershed, northern Thailand
Suwanna Praneetvatakul, Chakrit Potchanasin, Aer Sirijinda, Chaniga Laitae
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart
University
Agricultural development has continuously been introduced to many watershed
areas of Thailand by both Thai government and international agencies. Mae Sa
watershed is one among them. Whether the recent upland agriculture in the
watershed area is going to the direction of sustainability or not is a challenging
research question. This paper is aimed at assessing the sustainability of upland
agriculture in Mae Sa watershed. Panel data are gathered from two farm-household
surveys in Mae Sa Mai village during cropping year 2000/01 and 2008/09. Forty
samples per year or in total 80 samples were utilized for the assessing of the
sustainability of agriculture in the watershed. Sustainability is categorized using
sustainability indicators into economic, social, and ecological aspects. Sustainabili-
ty of agriculture in the context of development efforts has to meet production
efficiency, resilience of ecosystems, appropriate technology, maintenance of the
environment, cultural diversity, and satisfaction of the basic needs. When
sustainability for development is an ultimate goal, this requires the balancing of
environmental, social, and economic systems. In the agricultural sector, goals for
sustainability generally include the maintenance or enhancement of the natural
environment, provision of human food needs, economic viability, and social
welfare. Inevitably, the ability of a community to maintain sustainable agricultural
activities over time depends on the practices at the present time. More specifically,
for agricultural activities to be sustained, they should be technically feasible,
economically viable, socially acceptable, and environmentally sound at any point
in time. In assessing sustainability of the upland agriculture in Mae Sa watershed,
the authors applied the sustainability indicator analysis developed by FAO. The
results of the study show that when comparing the sustainability of the upland
agriculture in Mae Sa watershed, the biodiversity and chemical pesticide use index
is slightly increasing within the past decade. However, the lower sustainable facets
of upland agriculture in Mae Sa watershed are the economic indicators i.e. land
holding size, net farm income and net household income. While expansion of
agricultural land in the watershed area is not legally permitted, enhancing
productivity with sustainable agricultural systems e.g. soil conservation practices
and integrated pest management is recommended.
138 6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Dendrobium chrysotoxum - marketing of an endangered species
Wolfgang Pfingst, Oliver Hensel
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany
In the rural area of Southern China a fundamental transformation of traditional
agriculture systems took place in the last years. The prefecture of Xishuangbanna in the
Yunnan Province, occupying a mere 0.2 percent of China's total area, is the home to
one fourth of the country's wild animals and one fifth of its wild plants. At the same
time Xishuangbanna is the only area in China except Hainan Province where rubber
trees can be grown. Therefore the primary rainforests decreased from 70 percent in
1976 to below 50 percent in 2003. 400,000 hectares of rain forest disappeared, mostly
replaced by rubber plantations. According to the Xishuangbanna statistics bureau every
year another 150,000 hectares of rainforest disappear. Objectives: Within the
framework of the collaborative project Living Landscapes China (LILAC) small-scale
farmers should be enabled to get an additional or even an alternative income to rubber
or tea with high priced Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP). A sustainable use of
neglected plants encourages farmers to protect the hot spot of biodiversity in the
Yunnan Province and might brake the loss of natural resources. Optimized processing
and stocking can balance the weak linkages to the markets during the rainy season.
Higher quality cause higher prices, agricultural added value remains at the farmer.
Methods: Since March 2008, field research has been done in the project area to
investigate neglected regional plants. To work out their optimal market quality various
ways of processing under controlled conditions have been compared in both field and
laboratory trials. The Solar Tunnel Dryer Type Hohenheim, electrical laboratory dryers,
traditional methods like on-floor solar drying or traditional ovens came into operation.
Quality parameters were defined according to the European marketing conditions,
chemical and physical analyses of the products were made. Results: With Dendrobium
chrysotoxum, Musa xishuangbannanensis and Paris polyphylla some neglected plant
species have been identified. The preservation of these NFTP through optimized
processing can afford a supplementary income to the farmers whereas the Dendrobium
is presented within this symposium. Dendrobium chrysotoxum (Lindl.1847) is an
orchid species which flowers are used as infusion in the Chinese Traditional Medicine
(TCM). The flowering season is short: only three weeks within March and April the
flowers can be harvested, the best time is (dark) early morning. The transport to the
dryer should be short and possibly dark and gentle. Best temperature for drying is about
50°C to avoid a loss of taste or colour. The price of Dendrobium chrysotoxum is very
high: according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES) the collection of wild flowers is not longer possible, the species is highly
endangered due to the loss of intact primary rainforest areas and older trees. But it is
possible to cultivate orchids in forest areas. Within five years a profitable orchid garden
of 200 square metres could be installed by a family. So the marketing of this
endangered species is not a contradictory to its protection.
6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture 139
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Participatory and integrative approach to enhance bamboo
production and supply chain ensuring a sustainable development
of Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam
Aurélie Vogel, Patrice Lamballe, Nguyên Thi Huyên, Olivier Renard
GRET
Development of bamboo production and supply chain promises solution to address
both poverty and upland soil degradation faced by a major part of the population of
several districts of Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam. In western districts of
Thanh Hoa Province, the poorest districts also concentrate the biggest surfaces of
planted bamboo in Vietnam (69 000ha). In these areas, agriculture surfaces are
limited, as for market linkage and off-farm activities. Smallholders‘ livelihoods
rely on a large extent on their Luong (Dendrocalamus barbatus) plantations, often
regarded as their ―living bank‖. In 2005, a project led by an international NGO
launched a project in this province. A participatory and integrative approach was
progressively settled through three main components. The first component focused
on resources management through identification, testing and dissemination of
techniques for a more productive and sustainable management of bamboo
plantations. Other activities were related to the support to bamboo supply chain
down stream, to increase and secure the added-value created locally, from bamboo
producers to processors. Some complementary activities were related to sector
enabling environment (discussion with local government, multi-actors discussions
and seminars, capacity building of local actors, organization of meetings and visits,
exchanges with external actors on bamboo). Surveys and measurements pointed
out that management of bamboo plantations is mainly driven by farmers‘ lack of
capacity to generate other sources of income. Poorest households with limited
income source out of bamboo are led to overharvest to cover their daily expenses,
leading to the depletion of part of the plantations. Others tend to more sustainable
harvest, except in case of unexpected financial needs. On-farm trials and large-
scale demonstration plots on bamboo forests rehabilitation outlined the efficiency
of low-intensity harvest and fertilization. However, without financial support,
adoption of these practices remains limited due to the low investment capacity of
most farmers and lack of market incentives. To tackle these issues, project started
to support the creation of new sources of income. These new activities, mainly
linked to bamboo plantations, were selected through a participatory process
(farmers group meetings and exchange visits). In a comprehensive approach, the
project also supports the development of a more responsible supply-chain,
reducing local poverty while giving incentives for a sustainable management of
bamboo resources. Current limited number of leading firms is impacting negatively
on practices along the supply chain. Local actors are more inclined to ensure
sustainability of local resources and establish long standing links with producers.
