Sustainable Sites Prerequisite 1: Erosion and Sedimentation Control ...

LEED EB Draft Reference Guide – Sustainable Sites August 25, 2003

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Sustainable Sites Prerequisite 1: Erosion and Sedimentation Control SS-Prerequisite 1, Intent Control erosion to reduce negative impacts on water and air quality. SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 1: Requirements Develop and implement, as organizational policy, a site sedimentation and erosion control plan that conforms to the best management practices (BMPs) in the EPA’s Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, OR local Erosion and Sedimentation Control standards and codes, whichever is more stringent. The plan shall meet the following objective: Prevent loss of soil by storm water runoff and/or wind erosion during any landscaping or building improvements that disturb the site. SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Erosion and Sedimentation Control • Provide a copy of the site construction and erosion control policy that

specifies inclusion of the erosion and sediment control requirements in contract documents for any construction projects for the building.

• For any construction projects carried out at the building over the last year: Declare whether the project follows local erosion and

sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA standards and provide a brief listing of the measures implemented. If local standards and codes are followed, describe how they meet or exceed the EPA best management practices.

Provide the erosion control plan (or drawings and specifications) with the sediment and erosion control measures highlighted.

SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

Erosion and Sedimentation Control • Organization site and erosion control policy

If there has been no change in this policy since the previous filing for LEED EB certification:

Note that there has been no change in this Policy If there has been a change in this policy since the previous filing for LEED

EB certification: Provide a copy of the revised site and erosion control policy that specifies inclusion of the erosion and sediment control requirements in contract documents for any construction projects for the building.

• For any construction projects carried out at the building over the last year: Declare whether the project follows local erosion and

sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA standards and provide a brief listing of the measures implemented. If local standards and codes are followed, describe how they meet or exceed the EPA best management practices.


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Provide the erosion control plan (or drawings and specifications) with the sediment and erosion control measures highlighted.

SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard This standard describes two types of measures that can be used to control sedimentation and erosion. Stabilization measures include temporary seeding, permanent seeding, and mulching. Each of these measures is intended to stabilize the soil to prevent erosion. Conversely, structural control measures are implemented to retain sediment after erosion has occurred. Structural control measures include earth dikes, silt fencing, sediment traps, and sediment basins. The application of these measures is dependent on the conditions at the specific site. If local provisions are substantially similar, they can be substituted for this standard. However, applicants must demonstrate that local provisions meet or exceed the EPA best management practices. Standard cited:

(1) US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) document: “Storm Water Management for Construction Activities: Developing Pollution Prevention Plans & Best Management Practices, Chapter 3 – Sediment and Erosion Control,” EPA Document No. EPA-832-R-92-005, (Topic cited: Storm water management for construction activities.)

Where to obtain this document: Organization name: USEPA Telephone number: (202) 564-9545 Web address: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/ Directions: From the web page listed above, select the “publications” link in the NPDES information box and enter “EPA-832-R-92-005” into the “Search NPDES Publications by Keyword” field and press “search.” The entire document will be available to download by chapter, or select Chapter 3 and download as .pdf file.

SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns Site clearing and earth moving during construction often results in significant erosion problems because adequate environmental protection strategies are not employed. Erosion results from precipitation and wind processes, leading to degradation of property as well as sedimentation of local water bodies. This affects water quality as well as navigation, fishing, and recreation activities. Fortunately, measures can be implemented to minimize site erosion during construction and to avoid erosion once the buildings are occupied. SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 5: Environmental Issues Contaminated water that flows into receiving waters disrupts stream and estuary habitats. Contributors to erosion problems include destruction of vegetation that previously slowed runoff and reconfiguration of natural site grading. Controlling stormwater runoff reduces erosion and contamination of receiving waters.


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SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 6: Economic Issues Erosion and sedimentation control measures do not necessarily add cost to a project. On the contrary, reduction of sedimentation and erosion through landscaping and other measures can reduce the size, complexity, and cost of stormwater management measures. While there are additional costs associated with identifying soil conditions at the site, the knowledge gained can be used to avoid problems over the building lifetime. Specifically, soil erosion issues associated with unstable foundations and potential loss of structural integrity can be avoided if soil conditions are documented in advance and used in the building design. Landscaping activities implemented to prevent soil erosion include augmentation of poor soil and inclusion of additional plantings in the landscape design to retain soil in place. Additional landscaping may require maintenance over time, resulting in additional operation costs. Using native plants reduces both watering and maintenance needs. SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies The general approach towards capturing this credit is to identify the soil composition on the project site, uncover potential site problems, and devise possible mitigation efforts. Erosion prone areas should be protected from construction activities and a plan should be adopted to stabilize these areas. Include stringent erosion control requirements in construction drawings and specifications that address erosion and sedimentation control during construction activities. In addition to construction controls, design the project site to minimize erosion and sedimentation processes over the lifetime of the building. Erosion and sedimentation control measures should be addressed in an Erosion Control Plan. This document often addresses stormwater management in addition to erosion control because these concepts are intimately linked. The document should include the following information: 1. A statement of erosion control and stormwater control objectives 2. A comparison of post-development stormwater runoff conditions with pre-development conditions 3. A description of all temporary and permanent erosion control and stormwater control measures implemented on the project site 4. A description of the type and frequency of maintenance activities required for erosion control facilities utilized Finally, consider augmenting the project design team with an expert on sustainable landscape architecture and land planning. The expert should be familiar with local and state legal requirements for erosion control as well as strategies and technologies to minimize erosion and sedimentation. The EPA Erosion and Sedimentation standard lists numerous measures such as silt fencing, sediment traps, construction phasing, stabilizing of steep slopes, maintaining vegetated ground cover and providing ground cover that will meet this credit. Table 1 describes technologies for controlling erosion and sedimentation as recommended by the referenced standard


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SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Measures for erosion and sedimentation control are dependent on site location and site design. These measures are often integrated with stormwater management plans because stormwater is a large contributor to erosion problems. Landscaping strategies have a significant effect on erosion. Areas on the site that are most suitable for the building in terms of passive solar gains or environmental quality benefits may be inappropriate due to problematic soil conditions. Conversely, landscaping that is planted for soil erosion mitigation might affect passive solar gains or wind currents used for natural ventilation. Table 1: Technologies for Controlling Erosion and Sediment Control Technology Description Stabilization Temporary Seeding

Plant fast-growing grasses to temporarily stabilize soils.

Permanent Seeding

Plant grass, trees, and shrubs to permanetly stabilize soils.

Mulching Place hay, grass, woodchips, straw, or gravel on the soil surface to cover and hold soils.

Structural Control Earth Dike

Construct a mound of stabilized soil to divert surface runoff volumes from disturbed areas or into sediment basins or sediment traps.

Silt Fence

Construct posts with a filter fabric media to remove sediment from stormwater volumes flowing through the fence.

Sediment Trap

Excavate a pond area or construct earthen embankments to allow for settling of sediment from stormwater volumes.

Sediment Basin Construct a pond with a controlled water

release structure to allow for settling of sediment from stormwater volumes.

SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials

Model Organization Policy on Site Erosion and Sediment Control


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Whenever construction is carried out on the site of this building, erosion and sediment control requirements will be included in the project design and in any project contract documents that conform to the best management practices in the EPA’s Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, OR local Erosion and Sedimentation Control standards and codes, whichever is more stringent. The plan shall meet the following objective: Prevent loss of soil by storm water runoff and/or wind erosion during any landscaping or building improvements that disturb the site. Documentation will be developed for any construction projects carried out on the site of this building that includes: (1) A statement on whether the project follows local erosion and sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA standards; (2) Provides a brief listing of the measures implemented; (3) If local standards and codes are followed, provides a description of how they meet or exceed the EPA best management practices; and (4) An erosion control plan (or drawings and specifications) with the sediment and erosion control measures highlighted.

SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 10: Other Resources SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 11: Definitions Erosion is a combination of processes in which materials of the earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away, and transported from one place to another by natural agents. Sedimentation is the addition of soils to water bodies by natural and human-related activities. Sedimentation decreases water quality and accelerates the aging process of lakes, rivers, and streams. SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection (1 Point) SS-Credit 1, Intent Avoid development of inappropriate sites and reduce the environmental impact from the location of a building on a site. SS-Credit 1, Section 1: Requirements Continue to occupy an existing building. SS-Credit 1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Provide a signed written statement that your organization continues to occupy the existing building for which certification is being requested.

SS-Credit 1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

Provide a signed written statement that your organization continues to occupy the existing building for which certification is being requested.

SS-Credit 1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns Continuing to occupy existing buildings contributes to reducing greenfield development and problems of habitat encroachment that are becoming more prevalent as development increases in non-urban areas. Continuing to occupy an existing building selects a building site that has already been developed . Since these sites have already been disturbed, environmental disturbance is limited and sensitive land areas are preserved. The site surrounding a building also defines the character of the building and provides the first impression for occupants and visitors to the building. When space is available, site designs can incorporate the natural surroundings into the landscape plan to provide character and create a dialog with neighbors and the existing natural areas. SS-Credit 1, Section 5: Environmental Issues Habitat preservation is important for supporting indigenous wildlife and is the most effective means to meet the requirements of the Endangered Species Act. By continuing to occupy an existing building, other areas are preserved for wildlife and for enjoyment by all. SS-Credit 1, Section 6: Economic Issues By continuing to occupy an existing building, project delays associated with public review processes for new greenfield sites can be avoided. By continuing to occupy an existing building mitigation costs that may be required for sensitive new sites are avoided. Continuing to occupy an existing building can avoid potential loss of property due to potential litigation resulting from harm to endangered species.


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SS-Credit 1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies The strategy for earning this credit is simple, continue to occupy an existing building. Getting your existing building certified under the LEED™ EB Rating System will give you a great existing building to continue occupying. SS- Credit 1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Continued use of existing buildings reduces the amount of green field development and urban sprawl. However existing buildings can deteriorate over time and frequently don not provide a high quality indoor environment. A way to solve this problem is to get your existing building certified under the LEED™ EB Rating System which will give you a great existing building to continue occupying. SS- Credit 1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials None SS-Credit 1, Section 10: Other Resources None SS- Credit 1, Section 11: Definitions An Ecosystem is a basic unit of nature that includes a community of organisms and their nonliving environment linked by biological, chemical, and physical process. Wetland Vegetation consists of plants that require saturated soils to survive as well as plants such as certain tree species that can tolerate prolonged wet soil conditions. A Community is an interacting population of individuals living in a specific area. An Endangered Species is an animal or plant species that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range due to harmful human activities or environmental factors.

A Threatened Species is an animal or plant species that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. SS- Credit 1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Urban Redevelopment (2 Points) SS-Credit 2, Intent Channel development to urban areas with existing infrastructure, protecting greenfields, preserving habitat and natural resources. SS-Credit 2, Section 1: Requirements Continue to occupy a building located within an area with a density of at least 60,000 (what about < 60,000sq. ft.?) square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story downtown development). To determine the development density of the project, both the project density and the density of surrounding developments must be calculated. SS-Credit 2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Urban Redevelopment • Provide a signed written statement that the existing building for which

certification is being requested is located within an area with a density of at least 60,000 square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story downtown development).

SS-Credit 2, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

Urban Redevelopment • Provide a signed written statement that the existing building for which

certification is being requested is located within an area with a density of at least 60,000 square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story downtown development).

