Swarnamakshika hematinic rs017_gdg

“PREPARATION, PHYSICO- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

SWARNAMAKSHIKA BHASMA & EVALUATION OF ITS

HAEMATINIC ACTIVITY, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY”. BY

DR. JAMAKHANDI MANGALA. B. Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences,

Karnataka, Bangalore.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AAYYUURRVVEEDDAA VVAACCHHAASSPPAATTII ((DDOOCCTTOORR OOFF MMEEDDIICCIINNEE))

IN RASASHASTRA

Under the guidance of

Dr. G.N. DANAPPAGOUDAR M.D.(Ayu) Asst. Professor Dept. of Rasashastra

and

Co-guidance of

Dr. JAGADEESH G. MITTI, M.D. (Ayu), Lecturer, P.G.Dept. of Rasashastra

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA D.G M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER,

GADAG – 582103 2007

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka,

Bangalore.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Preparation, Physico-

Chemical Analysis of Swarnamakshika Bhasma & Evaluation of its Haematinic

Activity, an Experimental Study” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out

by me under the guidance of Dr.G.N. Danappagoudar, M.D.(Ayu), (Rasashastra), Asst.

Professor Post graduate department of Rasashastra and under the Co-guidance of Dr.

Jagadeesh.G. Mitti, M.D.(Rasashastra). Lecturer, Post graduate department of

Rasashastra.

Date: Place: Gadag. Dr. Jamakhandi Mangala. B.

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Preparation, Physico-


Activity, an Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done by

Dr. Jamakhandi Mangala. B. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date: Place: Gadag. Guide

Dr. G.N. DANAPPAGOUDAR M.D.(Ayu) Asst. Professor Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate Research Center D.G.A.M.C. Gadag

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

CERTIFICATE BY THE Co - GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Preparation, Physico-


Activity, an Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done by

Dr. Jamakhandi Mangala. B. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Date: Co Guide

Place: Gadag. Dr. Jagadeesh G. Mitti, M.D. (Rasashastra). Lecturer,

Postgraduate department of Rasashastra.

ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF

THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Preparation, Physico- Chemical

Analysis of Swarnamakshika Bhasma & Evaluation of its Haematinic Activity, an

Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Jamakhandi

Mangala. B. under the guidance of DR. G.N. Danappagoudar M.D. (Rasashastra), Asst.

Professor Postgraduate department of Rasashastra and co-guidance of

Dr. Jagadeesh G. Mitti, M.D. (Rasashastra), lecturer, Postgraduate department of

Rasashastra.

DR. M.C. Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B. Patil. Professor & HOD Principal.

Post graduate department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.

D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.

Date: Place: Gadag

COPYRIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this

dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research

purpose.

Date: Signature of Scholar

Place: Gadag

Dr. Jamakhandi Mangala. B.

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

By the grace of Lord Dhanvantari and Lord Nagarajuna and blessings of my

elders I take an opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude to distinguish

personalities with whome I had inspired and benefied directly or indirectly during the

course of this study.

I acknowledge my sincere gratitude to our Principal Dr. G.B. Patil for providing

necessary facilities for this research work.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. M.C. Patil H.O.D. for their whole hearted

co-operation support & suggestion in this study.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected Guide Dr.

G.N.Danappagoudar M.D. Asst. Proff D.G.M. A.M.C. Post Graduate Research Gadag.

He has been very kind to guide me in research and for whose extra ordinary efforts

tremondus encouragement made into complete this work.

I am extremely thankful & obliged to my Co-guide Dr. Jagadeesh Mitti, Lecturer

DGMAMC&RC Gadag for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with

precious remarks which has been very useful.

I wish to convey thanks to my respected Lecturer Dr. Girish Danappagoudar, Dr

Mulugund, Dr Sankh, Dr KSR Prasad, Dr Shettar, Dr Belawadi, Dr Mulkipatil and Dr

Samudri for their great co-operation. & other Lecturere of our college for their help &

suggestion during my post graduation studies.

I would like express my sincere thanks to Sri V.M. Mundinimani librarian.

Assistant Mr. S.B. Sureban and Kerur for providing books in time throughout the study.

I

I thanks to Mr. T. M. Nandakumar for his help in statistical evaluation & Proff

Mr. Inamadar, Lecturer K.L.E’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag. For his help in

Experimental study.

I am thankful to Mr. Chaitrakumar for his neat keyboarding of this study.

I am ever thankful to Sri G.S. Patil Ex MLA Chairman RGES Ron and Dr. L.R.

Redder, Director RGES Ron for their constant moral support encouragement help

throughout my work.

With pleasure I extend my sincere gratitude to Dr S.D. Yarageri RMO, Smt P.K.

Belwadi, Biradar, Smt Ekbote & Smt. Shamshad for their co-operation and help during

the study.

I take this moment to express my thanks to all my senior Post Graduates & my

friends Dr. Anita, Dr. Ganti, Dr. Pradeep, Dr. Jayashree. Dr. Rudrakshi, Dr. Kattimani,

Dr. Kavitha, Dr. Sarwamangala, Dr. Shivaleela Kudari, Dr. Kamalakshi, Dr. Anu who

stood with me all the way at my turmoil.

I am highly indebted to my beloved Mother in Law Smt. Basamma and Father in

Law Late Shri Basappa and My Brother in Laws Sri Umesh, Suresh, Srishail and

Yellappa and their family and Gaddigoudar family. My parents Smt. Shanta and Sri

Balraj Jamkhandi and my Brothers Pradeep, Dr. Smt. Savitri and Dr. Mrutyunjaya

Dandin and their family for their love and affection through out my dissertation work.

I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Adi Principal RGES AMC Ron, and all

staff of RGES AMC College Ron and also my well-wishers Dr. I.B. Kotturshetty, Dr.

M.P. Itigi and Smt. Gadiginamath, Dr. Bani.

II

The list is incomplete without remembering my beloved husband Dr. B.B.

Kataraki, Prof H.O.D. Siddanth Department RGES AMC, Ron. In one word he is my

guru and my godfather who helped in all respects to complete this valuable dissertation

work. By his sacrificing nature and with his love only I have completed this work and at

last its my pleasure to remember my ever loving son Vivi for his inspiration (inspiring

smile in every movement).

Lastly I pay my deep homage & tribute to my former teacher Late Dr. Dilip

Kumar for whose encouragement & most valuable thought provoking advise made me to

complete this work.

DR. JAMAKHANDI MANGALA. B.

III

Abbreviations

1. Ananda Kanda AK

2. Ayurveda Prakasha AP

3. Bhava Prakasha Nighantu BPN

4. Bhaishajya Ratnavali BR

5. Charaka Samhita Ch.chi

6. Kashyapa Samhita KS

7. Parada Samhita P.S/Pa.sa

8. Rasa Kamadhenu R.K.D

9. Rasa Koumudi R. Kou

10. Rasa Chandamshu RC/Racha

11. Rasa Chintamani R.Chi

12. Rasa Jala Nidhi R..J.N

13. Rasa Tantra Sara R.T.S

14. Rasa Tarangini R T

15. Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara R.P.S

16. Rasa Paddhati R.Pa

17. Rasa Pradeepa R.Pr.

18. Rasa yoga Sagara R.Y.S

19. Rasa Ratnakara RR

20. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya R.R.S

21. Brihad Rasa Raja Sundara B.R.R.S

22. Rasa Sara R.Sa

23. Rasa Sanketa Kalika R.s. Ka

24. Rasa Hridaya Tantra R.H.T

25. Rasamritam R.A

26. Rasarnava R

27. Rasendra Choodamani Rachoo

28. Rasendra Mangala Ra.ma

29. Rasendra Sara Sangraha R.S.S

30. Raja Nighantu R.N

IV

31. Rasopanishad R.U

32. Sharangadhara Samhita Sha.Sa

33. Sushruta Samhita Su.Sa

34.Harita Samhita H.S

V

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

Swarnamakshika is one among Maharasas, on reviewing the Ayurvedic

classics, it is evident that therapeutic use of Swarnamakshika has been in practice

since samhita period. Swarnamakshika is the most abundant copper bearing mineral

containing copper, iron & sulphur which has given very much importance in both

Dehavada & Dhatuvada. Our present study is aimed at obtaining genuine sample,

preparation of bhasma as per classics and its chemical analysis and evaluation of its

hematenic activity of an animal experiment.