To support them, the project is leading several initiatives, such as mutli-actors
discussions on bamboo supply chain, the creation of an association of entrepre-
140 6.3 Innovations for sustainable agriculture
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
neurs or the support to identify, test, develop and market new products which
enhance the rate of use of poles, decrease the quantity of wastes and increase
bamboo added-value. Gret also supported farmers groups to settle demonstration
plots on culms marking and registration, as a first step towards certification or
other forms of market vertical integration. Researches and tests on the potential of
luong to enter into carbon market also show promising results.
141
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Parallel session 7
7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland
farms
Water for forest: Potential impact of alternative land set-aside
programs at village and farm levels in the mountainous areas of
Vietnam
Damien Jourdain1, Esther Boere
2, Dang Dinh Quang
3, Marrit van den Berg
2,
Cu Phuc Thanh4, Do Anh Tai
4
1 Agricultural research for development (CIRAD), International rice research institute
(IRRI) 2 Wageningen University 3 Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Instituten (NOMAFSI), Vietnam 4 Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration (TUEBA)
The uplands of Northern Vietnam, often having low agricultural productivity, are
home to the poorest of the rural poor. However, these areas provide important
ecosystem services: food production for marginalized populations, biodiversity
reservoirs, and watershed regulating functions. These ecosystem services have
undergone some major changes over the past decades in the light the redistribution
of the land, liberalization of the markets and a rapid population growth. These
changes pose real challenges for implementing land use policies that alleviate
poverty, increase food production, and maintain other ecosystem functions. To
protect or restore forest resources, some programs are proposing farmers to set-
aside some of their cultivated land in sloping areas to re-establish natural or
productive forests. Farmers are unlikely to reduce their agricultural production in
favor of the ecosystem services, unless compensation is given to sustain their
livelihoods. Our main objective was to analyze the impact of alternative schemes
on farm revenues that would set-aside cultivated land for forest natural re-growth.
However, instead of farmers receiving individual financial rewards, we explored
the impact of improving collective infrastructures so that more water is made
available for irrigation. These various types of set-aside schemes are compared in
terms of efficiency and equity. Based on an existing typology which focuses on the
relative amounts of different types of land and labor available, 45 households of 4
communes of the Van Chan district (Yen Bai province) were interviewed. This
resulted in an in-depth analysis of their structure, strategies, land use, livestock,
agricultural and non-agricultural practices, and associated technical coefficients
(assets, labor & draft needs, inputs used, yields). Typical cropping calendars were
elicited from extension officers and randomly selected farmers. Using mathemati-
cal programming a farm model was developed. Base-models were calibrated and
validated against representative farmers of each group. With the help of these
142 7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
models, we investigated scenarios where some land in the sloping area of the
catchment is set aside for forest natural re-growth, while additional land is irrigated
in the lowland compartment. The scenarios varied with the way set-aside and
irrigable lands were divided among the farmers of the modeled village (catchment).
The impacts on land use, individual farm revenues, per head revenues and village
revenues were analyzed.
7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms 143
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Integrated assessment of soil conservation: Quantifying trade-
offs between incomes and sustainability in northern Vietnam
Dang Viet Quang, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Thomas Berger
Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics
(490d), Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
Reducing soil erosion from sloping lands is the main challenge to sustainable
agricultural development in the northern highlands of Vietnam. Dramatic levels of
erosion have a negative effect on household incomes and also compromise the
ability of future generations to earn an income from agriculture. Although farmers
are aware of the problem, the adoption of soil conservation methods remains low,
as most methods are not profitable enough in the short run. The objective of this
study is to assess the effect of an environmental tax on the unsustainable use of
sloping lands and to quantify the financial impacts of erosion reduction at the farm
level. We develop a dynamic simulation model that integrates an agent-based
model of farm household decision-making with a deterministic model of soil
fertility dynamics. We find that an environmental tax could stimulate the adoption
of soil conservation measures and thereby reduce erosion, but that reductions in
current household incomes are rather high, which makes this policy difficult to
implement considering the high levels of poverty in the study area. In case that
households reduced erosion rate by 70 percent, their incomes would decline by 20
percent on average.
144 7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
DrukDIF, A dynamic information framework for managing the
natural resources of Bhutan
Hans van Noord1, Jeffrey Richey
2, Andrew Gillison
3, Karma Dupchu
4, Tashi
Wangdi1, Karma Dema Dorji
1, Tshering Dorji
1
1 National Soil Services Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of
Bhutan 2 University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, USA 3 Center for Biodiversity Management, Queensland, Australia 4 Hydromet Service Division, Department of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal
Government of Bhutan
As with many other developing nations Bhutan, faces a series of important
questions, in managing its natural resources. What would be the impacts of
changes in agriculture and forestry practices on local and regional water balances?