SS-Credit 2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 2, Section 4: Green building Concerns The development of open space away from urban cores and other existing developments often reduces property costs but this strategy has negative consequences on the environment and the community. Building occupants become increasingly dependent on private automobiles for commuting and, as travel distances increase, this results in more air and water pollution. Prime agricultural land is lost and inner city neighborhoods fall into disuse and decay. In addition, infrastructure must be installed to support new development areas. In contrast, continuing to occupy an existing building in a density of areas that has already been developed helps avoid urban sprawl and reduce the loss of green field space. Continuing to occupy an existing building and upgrading it to achieve LEED EB Certification contributes to revitalizing and enhancing existing communities while preserving non-urban spaces.


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SS-Credit 2, Section 5: Environmental Issues By maintaining density in cities, agricultural land and greenfields areas are preserved for future generations. Mass transportation in urban areas can be an attractive alternative mode of transportation, reducing impacts associated with automobile use. Continuing to occupy an existing building in an urban area reduces the number of vehicle miles traveled and thus, reduces pollution caused by automobiles. The use of existing utility lines, roadways, parking, landscaping components, and other services eliminates the environmental impacts of constructing these features for non-urban developments. SS-Credit 2, Section 6: Economic Issues A significant economic benefit of continuing to occupy an existing building is the reduction or elimination of new infrastructure, including roads, utility services, and other amenities already in place. If mass transit serves the urban site, significant cost reductions are possible by downsizing the project parking capacity. SS-Credit 2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies Continue to occupy a building located within an area with a density of at least 60,000 square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story downtown development). SS-Credit 2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Existing building may have limited space available for construction waste management activities and occupant recycling programs. Urban sites may have negative IEQ aspects such as contaminated soils, undesirable air quality, or limited daylighting applications. SS-Credit 2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Calculations To determine the development density of a project, both the project density and the densities of surrounding developments must be calculated. The extent of neighboring areas to include in density calculations varies depending upon the size of the project. Larger projects are required to consider a greater number of neighboring properties than smaller projects. The density calculation process is described in the following steps: 1. Determine the total area of the project site and the total square footage of the building. 2. Calculate the development density for the project by dividing the total square footage of the building by the total site area in acres. This development density must be equal to or greater than 60,000 square feet per acre (See Equation 1). 3. Convert the total site area from acres to square feet and calculate the square root of this number. Then multiply the square root by three to determine the appropriate density radius. (Note: the square root function is used to normalize the calculation by removing effects of site shape.) (See Equation 2.) 4. Overlay the density radius on a map that includes the project site and surrounding areas, originating from the center of the site. This is the density boundary. Include a scale on the map. 5. For each property within the density boundary as well as for those properties that


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intersect the density boundary, create a table with the building square footage and site area of each property. Include all properties in the density calculations except for undeveloped public areas such as parks and water bodies. Do not include public roads and right-of-way areas. Information on neighboring properties can be obtained from your city or county zoning department. 6. Sum all of the square footage values and site areas. Divide the total square footage by the total site area to obtain the average property density within the density boundary. The average property density of the properties within the density boundary must be equal to or greater than 60,000 square feet per acre. The following example illustrates the property density calculations. A 30,000 SF building is located on a 0.44-acre urban site and the calculations are used to determine the building density. The building density is above the minimum density of 60,000 square feet per acre required by the credit (see Table 1). Next, the density radius is calculated. A density radius of 415 feet is calculated (see Table 2). The density radius is applied to an area plan of the project site and surrounding area. The plan identifies all properties that are within or are intersected by the density radius. The plan includes a scale and a north indicator. Table 3 below summarizes the information about the properties identified on the map. The building space and site area is listed for each property. These values are summed and the average density is calculated by dividing the total building space by the total site area. For this example, the average building density of the surrounding area is greater than 60,000 square feet per acre and thus, the example qualifies for one point under this credit. EQUATION 1:

][Pr][]/[ AcresopertyArea

SFeuareFootagBuildingSqAcreSFtDensityDevelopmen =

EQUATION 2:

]/{560,43][Pr3][ AcreSFAcresopertyAreaLFiusDensityRad ××= Table 1: Property Density Calculations

Project Buildings

Building Space [SF]

Site Area [Acres]

Project 30,000 0.44 Density [SF/Acre] 68,182

Table 2: Density Radius Calculation

Density Radius Calculation Site Area [Acres] 0.44


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Density Radius [LF] 415

Table 3: Sample Area Properties

Buildings w/in Density Radius

Building Space

Site Area Buildings w/in Density Radius

Building Space

Site Area

A 33,425 0.39 N 28,740 0.30 B 87,500 1.58 O 6,690 0.15 C 6,350 0.26 P 39,000 0.39 D 27,560 0.32 Q 348,820 2.54 E 66,440 1.17 R 91,250 1.85 F 14,420 1.36 S 22,425 0.27 G 12,560 0.20 T 33,650 0.51 H 6,240 0.14 U 42,400 0.52 I 14,330 0.22 V - 0.76 J 29,570 0.41 W 19,200 0.64 K 17,890 0.31 X 6,125 0.26 L 9,700 0.31 Y 5,000 0.30 M 24,080 0.64 Z 4,300 0.24 Total Building Space [SF] 997,665

Total Site Acres [Acres] 16.04 Average Density [SF/Acres] 62,199


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Figure 1: An Illustration of a Sample Area Plan

SS-Credit 2, Section 10: Other Resources Websites Urban Land Institute www.washington.uli.org A nonprofit organization based in Washington D.C. that promotes the responsible use of land to enhance the environment. The International Union for the Scientific Study of Population www.iussp.org The IUSSP promotes scientific studies of demography and population-related issues.

Print Media Density by Design: New Directions in Residential Development, Steven Fader, Urban Land Institute, 2000. Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, by Alex Wilson, et. al., John Wiley & Sons, 1998.


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Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream by Andres Duany, et. al., North Point Press, 2000. Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undermining America’s Environment, Economy, and Social Fabric by F. Kaid Benfield, et. al., Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999. Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl by Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Henry Holt & Company, 1999.

SS-Credit 2, Section 11: Definitions A Greenfield is undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by human activity. Property Area is the legal property boundaries of a project and includes all areas of the site including constructed areas and non-constructed areas. The Building Footprint is the portion of the property area covered by constructed site elements such as buildings, parking lots, sidewalks, and access roads. The Site Area is the portion of the property area that is not covered with constructed site elements and typically includes landscaped areas and natural areas. The Square Footage of a building is the total area in square foot of all rooms including corridors, elevators, stairwells, and shaft spaces. SS- Credit 2, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 3: Brownfield Redevelopment [Not Applicable to LEED EB]


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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation Sustainable Sites Credit 4.1: Public Transportation Access (1 Point) SS-Credit 4.1, Intent Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 1: Requirement

Provide/maintain a building-occupant conveyance program (shuttle-link) for buildings that are more than ¼ mile from commuter rail or subway and ½ mile from established bus routes, or demonstrate the existence of at least two bus routes less than ¼ mile from the building site.

SS-Credit 4.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access • Provide an area drawing highlighting the building location, the fixed rail

stations and bus lines and indicate the distances between them. Include a scale bar for distance measurement, AND

• Provide records and results of quarterly contacts with transit link service providers to determine if service continues to be provided within specified distances from building.

SS-Credit 4.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access • If there have been changes in the distance between the facility and the

commuter rail or subway and the established bus routes, provide an updated area drawing highlighting the building location, the fixed rail stations and bus lines and indicate the distances between them. Include a scale bar for distance measurement, AND

• Provide records and results of quarterly contacts with transit link service providers to determine if service continues to be provided within specified distances from building.

SS-Credit 4.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 4.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide. Reducing the use of private automobiles by increasing the use of mass transit saves energy and avoids environmental problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining. Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because


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impervious surfaces like asphalt increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and increasing the use of mass transit these negative impacts on the environment can be reduced. Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as mass transit if it is convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. By increasing the use of mass transit these negative impacts on the environment can be reduced. Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect. They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development densities. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 6: Economic Issues Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of public transit by building occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities charge for stormwater based on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can result in lower stormwater charges. The initial cost to design and construct a project in close proximity to mass transit varies widely. Project owners should compare the cost of building sites in different areas to determine if a reduction in automobile use is possible and economical. Many occupants view proximity to mass transit as a benefit and this can influence the value and marketability of the building. Parking infrastructure and transportation requirements, disturbance to existing habitats, resource consumption, and future fuel costs should also be assessed. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Survey potential building occupants and determine if the available mass transportation options meet their needs. Use existing transportation networks to minimize the need for new transportation lines. Provide sidewalks, paths and walkways to existing mass transit stops. Provide incentives such as transit passes to encourage occupants to use mass transit. Include the option of telecommuting in the building design and size facilities appropriately. Encourage off-site work as this reduces office space requirements and employee facilities. Engage public transportation link service provider. Explore the possibility of sharing facilities with other groups for transportation link service. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Transportation planning is affected by site selection and has a significant impact on site design. A building site in close proximity to transit lines may have negative characteristics, such as site contamination, poor air quality, unsafe conditions, or


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problematic drainage. Real estate costs may also be higher in areas close to transit lines. Provisions for encouraging increased the use of public transportation for building occupants reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for impervious surfaces and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface parking areas could also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing heat island effects and stormwater runoff volumes. SS-Credit 4.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Calculations for Mass Transit Use an area drawing to indicate mass transit stops within ½ mile of the project. Remember that the project is required to be within ½ mile of a commuter rail, light rail, or subway station or within ¼ mile of 2 or more bus lines. Figure 1 shows two buslines within ¼ mile of the project location. The map includes a scale bar and a north indicator. (Insert Figure 1 here when available) SS-Credit 4.1, Section 10: Other Resources

SS-Credit 4.1, Section 11: Definitions Mass Transit includes transportation facilities designed to transport large groups of persons in a single vehicle such as buses or trains. Public Transportation is bus, rail, or other transportation service for the general public on a regular, continual basis that is publicly or privately owned. SS- Credit 4.1, Section 12: Case Study Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation Sustainable Sites Credit 4.2: Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms (1 Point)

SS-Credit 4.2: Intent Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 1: Requirement Provide/maintain suitable means for securely housing bicycles, with convenient changing/shower facilities for use by cyclists, for 5% or more of the adult building occupants that work in the building daily. (1 point) SS-Credit 4.2, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Friendly • Provide site drawings and documents highlighting bicycle securing

apparatus and changing/shower facilities. Include calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building occupants.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the initially identified number of bicycle securing apparatus and changing/shower facilities continue to be available. Provide end of month checks of the number to building occupants to determine if these facilities continue to have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building occupants.

SS-Credit 4.2, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Friendly • If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED

EB certification filing, provide updated site drawings and documents highlighting bicycle securing apparatus and changing/shower facilities, as well as updated calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building occupants.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the initially identified number of bicycle securing apparatus and changing/shower facilities continue to be available and provide end of month checks of the number to building occupants to determine if these facilities continue to have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building occupants.

SS-Credit 4.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 4.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide. Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental


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problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining. Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting use of bicycles, buildings can benefit from more green space. Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as bicycles if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Increase use of bycycles offer the possibility of reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects of producing gasoline Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect. They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development densities. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 6: Economic Issues Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of bicycles by building occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities charge for stormwater based on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can result in lower stormwater charges. The initial project cost increase for bike storage areas and changing facilities is nominal relative to the overall project cost. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Design and construct safe bike pathways and secure bicycle storage areas for cyclists. Provide shower and changing areas for cyclists that are easily accessible from bicycle storage areas. Explore the possibility of sharing facilities and bike paths with other groups. A variety of bicycle rack and locker products are currently available. The appropriate type and number of bicycle facilities depends on the number of bicyclists and the climate of the region. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Provisions for the use of bicycles as a viable transportation mode for building occupants reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for impervious surfaces and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface parking areas could also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing heat island effects and stormwater runoff volumes.