The Objective includes

The Shodhana, Marana and Amrutikarana of Swarnamakshika and Physico

chemical analysis of raw drug and bhasma and to evaluate its hemetinic activity in

anemia.

Methods:

Shodhana of Swarnamakshika carried out by Nirvapana method in Nimbuswarsa for

21 times.

Marana with Nimbuswarasa bhavana and 10 Gajaputas were adopted.

Amrutikarana by adding Panchamruta and subjected to teevragni for adding 3 hours.

Experimental Study:

In experimental study 36 albino rats have been selected and divided into 3

groups Control, Positive control and treatment group, are made into evaluate the

hemetinic activity of Swarnamakshika bhasma. The treatment group showed more

highly significant by comparing ‘t’ value.

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No.

Name of Topic & Sub Topics Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2. OBJECTIVES 3

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Drug Review

Disease Review

4-26

27-54

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pharmaceutical Study

Analytical Study

Experimental Study

55-61

62-67

68-71

4. RESULTS 72-107

5. DISCUSSION 108-116

6. CONCLUSION 117

7. SUMMARY 118-119

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 120-128

VII

LIST OF TABLES

Sl No

Tables Page N0

01 Table showing Synonyms of Swarnamakshika 8 02 Table showing Some of the important Copper Smelters in the

world 10

03 Table showing Swarna Makshika Vargeekarana 13 04 Table showing Ashuddha Swarna Makshika Dosha 14 05 Table showing Guna & Karma of Swarna Makshika Bhasma 19 06 Table Showing the Aharaja Nidana of Panduroga. 30 07 Table Showing the Viharaja Nidana of Panduroga. 31-32 08 Table Showing the Purvaroopa of Panduroga. 33 09 Table Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga 34 10 Table Showing the classification of Panduroga. 35 11 Table Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Vataja Panduroga. 36 12 Table Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Pittaja Panduroga. 37 13 Table Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Kaphaja

Panduroga. 37-38

14 Table Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Mridbhakshanajanya Panduroga

39-40

15 Table Showing Observations in each puta throughout the process.

59

16 Table Showing Analysis of Swarnamakshika Bhasma by Ancient method

62-63

17 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 48 hrs

72

18 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 96 hrs

72

19 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 48 hrs

72

20 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 96 hours

73

21 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 48 hours

73

22 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 96 hours

73

23 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 48 hours

74

24 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 96 hours

74

25 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 48 hours

74

26 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 96 hours

75

27 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 48 hours

75

28 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 96 hours

75

VIII

29 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 48 hours

76

30 Table Showing Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 96 hours

76

31 to 44

Table showing Comparison and Mean difference between groups 31 (a) to 44 (a)

77-90

45 Table Showing Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter Myeloid to Erythroid 48 hours

92

46 Table Showing Myeloid to Erythroid Erythroid 96 hours 93 47 Table Showing RBC 48 hrs 94 48 Table Showing RBC 96 hrs 95 49 Table Showing Hb 48 hrs 96 50 Table Showing Hb 96 hrs 97 51 Table Showing Pronormoblast 48 hrs 98 52 Table Showing Pronormoblast 96 hrs 99 53 Table Showing Normoblast 48 hrs 100 54 Table Showing Normoblast 96 hrs 101 55 Table Showing Reticulocytes 48 hrs 102 56 Table Showing Reticulocytes 96 hrs 103 57 Table Showing Normocytes 48 hrs 104 58 Table Showing Normocytes 96 hrs 105

LIST OF GRAPHS:

Sl. No Graphs Page No 1 Graph Showing Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter

Myeloid to Erythroid 48 hours 92

2 Graph Showing Myeloid to Erythroid Erythroid 96 hours

93

3 Graph Showing RBC 48 hrs 94 4 Graph Showing RBC 96 hrs 95 5 Graph Showing Hb 48 hrs 96 6 Graph Showing Hb 96 hrs 97 7 Graph Showing Pronormoblast 48 hrs 98 8 Graph Showing Pronormoblast 96 hrs 99 9 Graph Showing Normoblast 48 hrs 100 10 Graph Showing Normoblast 96 hrs 101 11 Graph Showing Reticulocytes 48 hrs 102 12 Graph Showing Reticulocytes 96 hrs 103 13 Graph Showing Normocytes 48 hrs 104 14 Graph Showing Normocytes 96 hrs 105

IX

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS:

Sl. No Photographs 1 Ashuddha Swarnamakshika 2 Nimbu swarasa 3 Tapta swarnamakshika bhasma 4 Nirvapana 5 Nirvapitta 6 Ater 11th Nirvapana 7 After 21st Nirvapana 8 Shodhita swarnamakshika choorna 9 Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa 10 Chakrikas of swarnamakshika 11 Subjected to Gajaputa 12 Powder of Swarnamakshika after 1st puta 13 Chakrikas after 2nd puta 14 Swarnamakshika bhasma after 10th Gajaputa 15 Amrutikarna of Swarnamakshika bhasma 16 Swarnamakshika bhasma after Amrutikarna 17 Administration of Test drug 18 Withdrawing the blood from cardiac puncture 19 Withdrawing blood from Orbit 20 Showing the femur bone of animal 21 Bone marrow on slide 22 Slide under the Microscope 23 Microphotograph showing myeloid to erythroid

cell ratio in bone marrow of normal groups animals

24 Animals treated with plain Phenylhydrazine (48 hrs)

25 Animals treated treated with Plain Phenylhydrazine (96 hrs)

26 Animals Treated with Test sample (48 hrs) 27 Animals Treated with Test sample (96 hrs) 28 Microphotograph showing myeloid to erythroid

cell ratio in bone marrow of normal group animals 29 Animals treated with Plain Phenyhydrazine (48

hrs) 30 Animals treated with Plain Phenyhydrazine (96

hrs) 31 Animals treated with test sample (48 hrs) 32 Animals treated with test sample (96 hrs)

X

Introduction

1

“Preparation, Physico chemical analysis of Swarnamakshika bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic Activity, An Experimental Study”

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is a system of Indigineous medicine which systematizes and

applies the knowledge about health and disease. Health is the supreme foundation

of virtue, wealth, enjoyment and salvation Disease are the destroyers of health,

goddness and even life itself.

Ayurveda makes a land mark in the history of medicine by making free

use of metallic preparations in the therapy without any untoward side effects. It is

clear from the literature that in earlier time’s metals and minerals were used in the

form of Ayskriti. These forms were not very suitable for their absoption. After the

development of Rasa shastra. Metals like Swarna, Rajata, Tamra Loha etc, were

found therapeutically useful after processing them to various pharmaceutical

processes such as shodhana marana and amriteekarana Bhasmas have greater

therapeutic value because they get absorbed very easily in small doses into the

body because of their fineness.

Swarna makshika Bhasma is one such a drug, which has been being used

since ancient classics like charaka samhita, sushruta samhita, Astanga sangraha

etc,, to cure various disorders. Satwa of Swarnamakshika was the main ingredient

in Jarana samskara, Vagabhatacharya in his Ratna samuchaya says that

“Maksheeka dhatu sakalama yagnaha prano Rasendraya parma hi vrishyah.

Durmelahoha dwayamelanascha, gunottarah sarvarasayanagrayah”

Shows the importance of swarna makshika both in Dehavada and

Lohavada “Swarna bhava swarna makshikam” also shows the superiority of

swarnamakshika.

Introduction

2


So the present study is aimed at reviewing the literature of

swarnamakshika, shodha, marana amriteekarana & Chemical analysis and to find

therapeutic effect in pandu.

The present day unwhole some food habits are influencing deficiencies of

vital. Nutrients and lead to nutritional disorders. The disease panduroga that is

dealt in all Ayurvedic texts with its treatment which is very much similar to

anaemia in later period.

Objectives

Objectives

1) To do a comprehensive literary study on Swarna Makshika Bhasma.