How does biodiversity respond to altitude, soil, and climate gradients? In
particular, what might happen to resources into the future? To address these
questions, Bhutan faces the challenge of integrating cross-sectoral, land-based
information and data. Even as a relatively small nation, universal access to
landscape relevant information is still complex and hampered by departmental and
sectoral mandates and ownerships claims. To begin to address these challenges, the
Ministry of Agriculture of the Royal Government of Bhutan has initiated the
development of a Dynamic Information Framework (DrukDIF), with support from
the World Bank and GEF. A DIF is an instrument for analysis of complex
interdependent problems, based on the integration of data and information from
multiple sources, of interest to multiple parties. It is ―Dynamic,‖ as the landscape it
captures is evolving, and information, use and needs are not static. More than just
data, it makes use of ―Information‖ generated from data sets of national and global
origin. It represents a ―Framework,‖ as it is more than a set of information layers,
and offers flexible communication interfaces. A key aspect is that a DIF is
geospatially-explicit, fully distributed, and includes process-based models. This
paper describes the key elements and theoretical basis of the DrukDIF and presents
the current state of development and initial application opportunities. Again, the
DrukDIF provides a means of organizing and processing the information needs for
a watershed or basin, as typical landscape unit for Bhutan, providing an overall
capability of integrating across sectors. It is being developed to provide data sets
and state of the art models that can be utilized by staff in National Agencies to
address the cross-sector resource problems facing Bhutan. To develop DrukDIF, a
two-tier approach is followed through which simultaneously national information
layers are compiled and combined with global, public domain, information. It
brings together information related to topography, land cover and use, biodiversity,
water and scenarios. It contains an internet map server as an interactive GIS tool to
select and query geospatial information layers. DrukDIF focuses on an open-access
framework, where information is available, but where data remain the responsibili-
7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms 145
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
ty of the mandated institution. Two primary scales are addressed. At the national
level, global data sets are used to develop an 8-km resolution hydrology model,
including climatology from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). A
district scale watershed of the Wangchhu river is used a pilot area to collect more
detailed landscape information along an altitudinal gradient making use of rapid
biodiversity assessments and first iterations of a hydrological model calibrated with
ground-based runoff and meteorological data. DrukDIF is unique development for
the region, including its process-based hydrological model, at landscape and basin
scales. DrukDIF Version 1.0 is currently accessible as a web-based framework at
http://www.drukdif.ocean.washington.edu.
146 7.1 Modeling impact of external changes on upland farms
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Direct seeding in mulch cropping systems. Do they fit into farms
of the mountainous area of Vietnam?
Dang Dinh Quang, Damien Jourdain, François Affholder, Aymeric Ricome,
Marion Morize, To Phuc Tuong
Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Vietnam
Direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) are often proposed as a
promising way to reduce soil erosion and improve crop nutrient and water balances in
the developing world. The present paper focuses on identifying farm-level constraints
to adoption of DMC by smallholders in the mountainous area of Vietnam, in place of
conventionally managed maize and upland rice. The method involved simulation of
rational households maximizing their income subject to food security constraints and
availability of resources. The data required by the model were obtained (i) at farm level
through farm surveys in two areas with contrasting environments, after identifying farm
types relevant for the question addressed and (ii) at crop level through agronomic trials.
We assumed that a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for adoption is that DMC
are economically sound at farm level on a short term perspective. The study generated
insight into why farmers of the Cho Don district, Bak Kan province, were reluctant to
adopt DMC due to the extra labor and input required to implement these techniques
during the first years, which hampers their economic performance. In another region,
under different biophysical and economic environmental conditions, the study showed
that DMC were more likely to be adopted provided that possible constraints at the
community level are overcome. The method also allowed us to discuss the types of
technical improvements that would make DMC more attractive to farmers. For most
farm types, labor required by mulch establishment would have to be reduced by more
than 30%. This would mean spreading much less biomass than the 7t ha-1, compromis-
ing the weed-control function of mulch. This would be technically feasible only by
using herbicides but this would not be economically sound since it would increase cash
requirements. The study showed that subsidies of 50 to more than 200 USD ha-1 were
necessary to enable the conversion of all conventionally managed sloping land into
DMC in the simulations. These amounts are high relatively to gross margins (250-750
USD ha-1) under conventional management. By focusing on the attractiveness of DMC
at farm level, our quantitative analysis provided a set of necessary conditions for
adoption of the technique. However it did not provide all sufficient conditions, such as
risks related to the learning period necessary to master the technique, risks related to
pest and disease incidence, and issues at community level. Further research is needed to
better integrate these risks and the scale dependence of the adoption of innovations of
this kind. A critical aspect would be to enhance biophysical models at field level to
provide data about the agronomic and environmental performances of DMC, with their
spatial and temporal variations. Particularly, these models should also account for long
term dynamics of cropping systems interacting with the environment, in order to better
address the trade-off between the urgency of satisfying elementary needs of smallhold-
ers and the promise of a better productivity in the future.
147
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovation
Do group-based extension approaches in Vietnam’s smallholder
pig husbandry enable collaborative learning?
Iven Schad1, Regina Roessler
2, Andreas Neef
3, Volker Hoffmann
1
1 Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension, Hohenheim University,
Stuttgart, Germany 2 Chair of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim
University 3 Knowledge and Innovation Management, Department of Agricultural and Resource
Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
This study aims to analyze potentials and constraints of group-based extension
approaches as an institutional innovation to support collaborative learning in the
Vietnamese agricultural extension system. Group-based learning approaches in
agriculture – if performed properly – can be an effective means of building farmer
competencies and networking through gathering people to engage in processes of
experimentation and development and therefore underscore the importance of
farmer participation. Yet, in East and Southeast Asian countries with a recent
history of socialism, agricultural extension shows a common pattern: technical
prescriptions are derived from controlled and uniform conditions, and then widely
disseminated by applying hierarchical top-down extension approaches with little or
no regard for diverse local needs and conditions, often making the content
unworkable. This holds particularly true for Vietnam, where a relatively recently
(1993) established agricultural extension service is struggling to shift to more
integrated, client-oriented approaches that emphasize the importance of interactive,
mutual learning between formal and informal knowledge systems. In the
marginalized mountainous areas of Northwest Vietnam, this process is further
impeded by ethnic and cultural diversity, with largely disparate farming and
husbandry systems. Our research unfolds around the questions of how to foster
group-based learning under these given conditions and how to effectively shape
and enable learning groups. The analysis draws on qualitative data from five
recently established extension groups in Son La province, collected between 2007
and 2008. We find that the group extension concept in its pure form, as presented
in the theory section of this work, does not apply in Vietnam. The basic ideas of
collaborative learning approaches are still far from developing their full potential,
mainly hampered by a suboptimal institutional environment and a strictly
hierarchical societal order. Moreover, extension groups need clear separation
between social processes and technical procedures. Finding an appropriate balance
between enhancing leadership and supporting collective responsibility are key to
enabling groups.