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Shower and changing facilities can add to the building’s footprint or decrease other usable building space. These facilities also increase water and material usage. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Calculations for Bicycle Securing Apparatus and Changing / Showering Facilities To determine the number of secure bicycle spaces and changing / showering facilities required for the building, follow the calculation methodology as follows: 1. Identify the total number of full-time and part-time building occupants. 2. Calculate the Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) building occupants based on a standard 8-hour workday. A full-time worker has a FTE value of 1.0 while a halftime worker has a FTE value of 0.5 (see Equation 1).

Equation 1: FTE = Worker Hours [hours]/8 [hours] 3. Total the FTE values for each shift to obtain the total number of the FTE building occupants. In buildings that house companies utilizing multiple shifts, select the shift with the greatest number of FTE building occupants. 4. The minimum number of bicycling facilities required is equal to 5% of the FTE building occupants during the maximum shift (see Equation 2).

Equation 2: Bicycle Facilities = FTE Building Occupants x 5% 5. The required number of secure bicycle spaces is equal to the minimum number of bicycling facilities. Secure bicycle spaces include bicycle racks, lockers, and storage rooms. These spaces must be easily accessible by building occupants during all periods of the year. 6. The required number of changing and showering facilities is based on the number of bicycling occupants. A minimum of 1 shower for every 8 bicycling occupants is required to earn this point (this number is based on recommended showering facilities for institutional spaces). Showering facilities can be unit showers or group showering facilities (see Equation 3).

Equation 3: Showering Facilities = Bicycling Occupants/8 For example, a building houses a company with two shifts. The first shift includes 240 full-time workers and 90 halftime workers. The second shift includes 110 full-time workers and 60 part-time workers. Calculations to determine the total FTE building occupants for each shift is included in Table 1. Table 1: Sample FTE Calculation

Full-Time Occupants Part-Time Occupants FTE Occupants Shift Occupant [hr] Occupant [hr] Total Occupants

First Shift 240 8 90 4 285 Second Shift 110 8 60 4 140


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The first shift is used for determining the number of bicycling occupants because it has the greatest FTE building occupant total. Based on a total of 285 FTE building occupants, the estimated number of bicycling occupants is 15. Thus, 15 secure bicycle spaces are required for this example. The required number of changing and showering facilities is one facility for each eight bicycling occupants. Thus, total number of required showering facilities for this example is two. More showers may be necessary for the building based on the number of actual bicycling occupants. SS-Credit 4.2, Section 10: Other Resources

SS-Credit 4.2, Section 11: Definitions

SS- Credit 4.2, Section 12: Case Study Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation Sustainable Sites Credit 4.3: Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations (1 Point)

SS-Credit 4.3: Intent Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 1: Requirement Provide/maintain alternative-fuel refueling station(s) for 3% of the total vehicle parking capacity of the site, or provide preferred parking programs for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles for at least 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations • Provide site drawings and documents highlighting alternative-fuel

refueling stations. Include information on venting if applicable or provide site drawings, documents and policy documents highlighting sections demonstrating that preferred parking is provided for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles.

• Provide calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 3% (for refueling stations) or 10% (for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicle parking) or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the initial alternate-fuel refueling/alternative vehicle capacity continues to be available and end of month checks of the total vehicle parking capacity to determine if these refueling facilities continue to have the capacity to accommodate 3% or 10% or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.


Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations • If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED

EB certification filing, provide updated site drawings and documents highlighting alternative-fuel refueling stations along with information on venting if applicable or provide site drawings, documents and policy documents highlighting sections demonstrating that preferred parking is provided for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles.

• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED EB certification filing, provide updated calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 3% (for refueling stations) or 10% (for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicle parking) or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the initial alternate-fuel refueling/alternative vehicle capacity continues to be available and end of month checks of the total vehicle parking capacity to


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determine if these refueling facilities continue to have the capacity to accommodate 3% or 10% or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.

SS-Credit 4.3, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 4.3, Section 4: Green building Concerns The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide. Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining. Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as carpools if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use. Alternative-fuel vehicles are another method to avoid the environmental impacts associated with conventional automobiles. These vehicles use non-petroleum based fuels such as electricity, natural gas, and fuel cells. As a result, they require special refueling facilities to be viable alternatives to conventional vehicles. Hybid Vehicles are another method to reduce the environmental impacts associated with automobiles. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Alternative-fuel vehicles offer the possibility of reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects of producing gasoline. However, alternative fuels such as natural gas and electricity are not environmentally benign. Hybrid Vehicles are another method to reduce the environmental impacts associated with automobiles. Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect. They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development densities. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 6: Economic Issues Initial costs for alternative vehicles are higher than for conventional vehicles and this may delay their purchase, decreasing the necessity for refueling stations. Different alternative-fuel vehicles need different refueling stations and the costs associated with these stations vary. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Add preferred parking to existing parking Encourage carpooling through initiatives such as preferred parking areas for high occupancy vehicles (HOV) and the elimination of parking subsidies for non-carpool vehicles. Install an adequate number of easy-to-use refueling stations for alternative-fuel


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vehicles. Designate an adequate number of preferred parking spaces for hybrid vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) require a receptacle specifically designed for this purpose, usually 240 volts. EVs with conventional lead-acid batteries require recharging after 50 miles. Refueling stations for natural gas vehicles have compressors and dispensers that deliver compressed natural gas (CNG) at about 3,000 psi. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Space allocation and installation of refueling stations may not be cost-effective if there are not enough vehicles that require refueling at such stations. Building space may come at a premium, especially in projects that are rehabilitating existing buildings. While alternative fuel vehicles have lower impacts on the environment than conventional vehicles, they are still energy and material intensive to produce and they require land area for storage and mobility. Alternative fuel refueling stations require energy for operation as well as commissioning and measurement & verification attention. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Calculations Alternative-Fuel Refueling Stations To calculate the number of required alternative-fuel refueling stations, multiply the total number of vehicle parking spaces by 3% (see Equation 4). (Tim, please insert equation 4) In the example under SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9, the building has a parking area with 250 parking spaces. Therefore, alternative-fuel refueling stations are required 3% of the 250 parking spaces or 8 vehicles. SS-Credit 4.3, Section 10: Other Resources Websites Alternative Fuels Data Center www.afdc.doe.gov/ A section of the DOE Office of Transportation Technologies that has information on alternative fuels and alternative-fueled vehicles, a locator for alternative refueling stations, and other related information. The Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas www.evaa.org/ An industry association to promote electric vehicles through policy, information, and market development initiatives. The Electric Auto Association www.eaaev.org/


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A nonprofit education organization promoting the advancement and widespread adoption of electric vehicles. EV World www.evworld.com/ A website with current events, product reviews, and other information related to electric vehicles. The Natural Gas Vehicle Association www.ngvc.org/ An organization consisting of natural gas companies, vehicle and equipment manufacturers, service providers, environmental groups, and government organizations to promote the use of natural gas for transportation.

Print Media Alternative Fuels: Technology & Developments, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

SS-Credit 4.3, Section 11: Definitions Alternative-Fuel Vehicles are vehicles that use low-polluting, non-petroleum based fuels such as electricity, propane or compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and ethanol. A Carpool is an arrangement where two or more people share a vehicle together for transportation. SS- Credit 4.3, Section 12: Case Study Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation Sustainable Sites Credit 4.4: Parking Capacity (1 Point)

SS-Credit 4.4: Intent Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 1: Requirement Provide preferred parking and implement/document programs and policy for carpools or vanpools capable of serving 5% of the building occupants, and, add no new parking, or implement/maintain an occupant telecommuting program reducing the commuting frequency by 70% for 10% or more of the building occupants. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Alternative Transportation, Parking Reductions • Provide a description, parking plan, and company literature describing

carpool and vanpool programs designed to serve 5% of the building occupants, AND

• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on carpool and vanpool usage documenting that these programs serve 5% of the building occupants on an annual average basis, OR

• Provide a description of telecommuting program designed to reduce the commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants, AND

• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on telecommuting participation documenting that this program is reducing the commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants, on an annual average basis.


Alternative Transportation, Parking Reductions • If there have not been any changes to the programs since the previous

LEED EB certification filing, provide a statement that there have been no changes.

• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED EB certification filing, provide an updated parking plan and company literature describing carpool and vanpool programs designed to serve 5% of the building occupants, AND

• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on carpool and vanpool usage documenting that these programs serve 5% of the building occupants on an annual average basis, OR

• If there have not been any changes to the programs since the previous LEED EB certification filing, provide a statement that there have been no changes.


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• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED EB certification filing, provide an updated description of the telecommuting program designed to reduce the commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants, AND

• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on telecommuting participation documenting that this program is reducing the commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants, on an annual average basis.

SS-Credit 4.4, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 4.4, Section 4: Green building Concerns The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide. Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining. Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting carpooling activities, buildings can benefit from more green space. Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as carpools if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Carpooling and telecommuting offer the possibility of reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects of producing gasoline. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 6: Economic Issues Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of carpools and telecommuting by building occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities charge for stormwater based on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can result in lower stormwater charges. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Provide incentives for using car pooling or telecommuting to encourage occupants to use mass transit. Include the option of telecommuting in the building design and size facilities appropriately. Encourage off-site work as this reduces office space requirements and employee facilities. Encourage carpooling through initiatives such as preferred parking areas for high


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occupancy vehicles (HOV) and the elimination of parking subsidies for non-carpool vehicles. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Provisions for carpooling and telecommuting as viable transportation modes for building occupants reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for impervious surfaces and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface parking areas could also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing heat island effects and stormwater runoff volumes. SS-Credit 4.4, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Calculations of Carpool Spaces To calculate the number of carpool spaces required, multiply the number of FTE building occupants at the maximum shift (see the bicycle calculations above) by 5% and divide by two occupants per vehicle (see Equation 5). In the example in SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9, 285 FTE building occupants requires a minimum of eight carpool spaces. (Tim Please insert Equations 5) SS-Credit 4.4, Section 10: Other Resources State of Arizona Telecommuting Program: www.TeleworkArizona.com. Telework/Telecommuting is a powerful management option that allows selected employees to work from home, or a State office location closer to home, one or more days a week. The Telework Collaborative: www.teleworkcollaborative.com. The Telework Collaborative joins the expertise and resources of five western states (Texas, Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington) to deliver some of the most respected telework program implementation materials in the field. Teletrips: www.teletrips.com. Teletrips helps create, implement and manage public-private partnership programs to reduce commuter congestion, improve air quality, and reduce energy consumption.

SS-Credit 4.4, Section 11: Definitions A Carpool is an arrangement where two or more people share a vehicle together for transportation. SS- Credit 4.4, Section 12: Case Study Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 5: Reduced Site Disturbance Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Protect or Restore Open Space (1 Point) SS-Credit 5.1, Intent Conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 1: Requirements and Submittals Restore/maintain vegetated ground cover to a minimum of 50% of the open site, OR undertake a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield, OR create/maintain green space covering 25% of the horizontal roof of the building. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site • Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating

that 50% open areas are vegetated. • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 50%

open are remain vegetated OR

Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield,

• Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield has been implemented.

OR Green Space on Roof

• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that green space covers 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that green space continues to cover 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.


Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site • Highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that 50%

open areas are vegetated. If there has been no change to this information since previous

LEED EB filing provide statement that there has been no change. If there has been a change to this information since the previous

LEED EB filing provide updated information. • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 50% of

open areas remain vegetated OR

Phase 1 site assessment program of an on site Brownfield,


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• Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB filing.


• Highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that green space covers 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.

If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.

If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB filing provide updated information.


SS-Credit 5.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-00: “Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process,” (Topic cited: Phase 1 site assessment of a Brownfield.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM International Telephone number: (610) 832-9585 Web address: www.astm.org (Consult your individual state’s Brownfields Program for a Brownfield remediation case study or information.)

SS-Credit 5.1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns Development disturbs and destroys wildlife and plant habitat as well as wildlife corridors that encourage animal migration. As animals are pushed out of existing habitat, they become increasingly crowded into smaller spaces. Eventually, their population exceeds the carrying capacity of these spaces and they begin to invade surrounding developments or perish due to overpopulation. The overall biodiversity as well as individual plant and animal species may be threatened by reduction in habitat areas. By restoring the site, habitat impacts can be reduced. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 6: Economic Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies Activities may include removing excessive paved areas and replacing them with landscaped areas, or replacing excessive turf-grass area with natural landscape features. Work with local horticultural extension services or native plant societies to select and


31

maintain indigenous plant species for site restoration and landscaping. Coordinate with activities, technologies and strategies under Green Groundskeeping (SS Credit 9.2). Design a master plan for the project area, survey existing ecosystems and identify soil types on the site. Document existing water elements, soil conditions, ecosystems, trees and other vegetation and map all potential natural hazards. Consider the impacts of the proposed development on existing natural and built systems and proposes to negative impact mitigation. Encourage preservation, conservation, and restoration of existing natural site amenities. If appropriate, build on parts of the site that are already degraded so as not to degrade undisturbed areas. Restore the native landscape of the site by preserving and planting native species to re-establish pre-development site conditions. Restoration efforts will vary depending on the particular project site. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Balancing the verticality of a structure with open space requirements can be a challenging exercise. For instance, shading from tall structures may change the environmental character of the open space and these structures may be intimidating and unwelcoming to building occupants. Furthermore, large expanses of open space may be a barrier to public transportation access. Conversely, retaining a high proportion of open space vegetation reduces stormwater runoff volumes and natural features may be available for wastewater or stormwater treatment. Preservation of certain trees may reduce passive solar gains. Check the siting of the structure to optimize solar opportunities and to preserve the most significant trees. Additional vegetation can assist with cooling breezes and noise reduction, and enhance the site air quality. The site location and site design has a significant effect on open space and reduced habitat disturbance. Heat island effects, stormwater generation, and light pollution should all be considered when determining the site design. The landscape design and irrigation scheme is intimately tied with the site design and open space allotted. In addition, water reuse and on-site wastewater treatment strategies have an effect on non-building spaces. Renewable energy strategies such as micro-turbines and biomass generation require site space. Rehabilitation of existing buildings may dictate the amount of open space available. Construction waste management schemes may encroach on natural areas for storage of building wastes earmarked for recycling. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 10: Other Resources Websites Soil and Water Conservation Society www.swcs.org An organization focused on fostering the science and art of sustainable soil, water, and


32

related natural resource management.

Print Media Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes by A. Dwight Baldwin, et. al., University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources by John Tillman Lyle and Joan Woodward, Milldale Press, 1999. Landscape Restoration Handbook by Donald Harker, Lewis Publishers, 1999. SS-Credit 5.1, Section 11: Definitions A Greenfield is defined as undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by human activity. The Building Footprint is the area on a project site that is used by the building structure and is defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes and other non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint. Local Zoning Requirements are local government regulations imposed to promote orderly development of private lands and to prevent land use conflicts. SS- Credit 5.1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Facility Footprint (1 Point) SS-Credit 5.2, Intent Conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 1: Requirement Restore/maintain a minimum of 25% of the open site area by planting native or adapted vegetation, OR undertake a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield, OR create/maintain green space covering 50% of the horizontal roof of the building. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB


that 25% of the open site area restored/maintained by planting native or adapted vegetation.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 25% of the open site area remain restored/maintained by planting native or adapted vegetation.

OR Phase 1 site assessment of an Brownfield,

• Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB filing. (Note: This Brownfield remediation point cannot be earned simultaneously under both SS Credit 5.1 and SS Credit 5.2.)


• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that green space covers 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.




that 25% of the open site area restored/maintained by planting native or adapted vegetation. • If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED

EB filing provide statement that there has been no change. • If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB

filing provide updated information • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 25% of

the open site area remains restored/maintained by planting native or adapted vegetation.

OR


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Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield, • Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an

on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB filing. (Note: This Brownfield remediation point cannot be earned simultaneously under both SS Credit 5.1 and SS Credit 5.2.)


• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that green space covers 50% of the horizontal roof of the building. • If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED


filing provide updated information. • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that

green space continues to cover 50% of the horizontal roof of the building. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-00: “Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process,” (Topic cited: Phase 1 site assessment of a Brownfield.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM International Telephone number: (610) 832-9585 Web address: www.astm.org (Consult your individual state’s Brownfields Program for a Brownfield remediation case study or information.)

SS-Credit 5.2, Section 4: Green Building Concerns Development of a greenfield or undeveloped areas disturbs and destroys wildlife and plant habitat as well as wildlife corridors that encourage animal migration. As animals are pushed out of existing habitat, they become increasingly crowded into smaller spaces. Eventually, their population exceeds the carrying capacity of these spaces and they begin to invade surrounding developments or perish due to overpopulation. The overall biodiversity as well as individual plant and animal species may be threatened by reduction in habitat areas. By restoring the site, habitat destruction can be reduced. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 6: Economic Issues Indigenous plantings require less maintenance than foreign plantings and minimize inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and water, reducing maintenance costs over the building lifetime. In many cases, trees and vegetation developed as specimens off-site are costly to purchase and may not survive the transplanting process. Additional trees and other landscaping, as well as soil remediation and water elements, can add to initial project costs. It may be advantageous to develop these features in phases to spread out additional


35

costs over time. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies Activities may include removing excessive paved areas and replacing them with landscaped areas, or replacing excessive turf-grass area with natural landscape features. Work with local horticultural extension services or native plant societies to select and maintain indigenous plant species for site restoration and landscaping. Coordinate with activities, technologies and strategies under Green Groundskeeping (SS Credit 9.2). Design a master plan for the project area, survey existing ecosystems and identify soil types on the site. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials None developed at this time. SS-Credit 5.2, Section 10: Other Resources Websites Soil and Water Conservation Society www.swcs.org An organization focused on fostering the science and art of sustainable soil, water, and related natural resource management.

Print Media Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes by A. Dwight Baldwin, et. al., University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources by John Tillman Lyle and Joan Woodward, Milldale Press, 1999. Landscape Restoration Handbook by Donald Harker, Lewis Publishers, 1999. Green Roofs - USEPA SS-Credit 5.2, Section 11: Definitions A Greenfield is defined as undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by human activity. The Building Footprint is the area on a project site that is used by the building structure and is defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes and other non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint. Local Zoning Requirements are local government regulations imposed to promote orderly development of private lands and to prevent land use conflicts. Specific plants qualify as Native Vegetation/Adapted Vegetation if it is appropriate for your region and will contribute to the restoration of the site and provide habitat and promote biodiversity.


36

SS- Credit 5.2, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 6: Storm water Management (Points: 2) Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Rate or Quantity Reduction (1 Point) SS-Credit 6.1, Intent Limit disruption of natural water flows by minimizing storm water runoff, increasing on-site infiltration and reducing contaminants. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 1: Requirement

Implement/maintain a stormwater management plan that results in reducing/maintaining the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from existing conditions by 25%.


25% Stormwater Runoff Reduction: • Provide a narrative description and calculations showing a stormwater

management plan has been implemented that reduces the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from previously existing conditions by 25%.

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the features that reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff are being maintained.


25% Stormwater Runoff Reduction: • Provide narrative description and calculations showing a stormwater

management plan has been implemented that reduces the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from previously existing conditions by 25%. • If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED


filing provide updated information. • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the

features that reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from previously existing conditions by 25% are being maintained.

SS-Credit 6.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard This document discusses a variety of management practices that can be incorporated to remove pollutants from stormwater volumes. Chapter 4, Part II addresses urban runoff and suggests a variety of strategies for treating and infiltrating stormwater volumes after construction is completed. See the Technologies section for a summary of best management practices. Standards Cited: USEPA’s “Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters” (EPA 840-B-93-001c January 1993) - (Topic cited: Best


38

Management Practices (BMPs) Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: USEPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans & Watersheds Telephone number: (800) 832-7828 Web address: www.epa.gov/owow SS-Credit 6.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns The volume of stormwater generated on a site depends on the amount of impervious surfaces. In natural areas, the majority of precipitation infiltrates into the ground while a small portion runs off on the surface and into receiving waters. This surface runoff water is called stormwater. As areas are constructed and urbanized, surface permeability is reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff volumes that are transported via urban infrastructure (e.g., gutters, pipes, and sewers) to receiving waters. These stormwater volumes contain sediment and other contaminants that have a negative impact on water quality, navigation, and recreation. Furthermore, conveyance and treatment of stormwater volumes requires significant municipal infrastructure and maintenance. By reducing the generation of stormwater volumes, the natural aquifer recharge cycle is maintained. In addition, stormwater volumes do not have to be conveyed to receiving waters by the municipality and receiving waters are not impacted. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction and treatment of runoff volumes reduces or eliminates contaminants that pollute receiving water bodies. For instance, parking areas contribute to stormwater runoff that is contaminated with oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, material from tire wear, and deicing salts. Minimized stormwater infrastructure also reduces construction impacts and the overall footprint of the building. Finally, infiltration of stormwater on site can recharge local aquifers, mimicking the natural water cycle. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 6: Economic Issues If natural drainage systems are designed and implemented at the beginning of site planning, they can be integrated economically into the overall development. Water detention and retention features require cost for design, installation, and maintenance. However, these features can also add significant value as site amenities if planned early in the design. Water features may pose safety and liability problems, especially in locations where young children are playing outdoors. The use of infiltration devices such as pervious paving may reduce water runoff collection system costs. However, the initial cost for pervious pavers may be up to three times higher than solid asphalt or concrete. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Significantly reduce impervious surfaces, maximize on-site stormwater infiltration, and retain pervious and vegetated areas. Capture rainwater from impervious areas of the building for groundwater recharge or reuse within building. Use green/vegetated roofs. Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for pollutant load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems, bioswales, bio-retention basins and vegetated filterstrips.