2) To prepare Swarnamakshika Bhasma as told in classical texts.

3) To analyze the raw material, and final product.

4) To evaluate the Haematinic activity of Swarna makshika Bhasma in Pandu.

3


Review of Literature

SWARNAMAKSHIKA

HISTROICAL REVIEW

It is rather difficult to point out a definite date indicating the first use of

Swarnamakshika Bhasma. But a article survey of the Ayurvedic Literature would

suggest that we find the first mention of Swarna makshika bhasma as a medicament

right in the samhita or prior to that era there is no specific mention. This suggests that

the importance of Swarnamakshika could be known a little earlier than the period of

samhita.

Scholars have decided the date of samhitas 3000 years B.C (R.R) on this

Literary evidence we can calculate the date of the first use of Swarna makshika,

which goes before 3000 years BC later on every book written on the Ayurvedic

treatment and Hindu chemistry discussed in a lesser or greater degree regarding

swarnamakshika.

Even during Pre Buddha era. Parada was extensively used for the prupose of

Pindasthairya. During fourth quarter of Buddha period Rasa shastra was very much

influenced by kaulas. In the same period the use of Swarnamakshika was stated for

Dehavada & Lohavada. To produce swarna beeeja for Rasakalpasiddhi had an unique

place. It is said that the main aim of kaulas was to extract satwa of swarnamakshika &

Process it for jarana in parada.

VEDIC PERIOD

Without Tamra khanija (Swarnamakshika) one can not extract Tamra so it

indirectly indicates that, Tamra would have been extracted from swarnamakshika. As

in Yajurveda (18/13) and Atharvaveda (11/3/7-8) reference of Tamra dhatu is

“Preparation, Physico chemical analysis of Swarnamakshika bhasma and

4

Evaluation of its Haematinic Activity, An Experimental Study”


available. By this indirect references we can say that during vedic period people had

knowledge of Swarnamakshika.

KAUTILYA ARTHASHASTRA

In Kautilya arthashastra i.e 2nd Adhikara, 12th chapter he explains about Tamra

Khanija also he has mentioned 4 types of copper ore – Pingala, Hasita, Patelu and

Lohita In Upanishat kala also we can trace lot of discussions on Tamra.

SAMHITA PERIOD1

In charaka samhita the medicinal importance of Swarna makshika was

explained in the treatment of two main diseases Kusta and Pandu. In Kusta chikitsa

charakacharya recomonded to use Parada, which is treated by Swarnamakshika and

Gandhaka1.

In pandu roga chikitsa he has recommended Swarnamakshikadi yoga which

contains mainly Swarnamakshika along with other minerals2.

In Susruta samhita Acharaya explained Swarnamakshika in the context of

Madhumeha chikitsa. He has enumerated the synonyms, types of makshika and their

qualities etc3.

In Astanga Sangraha Uattratantra Vridha Vagabhata explained

Swarnamakshika as a best Rasayana in”Rasayanavidhi” Chapter and also

mythological orgin, occurance and its tharapeutic qualities in detail4.

RASASHATRA PERIOD

During this period Acharya Nagarjuna author of Rasendra mangala (7-8th

century) explains shodhana and Satwapatana of Swarnamakshika5.

In 10th Century Rasahridaya tantra explains use of Swarnamakshika in Parada

karma6.


5



RASARNAVAKARA (12TH CENTURY)

Mythological origin of Swarnamakshika Shodhana and Shatwapatana

explained7.

13th Century – Rasaratana Samuchchay gave detailed description of Swarnamakshika

regarding its

1) Guna

2) Shodhana

3) Marana

4) Satwapatana

He has condensed it under Maharasa group8.

LAGHUTRAYEE

Sharangadhara Samhita (14th century) Bhavaprakash (16th Century) have also

explained Swarnamakshika as Upadhaatu.

Ayurveda Prakash Acharaya Madhava (12th century) gave description of

Swarnamakshika in Upadhaatu varga and also explains following9

1) Types

2) Synonyms

3) Occurance

4) Therrpeutic qualities

5) Shodhana and Marana

Rasataranginikara (20th century) explains detail description and he considered

it under Upadhaatu Varga10.

20th Century – Rasajalanidhikara explained almost all the Literature regarding

Swarnamakshika from available previous texts11.


6



Swarna Makshika Utpatti

There are two mythological origin of Makshika and this is available in almost

all Rasagranthas.

1) After the completion of his role in the Mahabharata, Lord Krishna went into

Yoganidra and a hunter, mistaking him as a deer pierced the sole of his foot by

an arrow. Because of the injury, blood drops fell down from this wound on the

ground and looking like the fruits of Nimba, these drops gave rise to the stones

of Makshika12.

2) According to Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Lord Vishnu created Swarna

Makshika, which was originated in Sameru Mountain, at the banks of river

Tapee, Cheena desha and Yavana desha. During Madhava masa due to

Sunrays Makshika shines like gold and is identified in these places13.

Vernacular Names of Swarna Makshika

1) Sanskrit - Suvarnamakshika, Maksheeka, Makshika.

2) English - Copper Pyrites, Chalcopyrite

3) Hindi - Sonamakhi, Sonamakkhi

4) Kannada - Swarna Makshika

5) Gujarati - Sonamakhi, Maksheeka

6) Farsi - Sangaru Shanayu, Hazurushanyu

7) Marathi - Sonumakki, Sonamakkhi, Dagadi Sonamukhi

8) Arabi - Hazurunnur, Markasheesha, Maraksheeshaya, Jhahavi

Synonyms of Swarna Makshika14

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qÉÉÍ¤ÉMÇü qÉÉÍ¤ÉMügcÉæuÉ iÉÉmrÉgcÉ kÉÉiÉÑqÉÉÍ¤ÉMüqÉç ||


7



qÉÉ¤ÉÏMükÉÉiÉÑgcÉ iÉjÉÉ iÉÉmÉÏeÉgÉcÉÉÌmÉ iÉlqÉiÉqÉç |

DwÉixÉëÑuÉhÉïxÉÉÌWûirÉÉixÉÑuÉhÉïaÉÑhÉ xÉqrÉiÉÈ ||

xÉÑuÉhÉÉïï±ÑÌiÉqÉ¨§ÉÉ²É xuÉhÉïqÉÉÍ¤ÉMüqÉÑcrÉiÉå |

iÉÉmÉÏiÉÏUpÉuÉiuÉÉŠ iÉÉmrÉÇ iÉÉmÉÏeÉqÉÑcrÉiÉå ||

Table No: 1 Synonyms of Swarna Makshika

Sl.

No.

Name AK RSS BPN AP BR RT RJN RP ARS

1 Makshikam + - - + - - + - -

2 Dhatumakshikam - + - - + + + + +

3 Taptam - + - - + - + - -

4 Tapee Samudbhavam - + - - + - + - -

5 Garudah - + - - + - + - -

6 Makshikah - + - - + - + - -

7 Pakshee - + - - + - + - -

8 Madhudhatu + - + - - + + - +

9 Brihadvarna - + - - + - - - -

10 Maksheekam + - - - - - - - -

11 Hemamakshikam + - - - - + - - +

12 Tapyam + - + + - - + + +

13 Tapeejam + - - + - - + + +

14 Tarkshyam + - - - - - - - -

15 Tapeedesha

Samudbhavam

+ - - - - - - - -

16 Madhumakshikam - - - + - - + - -

17 Swarnamakshikam - - - + - + - + +

18 Makshikadhatu - - - - - - + - -

19 Suvarnamakshikam - - - - - + - - +

20 Makshika - - - - - + - + -

21 Tapya - - - - - + - - -

22 Maksheekadhatu - - + + - + - + -


8



Prapti Sthana (Occurrence of Chalcopyrite):

Makshika, which was obtained from the Kanyakubja, was just like gold and

was called as Swarna Makshika. The one which was obtained from the banks of river

Tapee was called as Rajata Makshika and was inferior in quality with

pashanabahulata, was just like Pancha Varna Suvarna15.