148 7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Social capital and credit constraints: A case study from Vietnam
Dinh Hang Quoc, Thomas Bernhard Dufhues, Gertrud Buchenrieder
Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO),
Halle-Saale, Germany
This study analyzes the effects of network based social capital on the credit
constraints of rural households to formal financial institutions, using zero-inflated
negative binominal regression analysis (ZINB). In the context of agricultural
economics an innovative data collection approach is used, which originates from
the field of sociology. A personal network survey is carried out to measure the
individual social capital of rural households. We define three different social
capital variables along the dimensions: tie strength (bonding/bridging) and social
distance (linking) between the respondent and its network member. While bonding
and bridging social capital have no effect on being credit constrained, linking
social capital can reduce credit constrains.
7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovation 149
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Ethnic diversity, social networks, and access to credit in a rural
district of northern Vietnam
Camille Saint-Macary, Manfred Zeller, Alwin Keil
Department of Rural Development Policy and Theory (490a), Hohenheim University,
Stuttgart, Germany
This paper investigates the role of social interaction and networks on households‘
welfare and access to formal and informal credit in a rural district in the northern
mountains of Vietnam. The poverty incidence in this region remains significantly
higher than in the rest of the country, despite important efforts by the government to
reduce poverty through the provision of safety nets, formal credit and land titles. The
literature on social capital emphasizes the important role of social networks on
households‘ access to credit and welfare in areas in which markets are missing or
incomplete, and in which information is costly. Social networks are assimilated to a
form of capital that farmers can use to access information, obtain help or credit. On the
other hand, a growing number of studies underline the role of ethnicity and kinship in
explaining the formation of social networks, suggesting the importance of exogenous
characteristics in explaining access to network, access to credit and as determinants of
welfare. I We use data collected from a random sample of twenty villages and three
hundred households in Yen Chau district to study the role of ethnic diversity, social
identity and participation on access to credit and welfare. Social identity is measured as
the social distance between the household and its neighbors according to ethnicity and
family name. The study area is located in a region traditionally inhabited by homogen-
ous ethnic minority communities. Nowadays however, due to resettlement and
administrative zoning policies in the 1970s and up to now, some villages have been
mixed and new villages have been created. About half of our sample villages are
ethnically homogenous, and the rest are composed of at least two ethnic groups, the
observed degree of heterogeneity across those villages varies widely. We do not
observe systematic correlations between the degree of ethnic heterogeneity of a village
and its distance to infrastructures, the quality of soils or the availability of land. Using
econometric regressions, we investigate the role of social distance and heterogeneity in
explaining membership in association, and then the role of heterogeneity, social
distance and membership on access to formal and informal credit, and welfare. We find
that the effect of social distance on membership differs according to the degree of
heterogeneity, but that individuals living in heterogeneous communities are more likely
to participate in non-political associations. Secondly, access to credit is positively
influenced by membership, but the effect of social distance is negative in the
homogenous communities. The same results are observed in the welfare model. We
conclude that social networks play an important economic role in the study area;
however the formation and nature of these networks differ according to the composition
of the communities. This implies a higher social rigidity in homogenous communities
in which social relations are mostly determined by kinship and ethnicity. In addition of
enhancing our understanding of credit and resource allocation, these results may also
provide insights for other areas of research, studying for instance the adoption and
diffusion of new technologies.
150 7.2 Factors determining adoption of innovation
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Economics of upland farmers’ technology adoption in Southern
Yunnan
Huaiyu Wang, Sushil Pandey
International Rice Research Institute, Philippines
Adoption of improved technology has been argued to be effective way for poverty
reduction. The uplands in Southern Yunnan are in transition under permanent
agriculture and cash cropping development background and the traditional swidden
agriculture is being changed and abandoned. It is urgent to forge a new forge a new
sustainable links. There was successful example in upland areas of southern Yunnan
taking the improved upland rice technology as entry point, but few studies have been
conducted to assess the economics of improved technology adoption and to identify
factors affecting farmers‘ adoption. This study is to do these based on farm-level data.
The improved technologies of upland rice in the study include improved upland rice
variety and terrace. Farmers are grouped into improved variety adoption (IV), improved
variety on terrace (IVT) and improved variety on slope (IVS). It is to compare the
economics of improved technology adoption at plot level and the Cobb-Douglas
production function was used to model the productivity effects. Probit model was used
as the dichotomous model to analyze the technology adoption decision and Tobit model
was to identify the factors affecting the intensity of technology adoption. It is shown
that upland rice technology was developed and extended in 1990s under the support
from government. Although the input of IVT is highest, its yield potential and net
return are both higher than those of IV and IVS. Improved variety and terrace
construction both significantly contribute to the high yield. Farmers‘ demographic
characteristics did not show the strong influence. Different from the previous research,
education is not significant for upland farmers‘ adoption and its extent. It is shown that
farmers with large farms are more likely to adopt a new. Farmers with good location
may not depend on the external factors much and the technology extension program
does not influence IVT adoption significantly, but can increase its intensity. Farmers
with IVS mostly have bad access to outside and the external interventions should be
paid more attention. The results from this study indicate that the strategy for improving
adoption of improved varieties and its intensity depends mainly on outside interven-
tions including technology extension program and terrace construction. They are both
supported and funded by government and it to some extent shows the strong influence
of government policy and program on upland farmers. Besides, the technology program
should focus on farmers with improved variety on slope because of their bad access and
marginal situation as well as the significant impact. Farmers‘ adoption history, as the
factor to indicate the importance of continuous support, is also needed to be concerned.
The areas with high altitude especially over 1400 meters need variety adapting to the
local environment. Although upland Yunnan is known as the center for various species,
the technology extension program usually focuses on some specific varieties and is lack
of diversity in terms of various climate and environment in uplands area.