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The most effective method to cope with stormwater volumes is to reduce the volumes generated. By reducing these volumes, stormwater infrastructure can be minimized or deleted from the project. Methods to minimize stormwater volumes include reducing impervious surfaces to encourage the natural processes of evaporation and infiltration, designing a smaller building footprint, and installing garden roofs and pervious paving. Stormwater from impervious areas can also be captured for reuse within the building. Stormwater harvesting from roofs and hardscapes can be used for non-potable uses such as sewage conveyance, fire suppression, and industrial applications. For stormwater volumes that must be conveyed from the site to a receiving water body, design treatment ponds to match the needs of the location and the specific drainage area. Design detention ponds to remove contaminants and release the volumes to local water bodies. Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for pollutant load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems, bioswales, bio-retention basins, and vegetated filter strips. Use vegetation buffers around parking lots to remove runoff pollutants such as oil and grit. Specify and install water quality ponds or oil grit separators for pretreatment of runoff from surface parking areas. Oil /grit separators work via gravity to separate oil, grit, and “pretreated” water into separate chambers. Do not disturb existing wetlands or riparian buffers when constructing ponds at the lowest elevations of a site. Design stormwater runoff to travel into vegetated swales rather than into structured pipes for conveyance to water quality ponds. Swales provide filtration for stormwater volumes and require less maintenance than constructed stormwater features. Install sequences of ponds whenever possible for more complete water treatment. In some cases, such as heavily wooded sites where larger ponds are not feasible, smaller bio-retention areas that use subsurface compost and plantings to accelerate the filtering of contaminants can be distributed around the site instead of using one large pool. To moderate water runoff along drainage paths, construct water ponds to temporarily store stormwater flows and they improve water quality through settling and biodegradation of pollutants. Impervious surfaces can be minimized by clustering or concentrating developments to reduce the amount of paved surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. Widths and lengths of roads, parking lots, and sidewalks can also be minimized. For instance, turning lanes in roads can be removed to minimize the width of the paved surface. This requires the sharing of traveling and turning lanes. Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. They consist of a layer of plants and soil, a cup layer for collection and temporary storage of stormwater, and a synthetic liner to protect the top of the building from stormwater infiltration. Garden roofs also provide insulating benefits and aesthetic appeal. Some garden roofs require plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens while other garden roofs have grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering. All types of garden roofs require semiannual inspection but are estimated to have a longer lifetime and require less maintenance than conventional roofs.


40

Pervious paving systems reduce stormwater runoff by allowing precipitation to infiltrate the undersurface through voids in the paving material. These systems can be applied to pedestrian traffic surfaces as well as low vehicle traffic areas such as parking spaces, fire lanes, and maintenance roads. Use pervious paving materials such as poured asphalt or concrete with incorporated air spaces or use concrete unit paving systems with large voids that allow grass or other vegetation to grow between the voids. Pervious paving has several options, including systems that use grass and a plastic grid system (90% pervious), concrete grids with grass (40% pervious), and concrete grids with gravel (10% pervious). Pervious paving requires different maintenance procedures than impervious pavement. With some systems, vacuum sweeping is necessary to prevent the voids from clogging with sediment, dirt, and mud. Systems that use vegetation, such as grass planted in a plastic matrix over gravel may require mowing like conventional lawns. Snow removal from pervious paving requires more care than conventional paving. Check existing codes relating to the use of pervious surfaces for roadways. To earn the second portion of this credit, stormwater volumes leaving the site must pass through a stormwater treatment system that removes total suspended solids and phosphorous to the required levels. Packaged stormwater treatment systems can be installed to treat stormwater volumes. These systems use filters to remove contaminants and can be sized for various stormwater volumes. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Stormwater runoff is affected significantly by site selection and site design, especially transportation amenity design. It may be possible to reuse stormwater for non-potable water purposes such as flushing urinals and toilets, custodial applications, and building equipment uses. Rehabilitation of an existing building may affect stormwater reduction efforts if large impervious surfaces already exist. It is helpful to perform a water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water available for reuse. Designing the building with underground parking, a strategy that also reduces heat island effects, can also reduce Stormwater runoff volumes. Pervious paving systems usually have a limit on transportation loads and may pose problems for wheelchair accessibility and stroller mobility. If stormwater volumes are treated on site, additional site area may need to be disturbed to construct treatment ponds or underground facilities. Application of garden roofs reduces stormwater volumes that may be intended for collection and reuse in for non-potable applications. SS-Credit 6.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Below is a summary of stormwater control measures from the EPA’s Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-point Pollution in Coastal Waters. Infiltration Basins and Trenches are devices used to encourage subsurface infiltration of runoff volumes through temporary surface storage. Basins are ponds that can store large volumes of stormwater. They need to drain within 72 hours to maintain aerobic conditions and to be available for the next storm event. Trenches are similar to infiltration basins except that they are shallower and function as a subsurface reservoir for stormwater volumes. Pretreatment to remove sediment and oil may be necessary to


41

avoid clogging of infiltration devices. Infiltration trenches are more common in areas where infiltration basins are not possible. Porous Pavement and Permeable Surfaces are used to create permeable surfaces that allow runoff to infiltrate into the subsurface. These surfaces are typically maintained with a vacuuming regime to avoid potential clogging and failure problems. Vegetated Filter Strips and Grassed Swales utilize vegetation to filter sediment and pollutants from stormwater. Strips are appropriate for treating low-velocity surface sheet flows in areas where runoff is not concentrated. They are often used as pretreatment for other stormwater measures such as infiltration basins and trenches. Swales consist of a trench or ditch with vegetation and require occasional mowing. They also encourage subsurface infiltration, similar to infiltration basins and trenches. Filtration Basins remove sediment and pollutants from stormwater runoff using a filter media such as sand or gravel. A sediment trap is usually included to remove sediment from stormwater before filtering to avoid clogging. Constructed Wetlands are engineered systems that are designed to mimic natural wetland treatment properties. Advanced designs incorporate a wide variety of wetland trees, shrubs, and plants while basic systems only include a limited number of vegetation types. Detention Ponds capture stormwater runoff and allow pollutants to drop out before release to a stormwater or water body. A variety of detention pond designs are available, with some utilizing only gravity while others use mechanical equipment such as pipes and pumps to facilitate transport. Some ponds are dry except during storm events and other ponds permanently store water volumes. Table 1 highlights the advantages, disadvantages, and removal efficiency rates for the above stormwater control practices.

Table 1: EPA Best Management Practices

Removal Efficiency Practice Advantages Disadvantages TSS (req. 80%)

TP (req. 40%)

Infiltration Basins & Infiltration Trenches

Provides groundwater recharge, high removal efficiency, provides habitat

Requires permeable soils, high potential for failure, requires maintenance

50 to 100 50 to 100

Porous Pavement Provides groundwater recharge, no space requirement, high removal efficiency

Requires permeable soils, not suitable for high-traffic areas, high potential for failure, requires maintenance

60 to 90 60 to 90


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Vegetated Filter Strips Low maintenance, good for low-velocity flows, provides habitat, economical

Not appropriate for high-velocity flows, requires periodic repair and reconstruction

40 to 90 30 to 80

Grassy Swales Small land requirements, can replace curb and gutter infrastructure, economical

Low removal efficiency

20 to 40 20 to 40

Filtration Basins Provides groundwater recharge, peak volume control

Requires pretreatment to avoid clogging

60 to 90 0 to 80

Constructed Wetlands Good for large developments, peak volume control, high removal efficiency, aesthetic value

Not economical for small developments, requires maintenance, significant space requirements

50 to 90 0 to 80

The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed on the first page of this credit. Stormwater runoff volumes are affected by surface characteristics on the site as well as rainfall intensity over a specified time period. To simplify stormwater calculations, one should consider only the surface characteristics of the project site. Stormwater volumes generated are directly related to the net imperviousness of the project site. By reducing the amount of impervious surface on the site, stormwater volumes are reduced. The calculation methodology to estimate the imperviousness of the project site is as follows: 1. Identify the different surface types on the site: roof areas, paved areas (e.g., roads and sidewalks), landscaped areas, and other areas. 2. Calculate the total area for each of these surface types using site drawings and use Table 2 to assign a runoff coefficient to each surface type. If there is a surface type not included in the table, use a “best estimate” or manufacturer information. For instance, if pervious paving is used, consult the manufacturer to determine the imperviousness or percentage of the surface that does not allow infiltration.

Table 2: Typical Runoff Coefficients

Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Pavement, Asphalt 0.95 Turf, Flat (0-1%

slope) 0.25

Pavement, Concrete 0.95 Turf, Average (1-3% slope)

0.35


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Pavement, Brick 0.85 Turf, Hilly (3-10% slope)

0.40

Pavement, Gravel 0.75 Turf, Steep (> 10% slope)

0.45

Roofs, Conventional 0.95 Vegetation, Flat (0-1% slope)

0.10

Roof, Garden Roof (<4 in)

0.50 Vegetation, Average (1-3% slope)

0.20

Roof, Garden Roof (4-8 in)

0.30 Vegetation, Hilly (3-10% slope)

0.25

Roof, Garden Roof (9-20 in)

0.20 Vegetation, Steep (> 10% slope)

0.30

Roof, Garden Roof (>20 in)

0.10

3. Create a spreadsheet to summarize the area and runoff coefficient for each surface type. Multiply the runoff coefficient by the area to obtain an impervious area for each surface type. This figure represents the square footage of each surface area that is 100% impervious (see Equation 1). Equation 1: Impervious Area [SF] = Surface Area [SF] x Runoff Coefficient 4. Sum the impervious areas for each surface type to obtain a total impervious area for the site. 5. Divide the total impervious area by the total site area to obtain the imperviousness of the site (see Equation 2). Equation 2: Imperviousness [%] = Total Pervious Area [SF]/Total Site Area Credit requirements state that for sites with imperviousness less than or equal to 50%, imperviousness must not increase from pre-development to post-development conditions. For previously developed sites with imperviousness greater than 50%, impervious must be reduced by 25% from pre-development to post-development conditions. The following example describes the calculation method for site imperviousness. The example project is an office renovation and site improvements to an existing concrete parking lot of average slope. Surface types include sidewalks, parking areas, landscaping, and the roof. The roof area is assumed to be equal to the building footprint as determined from site drawings. Table 3 shows calculations for the design case.


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Table 3: Design Case Imperviousness

Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Area [SF] Impervious Area [SF] Pavement, Asphalt 0.95 5,075 4,821 Pavement, Pervious 0.60 1,345 807 Roof, Garden Roof (4-8 in)

0.30 8,240 2,472

Vegetation, Average (1-3% slope)

0.20 4,506 901

14,660 8,100

Total AreaTotal Impervious Area

Imperviousness 55% To reduce imperviousness, concrete sidewalks and asphalt parking lots can be substituted with pervious paving and vegetation in some areas. The building footprint is reduced and garden roofs are applied to reduce roof runoff. Next, calculations are done for the baseline case or the existing site conditions (see Table 4). The original use of the site was for parking and thus, the entire site was paved with concrete pavement. The calculations demonstrate that the design case has an imperviousness of 55% and the baseline case has an imperviousness of 95%. Credit requirements state that imperviousness must be reduced by 25% over the baseline case, equal to an imperviousness of 71% or less. Thus, the design case earns one point under this credit.

Table 4: Baseline Case Imperviousness

Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Area [SF] Impervious Area [SF] Pavement, Concrete 0.95 19,166 18,208

19,166 18,208

Total AreaTotal Impervious Area

Imperviousness 95% SS-Credit 6.1, Section 10: Other Resources None developed at this time.

SS-Credit 6.1, Section 11: Definitions Stormwater Runoff consists of water volumes that are created during precipitation events and flow over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving waters. All precipitation waters that leave project site boundaries on the surface are considered to be stormwater runoff volumes. Impervious Surfaces promote runoff of precipitation volumes instead of infiltration into


45

the subsurface. The imperviousness or degree of runoff potential can be estimated for different surface materials. Total Phosphorous (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, poly-phosphates and orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorous. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are particles or flocs that are too small or light to be removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are typically removed via filtration.

A Constructed Wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland functions for water purification. Constructed wetlands are essentially wastewater treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewaters. SS- Credit 6.1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


46

Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Treatment (1 Point) SS-Credit 6.2, Intent Limit disruption of natural water flows by minimizing storm water runoff, increasing on-site infiltration and reducing contaminants. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 1: Requirement

Implement/maintain stormwater treatment systems designed to remove 80% of the average annual post development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the average annual post development total phosphate (TP). Accomplish this by implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters.