India has about 310 million tons of Copper reserves and the average Copper

content carries from 1.1 – 2.5% about 90% of these reserves are spread over Bihar,

Rajasthan and Madhyapradesh. The most important deposits being located in the

Singh Bhum Copper belt in Bihar. Mouhbhander and Khetri Copper Project

(Rajasthan).

By world standards Copper reserves are less in India. However, the geological

survey of India is constantly exploring for new reserves. The mineral exploration of

corporation has recently established the existence of copper reserves at Malanj Khand

(M.P). At present HCL (Hindustan Copper Limited) is the sole producers in India and

is able to meet about 42% of the country’s requirements.

Chalcopyrite is the most abundant Copper-bearing mineral containing nearly

equals parts of copper, iron and sulfur. Chalcopyrite is mined and used as an ore of

copper. Infact chalcopryrite is the most widely occurring copper mineral.

Chalcopyrite is found together with other sulfides among primary ores of magmatic

origin. It is mined as cupriferous pyrite and pyrrhotite, which contain copper in solid

solution, or as disseminated grains of chalcopyrite.

It also occurs in metalliferous veins in igneous rocks and in sediments as in

upper shales (Kupferschiefer) of the Mansfield district of Germany. Chalcopyrite is

also a common mineral in the secondary enrichment zones of many ore deposits as for


9



example, in the low-grade porphyry Copper ores at Bingham, Utah. Other places

include Chile, Peru, and Mexico, Europe, South Africa, Several USA sites and many

other around the world.

Table No. 2: Some of the important Copper Smelters in the world:

(Chalcopyrite its chemistry and metallurgy-by Fathi Habashi)

Country Company Smelter EUROPE

Austria Mantanwerke Brixlegg G.m.b.h

Brixlegg

France Societe Francais d’ Affinage dee cuivre

Poissy

Germany Norddeutsche Affinerie Hamberg Italy AMMI Aussa – corno

AFRICA Rhodesia MessinA– Rhodesia

smelting & Refining Co., Ltd

Alaska

Zaire Gecamines Liulu ASIA

India Indian Copper Corp. Moubhander Hindustan Copper Corp Khetri Hindustan Copper Corp Inglandhal Japan Mitsubishi mining

(2 plants) Naoshima

NORTH\CENTRAL AMERICA Canada International Nickel Corp Copper cliff coniston USA American Aaetal

climax,Inc Phleps Dodge Copper Range

Cartaret Douglas

White pine

Swarna Makshika Bheda:

Makshika is of two kinds viz-Swarna Makshika and Rajata Makshika. The Swarna

Makshika bearing golden tints was found in Kanyakubja; the other variety called as

Roupya Makshika, which resembles Panchavarna Suvarna, contains much of the stone

was found in the banks of river Tapti. It was of inferior quality16.

Anandakanda mentions two varieties as- Peeta and Shukla17 .


10



Depending on the shape Swarna Makshika is of three types18

1) Kadamba 2) Karavellakhya 3) Tanduliyaka

The author of Rasa Jala Nidhi has given one more classification as19

1) Yellow

2) White

3) Red

They are also subdivided into four classes acc. to their shape due to the

difference in the location of the soil in which they were found20 viz;

1) Round like Kadamba

2) Like shells of Shuktika

3) Having the shape of fingers (elongated and round)

4) Like flakes of ash

Of these varieties the one which is yellowish is called Swarna Makshika and it is

superior.

Grahya Swarna Makshika Lakshana21:

ÎxlÉakÉÇ aÉÑÂ xrÉÉqÉsÉMüÉÎliÉ ÌMügcÉiÉç MüwÉå xÉÑuÉhÉï±ÑÌiÉxÉÑmÉëMüÉzÉqÉç |

MüÉåhÉÉåÎep£üiÉÇ xuÉhÉïxqÉÉlÉuÉhÉïÇ xÉÑuÉhÉïqÉÉ¤ÉÏMüÍqÉWû mÉëwÉxiÉqÉç ||

Should have swarnavarna, should be soft externally, should have heaviness,

should have bluish and blackish shine, when it is rubbed on stone, some gold color

lines must be visible on the stone, should not have angles, on rubbing over hand black

color has to appear on hand.


11

Swarna Makshika, which on being broken to pieces presents a surface bright

with golden tints, with a rather black interior, is superior to the common variety. This

variety of Makshika is called “ Brihad Varna “ or having a superior colour. It has got



other lakshanas also like22. Swarna Makshika has the appearance of gold, devoid of

angles, heavy and leaves a black impression when rubbed on the palm. The Swarna

Makshika which is superior in quality should have the following characteristics; gold

like complexion, heaviness, softness, a little blue tint, and causing a gold like

impression when rubbed on a piece of touch stone (Kasha)23.

Heya Swarna Makshika Lakshana24:

xuÉUÇ mÉUÇ uÉæ aÉÑÂiÉÉÌuÉWûÏlÉÇ mÉëuÉ×¨ÉMüÉåhÉïÇ ZÉUsÉÉåWûMüÉpÉqÉç

mÉëMüÐÌiÉïiÉÇ iÉimÉËUWåûrÉqÉåuÉ xÉÑuÉhÉïqÉÉ¤ÉÏMüÍqÉWûqÉrÉ¥ÉæÈ ||

Khara, alpabhara, with kona and which shines like loha should not be used for

the preparation of medicine.

Swarna Makshika Vargeekarana:

Different authors have given their individual opinions in the classification of

Makshika under Maharasa, Rasa, Uparasa or Upadhatu depending on their

experiences and thoughts. Some of them considered Makshika as Prana of Parada

hence it was put under Maharasa. Some thought it, as less significant in Parada

prayoga and hence put it under Rasa, Uparasa and Upadhatu.


12



Table No. 3: Swarna Makshika Vargeekarana

Sl. No. Grantha Nama Maharasa Rasa Uparasa Upadhatu 1 Rasarnava + - - - 2 Rasendra

Choodamani + - - -

3 Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara

+ - - -

4 Rasa Ratna Samucchaya

- + - -

5 Ananda Kanda - - + - 6 Rasopanishat + - - - 7 Rasapaddhati + - - - 8 Rasendra

Chintamani + - - -

9 Rasamanjari - - + - 10 Rasendra Sara

Samgraha - - - +

11 Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

- - - +

12 Ayurveda Prakasha

- - - +

13 Bhaishajya Ratnavali

+ - - -

14 BrihadRasaRaja Sundara

- - - +

15 Rasa Tarangini - - - + 16 Rasa Jala Nidhi + - - - 17 Rasendra

Sambhava - - - +

18 Ayurvedeeya Rasa Shastra

+ - - -

19 Parada Samhita - - - +

Apakwa Swarna Makshika Dosha:

If Shodhana of Swarna Makshika was not done properly or bhasma was not

prepared properly or if it possesses chandrika it produces various disorders.


13



Table No. 4 Ashuddha Swarna Makshika Dosha

Sl. No.

Dosha R R A K RSS BPN A P B R R T R J N

B R R S

1 Agnimandya + + + + + + + + -

2 Balanasha + - + + + + - + -

3 Vrana + - + - - + - + -

4 Vibandha - - - - - + - + -

5 Gatraruk - - + - - + - - -

6 Marana + + + - - + - + -

7 Vishtambha + + + + + + - + -

8 Dourbalya - + - - - - - - -

9 Akshiroga - + - + + - - + -

10 Kusta - - - + + - + + +

11 Gandamala - - - + + - - + -

12 Halimaka - - - - - - + - -

13 Vayu prakopa

in koshta

- - - - - - + - -

14 Aandhya - - - - - - - - +

15 Kshaya - - - - - - - - +

16 Krimi - - - - - - - - +

17 Netraruk + - - - - - - - -

18 Vanti + - - - - - - - -

Treatment: Kulattha kwatha or Dadima kwatha25.

Swarna Makshika Shodhana:

Different methods have been adopted for shodhana of Swarna Makshika like-

Swedana, Panchana, Nirvapana and Puta method.


14



Shodhana by Swedana:

Makshika is powdered and tied in cloth and swedana is done in kashaya or

swarasa of kala marisha (vanya Meghanada) and shali (shaka vishesha) by dolayantra

vidhana. The Makshika which collects at the bottom is said as shuddha26.

