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8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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North & CentralNorth & Central
AmericaAmerica
EuropeEurope
South AmericaSouth America
AsiaAsia
AfricaAfrica
AustraliaAustralia
And OceaniaAnd Oceania
8%13%
13%
36%60%
17%
5% <1%
15% 8%
26%6%
Water Availability vs. Population
Source: Website of the UNESCO/IHP Regional Office of Latin America and the Caribbean
The global overview of water availability versus the population stresses the
continental disparities, and in particular, the pressure put on the Asian continent,
which supports more than half of the world¶s population with only 36 percent of
the world¶s water resources.
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Country Total Resources(km3)
2000(m3 /person)
World 42,655.0 7,045
Asia 13,508.0 3,368
U S A 2,460.0 3,838
Japan 460.0 3,393
Lao People¶s Dem Rep 190.4 35,049
Malaysia 530.0 26,074
Myanmar 880.6 19,306
Indonesia 2,838.0 13,380
Cambodia 120.6 10,795
Vietnam 366.5 4,591
Philippines 146.0 1,907
Thailand 110.0 1,854
Annual Renewable Water Resources
Philippines Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank
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PROJECTED REGIONAL
SUPPLY/DEMAND SITUATION
2005 - 2025(Thousand Cubic Meters)
Source: NWRB 1980 data, 1998 JICA WR Assessment
4
Water ResourcesRegions
The above graph shows the wide spatial variability
of water supply and demand across the country
thus the need for region-specific water
management policies and strategies typical of a
humid tropic, archipelagic country.
8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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SALTWATER
INTRUSION
2003
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8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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Water Supply and Sanitation
88.6% access to
Sanitary toilets ??
81.4 % access to
safe water supply
The 81% for access to safe water and 88% access to sanitary toilets are quiteimpressive but the contradiction is that 64% of our surface water are not fit fordrinking purposes which also corroborates with the DOH data ( from 1996 to2000) that 31% of the reported illnesses are water related diseases; 18 million
Filipinos (18.6%) do not have access to improved water sources and that 10million people (12% of the total population) still defecate in the open.
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88 water bodies monitored for DO
71 water bodies or 80.7% passed the
DO criteria
61 water bodies monitored for BOD
45 or 73.8% passed the BOD criteria
Water Quality Monitoring 2010
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Challenges
Environmental
Degradation
Polluted waters
- surface waters
- groundwater
- coastal
Degraded
watersheds
Climate Change
Consequences
More rainfall
Higher temperature
Sea level rise Extreme weather
events
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Climate Change: our
changing world
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What·s it all about? Global Fever
(Sources: Climatic ResearchUnit of the University of East
Anglia, Hadley Centre of theUK Meteorological Office,
Data set TaveGL2v, Jonesand Moberg, 2003)
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Warming trends of the last century
Prof. Dr. Anders Levermann, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Climate Change
Observed facts, future projections and risks in a warming world
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PFCs
HFCsSF6
Greenhouse gases
(GHGs) trap heat from
the sun to keep the
Earth warm.
H2O
Water vapor
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CH4
Methane
NO2
Nitrous Oxide
CO2
CH4
N2OHFCs
PFCs SF6
CO2CO2
CH4CO2N2OCH4
HFCs
SF6
SF6
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2CO2 CO2
CH4
N2O
Increasing levels of GHGs
in the atmosphere makefor a warmer world leading
to abrupt changes inclimate!
The Greenhouse Effect
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CO2
Global temp
CH4
A Dangerous
Experiment
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Human &
Natural Drivers ofClimate Change Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers
Global atmosphericconcentrations of carbondioxide, methane &
nitrous oxide haveincreased as a result of human activities since1750. ² Pre industrial value:
280 ppm ² 2005 value: 379 ppm
11 years ( between 1995-2006) rank among the 12th
warmest years since 1850
Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers
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Source: 1994 Philippine GHG
Inventory
TOTAL: 103,085TOTAL: 103,085 ktktCOCO22
(50,038 kt CO2)(9,198 kt CO2)
(33,137 kt CO2) (10,711 kt CO2)
GHG Sources in Phil.
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What·s it allabout?
To summarize«
World has gotten
warmer.
It will continue toget hotter in this
century andbeyond.
We are causingthis dangeroustrend.
