SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOREnvironment Management
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
Waste Management Innovation: Towards a Green, Inclusive, Circular Economy, 17-18th April, 2017
Points of Discussion…..
• Waste Water and Municipal Solid Waste
• Status and Direction
• What is being done and can be done?
• Sustainability Parameters
Wastewater Issues…• About 68000 MLD of wastewater is
generated in urban India comprising Class I and Class II cities.
• Maharashtra generates about 7000 MLD excluding rural areas
• Only about 30% gets treated across the country.
• Treatment level available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5 % to 89 % of the sewage generated.
Why This Status ?
• CSIR NEERI and CPCB studies between 2002-2015 show:– Most STPs do not function as 24x7 power is not
available across India [ More so in smaller cities]– Funds of O&M are negligible or Not given on time– Trained manpower to run these STPs not available– Funds…………..!!
• Water and Sewage Services not linked
Waste water from Housing Sector
• About 80 % of water supply ends as wastewater
• Large areas of marine and fresh water bodies impacted by these discharges
• Collection a major challenge
• Treatment and disposal another major issue
Name STP Installed Capacity (In MLD) TreatmentColaba 41 Preliminary + OutfallWorli 757 Preliminary + OutfallBandra 797 Preliminary + OutfallVersova 131 Aerated LagoonMalad 240 Preliminary Bhandup 180 Aerated LagoonGhatkopar 138 Aerated LagoonTotal 2284
Name STP Installed Capacity (In MLD) Treatment
Thane 54Treated (not all
Sewage)
Kalyan-Dombivali 30 No Treatment
Bhivandi-Nizampur 17 Preliminary
Navi Mumbai 184.65 (Currently 167 MLD Used) Treated
Ulhasnagar 28 No Treatment
Ambernath 28 No Treatment
Total 341
Details of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Sewage Status 2016
0%20%40%60%80%
100%120%
Total Sew
age
In Sewers
To WwTW
Treated
Compliant
BalanceCollected
The current planned improvement by MCGM will change this scenario in next 3-5 years
What if there is no power?What if there are no trained manpower?What if there are no O&M funds available?
Can we stand near a Sewage Treatment Plant?Can a gardener understand Sewage Treatment?Can it be part of Aesthetics?Can I use this water ???
Looking at the waste water treatment methods being used currently, We asked Some Questions
Role of plants and microbes: Nature Work
Suspended Solids Sedimentation/Filtration
• BOD Microbial degradation (aerobic, anaerobic)Sedimentation
• Nitrogen Ammonification, nitrification, denitrificationPlant uptake, Ammonia volatilization if pH
• Phosphorus Adsorption-precipitation reactionswith Fe, Al, Ca) Plant uptake
Removal Mechanisms
Slope 1:100Horizontal and Vertical Movement of wastewater
PreTreatme
nt Zone
Meta Wire Mesh
Cross Sectional View
Emergent Microphyte sub-surface wetland System
OnWorld Environment Day
5th June, 2006at
Kalina CampusMumbai University
PHYTORID based First Plant was set up and inaugurated in 2006
Nutsedge
Canna Cattails
Wetland Plants
The Beginning of Pay Off [ Industries waking up First
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. Igatpuri, 60 CMD
Later………..Siemens Ltd. Kalwa Works, 500 CMD
Economics Made Sense to Industries : Bharat Forge, Baramati 100 CMD
Designed for treatment domestic wastewater i.e. grey and black waterDesigned to treat the flow of 125 CMD.
Treated water is reuse for gardening and irrigation and curing purpose.
Vrundavan Gardens Co-Op. Hosing Society, Ponda, Goa.
Generate 90,000 ltr wastewater /day, plant is having capacity of 120 CMD
HOUSING SOCIETIES
EIFFEL CITY BY EIFFEL DEVELOPER, CHAKAN, PUNE
And Then Housing sector……..