Swedana in Naramootra, kulattha kwatha, vetasa, amlavarga with Tankana and

Katutrika by dolayantra vidhana for one day27.

Makshika is kept in sooranakanda and swedana should be done in kulattha

kwatha, kodrava kwatha, naramootra, amlavetasa, amla varga and katutrika. Again

panchana is done in rambhadrava28

Swedana for two hours in a mixture of matulunga and Eranda Taila (Rasendra

Purana). Swedana in kadali kanda swarasa or karkoti kanda swarasa by dolayantra

vidhana or swedani yantra vidhana29. Swedana in beejapoora rasa and saindhava

lavana by dolayantra vidhana for one day30. Makshika is powdered and placed in the

kalka of Jalini and meghanada, Swedana is carried out by dolayantra vidhana in

kulattha kwatha31.

Shodhana by Pachana:

3 parts of Swarna Makshika Choorna and 1 part of Saindhava lavana and

nimbu swarasa should be taken in an iron vessel covered with sharava and to be

subjected for teevragni, in between it should be mixed with lohadarvi. When it attains

sindooravarna then it is allowed to become swangasheeta32.

To the fine powder of Swarna Makshika kadali kanda swarasa is added heated

in teevragni for one hour. Nimbu swarasa is added to the fine powder of Makshika


15



and heated in an iron vessel in teevragni till it attains red colour like lotus. This

procedure can be repeated for 2-3 days33.

Makshika was taken in a vessel and nimbu swarasa and Eranda taila should be

added, heated and mixed properly till the taila gets dried or upto 48 minutes and again

heated in kadali kanda swarasa34.

Shodhana by Nirvapana:

Swarna Makshika should be heated and dipped in nimbu swarasa and this

procedure should be repeated for 21 times35. Swarna Makshika should be heated and

dipped in Triphala kwatha for 7 times36. Makshika is purified, if it is heated and

immersed in each of the following taila, takra, kulatha kwatha, and triphala kwatha37.

Shodhana by Puta:

The root of shigru is rubbed with the juice of agasti flower followed by

pashanabheda. The whole thing is then rubbed with Swarna Makshika and made into

a ball, which duly dried is to be subjected to agni in an andha moosha by means of 20

upalas. It is then to be rubbed as before and heated in the same way. The process is

repeated for six times38.

Swarna Makshika Marana:

Marana with Parada:

Shuddha Swarna Makshika is taken and 1\8th part Shuddha Hingula is added

and bhavana of nimbu swarasa is given. Chakrikas were prepared, dried and subjected


16



to puta. Sadananda Sharma has advised to give 8 putas by adding same quantity of

shuddha Hingula in each puta39.

Kajjali is prepared with equal quantity of Hingulottha Parada and shuddha

gandhaka and added to shuddha Swarna Makshika. Here paka is done in Kupipakwa

vidhana. Sindoora is obtained from kanta pradesha and bhasma from tala. Bhavana

dravya used is nimbu swarasa (Rasayana Sara).

Marana with Moolika:

Swarna Makshika, which is purified by Nimbu swarasa, is subjected to the

Gajaputa with the bhavana of nimbu swarasa. By this method, it attains bhasmata in

10 putas with raktotpala dala colour40.

Makshika is incinerated if it is rubbed with the decoction of kulattha kwatha or

takra or aja mootra and heated in a vessel and turned all the while by means of a

ladle41.

Shuddha Makshika is to be rubbed with the swarasa of Kumari, made into

chakrikas, dried and subjected to kukkuta puta for 27 times, which make it like

amrita42.

Makshika attains bhasmata when it is heated with eranda taila, ghrita and

matulunga swarasa in mud pot and gets red colour. Here agni is specified as

dridhagni.

Marana with Gandhaka:

Makshika attains bhasmata when it is rubbed with the juice of matulunga and

equal quantity of shuddha gandhaka, confined in a moosha and then subjected to

krodha (varahaputa) puta for 5 times43.


17



Makshika is to be rubbed with the one fourth of its quantity of shuddha

gandhaka with Eranda taila and made into chakrikas, which are to be confined with in

a samputam and subjected to Gajaputa. In some of the texts Acharyas have said to put

husk of paddy on all sides in the same procedure and some Acharyas have used

matulunga swarasa as bhavana dravya. Number of puta also varies.

Shu. Swarna Makshika + ¼th Shu. Gandhaka and bhavana of Eranda taila and

subjectd to 8 Gajaputa44.

Shu. Swarna Makshika + ¼ th Shu. Gandhaka and bhavana of matulunga swarasa and

subjected to 3 Gajaputa45.

Shu. Swarna Makshika + ¼th Shu. Gandhaka and bhavana of Eranda taila and

subjected to Gajaputa by keeping the husk of paddy from above and down46.

Amriteekarana of Swarna Makshika Bhasma:

The drug processed in this method turns to amritatulya and produces same

effect in the body. It also removes the remained doshas in the bhasma. By giving

putas bhasma attains teekshnata, ushnata, rookshata etc.properties to nullify these and

produce snigdhata, soumyata and sheetalata in the bhasma, amriteekarana is adopted.

Amriteekarana is essential in Swarna Makshika because it contains tamra but

amriteekarana of Makshika is not mentioned anywhere in the text. Swarna Makshika

Bhasma has to be taken in Iron pan should be heated and panchamrita is to be added

and closed with a lid. Heat it till it becomes nirdhooma. Remove on next day. Colour

becomes black, Again grind with Triphala kwatha and subject to varahaputa. Repeat

the procedure for 5 times then it attains red colour and this is acoording to the

reference available in Rasendra Chintamani.


18



Guna and Karma of Swarnamakshika bhasma47

xÉÑuÉhÉïqÉÉÍ¤ÉMÇü uÉ×wrÉÇ qÉkÉÑUÇ iÉÑ UxÉrÉlÉqÉç |

ÌiÉ£Çü xuÉrÉïgcÉ cÉ¤ÉÑwrÉÇ Ì§ÉSÉåwÉkÉlÉÇ mÉUÇ qÉiÉqÉç ||

¤ÉrÉqÉzÉïÍxÉ qÉåWûÉÌlÉ ÌuÉÌuÉkÉÉ oÉÎxiÉuÉåSlÉÉÈ |

mÉÉhÉïQÒû¶ÉrÉjÉÑMÑü¸ÉÌlÉ ÌuÉwÉSÉåwÉÉÌSMüÉlÉç WûUåiÉ ||

eÉÏhÉÉïeuÉUqÉmÉxqÉÉU qÉlSÉlÉsÉqÉUÉåcÉMüqÉç ||

AÌlÉSìÉÇ lÉÉwÉrÉirÉÉzÉÑ rÉÉåaÉuÉÉÌWû mÉUÇ qÉiÉqÉç

Table No. 5 Guna & Karma of Swarna Makshika Bhasma

Sl.No

Grantha Nama

Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Doshaghnatha

Karma

1. Rasarnava Tikta Madhura

- - - Kapha Pitta

Meha, Arsha, Kshaya, kusta nashaka, Balya, Yogavahi, Rasayana, Jwara, Sanniptanashaka.

2. R.R.S Madhura Laghu Sheeta Katu - Jara, Vyadhi, Vishanashaka

3. A.K Kashaya Tikta Madhura Katu

Ushna - - - Rasayana, Kusta, Shosha, Hikka, Vrana nashaka

4. R.S.S Tikta Madhura

- - - Kapha Pitta

Kshaya, Meha, Arsha, Krimi, Kusta, Balya, Rasayana, Yogavahi.