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More
precipitation
from
increasedevaporation
due to higher
temp
Annual
meanprecipitationexpected toincrease
about 14%in East Asia ² but this isnotdistributed
evenly in theregion
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Changes in annual meanprecipitation in %
(period 2071/2100compared to1961/1990, SRES A2)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/adaptation/index_en.htm
Projected precipitation changes
ADB Study onEconomic Impacts of
CC in Southeast Asia:
- Indonesia, Thailand and
Vietnam will be
generally drier in next2-3 decades
- Philippines will be
generally wetter til the
end of this century
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Risk: Climate Change(Rainfall)
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Projected changes in future climates in Rainfall for
2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
45
R
0
1
C
A
R
R
0
2
R
0
3
R
0
4
N
C
R
R
0
5
R
0
6
R
0
7
R
0
8
R
0
9
R
1
0
R
1
1
R
1
2
C
A R
A G
A
A
R
M
M
REGION
P e r c e n t ( % )
2020
2050
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
45
R
0
1
C
A
R
R
0
2
R
0
3
R
0
4
N
C
R
R
0
5
R
0
6
R
0
7
R
0
8
R
0
9
R
1
0
R
1
1
R
1
2
C
A
R A
G
A
A R
M
M
REGION
P e r c e n t ( %
)
2020
2050
Projections for
Seasonal Mean
Rainfallranges from
-0.1 to 24.5%
in 2020
&
-12.5 to 18.2%
in 2050.
Projections for
Seasonal MeanRainfall
ranges from
-17.8 to 7.3%
in 2020
&
-34.5 to 4.4%
in 2050.
DJF_2020 DJF_2050
MAM_2020 MAM_2050
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Projected changes in future climates in Rainfall for
2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
45
R 0 1
C A
R
R 0 2
R 0 3
R 0 4
N
C
R
R 0 5
R 0 6
R 0 7
R 0 8
R 0 9
R 1 0
R 1 1
R 1 2
C A
R
A G
A
A
R
M
M
REGION
P e r c e n t ( %
)
2020
2050
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
45
R 0
1
C A
R
R 0
2
R 0
3
R 0
4
N
C
R
R 0
5
R 0
6
R 0
7
R 0
8
R 0
9
R 1
0
R 1
1
R 1
2
C
A
R
A G
A
A
R
M
M
REGION
P e r c e n t (
%
)
2020
2050
Projections for
Seasonal Mean
Rainfallranges from
-7.5 to 22.2%
in 2020
&
-10.8 to 44.6%
in 2050.
Projections for
Seasonal Mean
Rainfall
ranges from
-11.4 to 20.6%
in 2020
&
-7.0 to 20%
in 2050.
SON _2020 SON _2050
JJA_2020 JJA_2050
8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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* Winter temps willchange more thansummer temps.
Minimum daily tempwill increase morethan maximum dailytemp
Land will warm more
than oceans, causingstronger monsoon
Higher latitudes andaltitudes willexperience greater
warming
Number of frost dayswill decline,precipitation more rainthan snowfall
Based on the
IPCC middle
rangescenario,
entire East
Asia Regionwill
experience
temperature
rise of about2.5C by end of
the century
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Risk: Climate Change(Temperature)
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TemperatureHazards
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Projected changes in future climates in Mean Temperature
for 2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines
DJF_2020
MAM_2020 MAM_2050
DJF_2050 Projections for
mean temp
are likely to
increase by
0.9 - 1.0 oC in
2020
&
1.8 - 2.1 oC in
2050.
Projections for
mean temp
are likely to
increase by
0.9 - 1.2 oC in
2020
&
2.1 - 2.4 oC in
2050.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
R 0 1
C A R
R 0 1
R 0 3
R 0 4
N C R
R 0 5
R 0 6
R 0 7
R 0 8
R 0 9
R 1 0
R 1 1
R 1 2
C A R A GA
A R MM
Regions
T e m p e r a t u r e ° C
2020
2050
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
R 0 1
C A R
R 0 1
R 0 3
R 0 4
N C R
R 0 5
R 0 6
R 0 7
R 0 8
R 0 9
R 1 0
R 1 1
R 1 2
C A R A G A
A R MM
Regions
T e m p e r a t u r e ° C
2020
2050
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Projected changes in future climates in Mean Temperature
for 2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines
DJF_2020
MAM_2020 MAM_2050
DJF_2050 Projections for
mean temp
are likely to
increase by
0.9 - 1.0 oC in
2020
&
1.8 - 2.1 oC in
2050.