Stormwater Treatment • Provide plans, drawings and calculations showing that a stormwater

treatment plan has been implemented that removes 80% of the average annual post development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the average annual post development total phosphorous (TP), by implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters (EPA 840-B-92-002 1/93).

• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the features that remove 80% of the average annual post development total suspended solids (TSS) and 40% of the average annual post development total phosphorous (TP) are being maintained.


Stormwater Treatment • Plans, drawings and calculations showing that a stormwater treatment plan

has been implemented that removes 80% of the average annual post development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the average annual post development total phosphorous (TP), by implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters (EPA 840-B-92-002 1/93). • If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED


filing provide updated information. • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the

features that remove 80% of the average annual post development total


47

suspended solids (TSS) and 40% of the average annual post development total phosphorous (TP) are being maintained.

SS-Credit 6.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard This document discusses a variety of management practices that can be incorporated to remove pollutants from stormwater volumes. Chapter 4, Part II addresses urban runoff and suggests a variety of strategies for treating and infiltrating stormwater volumes after construction is completed. See the Technologies section for a summary of best management practices. Standards Cited: USEPA’s “Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters” (EPA 840-B-93-001c January 1993) - (Topic cited: Best Management Practices (BMPs) Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters.) Where to obtain this document: USEPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans & Watersheds Telephone number: (800) 832-7828 Web address: www.epa.gov/owow SS-Credit 6.2, Section 4: Green Building Concerns The volume of stormwater generated on a site depends on the amount of impervious surfaces. In natural areas, the majority of precipitation infiltrates into the ground while a small portion runs off on the surface and into receiving waters. This surface runoff water is called stormwater. As areas are constructed and urbanized, surface permeability is reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff volumes that are transported via urban infrastructure (e.g., gutters, pipes, and sewers) to receiving waters. These stormwater volumes contain sediment and other contaminants that have a negative impact on water quality, navigation, and recreation. Furthermore, conveyance and treatment of stormwater volumes requires significant municipal infrastructure and maintenance. By reducing the generation of stormwater volumes, the natural aquifer recharge cycle is maintained. In addition, stormwater volumes do not have to be conveyed to receiving waters by the municipality and receiving waters are not impacted. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction and treatment of runoff volumes reduces or eliminates contaminants that pollute receiving water bodies. For instance, parking areas contribute to stormwater runoff that is contaminated with oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, material from tire wear, and de-icing salts. Minimized stormwater infrastructure also reduces construction impacts and the overall footprint of the building. Finally, infiltration of stormwater on site can recharge local aquifers, mimicking the natural water cycle. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 6: Economic Issues If natural drainage systems are designed and implemented at the beginning of site planning, they can be integrated economically into the overall development. Water detention and retention features require cost for design, installation, and maintenance. However, these features can also add significant value as site amenities if planned early


48

in the design. Water features may pose safety and liability problems, especially in locations where young children are playing outdoors. The use of infiltration devices such as pervious paving may reduce water runoff collection system costs. However, the initial cost for pervious pavers may be up to three times higher than solid asphalt or concrete. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Impervious surfaces can be minimized by clustering or concentrating developments to reduce the amount of paved surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. Widths and lengths of roads, parking lots, and sidewalks can also be minimized. For instance, turning lanes in roads can be removed to minimize the width of the paved surface. This requires the sharing of traveling and turning lanes. The most effective method to cope with stormwater volumes is to reduce the volumes generated. By reducing these volumes, stormwater infrastructure can be minimized or deleted from the project. Methods to minimize stormwater volumes include reducing impervious surfaces to encourage the natural processes of evaporation and infiltration, designing a smaller building footprint, and installing garden roofs and pervious paving. Stormwater from impervious areas can also be captured for reuse within the building. Stormwater harvesting from roofs and hardscapes can be used for non-potable uses such as sewage conveyance, fire suppression, and industrial applications. For stormwater volumes that must be conveyed from the site to a receiving water body, design treatment ponds to match the needs of the location and the specific drainage area. Design detention ponds to remove contaminants and release the volumes to local water bodies. Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for pollutant load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems, bioswales, bio-retention basins, and vegetated filter strips. Use vegetation buffers around parking lots to remove runoff pollutants such as oil and grit. Specify and install water quality ponds or oil grit separators for pretreatment of runoff from surface parking areas. Oil /grit separators work via gravity to separate oil, grit, and “pretreated” water into separate chambers. Do not disturb existing wetlands or riparian buffers when constructing ponds at the lowest elevations of a site. Design stormwater runoff to travel into vegetated swales rather than into structured pipes for conveyance to water quality ponds. Swales provide filtration for stormwater volumes and require less maintenance than constructed stormwater features. Install sequences of ponds whenever possible for more complete water treatment. In some cases, such as heavily wooded sites where larger ponds are not feasible, smaller bio-retention areas that use subsurface compost and plantings to accelerate the filtering of contaminants can be distributed around the site instead of using one large pool. To moderate water runoff along drainage paths, construct water ponds to temporarily store stormwater flows and they improve water quality through settling and biodegradation of pollutants. Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. They consist of a layer of plants and soil, a cup layer for collection and temporary storage of stormwater, and a


49

synthetic liner to protect the top of the building from stormwater infiltration. Garden roofs also provide insulating benefits and aesthetic appeal. Some garden roofs require plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens while other garden roofs have grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering. All types of garden roofs require semiannual inspection but are estimated to have a longer lifetime and require less maintenance than conventional roofs. Pervious paving systems reduce stormwater runoff by allowing precipitation to infiltrate the undersurface through voids in the paving material. These systems can be applied to pedestrian traffic surfaces as well as low vehicle traffic areas such as parking spaces, fire lanes, and maintenance roads. Use pervious paving materials such as poured asphalt or concrete with incorporated air spaces or use concrete unit paving systems with large voids that allow grass or other vegetation to grow between the voids. Pervious paving has several options, including systems that use grass and a plastic grid system (90% pervious), concrete grids with grass (40% pervious), and concrete grids with gravel (10% pervious). Pervious paving requires different maintenance procedures than impervious pavement. With some systems, vacuum sweeping is necessary to prevent the voids from clogging with sediment, dirt, and mud. Systems that use vegetation, such as grass planted in a plastic matrix over gravel may require mowing like conventional lawns. Snow removal from pervious paving requires more care than conventional paving. Check existing codes relating to the use of pervious surfaces for roadways. To earn the second portion of this credit, stormwater volumes leaving the site must pass through a stormwater treatment system that removes total suspended solids and phosphorous to the required levels. Packaged stormwater treatment systems can also be installed to treat stormwater volumes. These systems use filters to remove contaminants and can be sized for various stormwater volumes. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Stormwater runoff is affected significantly by site selection and site design, especially transportation amenity design. It may be possible to reuse stormwater for non-potable water purposes such as flushing urinals and toilets, custodial applications, and building equipment uses. Rehabilitation of an existing building may affect stormwater reduction efforts if large impervious surfaces already exist. It is helpful to perform a water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water available for reuse. Designing the building with underground parking, a strategy that also reduces heat island effects, can also reduce Stormwater runoff volumes. Pervious paving systems usually have a limit on transportation loads and may pose problems for wheelchair accessibility and stroller mobility. If stormwater volumes are treated on site, additional site area may need to be disturbed to construct treatment ponds or underground facilities. Application of garden roofs reduces stormwater volumes that may be intended for collection and reuse in non-potable applications. SS-Credit 6.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Consult Section 9 under SS Credit 6.1 for this information.


50

SS-Credit 6.2, Section 10: Other Resources None developed at this time.

SS-Credit 6.2, Section 11: Definitions Stormwater Runoff consists of water volumes that are created during precipitation events and flow over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving waters. All precipitation waters that leave project site boundaries on the surface are considered to be stormwater runoff volumes. Impervious Surfaces promote runoff of precipitation volumes instead of infiltration into the subsurface. The imperviousness or degree of runoff potential can be estimated for different surface materials. Total Phosphorous (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, poly-phosphates and orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorous. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are particles or flocs that are too small or light to be removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are typically removed via filtration.

A Constructed Wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland functions for water purification. Constructed wetlands are essentially wastewater treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewaters. SS- Credit 6.e, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


51

Sustainable Sites Credit 7: Reduced Heat Island Effect (Points: 2) Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Non-Roof (1 Point) SS-Credit 7.1, Intent Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) to minimize impact on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 1: Requirements

Provide/maintain (within 5 years) shade on at least 30% of non-roof impervious surface on the site, including parking lots, walkways, plazas, etc., OR use/maintain light-colored/high-albedo materials (reflectance of at least 0.3) for 30% of the site’s non-roof impervious surfaces, OR place/maintain a minimum of 50% of parking space underground, OR use/maintain open-grid pavement system (net impervious area of LESS than 50%) for a minimum of 50% of the parking lot area.


Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof surfaces • Provide site plan highlighting all non-roof impervious surfaces and

portions of these surfaces that will be shaded within five years. Include calculations demonstrating that a minimum of 30% of non-roof impervious surface areas will be shaded within five years,

OR • Provide third party documentation and photographs for high-albedo

materials applied to non-roof impervious surfaces highlighting the reflectance of the installed materials,

AND • Provide a site plan and calculations demonstrating that these materials

exist on 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces. • Provide a parking plan demonstrating that a minimum of 50% of site

parking spaces are located underground, OR • Provide third party documentation and photographs for a pervious paving

system with a minimum perviousness of 50%. Include calculations demonstrating that this paving system covers a minimum of 50% of the total parking area,

AND • Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if these

features are being maintained. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB

• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.

• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB filing provide updated information.


52

SS-Credit 7.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: ASTM Standard E408 – “Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques” (Reapproved 2002) - (Topic cited: Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM Telephone number: (610) 832-9585 Web address: www.astm.org Summary of Referenced Standard ASTM E408-71 (1996) e1 – Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques This standard describes how to measure total normal emittance of surfaces using a portable inspection-meter instrument. The test methods are intended for large surfaces where non-destructive testing is required. See the standard for testing steps and a discussion of thermal emittance theory. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns The use of dark, non-reflective surfaces for parking, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces contribute to heat islands effects created when heat from the sun is absorbed and radiated back to surrounding areas. As a result of heat island effects, ambient temperatures in urban areas are artificially elevated by 10°F or more when compared with surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas. This results in increased cooling loads in the summer, requiring larger HVAC equipment and energy for building operations. Heat island effects can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of light colors that reflect heat instead of absorbing it. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues Heat island effects are detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and migration corridors. Plants and animals are sensitive to higher temperatures and may not thrive in areas that are unnaturally hot. Reduction in heat island effects minimizes disturbance of local microclimates. This can reduce summer cooling loads that in turn reduce energy use and infrastructure requirements. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 6: Economic Issues Reduction in heat islands reduces the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs. Energy costs for cooling buildings is a substantial cost over the building lifetime. Conversely, higher initial costs result from installation of additional trees and architectural shading devices. However, these items have a rapid payback when integrated into a whole systems approach that maximizes energy savings. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Employ strategies, materials, and landscaping techniques that reduce heat absorption of exterior materials. Note albedo/reflectance requirements in the drawings and specifications. Provide shade (calculated on June 21, noon solar time) using native or