5. R.P.S - - - - - Jwara, Pandu Pramehanut, Grahani, Kamala Shoola nashaka

6. B.R.R.S Tikta Laghu - Katu - Durnama, Kusta Bhootanashana, Pandu, Prameha, Kshayanashaka

7. R.T. Madhura Tikta

- - - Tridosha Vrishya, Chakshushya, Rasayana ,Swarya


19



Matra48

aÉÑgeÉÉ²åiÉÈ xÉqÉÉUprÉ oÉsÉMüÉsÉÉ±mÉå¤ÉrÉÉ |

aÉÑgeÉÉÌ²iÉrÉmÉrÉïliÉÇ qÉÉÍ¤ÉMÇü rÉÉeÉrÉåÎ°wÉMçü ||

In most of the Rasagranthas the dose of Swarna Makshika Bhasma is not

mentioned whereas according to Rasa Tarangini by considering the Bala and Kala the

dose is ½ Gunja to 2 Gunja i.e. 60mg- 250 mg.

Modern review of Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite is the most abundant copper bearing mineral containing nearly

equal parts of copper, iron and sulfur. Its name is derived from the Greek word

Chalkos that means copper, i.e., chalcopyrite is the copper-containing pyrite, or

copper pyrites as it was once known. Pyrite is derived from the Greek word pyros

which means fire in reference to the fact that pyrite ignites when heated in air.

Although chalcopyrite is usually written as CuFeS2 a better representation

would be Cu2S. Fe2S3 reflecting the fact that copper in this mineral is mainly present

in the cuprous state while iron is mainly in the ferric state. Chalcopyrite (or copper

pyrite) looks like, and is easily confused with pyrite, FeS2 Chalcopyrite is one of the

minerals referred to as Fool’s gold because of its bright golden colour. But real gold is

a more buttery yellow and is ductile and malleable.

As an ore of copper, the yield of chalcopyrite is rather low in terms of atoms

per molecule. It is only 25% when compared to other copper minerals such as

chalcocite, Cu2S-67%, Cu2O-67% covelete CuS-50% or bornite Cu5FeS4-50%.

However, the large quantities and widespread distribution of chalcopyrite is a

common mineral and is found in almost all sulfide deposits. Fine crystals of

chalcopyrite have a unique character and can add to anyone’s collection.


20



Structure and Physical Properties

• Colour - brassy yellow, tarnishes to irridescent blues, greens, yellows and

purples.

• Luster - metallic.

• Transparency – crystals are opaque

• Crystal system-tetragonal bar 42m.

• Crystal habits-are predominatly the disphenoid, which is like two opposing

wedges and resembles a tetrahedron crystal sometimes twinned. Also commonly

massive and sometimes botryoidal cleavage is rather poor in one direction.

• Fracture- Conchoidal, brittle

• Hardness - 3.5-4.

• Specific gravity - 4.2

• Streak - dark green.

• Bonding –covalent

• Melting point-880°C.

Natural single cyrstals of chalcopyrite behave as a typical semiconductor.

Chalcopyrite has relatively high lattice energy compared to other sulfides.


21



NIMBUKA49,50

For the present study Nimbu swarasa was used for shodhana of

Swarnamakshika in the 4th procedure or method of shodhana.

It is an important dravya of amlavarga. In rasa classics, it is explained for

shodhana and marana of various metals and minerals.

Gana

Charaka : Phalavarga, Amlavarga

Sushruta: Phalavarga

Vagbhata: Phalavarga

Kula : Jambira kula

Family : Rutaceac

Botanical Name : Citrus Acida

Veranacular Names:

Sanskrit – Nimbuka English – Lime

Hindi – Nimbu Kannada - Limbay

Telgu – Nimmapandu, Tamil – Elumichhai

Marathi – Limbu

Synonyms:

Amlajambira Dantaghna

Jantumari Shodhana

Amlasara Jambeera

Nimbuka Rochana


22



Habit:

Medium sized bushy shrub or tree

Leaves : Leaflets oblong, elliptic, racemes short.

Flowers : Small, petals usually four.

Fruit : Usually small. Globose or ovoid, rind thick or thin, pulp pale, very

Acidic

Habitat :

It is available throughout India

Useful part ;

Fruit, Twak, Patra

Pharmaco – therapeutic Properties :

Guna – Laghu, Tikshna Rasa - Amla

Vipaka – Madhura Veerya - Ushna

Doshaghnata : Kaphavatashamaka, Pittavardhaka

Karma : Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Rogaghnata : Agnimandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi, Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa,

Shawasa, Krimi.

Chemical Composition:

Lemon juice contains citric acid 7-10%, phosphoric and malic acids. Also

citrates of potassium and other bases. Sugar, Mucilage, and Ashes. Cellulose, Vitamin

– A, Vitamin C, Citrine 76%, Citrol 7-8% and Sulphuric acid.


23



Amrutikarna Upayogi Dravyas

1. Godugda 2. Gogrutha 3. Dadhi 4. Madhu 4. Sitha.

1. Godugda51

Rasapanchakas

Rasa - Madhura,

Guna - Snigda , Shlakshna, Mridu

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Madhura.

Dosha karma - Vata pitta shamaka

Karma - Bramhana, Vrishya, Madhya, Balavardhaka, Jeevaniya &

Asthisandhanakara

Rogaghnata - Pandu, Rakta pitta, Yoni roga, Shukra dosha, Mootra roga,

Pradara roga etc & it is pathya in vata pittaja vikara

Cows milk promotes long life it is reguvinator good for those emaciated after

injury, increases intelligence, strength & breast milk. It cures kasa, thrishna, jeerna

jwara, mootra krichra & rakta pitta.

2. Gogrutha52

Rasapanchaka

Rasa - Madhura

Guna - Soumya, Mrudu

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Madhura


24



Dosha - Vatapitta shamaka

Karma - Chakshushya, Balya Rasayana, Vrushyam, Medhya.

Rogagnata - Unmada, Apasmara, Jwara.

3. Dadhi53

Rasapanchaka

Rasa - Madhura, Amla, Kshaya anurasa

Guna - Snigdha

Veerya - Ushana

Vipaka - Madhura

Dosha - Vata shamaka

Karma - Balya, Deepana, Rochaka.

Rogagnata - Peenasa, Vishama jwara, Atisara.

4. Madhu54

Rasapanchakas

Rasa - Madhura, Kashaya anurasa

Guna - Rooksha, Laghu

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Madhura

Dosha - Tridosha shamaka

Karma - Deepana, Lekhana, Hridya, Netrya, Balya, Vruna ropaka.

Rogagnata - Chardi, Visha, Shwasa, Kasa, Raktapitta, Krimi, Trishna,

Murcha.


25



5. Sita55

Rasapanchakas

Rasa - Ati madhura

Guna - Snigda, sara

Veerya - Sheeta

Vipaka - Madhura

Dosha - Vata pitta Shamaka

Karma - Ruchya, Vrushya, Trishnaghna

Rogagnata - Moorcha, Charchali, Jwara, Vamana, Raktavikara, Nashaka.


26


Disease Review

DISEASE REVIEW

NIRUKTI AND PARIBHASHA

In Ayurveda, different diseases are named on the basis of signs and symptoms,

the origin of the disease, location of exhibiting its symptoms. Here the disease Pandu is

named on the basis of “Varna.”

The word “Pandu” is derived form “Padi–Nashne” dhatu by adding “Ku”

Pratyaya to it. For Pandu specifically the Nashana will be of the Varna i.e. the colour,

which is said by acharya Charaka as “Vaivarnya.”56 Thus the derivation of the word

“Pandu” indicates the abnormal colouration of the body.

Pandustu Peetabhagardhaha Ketaki Dhuli Sannibham |57

Pandu is a mixture of shweta and peeta varna in equal proportions, which

resembles the colour of pollen grains of Ketaki flower.

Pandu Haridra haritaan Varnancha Vividham Stwachi |

Sa Pandurogaha Ityuktaha ||

Pandu Haridra Haritan Pandutwam Tesham Chaadhikam |

The disease in which, twacha becomes Pandu, Haridra, Harita varna is known as

Panduroga.58

Padutwenopalakshitaha Rogaha Pandurogaha |

The disease in which Pandubhava, Pandutwa or Panduvarna is more is known as

Panduroga.59

“Preparation, Physico chemical analysis of Swarnamakshika bhasma and Evaluation

27

of its Haematinic Activity, An Experimental Study”

Disease Review

RELATION BETWEEN RAKTA, PITTA AND PANDU.

