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Sustainable livelihoods through livestock farming in East Africa
Carlos Seré, Director General
October 2008
Why livestock matter for poor people
600 million people depend directly on livestock for their livelihoods
Most live in Sub Saharan Africa & South Asia
Demand for livestock products growing rapidly in the developing world
Research driven interventions can make this demand led growth more pro poor
Targeting vulnerable groups such as women and children critical for achieving MDGs impact
Diverse livestock farming systems and market conditions in East Africa
Provides wide range of
development and
policy contexts for
building sustainable
livelihoods
Agenda for pro-poor livestock in Africa
• Enhance livestock productivity and market opportunities for the poor– Technologies for science based solutions– Institutional and organizational innovations for service
delivery– Enabling policies
• Reducing risk, vulnerability and promoting asset building– Technologies to secure livestock assets– Instruments to manage risk– Institutional and organizational innovations for service
delivery
Productivity and markets: technology for solutions
• Feeding and animal nutrition – Dual purpose crops e.g maize – Improved forages (e.g Napier grass) – Managing feed scarcity – Generating income from feed sale
• Animal genetics and reproductive technologies – Breeding for disease resistance e.g Internal parasites– Artificial Insemination to increase milk productivity in
dairy cows – Sexed semen, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer
Productivity and markets: technology for solutions
• Animal health– Vaccines vs East Coast Fever – Tryps control through “pour ons” – Internal parasite management in small
ruminants – Improved diagnostics to enable market
access – Rift valley fever – enhancing response
capacity for protecting human and animal health
Productivity and markets: Innovations for service delivery
• Business development services to deliver information and technical advice (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda)
• Delivering animal health products through community based models (Ghibe, Ethiopia)
Community based animal health
• Ghibe valley in Ethiopia
• Community based animal health schemes now used to control trypanosomosis (sleeping sickness) in cattle
• Farmer cooperatives organize treatments, purchase drugs, monitor disease
• Transformed Ghibe Valley now cattle part of farming system and generating income
Productivity and markets: Supportive policy environment
• Dairy policy that supports smallholder development in Kenya by allowing informal milk markets
• ILRI now working with ASARECA to scale up Kenyan model for pro-poor dairy policy to East Africa
• Spill over to Asia (Assam)
Reducing risk, vulnerability and asset building
• Reducing risk and vulnerability is central to pro-poor livestock in challenging areas
– Provides safety nets for poor people– Enhance capacity to invest in viable but risky
enterprises with higher returns
Risk, vulnerability & assets:innovative instruments
• Payments for ecosystem services for adaptation to climate change and diversified livelihoods e.g Kitengela
• Index based livestock insurance products to insure against climatic and other shocks that affect whole communities
Innovative ways of dealing with climatic shocks:
Index Based Livestock Insurance
Motivation and goal
• Traditional Insurance too costly for remote, smallholder populations. Monitoring costs too prohibitive. Heightens the standard problem of moral hazard.
• New innovations in insurance design – index-based insurance products – alleviate problems associated with traditional insurance.
• Undertake research to inform design, development and implementation of index-based insurance (IBLI) products to protect livestock keepers - particularly in Arid and Semi Arid Lands
IBLI: What is it?
• Insurance product that offers policy holders a payout based on an external indicator which triggers payout to all insured clients within a geographically defined space.
• Well suited to insuring risks that affect many members of a community at the same time (highly covariate) and are well correlated with an external indicator. – IBLI is thus well suited to insuring against risks such as livestock
mortality that are closely correlated with climactic outcomes.
• Payout based on an indicator variable (the index) that is highly associated with the event being insured but is not prone to manipulation by either the insured or insurer– So, if one is insuring against livestock mortality, then an indicator
such as rainfall or forage availability may be suitable
IBLI offers advantages over traditional insurance
• Unlike conventional insurance which requires measurement & verification of individual losses, index insurance pays off based on an easily observable regional index
• Advantages– Low transactions costs– Eliminates incentive problems (moral hazard & adverse
selection)– Should be sustainable and provided by market mechanisms
• Disadvantages– Partial insurance (“Basis Risk”) – individual experience may be
different from the average experience which the index captures
Elements of an IBLI product
• Define a specific area of coverage (district/divisional/agro-ecology)
• Set risk to be insured against (drought related livestock mortality)
• Define index and model association between index and drought related mortality (currently using satellite based rainfall and forage variables)
• Define index insurance trigger for level of mortality to insure against (e.g., greater than 15% mortality in insured area over contract period)
• Set contract terms and calculate premiums based of trigger rate and contract terms
• Payment is made if index contract area is triggered within contract period.