Water Bodies - Current Status
About 83 in Delhi, 200 In Punjab, 250 in Karnataka and in many states, water bodies are in disused condition and need rejuvenation
Typical Lake with Natural Drainage Pattern
Lake with Peripheral Wetland Ecosystem
The Shahadara Lake Rejuvenation Project
Sewage Water treated by the “Phytorid Technology” based on constructed wetland
FLORAFT and Natural Motes will be used for Rejuvenating the lake in the Shahadara locality of East Delhi
Floating Wetland Ecosystem for Lakes
Floating Treatment FLORAFTERfor Nutrient Removal
Thane , 3 lakes
Nabi Lake
Lonar Lake
Phytorid Plant on Nabi Lake
Lake Area: 3 HaNatural Wetland System 500 KLD Plant
Treats entire Sewage from Lonar City
Lonar Lake (under threat), Maharashtra
Anaerobic BioDigester (ABD) Technology
• Based on biological treatment with manygroups of anaerobic bacteria
• The anaerobic microorganismresponsible for the conversion of theorganic matter in gases
ADVANTAGESUsed in sewage, grey water treatment for:
Less Sludge Production and Space Requirement.
Dose not requires continuous operation.
User Friendly, very low running cost.
Can be reused for gardening, flushing, irrigation,
etc.
Process Scheme
In-Situ System for Open Drains Treatment
Use of Bio-culture into the polluted system merely optimises nature'sengineering. Bacteria degrades sludge and pollutants dissolved in thewater column, turns them into carbon dioxide, water and bacterialbiomass.
The introduction of mixture of anaerobic, facultative and micro-aerophilic organisms into the sludge layer loosens the upper layers ofthe sludge to hasten the bio-dredging of the sludge layer.
Bio-Mining-Dredging
Large AreaHigh Pumping CostHigh Pipeline costFrequent breakdown of system
Compact SystemsNo or less Pumping CostMinimum Pipeline costEffective Maintenance
Wastewater Management
Life cycle analysis of wastewater treatment systems• The treatment system should be• Economically viable, Environmentally Friendly, and
Sustainable.
Guidelines for life cycle analyses of wastewater treatment systems.• Pros and cons of the systems• Eg: Energy consumption, Residual pollution left over,
Environmental degradation, contribution to global warming etc..
Selection of Treatment Technologies
Multiple Options of Sustainable Tech
• Low Cost and Low Energy– Phytorid– Floating wetland– Anaerobic Bio Digestor
• Low Cost and Medium Energy– Rotating Biological Contactor– Moving Bed BioFilm Reactor (MMBFR)
Solid Waste Management Sustainability
Areas of Concern and Need for Innovation
• MSW Rules 2016 needs segregation
• Technology for processing will be efficient if segregated…………
• Landfills overflowing: Its Reuse, New Places, Public Response, Health Issues……………
SWM Status Sr.No. Name of the Corporation Present Status of disposal sites
w.r.t. MSW (M&H) Rules, 2016
1 Mumbai Open Dumping/BLF
2 Bhiwandi-Nizampur Open Dumping
3 Kalyan-Dombivali Open Dumping
4 Mira-Bhayandar Processing ?. No Sanitary Lanfill
5 Navi Mumbai No Processing. Only Sanitary Landfill
6 Thane Open Dumping
7 Ulhasnagar Open Dumping
8 Ambernath Open Dumping
Other Cities
Name of the ULBs Present Status of disposal sites w.r.t. MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000
Nalasopara
RLF for 4 ULBS under development
Navghar-Manikpur
Virar Vasai
Alibaug Open Dumping Karjat Open Dumping
Khopoli Open Dumping Panvel Open Dumping
Matheran Open Dumping + Processing Pen Open Dumping Uran Open Dumping
Kulgaon-Badlapur Open Dumping
CIDCO area Processing and Sanitary Landfill..?
• Wide variation in the management of the municipalsolid waste amongst all cities in MMR
• As per the survey, solid waste generation in GreaterMumbai was found to be 515 g per capita, 501 g percapita for Rest of Corporations and 324 g per capita forMunicipal Councils.