In describing the rupas of Panduroga, acharya charaka has described symptoms

like Vaivarnya, Ojogunakshayam, hataprabha, Alparakta nissara. Hence, it is necessary to

know the role of Raktadhatu and Pittadosha which play a predominant role in the

maintenance of the complexion of the body. Rakta has been considered as a key factor for

the Jeevana, and Poshanakarma of the body. According to Maharshi Sushruta,

Raktam Jeevam Iti Sthiti:|60

But, the proper functions of rakta can be expected only in its pure form as said by

acharya charaka.

Tadvishuddham Hi Rudhiram Balavarnasukhayusha |

Yunakti Pranianam Prana: Shonitam Hyunuvartate ||61

As per the classics, raktadhatu is derived from rasadhatu. Rasa is an aqueous

fluid. It is a transparent and colourless substance due to the predominance of

Jalamahabhoota and due to predominance of Teja mahabhoota it is reddish in colour.

Rasadhatu is sara of Shadrasayukta ahara called Poshya dhatu. When this poshya

dhatu undergoes pachana by agni derived from pitta, it transforms into raktadhatu. Due to

the action of ranjaka pitta on rasa, it gets transformed into reddish colour substance i.e.

Rakta. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned the main site of rakta is Yakrit and Pleeha.62

Ranjaka pitta is located in Yakrit and Pleeha, plays a major role in ranjana karma of

Rasadhatu. According to Vagbhata site of Rajaka pitta is amashaya.63

On the bases of above description it can be deducted that rakta depends on pitta,

which transforms rasa into rakta, and bala, varna, ayu depends on rakta.


28


Disease Review

Pandu is said as Pitta pradhana vyadhi.64 In all types of paittika disorders

obviously there will be impairment of pitta i.e. in either vriddhi or kshaya stage.

It can be said that pitta plays an important role in the formation of rasaraktadi

dhatus as agni is represented by pitta in body which brings about good and bad effects

according to its normal or abnormal state.65

When pachaka pitta gets vitiated and due to its adverse effect, the digestive

process gets disturbed thereby dhatu formation. Ranjaka pitta also plays vital role in

formation of rakta, hence its vitiation also affect the formation of rakta. The vitiation of

sadhaka pitta disturbs the functions of hridaya and rakta parisanchalana. Hence, the sthayi

dhatus are poorly nourished. As a result, due to rakta kshaya, Bhrajaka and Alochaka

pitta also becomes durbala in performing their normal functions. Hence, various

symptoms of pitta are observed in Panduroga.

Thus it can be inferred that pitta plays a vital role in manifestation of disease

Pandu.


29


Disease Review

NIDANA PANCHAKA

Disease can be diagnosed by the study of Nidana, Purvaroopa, Roopa, Upashaya

and Samprapti.

NIDANA66, 67.68

The different authors have explained many nidanas for manifestation of the

disease Pandu. For the sake of convenience it can be categorized under different groups.

A. Aharaja Nidana

Table No. 6. Showing the Aharaja Nidana of Panduroga.

Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va

01. Amlarasa sevana + + + 08. Tilataila sevana + + -

02. Kshara seavnaa + - - 09. Madya sevana + - -

03. Lavana rasa sevana + + + 10. Mrit bhakshana + + -

04. Ati ushna bhojana + - - 11. Teeskhnahara sevana - + -

05. Viruddha bhojana + - - 12. Atikatu sevana - - +

06. Nishapava sevana + - - 13. Ati kashaya sevana - - +

07. Masha sevana + + -

Charaka mentioned Pandu in Santarpanajanya vyadhi.69 Above said nidanas are

causes for pitta pradhana tridoshas prakopa and Mandagni. Acharya Madhavakar,


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Bhavaprakash, Yogaratnakar have followed the Susrutha’s version.70 These types of

ahara may lead to disturb in digestive and assimilative process, leading to Panduroga.

B. Viharaja Nidana

Table No. 7. Showing the Viharaja Nidana of Panduroga.

Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va

01. Amlarasa

sevana

+ + + Manasika factors

02. Kshara seavnaa + - - 11. Bhaya + - -

03. Lavana rasa

sevana

+ + + 12. Krodha + - +

04. Ati ushna

bhojana

+ - - 13. Kama + - +

05. Viruddha

bhojana

+ - - Pratikarma Vaishamya

06. Nishapava

sevana

+ - - 14. Snehatiyoga + - -

07. Masha sevana + + - 15. Vegavidharana in vamana

karma

+ - -

Manasika factors 16. Amatisara sangaha + + -


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08. Chinta + - - 17. Dushtaraktanigraha in

Raktarsha

+ - -

09. Shoka + - - 18. Snehavibhrama + - -

Causes related to vihara deals with both physical and mental activities as well as

iatrogenic cause i.e. Pratikarma vaishamya.

C. Nidanarthakara Roga

Panduroga can manifest as secondary to some other disorders like –

Raktarbuda71

Asrgdhara72

Raktapitta73

Yakrit-pleeha roga74

Raktarsha75

Pleehodara76

Yakrutodara77

Pittaja Prameha78

All leads to either rakta kshaya due to bleeding or vikrita doshas which results in

Panduroga.


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Disease Review

POORVAROOPA79, 80, 81

The Panduroga manifests with following prodromal signs and symptoms –

Table No. 8. Showing the Purvaroopa of Panduroga.

Sl. Purvaroopa

lakshana

Ch Su Va Sl. Purvaroopa

lakshana

Ch Su Va

01. Hritspandana + - + 08. Mritbhakshaneccha - + -

02. Rukshya + - + 09. Akshi kuta shotha - + -

03. Swedabhava + - + 10. Avipaka - + -

04. Shrama + - + 11. Aruchi - - +

05. Twacha sphutana - + - 12. Peetamutrata - + +

06. Sthivana - + - 13. Peeta purisha - + -

07. Gatrasada - + + 14. Alpa vanhita - - +

Madhavakara, Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara have followed Sushruta’s

version.82

ROOPA

The term roopa implies to both the signs and symptoms by which a disease is

identified. These can be classified as –

01. Pratyatma lakshana (Cardinal sign & Symptom)

02. Samanya lakshana (General sign & Symptom)

03. Vishesha lakshana (Distinguisheing features of doshanubandha)


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Disease Review

Pratyatma Lakshana:

Pandurvarna is considered as Pratyatma lakshana of Panduroga. This colour is

almost similar to pollens of Ketaki flower.

Samanya lakshana:

The Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga mentioned in the classics other than Panduta

can be considered as below –

Table No. 9. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga.83,84

Sl. Roopa Ch Su Va Sl. Roopa Ch Su Va

01. Panduta + + + 13. Shwasa + - +

02. Karna kshweda + - + 14. Gaurava + - +

03. Hatanala + - + 15. Gatra peeda + - -

04. Daurbalya + - + 16. Shunakshikuta + - +

05. Sadana + - + 17. Harita varna + - -

06. Annadwesha + - + 18. Hataprabha + - +

07. Shrama + - + 19. Kopanatwa + - -

08. Bhrama + - + 20. Shishira dwesha + - +

09. Gatrashoola + - + 21. Nidralu + - -

10. Jwara + - + 22. Pindikodweshtana + - -

11. Aruchi + - + 23 Sheerna lomata + - -

12. Gatramadata + - -


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Disease Review

Vishishta Rupa

The lakshanas which are specifying the involvement of particular doshas and

there by helpful in differential diagnosis of Panduroga.

The classification of Panduroga is made with reference to samanya samprapti.

Though the classification is made on the bases of involvement of particular dosha, the

prime factor involved is pitta dosha.85

Classification of Panduroga:86,87,88,89

Table No. 10. Showing the classification of Panduroga.

Sl. Prakara Ch Su Ah As BP YR MN

01. Vataja + + + + + + +

02. Pittaja + + + + + + +

03. Kaphaja + + + + + + +

04. Tridoshaja + + + + + + +

05. Mridbhakshnanajanya + - + + + + +

The description of vishishta rupa according to classification of Panduroga is

presented as follows –


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Disease Review

Vataja Panduroga Lakshana:90

Table No. 11. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Vataja Panduroga.