151
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management
Corporate-local community collaboration: An innovative
approach in promoting sustainable natural resources
management in the Philippines
Lutgarda L. Tolentino1, Leila D. Landicho
1, Rowena D. Cabahug
1, Catherine
C. de Luna1, Aurora C. Maghirang
2, Elaine B. Pagkanlungan
3
1 Institute of Agroforestry, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines 2 Development Bank of the Philippines 3 Forest Program - Development Bank of the Philippines)
This paper argues that the continued depletion of the natural resources in the
Philippines brought about by the human activities (e.g. deforestation, mining,
illegal logging) and natural phenomena (e.g. landslides, soil erosion, typhoons, El
Nino, climate change) has prompted not only the agriculture, forestry and
environment sectors that are mandated to conserve and protect the natural
resources, but also the economic sector, particularly the corporates, which are one
of the primary consumers of these natural resources, to rehabilitate the degraded
environment. This paper highlights the findings of the participatory assessment of
the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) –Forest Program being imple-
mented in the 23 project sites in the Philippines that was conducted by the
Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network (PAFERN) in 2008-
2009. The DBP-Forest Program is an environmental advocacy program of a
corporate bank which aims to reduce poverty and improve the environmental
services through the reforestation of open and denuded upland and coastal areas in
the Philippines. This program harnesses the collaboration of local government
units (LGUs), people‘s organizations (POs), non-government organizations
(NGOs) and academic institutions. The DBP-Forest Projects have employed
practical and innovative strategies such as promoting synergy and partnership
between and among the local organizations; harnessing the active participation of
the upland dwellers; encouraging the planting of high value fruit trees which could
be a long-term livelihood activity of the farming communities. This paper
concludes that partnership and shared responsibilities between the economic sector
and the agriculture/forestry/environmental sectors is an important mechanism in
promoting sustainable natural resources management. These would lead to
improving rural livelihoods of the people/farmers; addressing the needs of the
economic sector; and ensuring environmental stability.
152 7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Vietnamese/German collaborative research: Making
transnational science-for-sustainability work locally?
Rupert Friederichsen
Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
International research collaboration in environment-related disciplines and topic areas
is high on the international policy agenda. Global environmental assessments and
monitoring are crucial for establishing and implementing international environmental
agreements, and scientific communities in developing countries are recognised as
important stakeholders – both as contributors of knowledge as well as recipients of
capacity building efforts. At the same time, how best to harness science for local
impact, including the attenuation of future environmental risk, has been a matter of
much debate and various pathways of science-for-impact have been identified. Against
this background, this paper‘s objective is to compare three ongoing cases of scientific
cooperation between Vietnamese and German organisations: Water-Information
System for the Mekong-Delta (WISDOM), Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM), and the Uplands Program. The three research programmes share a concern for
contributing to environmental sustainability and can be located in the Vietnam-
ese/German transnational space, i.e. they are shaped by the two countries‘ national
institutions and cultures but as projects they inhabit an in-between transnational space.
The compared cases also differ with regard to important aspects such as key stakehold-
ers (funding agencies, the role of private businesses), focal topic areas (water
management, agriculture), and research sites in Vietnam (lowland delta areas, uplands).
The comparison is organised around three questions: Which complementarities and
conflicts between German and Vietnamese project members do the transnational
collaborations reveal? What models for involving non-academic stakeholders do the
projects pursue and with what success? How attentive are the projects to questions of
environmental risk? Methodologically, the paper uses first-hand experience of working
for and studying one of the three projects (Uplands Program), and published material
and key informant interviews with members of WISDOM and IWRM. The framework
for comparison results from the author‘s previous analysis of experiences with
‗participatory research‘ in the Uplands Program. Comparison proceeds along the three
dimensions of 1) National research institutions in their function to delineated
researchers‘ room for manoeuvre; 2) Appropriateness of fora for communication
between researchers and other stakeholders; 3) Local socio-political specifics such as
local authorities‘ attitudes towards marginal groups of citizens and their capacity to
process and act upon scientific advice. The result of the comparison is the identification
of bottlenecks and promising practice for transnational research-for-impact collabora-
tion in specific transnational institutional (Germany/Vietnam) and local political-
geographical (uplands/lowlands) spaces. The paper concludes by relating back the
experiences of transnational collaboration to 1) national research institutions
(institutional structures conducive to v. hindering transnational collaboration) and 2)
science-for-impact under Vietnamese conditions (models for communicating research
locally, differences between uplands and lowlands).
7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management 153
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Learning to do “Research for development”: Experiences from
the uplands research and capacity development programme
Vangthong Phengvichith
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Lao PDR
Laos is going through unprecedented changes. This is being spurred by interest
from foreign investors to take advantage of Lao PDR‘s rich natural resource base,
low population and favourable government policies. Lao farmers are having to
quickly make the transition from a subsistence livelihood and farming system to a
market oriented one: some are doing this successfully, others are struggling. This
has a number of consequences for research and development efforts. First, research
and development interventions need to be based on farmer‘s issues and problems
and responsive to the market economy. Second interventions cannot be developed
in isolation but rather have to be linked to other initiatives and partners in order to
ensure widespread use. Finally, there is no magic bullet and interventions need to
be tailored to specific areas and this is particularly in the northern uplands. This
paper focuses on the work of the Upland Research and Capacity Development
Programme (URDP) to develop successful models for improving how technologies
can be adapted by upland farmers and scaled up using a partnership based
approach through various mechanisms at the sub-district and district level. The
paper presents the overall approach for how URDP works and focuses on two case
studies (vegetable production and livestock raising) in Phonexay District, Luang
Prabang Province. The case studies demonstrate a unique approach to participatory
technology development whereby different actors beyond farmers, research and
extension are involved. This includes working with and through production groups,
linking to traders and input and service providers (banks, input provision, storage
groups, etc). The main lesson is that for new techniques to be applied and adapted
by farmers a range of institutional mechanisms need to be put into place so that
farmers have access to appropriate support and market structures.