Projections for
mean temp
are likely to
increase by
0.9 - 1.2 oC in
2020
&
2.1 - 2.4 oC in
2050.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
R 0 1
C A R
R 0 1
R 0 3
R 0 4
N C R
R 0 5
R 0 6
R 0 7
R 0 8
R 0 9
R 1 0
R 1 1
R 1 2
C A R A GA
A R MM
Regions
T e m p e r a t u r e ° C
2020
2050
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
R 0 1
C A R
R 0 1
R 0 3
R 0 4
N C R
R 0 5
R 0 6
R 0 7
R 0 8
R 0 9
R 1 0
R 1 1
R 1 2
C A R A G A
A R MM
Regions
T e m p e r a t u r e ° C
2020
2050
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Seasonal variation like the summer monsoon and winter monsoon was captured by the model.
Under the A1B scenario annual mean temperatures in thePhilippines are expected to rise by about 0.9ºC to 1.1ºC for 2020and 1.9 ºC to 2.2 ºC by 2050.
Projection of seasonal temporal rainfall variation is largest(-35 % to 45%) during the seasons of JJA and MAM.
Meanwhile projection of seasonal temporal rainfall variation islesser (-0.5 % to 25%) during the seasons of DJF and SON.
The highest increase in rainfall during southwest monsoonseason (JJA) is likely in Region 01 (44%), CAR (29%), Region 03(34%), Region 04 (24%) and Region 05 (24%) in 2050.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The model indicated that climate change willprobably lead to an active southwest monsoon inLuzon and Visayas as evident in future increases inrainfall which is more pronounced in JJA andbecoming greater with time.
The drier season of March-May will become drier,while the wetter seasons of June- August andSeptember-November become wetter.
A downward trend is likely in Mindanao as indicatedin the reduction in seasonal rainfall in MAM, JJA andSON by 2050.
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Across Society
Vulnerable sectors ² Agriculture
² Freshwater
² Health
² Biodiversity
² Forests
ENSO drought events and rice
1oC increase leads to
15% decrease in rice yield
From: www.sciencentral.com: Cassman, IRRI, National Academy of Sciences
8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun
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Climate Change Impacts
CORAL
BLEACHING& DEATH
1995 & 1998 coral bleaching events
World Wildlife Fund. ClimateChange Scenarios for the Philippines
June-Nov 1998 coral bleaching led to 46% decrease
in coral cover and about 49% of overall coral death in the area
Increase in sea surface temperatures of
Bolinao, KalayaanIsland Group, NW
Palawan)
Arceo, et. al. Coral Bleaching in the Philippines. Disturbing Climate. 2001
about 0.50C can already initiate
coral bleaching
(e.g., Tubbataha Reef Marine Park,
Licuanan et al ., 2001
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Inundatewetlands and
other lowlying lands
Erodebeaches
Intensifyflooding
Increase the
salinity of rivers, baysandgroundwater tables
Rising
SeaLevels
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Direct Observationsof Recent Climate
Change
There is observational evidenceof increase intensity oftropical cyclone activity inthe North Atlantic since 1970
correlated with the increasein sea surface temperature.
Cold days, cold nights
and frost have
become less frequent.While hot days, hotnights, and heat
waves have becomemore frequent.
More intense and longer droughtssince 1970 particularly in thetropics and subtropics due toincrease in temperature anddecrease in precipitation.
Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers
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Aggravated by loss of forests which
serve as carbon sinks & watersheds
Half of the forests that originally
covered 46% of the Earth's land
surface are gone.
Only one-fifth of the Earth's originalforests remain pristine and
undisturbed
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CONCLUSION
Business as usual is NOT AN OPTION!
Unless action is taken now:
- the standard of living will suffer far worseconsequences
- poverty will be exacerbated
- there will be more damage to property & lives
- decades of growth can be wiped out- man¶s very survival is at great risk!
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CONCLUSION
Climate change action
will require concerted
effort of governments &
their partners (PRIVATE
SECTOR. NGOs,
communities,
development partners)
to manage and adopt to
a changing & moreinvasive environment
SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY
SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY
WE MUST PLAN and WORK TOGETHER.