Piloting an IBLI contract in Marsabit
• Innovation systems work to scope for opportunities, actors, linkages, entry points
• Analytical work to inform contract design• Introducing IBLI products to clients• Investigating demand and willingness to pay• Assessing delivery channels• Engaging insurance companies• Pilot test IBLI schemes with development agencies and
private sector (March 2010 – expected pilot roll-out)• Monitor and evaluation program to learn lessons and
guide scaling out.• Successful pilot expected to result in commercially
sustainable provision of product. Insurance companies and partners take lead for scaling out.
Women and risk management
• Women’s groups play a significant role in household risk management through group saving and social insurance practices.
• Pastoralist women saving cash and mutual insurance practices– Makes them targets for use of index based insurance, – Contribute their knowledge and experience in product
development • Women’s holding of different species and income flows
may mean that they will have distinct needs in an IBLI product
• Delivery channels which are suited to women’s group members may be different to those which are appropriate for men and mobile pastoralists
Livestock and nutrition
Livestock is key in household nutrition strategies: Projects that link smallholders to markets,
should understand intra household dynamics and trade-offs
between food consumption and income generation
Animal Source Foods and nutrition
• Studies in Egypt, Kenya and Mexico found strong statistical associations between the intake of ASF and outcomes such as better growth, cognitive function, activity levels, pregnancy outcomes, and morbidity
• Feeding trial on effects of milk and meat on school children confirmed findings, showing diet quantity and quality matter for children’s physical activity and social behaviour
• Livestock ownership (dairy cows and buffalo) was positively related to children’s nutritional status only if milk was actually consumed by the children and not all sold commercially
Integrating innovations into livestock value chains
East Africa Dairy Development
Overall Goal• To transform the lives of 179,000 families—or approximately
one million people —by doubling household dairy income by
year 10 through integrated interventions in dairy production,
market-access and knowledge application
• Beneficiaries:
– 169,000 poor smallholder dairy families that earn less than $2 per
adult equivalent per day and have 1-5 cows
– 10,000 Fodder producers that earn less than $ 2 per adult per day
• US$ 48 million investment
Three major objectives
• To generate information for evidence based
decision-making on the dairy value chain and to
develop innovative solutions for use of resources
that increase income
• To expand dairy markets and increase market
access for smallholder farmers
• To increase dairy productivity and efficiency in a
sustainable manner
Confronting Complexity
• Challenges
– Business model
– Conflicting objectives and trade-offs
• Opportunities
– The hub concept
– Multi-country project
EADD project model: Dairy Hubs
Farmer
ILRI
Consumer
ICRAF
Techno Serve
Heifer
ILRI
Techno Serve
Techno Serve
Techno Serve
ILRI
Heifer
ABS
Dairy Sector Value Chain
Monitoring & Evaluation
• Essential step towards greater effectiveness and accountability in projects and programs
• Two dimensions– Outcome and impact: welfare improvement
from project and program interventions– Overall performance and achievements: What
works, what does not work, why, and in what context
Conclusions
• In Africa livestock are key to sustainable livelihoods of the poor
• Sustainable hunger reduction has to address productivity and vulnerability of households, and needs of specific target groups such as women and children
• No “silver bullets” but need to integrate technologies, improved institutions, and conducive policies
• Need integrated set of actions along specific value chains – building on core competencies of a wide range of actors along the research to delivery continuum
• Complex task requiring effective managerial approaches to tackle complexity in pragmatic ways
• Learn quickly - Use lessons to improve strategy and sharpen operations to maximize sustainable impact