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climate tolerant trees and large shrubs, vegetated trellises, or other exterior structures supporting vegetation. Substitute vegetated surfaces for hard surfaces. Explore elimination of blacktop and the use of new coatings and integral colorants for asphalt to achieve light colored surfaces. Use photovoltaic cells for the shading. Also consider water features to mitigate heating. To maximize energy savings and minimize heat island effects, materials must exhibit a high reflectivity and a high emissivity over the life of the product. Read the manufacturer’s data carefully when selecting a product based on a material’s reflective properties. Not all manufacturers conduct solar reflectivity and emissivity testing as a matter of course, although research on urban heat islands has helped to expose the problem and encourage such testing. Far more often, manufacturers measure visible reflectance. Visible reflectance correlates to solar reflectance but the two quantities are not equal because solar gain covers a wider range of wavelengths than visible light. A material that exhibits a high visible reflectance usually has a lower solar reflectance. For example, a good white coating with a visible reflectance of 0.9 typically has a solar reflectance of 0.8. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the solar reflectance of the material even if the visible reflectance is known. Paving Materials with high values of solar reflectivity are difficult to find in the marketplace. Most traditional paving materials are mineral based and have low solar reflectivity. Therefore, concentrate efforts on those materials with high reflectivity values for the property’s non-parking impervious surfaces such as sidewalks and plazas in order to keep costs down. There are new coatings and integral colorants that can be used in parking surfaces to improve solar reflectance. If coatings or concrete/gravel cannot be used, consider an open paving system that increases perviousness by at least 50%, reducing the amount of low reflective material present and increasing infiltration. Vegetative Shading can make a large contribution to increasing the surface albedo of a site. Employ design strategies and landscaping schemes to reduce solar radiance on exterior materials. Provide shade using native or climate tolerant trees and large shrubs, vegetated trellises, or other exterior structures supporting vegetation on parking lots, walkways, and plazas. In site locations where tree planting is not possible, use architectural shading devices to block direct sunlight radiance. Garden Roofs minimize heat island effects by reflecting solar radiation in a natural way. Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. Garden roofs provide insulating benefits, aesthetic appeal, and require lower maintenance than standard roofs. Some garden roofs require plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens while other garden roofs have grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering. All types of garden roofs require semiannual inspection but have longer lifetimes than conventional roofs.


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SS-Credit 7.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Site selection and site planning have a significant effect on urban heat islands, especially transportation planning. Planting indigenous trees that are low water users as well as fruit producers can add environmental benefit to the site. Selecting trees that are maintenance intensive (extensive watering, fertilizing, or pesticide needs) could pose potentially greater environmental negative impacts than heat island effects. Shading from trees and architectural shading devices may interfere with possible solar benefits of a project. Shading strategies should be integrated with solar strategies such as daylighting, solar heating, and photovoltaic cells. Garden roofs reduce stormwater volumes that may be collected for non-potable purposes. If water reuse and garden roof strategies are applied together, it is necessary to perform a water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water available for reuse. Stormwater runoff volumes from garden roofs depend on the local climate, the depth of soil, the type of plants used, and other variables. However, all garden roofs decrease stormwater volumes substantially. Garden roofs are not appropriate for all climates. In dry climates, garden roofs may require substantial irrigation effort, resulting in increased water use, irrigation infrastructure, and maintenance. Light colored finishes used to increase reflectance may not be as long lasting as darker colored materials. There may be a trade-off between material durability and material reflectance. Light colored surfaces may also create glare from reflection, posing a hazard to vehicle traffic and annoyance for building occupants. SS-Credit 7.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed on the first page of this credit. Shading of Non-Roof Impervious Surfaces 1. Identify all non-roof impervious surfaces on the project site and sum the total area. 2. Identify all trees that contribute shade to non-roof impervious surfaces. Calculate the shade coverage provided by these trees after five years on the non-roof impervious surfaces on June 21 at noon solar time to determine the maximum shading effect. Sum the total area of shade provided for non-roof impervious surfaces. 3. Shade must be provided for at least 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces to earn this point (see Equation 1). Equation 1: Shade [%] = Shaded Impervious Area [SF]/Total Impervious Area [SF] Impervious Surface Calculations 1. Calculate the total parking lot area of the project. Parking lots include parking spaces and driving lanes. Exclude parking spaces that do not receive direct sun (e.g., underground parking, stacked parking spaces), sidewalks, roadways, and other impervious surfaces that cannot support vehicle loads. 2. Calculate the parking area that is designed with pervious paving materials.


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3. A minimum of 50% of the total parking area must be comprised of pervious paving materials (see Equation 2). Equation 2: Pervious Portion [%] = Pervious Parking Area [SF]/Total Parking Area [SF] Vegetated Roof Calculations 1. Calculated the total roof area of the project. Deduct areas with equipment and appurtenances. 2. Calculate the area of roof that is surfaced with a vegetated roof system. 3. Calculate the percentage of the total roof area that is covered with a green vegetated roof system (see Equation 3). Equation 3: Vegetated Roof [%] = Vegetated Roof Area [SF]/Total Roof Area [SF] SS-Credit 7.1, Section 10: Other Resources Websites Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group LBL has devised a term called the Solar Reflectivity Index (SRI) that relates the reflectivity and emissivity factors. In general, the SRI is a measure of how well the material rejects solar heat, as indicated by a small temperature rise. It is defined so that a standard black is 0 and a standard white is 100. When selecting between two alternate materials, and the solar reflectivity is equal, choose the material with the highest SRI. Color Matters www.colormatters.com Includes a discussion and statistics on color choices and their energy use effects.

SS-Credit 7.1, Section 11: Definitions Heat Island Effects occur when warmer temperatures are experienced in urban landscapes as a result of solar energy retention on constructed surfaces. Principle surfaces that contribute to the heat island effect include streets, sidewalks, parking lots and buildings. Solar Reflectance is the ratio of the reflected electromagnetic energy to the incoming electromagnetic energy. A reflectance of 100% means that all of the energy striking a reflecting surface is reflected back into the atmosphere and none of the energy is absorbed by the surface. Infrared Emittance is a parameter between 0 and 1 that indicates the ability of a material to shed infrared radiation. The wavelength range for this radiant energy is roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this part of the spectrum, and have an emittance of roughly 0.9. Materials such as clean, bare metals are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. Thus clean, untarnished galvanized steel has low emittance, and aluminum roof coatings have intermediate


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emittance levels.

Underground Parking is a “tuck-under” or stacked parking structure that reduce the exposed parking surface area.

Third Party is someone not directly involved in the operation and maintenance of the building being certified. This person can either be an employee of the organization that owns the building being certified or someone who is not an employee of the organization that owns the building being certified. SS- Credit 7.1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Roof (1 Point) SS-Credit 7.2, Intent Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) to minimize impact on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 1: Requirement Use/maintain ENERGY STAR® roof compliant, high-reflectance, and high emissivity roofing (initial reflectance of at least 0.65 and three-year-aged reflectance of at least 0.5 when tested in accordance with ASTM E408) for a minimum of 75% of the roof surface; OR install/maintain a “green” (vegetated) roof for at least 50% of the roof area. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof Surfaces • Provide third party documentation and photographs highlighting roofing

materials that are Energy Star labeled, with a minimum Initial Reflectance of 0.65, and a minimum three year-aged reflectance of 0.5 and a minimum emissivity of 0.9. Include area calculations demonstrating that the roofing material covers a minimum of 75% of the total roof area,


features are being maintained,. OR • Provide photographs highlighting a green vegetated roof system. Include

area calculations demonstrating that the roof system covering a minimum or 50% of the total roof area,


features are being maintained.




SS-Credit 7.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: ENERGY STAR® Roof Compliant, High-Reflectance, and High Emissivity Roofing - (Topic cited: Standards for ENERGY STAR® Roofs.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: USEPA Telephone number: (888) 782-7937 Web address: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_roof_products


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ASTM Standard E408 – “Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques” (Reapproved 2002) - (Topic cited: Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM Telephone number: (610) 832-9585 Web address: www.astm.org Summary of Referenced Standards EPA Energy Star Roofing Guidelines The EPA’s Energy Star program allows for voluntary partnerships between the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, product manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers. Energy Star is dedicated to promoting energy efficiency, reducing air pollution, and saving money for businesses and residences through decreased energy use. In addition to several other building product categories, the Energy Star program addresses roofing products. By choosing roofing products wisely, air conditioning needs can be reduced or eliminated. Roofing products with the Energy Star logo meet the EPA criteria for reflectivity and reliability. Roof solar reflectance requirements for Energy Star roofing products are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: EPA Energy Star Roof Criteria

Roof Type Slope Initial Solar Reflectance

3-Year Solar Reflectance

Low-Slope Roof <= 2:12 0.65 0.50 Steep Slope Roof > 2:12 0.25 0.15 ASTM E408-71(1996)e1 – Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques This standard describes how to measure total normal emittance of surfaces using a portable inspection-meter instrument. The test methods are intended for large surfaces where non-destructive testing is required. See the standard for testing steps and a discussion of thermal emittance theory. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns The use of dark, non-reflective surfaces for parking, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces contribute to heat islands effects created when heat from the sun is absorbed and radiated back to surrounding areas. As a result of heat island effects, ambient temperatures in urban areas are artificially elevated by 10°F or more when compared with surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas. This results in increased cooling loads in the summer, requiring larger HVAC equipment and energy for building operations. Heat island effects can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of light colors that reflect heat instead of absorbing it.


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SS-Credit 7.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues Heat islands effects are detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and migration corridors. Plants and animals are sensitive to higher temperatures and may not thrive in areas that are unnaturally hot. Reduction in heat island effects minimizes disturbance of local microclimates. This can reduce summer cooling loads that in turn reduce energy use and infrastructure requirements. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 6: Economic Issues Reduction in heat islands reduces the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs. Energy costs for cooling buildings is a substantial cost over the building lifetime. Conversely, higher initial costs result from installation of additional trees and architectural shading devices. However, these items have a rapid payback when integrated into a whole systems approach that maximizes energy savings. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies Employ materials that reduce heat absorption of roofing materials. Note albedo/reflectance requirements in the drawings and specifications. Substitute vegetated surfaces for hard surfaces. To maximize energy savings and minimize heat island effects, materials must exhibit a high reflectivity and a high emissivity over the life of the product. Read the manufacturer’s data carefully when selecting a product based on a material’s reflective properties. Not all manufacturers conduct solar reflectivity and emissivity testing as a matter of course, although research on urban heat islands has helped to expose the problem and encourage such testing. Far more often, manufacturers measure visible reflectance. Visible reflectance correlates to solar reflectance but the two quantities are not equal because solar gain covers a wider range of wavelengths than visible light. A material that exhibits a high visible reflectance usually has a lower solar reflectance. For example, a good white coating with a visible reflectance of 0.9 typically has a solar reflectance of 0.8. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the solar reflectance of the material even if the visible reflectance is known. Membrane Roofing is fabricated from strong, flexible, waterproof materials. They may be applied in multiple layers or they may be a continuous single-ply membrane. Membranes usually contain a fabric made from felt, fiberglass, or polyester for strength and this is laminated to or impregnated with a flexible polymeric material. The polymeric material may be a bituminous hydrocarbon material such as asphalt, synthetic rubber known as EPDM, or a synthetic polymer such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The color of the polymer itself ranges from black to white, depending on the amount of carbon black present. The upper surface of the membrane may be coated with a colored material that determines the solar reflectance or it may simply be ballasted with roofing gravel. When a dark membrane is surfaced with roofing granules, the membrane has the appearance and solar reflectance of asphalt shingles. Metal Roofing is typically steel or aluminum based, although there is still a small


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amount of copper and tin roofing used today. Steel roofing is usually produced with a galvanic corrosion protection coating of zinc or zinc/aluminum coating. This corrosion coating may be covered by colored paint-like polymeric coating that can influence the overall emissivity of the roofing product. Bare aluminum and steel typically have a solar reflectance of 60 %, and a low emittance. The reflectance and emittance of bare metals are very sensitive to the smoothness of the surface and the presence or absence of surface oxides, oil film, etc. Usually, bare metals are not very cool in the sun. For example, in one outdoor experiment, a bare clean sheet of galvanized steel with a solar reflectance of about 0.38 reached temperatures nearly as high as a reference black surface. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs None developed at this time. SS-Credit 7.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials Table 2 provides example values of initial solar reflectance and infrared emittance for common roofing materials. Typically, white roofing products exhibit higher performance characteristics than nonwhite products. Performance varies by roofing materials as well as brand. Check with roofing manufacturers and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Cool Roofing Materials Database for current performance information.