154 7.3 Approaches to sustainable resource management
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Payment for environmental services and conservation efforts in
Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP), Indonesia
Supriyanto Bambang1, Ari Fahmiyati
1, Ruky Umaya
2, Dedi Haryadi
3
1 Directorate of Environmental Services and Nature Tourism, Bogor, Indonesia 2 Gunung Halimun Salak National Park 3 GTZ FORCLIM
This paper summarizes the result of the research activities conducted by Gunung
Halimun Salak National Park (Indonesia) related to payment for environmental
services and conservation efforts. The specific objectives of this study are (1)
facilitating the community empowerment through conservation education, conflict
resolution and community access to non timber forest product (resin), self
restoration and creating public support for community alternative income
generation, (2) participatory mapping, (3) facilitating the use of non timber forest
product/NTFP (resin production, marketing) and allocated the obtained NTFP for
conservation fund to restore the areas, and (4) to prepare a proposal on Carbon
trading for the pilot project under voluntary REDD scheme and a tree adoption
program. The result shows that community agreement has been achieved between
GHSNP and Forest Farmer Group through intensive communication. Its agreement
include a spatial agreement in term of national park zoning and buffer zones and
defining their right and duty. The respective people protect biodiversity zones
while the GHSNP give a special access to the community through ―community
special use zone‖ for non timber forest product of resin. Two times a week
community forest patrol have been reduced 80% of illegal logging. Community
access to non timber forest product of resin yielded significant income for them,
and 20% of their revenue are used for self restoration in the critical areas of
GHSNP zone. The additional incentive have been given to the community through
payment for environmental services through voluntary carbon trading mechanism
or by downstream people through a tree adoption program. By having these
agreements and downstream people supports ensure the increasing of forested area
and reducing the illegal activity in GHSNP. Using allometric method and a
prediction model it is calculated the carbon stock of GHSNP will be increased
from 0.5 to 0.53 million ton in 2008 and 2014 respectively.
155
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
List of Participants
In alphabetical order of the surname
Prof. Dr. Michael Ahlheim Institute of Economics, esp. Environmental Economics and
Regulatory Policy (520F), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Dr. Mohamad Amin Department of Malang State of University, Indonesia;
Fahmiyati Arie Directorate Environmental Services and Nature Tourism
Development, Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Indonesia;
Dr. Arinafril Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory (Head), Department of Plant
Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University,
Indonesia; [email protected]
Dr. Tin Maung Aye International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Thailand;
Aisyah Ayu Kurnia Directorate Environmental Services and Nature Tourism
Development, Ministry of Forestry, Government of Indonesia,
Indonesia; [email protected]
Dr. Supriyanto Bambang Directorate Environmental Services and Nature Tourism
Development, Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Indonesia;
Matthias Bannwarth Department of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Cheryl C. Batistel Institute for Strategic Research and Development Studies,
Visayas State University, Philippines; [email protected]
Prof. Emilia Boadilla-
Abalos
College of Agriculture and Forestry, North La Union Campus,
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
(DMMMSU), Philippines; [email protected]
Esther Boere Wageningen University, the Netherlands; [email protected]
Christian Brandt Dept. of Plant production and Agroecology in the Tropics and
Subtropics, Hohenheim University, Germany;
Sina Bremer German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Germany;
Bui Le Vinh Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment - Hanoi
University of Agriculture, Vietnam; [email protected]
Bui Thi Minh Hang Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the
Tropics and Subtropics (490d), Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Georg Cadisch University of Hohenheim (380a), Germany;
156 List of Participants
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Chay Chetha Institute of Forest-Wildlife Research and Development,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia; [email protected]
Narongchai Chindaphan Mae Hong Son Provincial Government (UNDP's Social
Cohesion Project), Thailand
Juthamat Chomjai Public Health Office, Sob Moei District, Thailand (UNDP's
Social Cohesion Project); [email protected]
Chalathon Choocharoen Institute for Social Sciences of the Agricultural Sector,
Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension
(430a), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Wachira Chotitosseranee Mae Hong Son province, Thailand (UNDP's Social Cohesion
Project)
Dr. Gerhard Clemens The Uplands Program, Vietnamese German Center, Technical
University Hanoi, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dam Viet Bac Helvetas Cao Bang, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dang Dinh Quang NOMAFSI, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dang Viet Quang Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the
Tropics and Subtropics (490d), Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Dang Tu Kien Social Policy Ecology Research Institute, Vietnam;
Dr. Ma. Teresa de Guzman Department of Behavioral Sciences, De La Salle University
Manila, Philippines; [email protected]
Dr. Rameswar Deka International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi,
India; [email protected]
Karma Dema Dorji National Soil Services Center (NSSC), Department of
Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal
Government of Bhutan, Bhutan; [email protected]
Dr. Shijun Ding Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, China;
Dr. Dinh Ngoc Lan Rural Development Department, Thai Nguyen University of
Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam;
Dinh Thi Tuyet Van Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the
Tropics and Subtropics, Hohenheim University, Germany;
Do Duy Khoi Social Policy Ecology Research Institute, Vietnam;
Doan Thu Thuy Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute (SFRI), Vietnam;
List of Participants 157
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Tshering Dorji National Soil Services Center (NSSC), Department of
Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal
Government of Bhutan, Bhutan; [email protected]
Dr. Linkham Douangsavanh Agriculture and Forestry Policy Research Center, National
Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Lao PDR;
Pongchai
Dumrongrojwatthana
Agricultural Technology Program, Faculty of Science,
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; [email protected]
Kumnueng Dumudom Mae Hong Son Provincial Government, Thailand (UNDP's
Social Cohesion Project)
Rachel Dunn Cornell University, Thailand; [email protected]
Petra Erbe The Uplands Program, Hohenheim University, Thailand;
Dirk Euler Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst, Vietnam; d.euler@ded-
vietnam.org
Dr. Frauke Fastenau Private (IRRI-) Rice Project in Sumba Island/Indonesia,
Germany; [email protected]
Holger Fischer Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ulfert Focken 1) von Thuenen-Institut - Institute for Fisheries Ecology,
Ahrensburg Branch; 2) Hohenheim University (480B),
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Rupert Friederichsen Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom;
Dr. Holger Fröhlich SFB 564 - The Uplands Program, Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Oliver Frör Institute of Economics, esp. Environmental Economics and
Regulatory Policy (520F), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Prof. Dr. Anan Ganjanapan Dept. of Sociology-Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Pavlos Georgiadis Institute for Social Sciences of the Agricultural Sector,
Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension
(430a), Hohenheim University, Germany; pgeo@uni-
hohenheim.de
Dr. Tarig Gibreel Institut für Agrarpolitik und Marktforschung, Giessen
University, Germany; [email protected]
Patrick Artur Grötz Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences,
Agricultural Extension and Communication, Humboldt-
Universität, Berlin, Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Guiang Ernesto FAO, Vietnam; [email protected]
158 List of Participants
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Thomas Gut Institute for Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics
Sektion (310d), Hohenheim University, Germany; t.gut@uni-
hohenheim.de
Dr. Ha Thuc Vien Center for International Education (CIE-NLU), Nong Lam
University, Vietnam; [email protected]
Volker Häring Institute for Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Dedi Haryadi GTZ Forest and Climate Change Program (Forclime),
Indonesia; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Franz Heidhues Hohenheim University, Germany; heidhues@uni-
hohenheim.de
Dr. Thomas Hilger Dept. of Plant production and Agroecology in the Tropics and
Subtropics, Hohenheim University, Germany;
Dinh Hang Quoc Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and
Eastern Europe (IAMO), Halle, Germany;
Assc. Prof. Dr. Hoang Van
Tieu
National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam;
Hoang Thi Huong Tra National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam;
Prof. Dr. Volker Hoffmann Institute for Social Sciences of the Agricultural Sector,
Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension
(430a), Hohenheim University, Germany; vohoff@uni-
hohenheim.de
Dr. Huynh Van Chuong Faculty of Land Resources and Agricultural Environment, Hue
University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam;
Yayan Indriatmoko CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research),
Indonesia; [email protected]
Poolsak Intawee Silpakorn University, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. SE Istiqomah Faculty of Economics Soedirman University Purwokerto ,
Indonesia; [email protected]
Barbora Jandova Czech University of Life Sciences Prague - Institute of
Tropics and Subtropics, Czech Republic;
Dr. Serm Janjai Silpakorn University, Thailand; [email protected]
Veronika Jelinkova Czech University of Life Sciences Prague The Institute of
Tropics and Subtropics, Czech Republic;
Prof. Dr. Attachai Jintrawet Multiple Cropping Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University, Thailand; [email protected]
List of Participants 159
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Tsuyoshi Kajisa Kyushu University, Japan; [email protected]
Sukit Kanjina The Uplands Program-SFB564, Faculty of Agriculture,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. Agung Karuniawan Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University Bandung,
Indonesia; [email protected]
Dr. Alwin Keil Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in
the Tropics and Subtropics (490a), Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Thongsavanh Keonakhone Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre
(NAFReC), Lao PDR; [email protected];
Prof. Dr. Irb
Kheoruenromne
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart
University, Thailand; [email protected]
Yo Khirirueangwit UNDP's Social Cohesion Project, Thailand;
Nathawat Khlangsap Trat Agroforestry Research and Training Station, Kasetsart
University Research and Development Institute, Thailand;
Suwat Kittidilokkul Public Health Office, Mae Hong Son Provincial Government,
Thailand (UNDP's Social Cohesion Project)
Dr. Thanaporn
Krasuaythong
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of
Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;
Anne Kress DED, German Development Service, Vietnam; a.kress@ded-
vietnam.org
La Nguyen Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics
section, Hohenheim University, Germany; languyen@uni-
hohenheim.de
Suphasith Lakong Sob Moei District, Mae Hong Son, Thailand (UNDP's Social
Cohesion Project)
Dr. Marc Lamers Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics
Section, Hohenheim University, Germany;
Leila Landicho Institute of Agroforestry, College of Forestry and Natural
Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos,
Philippines; [email protected]
Le Nguyet Minh Oxfam America, Cambodia; [email protected]
Dr. Quang Bao Le Natural and Social Interface (NSSI), Institute for
Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, Switzerland;
160 List of Participants
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Dr. Le Thi Hoa Sen Faculty of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry (HUAF), Vietnam;
Le Thi Thanh Phuong Centre for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies -
Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Dr. Le Thi Thanh Huyen National Institute of Animal Sciences, Vietnam;
Assc. Prof. Dr. Le Thi Thuy National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam;
Dr. Reni Lestari Center for Plant Conservation - Bogor Botanical Garden,
Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia;
Tubtim Limsoontorn Office of Climate Change Coordination, Office of Natural
Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand;
Dr. Rattiya Lippe Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,
Kasetsart University, Thailand, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. Raquel Lopez World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Philippines;
Betha Lusiana Institute for Plant Production in the Tropics and SubTropics
(380a), Hohenheim University, Germany; [email protected]
Luu Duc Khai Central Institute for Economic Management, Vietnam;
Dr. Wati Marhawati Socio Economic Department , Faculty of Agriculture,
Tadulako University , Indonesia; [email protected]
André Markemann Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and
Subtropics (480a), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Dr. Carsten Marohn Dept. of Plant production and Agroecology in the Tropics and
Subtropics, Hohenheim University, Germany; marohn@uni-
hohenheim.de
Richard Mayrhofer Clinic for Fish Medicine and Stock Care, University of
Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria;
Jean-Michel Medoc CIRAD - NIAS, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dr. Andy Russel Immit
Mojiol
School of International Tropical Forestry, University of
Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia;
Jana Léonie Müller ETH Zürich, Switzerland; [email protected]
List of Participants 161
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Prof. Dr. Joachim Müller Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Asst. Prof. Dr. Daruni
Naphrom
Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Chiang
Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. Andreas Neef Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty
of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;
Prof. Dr. Nguyen The Dang Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam;
Nguyen Dinh Cong Soil science and land evaluation, Hohenheim University.,
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Nguyen Van Hau National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam;
Nguyen Thi Lan Huong Office of Scientific Planning, Vietnam Institute of Agricultural
Engineering & Post-harvest Technology (VIAEP), Vietnam;
Assc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van
Vien
Department of Plant Pathology, Hanoi University of
Agriculture, Vietnam; [email protected]
Nguyen Thi Huyen GRET, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dr. Nguyen Thanh Lam Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies,
Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Vietnam;
Nguyen Ngoc Tuan Department of Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture,
Vietnam; [email protected]
Nguyen Minh Duc Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Nguyen Ngoc Quang Centre for Research on Lifelong Learning and Participation,
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholic
University of Leuven, Vietnam; [email protected]
Nguyen Thi Hanh Tien Research Institute for Aquaculture No1, Vietnam;
Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Dinh Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Dr. Dodik Ridho
Nurrochmat