Salient Status of SW Management
• Electronic Waste Still an Issue!!• MMRDA Plan for E waste• Informal sector E waste Collection
• Biomedical Waste Management is reasonably betterhandled• Smaller Hospital and clinics: Still a large gap• Processing and disposal in limited places• Financing pattern for such projects
Projections in Municipal Waste Generation in MMR till 2051
Mun
icip
al S
olid
Was
te
Gen
erat
ion
(TPD
)Year 2009 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
GM 6534 6863 7957 9081 10253 11455
RC 3058 4991 10238 15698 21373 27261
MC 523 656 912 1190 1496 1840
Total MMR 10864 13292 19996 26971 34226 41767
Technologies for Waste Treatment
• Composting- Anaerobic Composting- Aerobic Composting- Vermicomposting
• Waste-to-Energy- Incineration- Pelletisation- Pyrolysis/Gasification- Bio-Methanation- Landfill Gas Recovery
Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting (in Indian scenario)
Item Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Composting
Vermicomposting
Foul odour in process Yes Yes No
Quality of End Product Moderate Moderate to Good
Good to Excellent
Time for Composting 2-3 weeks 6-8 months (minimum)
6 months (minimum)
Use for production of gas (CH4)
No Yes (in controlled
environment)
No
Attracts rodents, pests, dogs, etc.
Yes No No
Need for Constant Monitoring
Low High Very High
Storage capacity of end product
Low Low High
Market demand Moderate Moderate High (for agriculture)
Item Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Composting
Vermicomposting
Power requirements Yes (if mechanized) No Yes
Intensity of skilled labour requirement
Low Moderate High
Land requirement Low Moderate High
Quality of waste segregation
Moderate High Very high
Leachate pollution High High Low
Contamination of aquifers (large scale)
High Moderate to high
Low
Capital Investment Moderate Moderate High
O&M Costs Moderate Moderate High
Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting (in Indian scenario)…..
Advantages and Disadvantages of Waste-to-Energy ( in Indian scenario)
Item Incineration Pelletisation Pyrolysis Bio-Methanation
Landfill Gas Recovery
Requirement for segregation
High Very High High High -
Energy recovery (in optimum conditions)
Around 14 times waste stream
Around 14 times waste stream
Around 14 times waste stream
Around 11 times waste stream
Around 11 times waste stream
Direct Energy Recovery
Yes No Yes No No
Overall efficiency in case of a small set up
Low Low Moderate High Low
Efficiency in case of high moisture
Very low Very low Low Moderate Moderate toHigh
Land requirement Low Low Moderate Low toModerate
High to veryhigh
Transportation costs Moderate High High High Very high (depends on location of landfill)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Waste-to-Energy ( in Indian scenario)…
Item Incineration Pelletisation Pyrolysis Bio-Methanation
Landfill Gas Recovery
Ability to tackle bio-medical and low-hazard waste
Yes No Yes (to some extent)
No No
Concerns for toxicity of product
High NA NA NA Moderate toHigh
Leachate Pollution None None None High (in case of no protection layer)
High (Landfill)Low (SanitaryLandfill)
Concern for Atmospheric Pollution
High (not easy to control)
Moderate Moderate (easy to control)
Low Moderate
Sustainability of source/ waste stream
Moderate Low Low Low High
Capital Investment High Very High Very High Very High High
Possible Options… for Sustainability………
• Centralised– Collection for overall MSW– Technology for WTE, composting or landfilling– State Level Authority: Institution
• Decentralised– Ragpickers organisation– Segregation planning and assessment– Technology use for composting: economics, space,
applicability : Validation– Institutional Support System Creation
Major Pointers…….
• Encourage the local experience in these technologies as they are going to be here for long and stakes are much higher
• We must learn from some mega projects failure in India relating to MSW
• Doing and learning and learning and doing is what will help.
• Any other overseas agencies wanting to be partner in these projects:
• Need to know what wastes and variations• Stakes to be high enough to be there for long period• Waste processing costs have to be always kept low• Financial models of waste management of the advanced country not
applicable in India• Limited liability
Email: [email protected] Ph:0712-2249999
022-24974607; Fax: 022-24936635
Dr. Rakesh KumarDirector
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Disclaimers: Some data and information collated from ULBs, may vary depending upon any recent changes and developments