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Under the framework of
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. Reduce carbon(Mitigation)
2. Reduce risk(Adaptation)
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Some Mitigation Measures:
Conserve energy and water
Improve energy efficiency
Shift to alternative, renewable fuel
(non fossil fuel)
Improve /support mass transport system
Encorurage more
Compost, recycle & reuse (EcologicalSolid Waste Mgt)
Stop burning of waste
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Ensure the source of water ² Support forest protection and
rehabilitation of degraded watersheds
Ensure the source of water ² Support forest protection and
rehabilitation of degraded watersheds
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190 Nursery Chambers
established from January
to December 2011. TotalNursery Capacity ± 380,000
seedlings
Survival rate of native treewildlings ± 80 percent
(average)
Manila Water ² Marikina
Watershed Initiative
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ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - PEOPLE¶S
ORGANIZATIONS : Lead NGO: PEACE Fnd.
- PEACE Foundation
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9 People¶s Organizations strengthened (VMG revisited, Duties
and Responsibilities of Board, Officers and Members clarified,initial plan of action formulated and implemented, registration
with DOLE/SEC, financial management systems in place,bank account opened and maintained).
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Watershed Management & Biodiversity Conservation
& Sustainable Development ± RainforestationFarming Training with 9 People¶s Organizationscontinuing«
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Green Breaks as Livelihood project
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On-site Out-Planting, Food for Work, Coordination
for the Project
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Mitigation alone is notenough -
impacts of Climate Change
a REALITY we need toADAPT to and plan for
NOW!!!
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Precipitation - Adaptation
Sound Practices
Tokyo Designing urban holding ponds under roads and
parks to temporarily store run off water to avoid
flash floods
Jakarta To construct storm water drainage canal system
(East Canal) to provide adequate drainage for eastern part of city
The Fort
Taguig
Construction of 6 storey high water storage under
Burgos Circle
Vietnam Build large & medium reservoirs upstream of big
rivers
Strengthen extensive dike system (5000 kms of
river dikes & 3,000 kms of sea dikes)
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Examples of key sectoral adaptation
opportunities - Precipitation
Sector Adaptation option/strategy
Water
(Singapore)
Expanded rainwater harvesting /water storage (17 reservoirs)
Water conservation
Water re-use (NeWater)
Desalination
Water use and irrigation efficiency
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. We are blessed with more than
140 Billion Cubic Meters of
rainfall, each year.
We lose nearly 80% of it
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GK Fisherman¶s Village, Bayawan City Cistern in GK
Pinagbayanan,
Quezon
GK Bagong Silang
CaloocanGK Mapahiusa Village, Tanjay
Rainwater harvesting/storage
R i t St i DPWH Offi
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Rainwater Storage in DPWH Offices
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Promote water conservation(incentivize)
Improve water efficiency:
- low flow faucets and showers
- waterless urinals
- dual flush toilets
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Maximize the use of existing water resourcesthrough recycling and reuse:
- reuse treated wastewater ( GK Bayawan,
SM Malls, Waterfront Hotel, Cebu)
Green Buildings - adjustments in the design
of homes and buildings
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Allow rainwater to recharge the aquifer
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More Urban GreeningMore Urban Greening
Wastewater Treatment
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Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
Wastewater Treatment -to protect all water sources, low cost,
decentralized and low maintenance systems
provide viable and effective options (proven inGK villages)
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Wastewater Treatment
REED BED SYSTEM
Reed beds using Pragmytis (³tambo´) treat sewage in GK
Fisherman¶s Village in Bayawan City
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Biodigesters treat sewage, biodegradable components of solid waste andanimal manure and capture the methane gas (a greenhouse gas)
In GK Budlaan, Cebu City, GK Mapahiusa,Tanjay City and GK Lipa City
BIODIGESTERS
SEPTAGE TREATMENT
ECO SAN ±waterless toilets
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ECO SAN ±waterless toiletsSeparation of liquid (urine and solid (feces)
Regular collection of waste for processing into
compost
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Examples of key sectoral adaptation
opportunities ² sea level rise
Sector Adaptation option/strategy
Infrastructure &settlements RelocationProtection of existing natural barriers
Creation of marshlands & wetlands as buffer
against sea level rise & flooding
Seawalls & storm surge barriers
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THE WORLD IS CHANGING.
Are we on board as leaders
or mere followers?
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VisionA climate risk-resilient Philippines with
healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant
communities, and thriving and productive
ecosystems.
To build the adaptive capacity of communities and increase the resilience
of natural ecosystems to climate change,
and optimize mitigation opportunities
towards sustainable development
Goal
National Climate Change Action Plan
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We have no choice.
We have to adapt to this more invasive
environment to ensure our very survival!
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AVOID the
UNTHINKABLE!
ADAPT to theUNAVOIDABLE!