Table 2: Type of Roofing

Roofing Material Initial Solar Reflectance Infrared Emittance Roof Coating, White 0.68 0.90 Roof Coating, Tinted 0.67 0.91 Roofing Membranes 0.65 0.90 Concrete Tile, Off-White 0.74 0.90 SS-Credit 7.2, Section 10: Resources Websites Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group LBL has devised a term called the Solar Reflectivity Index (SRI) that relates the reflectivity and emissivity factors. In general, the SRI is a measure of how well the material rejects solar heat, as indicated by a small temperature rise. It is defined so that a standard black is 0 and a standard white is 100. When selecting between two alternate materials, and the solar reflectivity is equal, choose the material with the highest SRI. EPA Energy Star Roofing Products http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_roof_products Provides solar reflectance levels required to meet Energy Star labeling requirements.


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SS-Credit 7.2, Section 11: Definitions None developed at this time. SS- Credit 7.2, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available. Sustainable Sites Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction (Points: 1) Sustainable Sites Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction SS-Credit 8: Intent Eliminate light trespass from the building and site, improve the night sky access and reduce development impact on nocturnal environments. SS-Credit 8, Section 1: Requirement Meet or provide lower light levels and uniformity ratios than those recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments (RP-33-99). Design exterior lighting such that all exterior luminaires with more that 1000 initial lamp lumens are shielded and all luminaires with more than 3500 initial lamp lumens meet Full Cutoff ISENA Classification. The maximum candela value of all interior lighting shall fall within the building (not out through the windows) and the maximum candela value of all exterior lighting shall fall within the property. Any luminaire within a distance of 2.5 times its mounting height from the property line shall have shielding such that no light from the luminaire crosses the property boundary. SS-Credit 8, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB Light Pollution Reduction

• Provide a brief exterior lighting system narrative describing the lighting objectives and the measures taken to meet the requirements,


requirements continue to be maintained. SS-Credit 8, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB



SS-Credit 8, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments This standard addresses visual issues of exterior lighting such as glare, luminance, visual acuity, and illuminance. It also covers design issues of exterior lighting including


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community responsive design, lighting ordinances, luminaire classification, structure lighting, softscape lighting, and hardscape lighting. A selection process is presented to design exterior lighting needs and to address energy conservation issues, lighting maintenance, and lighting design for different site areas. A summary of the maximum brightness limits for specific areas is provided in Table 1. The presented illuminance values are measured at the eye on a plane perpendicular to the line-of-sight. Standards Cited: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA): “Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments” - (Topic cited: Exterior lighting foot-candle level requirements.) Where to obtain this document: Organization name: IESNA Telephone number: (212)248-5000 Web address: www.iesna.org SS-Credit 8, Section 4: Green building Concerns Outdoor lighting is necessary for illuminating connections between buildings and support facilities such as sidewalks, parking lots, roads and community gathering places. Light pollution from poorly designed outdoor lighting schemes affects the nocturnal ecosystem on the site and hinders enjoyment of the night sky by building occupants and neighbors. Through thoughtful planning, outdoor lighting can provide for the illumination needs of the site while creating a low lighting profile for the building exterior. SS-Credit 8, Section 5: Environmental Issues Reduction of light pollution encourages nocturnal life to thrive on the building site. Thoughtful exterior lighting strategies reduce infrastructure costs & energy use over the lifetime of the building. SS-Credit 8, Section 6: Economic Issues By avoiding unnecessary outdoor lighting, infrastructure costs are reduced. Also, energy savings over the lifetime of the building can be substantial. SS-Credit 8, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies Adopt site lighting criteria to maintain safe lighting levels while avoiding off-site lighting and night sky pollution. Minimize state lighting where possible and model the site lighting using a computer model. Technologies to reduce light pollution include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces and low-angle spotlights. Consult IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments for Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) zone and pre- and post-curfew hour descriptions and associated ambient lighting level requirements. Ambient lighting for pre-curfew hours for CIE zones range between .01 foot-candles for areas with dark landscapes such as parks, rural, and residential areas, and 1.5 foot-candles for areas with high ambient brightness such as urban areas with high levels of nighttime activity. Design site lighting and select lighting styles and technologies to have a minimal impact off-site and minimal contribution to sky glow. Minimize lighting of architectural and landscape features.


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Minimize lighting of architectural and landscape features. Use only lighting that is needed for safety, access, and building identification. For required exterior lighting, consult the IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments and follow the lighting level requirements. Employ the following strategies when designing the exterior lighted environment: 1. Inspect neighboring areas to identify potential light trespass problems. 2. Apply down lighting for landscape lighting as opposed to up lighting. 3. Select luminaire locations wisely to contain light within the design lighted area. 4. Design exterior lighting to have minimal upward illumination from direct or reflected light sources. Employ an exterior lighting professional to assess your project’s lighting plan and provide recommendations. Select lighting styles and technologies that have a minimal impact off-site and minimal contribution to sky glow. Create a computer model of the electric lighting system design and simulate the project performance during dark hours of operation. Use this tool to output a footcandle contour map demonstrating that illuminance values measured at eye position in a plane perpendicular to the line of site meet the reference standard requirements. Project specific criteria must be selected from the referenced standard on the basis of the lighting zone and description (see Table 1).

Table 1: Maximum Brightness Levels

Maximum Brightness [fc]

Area Description

Pre-Curfew

Post-Curfew

Intrinsically Dark Landscapes Parks and residential areas where controlling light pollution is a high priority

0.1 0.0

Low Ambient Brightness Other urban and rural residential areas

0.3 0.1

Medium Ambient Brightness Urban residential areas 0.8 0.2 High Ambient Brightness Urban areas having both residential

and commercial use and experiencing high levels of nighttime activity

1.5 0.6

After the lighting system is installed, check the installations on a regular basis to ensure that it is adjusted correctly, and that spill and trespass are minimized. Employ full cutoff luminaries and low-reflectance ground covers beneath outdoor lighting. A cutoff luminaire is one that provides shielding of emitted light to reduce light pollution effects. Employ building spotlights that shine no higher than 45 degrees above


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vertical and located no further away than the structure height. Light exterior signs internally with light letters on a dark background or light them from the top. SS-Credit 8, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs Exterior lighting strategies are affected by the transportation program as well as the total area of developed space on the project site. In addition to energy efficiency, the exterior lighting system requires commissioning and measurement & verification. ASHRAE 90.1-1999 includes provisions for exterior lighting that address automatic lighting controls, control devices, minimum lamp efficacy, and lighting power limits. The standard requires separate calculations for interior and exterior lighting loads and thus, trade-offs between interior and exterior loads are not permitted. See the standard for more information. Lower levels of outdoor lighting can create the perception of a less secure environment. Occupants may also be averse to a darker outdoor environment and accessibility could be impaired. Care should be taken when designing exterior lighting to provide enough illumination for safety, accessibility, and public perception while at the same time avoiding unnecessary light pollution. SS-Credit 8, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed on the first page of this credit. This credit requires a lighting simulation output as part of the documentation. The simulation creates a footcandle contour map that can verify that the maximum brightness levels are not exceeded. The calculation steps are as follows: 1. Input the building exterior, including all windows. 2. Set the material properties of all exterior surfaces. 3. Locate and orient the exterior lighting fixtures. 4. Conduct the simulation for a nighttime situation. 5. Plot the footcandle contours for all elevations at the major surface planes. SS-Credit 8, Section 10: Other Resources Websites The International Dark-Sky Association www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/index.html A nonprofit agency dedicated to educating and providing solutions to light pollution. The New England Light Pollution Advisory Group http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag.html A volunteer group to educate the public on the virtues of efficient, glare-free outdoor night lighting as well as the benefits of no lighting for many outdoor applications. Sky & Telescope http://skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/default.asp


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Includes facts on light pollution and its impact on astronomy.

Print Media Concepts in Practice Lighting: Lighting Design in Architecture by Torquil Barker, B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1997. The Design of Lighting by Peter Tregenza and David Loe, E & F N Spon, 1998. SS-Credit 8, Section 11: Definitions Light Pollution is defined as waste light from building sites that produces glare, compromises astronomical research, and adversely affects the environment. Waste light does not increase nighttime safety, utility, or security and needlessly consumes energy and natural resources. Curfew Hours are locally determined times when greater lighting restrictions are imposed. A Footcandle (fc) is a unit of light intensity and is equal to the quantity of light falling on a one-square foot area from a one candela light source at a distance of one foot. SS- Credit 8, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 9: Green Site and Building Exterior Management (Points: 2) Sustainable Sites Credit 9.1: Overall Management Plan (1 Point) SS-Credit 9.1: Intent Encourage grounds/site/building exterior management practices that have the lowest environmental impact possible and preserve ecological integrity, enhance diversity and protect wildlife while supporting building performance and integration into surrounding landscapes. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 1: Requirements

Establish/maintain site and building exterior to reduce impacts on local environments. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB

Site and Building Exterior Management to Reduce Impact on Local Environments • Provide management plan for establishing/maintaining site and building

exterior to reduce/manage impact of existing building on local environments,

AND • Provide quarterly records documenting that this management plan is being

implemented on an ongoing basis. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under LEED EB



SS-Credit 9.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 9.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 6: Economic Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies Provide plants that are wildlife food. Provide water sources for wildlife drinking/bathing. Use low impact chemical/fertilizer/pest management program in summer and low-impact snow removal in the winter.


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SS-Credit 9.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 10: Other Resources None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.1, Section 11: Definitions None developed at this time. SS- Credit 9.1, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.


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Sustainable Sites Credit 9.2: Management Plan for Chemicals (1 Point) SS-Credit 9.2, Intent Encourage grounds/site/building exterior management practices that have the lowest environmental impact possible and preserve ecological integrity, enhance diversity and protect wildlife while supporting building performance and integration into surrounding landscapes. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 1: Requirement

Establish/maintain low impact site and building exterior chemical/fertilizer/pest management program in summer and low-impact snow removal chemicals and dumping snow at an approved site in the winter.


Low Impact Site and Building Exterior Chemical/Fertilizer/Pest Management Program

• Provide management plan for establishing/maintaining a low impact site and building exterior chemical/fertilizer/pest management/snow removal program, AND

• Provide quarterly records documenting that this management plan is being implemented on an ongoing basis.

SS-Credit 9.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard Standards Cited: None cited SS-Credit 9.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 6: Economic Issues None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 7: Strategies Provide plants that are wildlife food. Provide water sources for wildlife drinking/bathing. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 10: Resources None developed at this time. SS-Credit 9.2, Section 11: Definitions


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None developed at this time. SS- Credit 9.2, Section 12: Case Study Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these become available.

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