Bogor Agricultural University, Institute of Forest Policy and
Economics, Indonesia; [email protected]
Dr. Antonio Ogbinar Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Philippines;
Bukola Ayobami Ogundele Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Nigeria;
162 List of Participants
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Joachim Otte Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI), FAO, Italy;
Assc. Prof. Dr. Mattiga
Panomtaranichagul
Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty
of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. David Parsons University of Tasmania, Australia; [email protected]
Pindi Patana Forestry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, North Sumatera
University, Indonesia; [email protected]
Dr. Miloslav Petrtyl Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic;
Wolfgang Pfingst Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel,
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Vanthong Pgenvichit National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI),
Lao PDR; [email protected]
Prof. Pham Van Dinh Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Dr. Pham Quoc Hung Forest Resources and Environment Centre (FREC), Forest
Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI), Vietnam;
Prof. Dr. Pham Thi My
Dung
Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Khamla Phanthaboun Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre
(NAFReC), Lao PDR; [email protected]
Dr. Sompheth Phengchanh Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre
(NAFReC), Lao PDR; [email protected]
Suranee Phusuwan UNDP's Social Cohesion Project, Thailand;
Dr. Chakrit Potchanasin Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty
of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand;
Dr. Suwanna Praneetvatakul Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty
of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand;
Marcelo Precoppe Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Johannes Pucher Dept. Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the
Tropics and Subtropics. Hohenheim University, Germany;
Kanyaphim Punya Mae Hong Son Provincial Government, Governor‘s office,
Thailand (UNDP's Social Cohesion Project)
Dr. Varaporn Punyawadee Maejo University, Thailand; [email protected]
List of Participants 163
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Mangku Purnomo Department of Human Geography, George August University,
Göttingen, Germany;
Bandith Ramangkoun National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI),
Lao PDR; [email protected]
Wanida Rangubpit The Upland Program-Thailand office, Faculty of Agriculture,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. Chainarong
Rattanakreetakul
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Kasetsart University, Thailand; [email protected]
Simon Riedel Research Group Animal Husbandry in the Tropics, University
of Kassel, Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Benjamin Samson International Rice Research Institute, Lao PDR;
Walaya Sangchan Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics
Section, Hohenheim University, Thailand;
Dr. Chapika Sangkapitux Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan;
Iven Schad Institute 430a, Hohenheim University, Germany; schad@uni-
hohenheim.de
Petra Schmitter Africa Rice Center, Benin; [email protected]
Dr. Pepijn Schreinemachers Hohenheim University, Thailand; p.schreinemachers@uni-
hohenheim.de
Sebastian Schuster Institute of Economics (520F), Hohenheim University,
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Wilko Schweers Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning
(CAAS), China; [email protected]
Dr. Martina Shakya Institute of Development Research and Development Policy,
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Bharat Sharma International Water Management Institute, India;
Aer Sirijinda Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty
of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand;
Johanna Slaets Institute for Agroecology and Plant Production in the Tropics
and Subtropics (380a), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Houmchitsavath Sodarack National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI),
Lao PDR; [email protected]
164 List of Participants
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia
Arie Soetjiadi Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota Balikpapan (Municipal
Environmental Agency of Balikpapan), East Borneo,
Indonesia; [email protected]
Khamdok
Songyikhangsuthor
Northern Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre
(NAFReC), Lao PDR; [email protected]
Phouthone Sophathilath National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI),
Lao PDR; [email protected]
Dr. Wolfram Spreer Institute of Agricultural Engineering (440e), Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Karl Stahr Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Thilo Streck Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics
section, Hohenheim University, Germany;
Subeno Subeno Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia; [email protected]
Tanin Subhasaen Vice governor, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand; (UNDP's
Social Cohesion Project); [email protected]
Dr. Pornsiri Suebpongsang Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of
Agriculture, Chiangmai University, Thailand;
Dr. Leti Sundawati Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia;
Natapong Supasang Mae Hong Son Provincial Government, Thailand (UNDP's
Social Cohesion Project)
Dalop Supawan Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Thailand;
Rawin Surbkar Chiang Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Asst. Prof. Dr. Pongsak
Suttinon
Research Center for Social Management, Kochi University of
Technology, Japan; [email protected]
Dr. Thai Thi Minh Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension,
Hohenheim University, Germany;
Chumnong Thamrongmas Silpakorn University, Thailand; [email protected]
Gumtorn Thavornstit Governor, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand (UNDP's Social
Cohesion Project)
Andreas Thulstrup International Development Studies, Department of Society and
Globalisation, Roskilde University, Denmark; [email protected]
Dr. Prasnee Tipraqsa Thailand; [email protected]
Nitisak Toniti UNDP's Social Cohesion Project, Thailand;
Prof. Dr. Tran Duc Vien Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam; [email protected]
List of Participants 165
Hanoi, 21-23 July 2010
Dr. Tran Huu Cuong Hanoi University of Agriculture (HUA), Vietnam;
Valenghi Daniel Helvetas, Vietnam; [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and
Subtropics (480a), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Tassana Vichaithanapat Foreign Affairs Division, Ministry of Interior, Thailand
(UNDP's Social Cohesion Project)
Vo Huu Cong Center For Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies,
Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam;
Sisavang Vonghachack National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI),
Lao PDR; [email protected]
Dr. Vu Kim Chi Vietnam National University, Hanoi University of Science,
Faculty of Geography, Vietnam; [email protected]
Vu Dinh Tuan Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in Tropics &
Subtropics (380a), Hohenheim University, Germany;
Vu Thanh Hai Institute of Crop Physiology of Specialty Crops (340f),
Hohenheim University, Vietnam; [email protected]
Dr. Vu Chi Cuong National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam;
Prof. Dr. Hermann Waibel Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics,
Facultuiy of Economics, Leibniz University Hannover,
Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Huaiyu Wang International Rice Research Institute, Philippines;
Dr. Adhitya Wardhono Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, University
of Jember, Indonesia; [email protected]
Suwimon Wicharuck The Uplands Program - SFB564, Faculty of Agriculture,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand; [email protected]
Dr. Iain Wright Intrnational Livestock Research Institute, India;
Prof. Dr. Manfred Zeller Rural Development Theory and Policy, Hohenheim
University, Germany; [email protected]
Dr. Alan Ziegler Geography Department, National University of Singapore,
Singapore; [email protected]