Sl. Lakshana

Ch Su Va Sl. Lakshana

Ch Su Va

01. Krishna angata + - - 09. Toda + - +

02. Krishna nakhatwa - + - 10. Kampa + - +

03. Krishnekshanatwa - + - 11. Parshwaruk + - +

04. Krishna sira - + - 12. Shiroruk + - +

05. Krishna ananatwa - + - 13. Shopha + - +

06. Ruksha netrata - + - 14. Anaha + - +

07. Rukshangata + - - 15. Asya vairasya + - +

08. Angamarda + - - 16. Balakshaya + - +


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Disease Review

Pittaja Panduroga lakshana 91

Table No. 12. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Pittaja Panduroga.

Sl. Lakshana


Ch Su Va

01. Gatra peetata + - + 09. Amlodgara + - -

02. Haritabha + - + 10. Daurbalya + - -

03. Murcha + - + 11. Peeta mutrata + + -

04. Jwara + + + 12. Shosha + - -

05. Daha + - + 13. Peeta vitkata + + -

06. Trishna + - + 14. Bhinna Varchas + - -

07. Sheetakamata + - + 15. Katukasyata + - +

08. Sweda + - + 16. Tama + - +

Kaphaja Panduroga lakshana 92

Table No. 13. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Kaphaja Panduroga.

Sl. Lakshana


Ch Su Va

01. Shwetavabhasata + - + 11. Shwayathu + - -

02. Shuklakshita - + + 12. Shukla mutra + + -

03. Shukla nakha - + + 13. Shukla mala + + -

04. Shukla ananatwa - + + 14 Tandra + - +

05. Gaurava + + - 15 Chhardi + - +


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Disease Review

06. Sadana - - - 16 Praseka + - -

07. Murchha + - - 17 Lomaharsha + - +

08. Bhrama + - - 18 Klama + - -

09. Shwasa + - - 19 Kasa + - -

10. Alasya + - - 20 Aruchi + - -

Tridoshasja Panduroga lakshana

Vitiation of all the doshas causes severe degree of dhatushaithilya and dhatu

gauravata leading to dhatu and Oja kshaya.

The features of sannipataja pandu are explained only in Hareeta samhita. All other

authors have stated that it manifests due to the vitiation of all the doshas and considered

as asadhya type of Panduroga.

Hareeta Samhita93

01. Tandra

02. Alasya

03. Shotha

04. Vamana

05. Kasa

06. Hrillasa

07. Shosha

08. Vitbheda

09. Jwara

10. Kshudartata

11. Moha

12. Trishna

13. Klama


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39


As per the opinion of Brihattrayee’s the lakshanas of Vataja, Pittaja and

Kaphaja Panduroga were seen severely in Tridoshaja Panduroga depending on their

degree of vitiation.94

Mridbhakshanajanya Pandu –

Acharya charaka95 and Vagbhata96 have explained Mridbhakshanajanya

pandu. Further, Madhavakara, Yogaratnakara and Bhavaprakashakar have also

followed the Charaka’s version.97 But Sushruta has not considered it separately. Here

Mridbhakshana is considered as a Nidana for Panduroga rather than an individual

type.

The person who is addicted to consuming Mrid like Kashaya, Ushara

(Ksharanurasa), Madhura rasa will vitiates Vata, Pitta and Kapha dosha respectively.

The Mrid moreover, produces srotovarodha without undergoing pachana leading to

Indriya balahani and Teja, Veerya and Ojas kshaya. Thus manifesting Panduroga,

which can cause Bala, Varna and Agni nasha.

Mridbhakshanajanya Panduroga lakshana

Table No. 14. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Mridbhakshanajanya Panduroga.

Sl. Lakshana

Ch Va MN BP Yo

01. Shoonaganda + - + + +

02. Shoonakshikoota + - + + +

03. Shoona bhru + - + + +

04. Shoona pada + + + + +

05. Shoona nabhi + + + + +

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06. Shoona mehana + + + + +

07. Krimikoshta + - + + +

08. Atisara + + + + +

09. Sasrik Mala Pravritti + + + + +

10. Kaphayukta malapravritti + + + + +

SAMPRAPTI

The causes of Panduroga that are explained under the heading of Nidana leads

to vitiation of Tridosha but however, pitta is dominating dosha irrespective of type of

Pandu.

Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata mention the detailed Samprapti of Panduroga.

The intake of pitta pradhana ahara in excess, pitta situated in hridaya aggravates, it is

propelled by aggravated (balina) vayu through dashadhamani that spreads all over the

body. The vitiated pitta affects in between twak and mamsa leads to vitiation of twak,

mamsa, vata, asrik, thereby produces various varna like Pandu, Haridra and Hareeta,

due to Panduvarna pradhanata it is called as “Panduroga”. 98,99

According to acharya Sushruta, indulgence of Nidana leads rakta pradushana

that causes vitiation in Twak causes the Pandubhava therefore it is called as

“Panduroga”.100

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Samprapti of Panduroga

Nidana Sevana Agnidushti

Pradushya Raktam Prakopa of Pitta pradhana doshas Agnimandya

Hridaya Samvasthita Amavisha Utpatti

Vimarga gamana of pitta by vitiated by vayu

Twak Mamsantarashrita.

Kapha, Vata, Rakta, Twak, Mamsa dushti.

Rakta kshaya

Bala, varna, oja kshaya.

Vaivarnya

Panduroga

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PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD FORMATION101,102

Development of Red Blood Corpuscles

Theories of Origin:

There are two theories: intravascular and extravascular

Intravascular: RBC,s were formed only in intravascularly from the capillary

endothelium.

Extravascular: As per this theory RBC,s produced from extravascular cell, i.e

haemocytoblast which burrows in to the blood sinuses, multiply there and mature in

normal erythrocytes. This is the most popular theory.

Site of Development: However the site of development of RBC,s in the embryonic

stage and foetus is different from the after birth stage.

Stages of blood formation: In embryos foetus. There are three successive stages of

blood formation in the embryo and foetus namely

1) Mesoblastic haemopoiesis : First 2 months of embryonic life

2) Hepatic haemopoiesis: 2nd to 5th month.

3) Myeloid period of haemopoiesis: After 5th month.

After birth: The bone marrow is the main site of erythrogenesis. During early years

all bones are filled up with blood forming red marrow but after 20th year, RBC

formation in this location stops. Only the upper ends of femur and humerus, vertebrae,

ribs and the flat bones produce red cells.

Erythropoiesis: The erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are destroyed

by the reticuloendothelial system. The maturation of erythrocytes occurs through

several stages. The precursor cell in the bone marrow is haemocytoblast proliferate

and give rise to proerthroblast, which is subsequently converted to early normoblast

intermediate and late normoblast. The nucleus of the late normoblast becomes

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pyknotic along with the appearance of a reticulum, resulting in the formation of a

reticulocyte. It takes the reticulocyte approximately 2 day to mature in to a normal

erythrocyte.

Stages of RBC formation

Haemocytoblast

Proerythroblast

Early normoblast

Intermediate normoblast

Late normoblast

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Factors controlling erythropoiesis:

The red cells are constantly being destroyed and are regenerated. The rate of

destruction and regeneration are same. Here certain factors are necessary for the

formation and maturation of red cells.

1) Diet : Food, rich in first class proteins, that supply amino acids for the

synthesis of globin of haemoglobin.

2) Erthrocyte stimulating factor (ESF) : O2 tension in the tissues, i.e decrease in

oxygen content stimulates erythropoiesis.

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3) Stimulus for maturation.

a) Extrinsic factors : Iron, Copper, Manganese, Calcium, vitamins (B12) etc.

b) Intrinsic factors : Bile, Gastric juice, Thyroxine etc.

Due to the union of these two factors there will be a production of one more

product i.e Antianaemic principle. This principle absorbed by mucous

membrane and reaches the bone marrow and this helps in the maturation of

RBC,s.

ANAEMIA103,104

Anaemia can be defined as a haemoglobin concentration in blood below the

normal range appropriate for the age and sex of the individuals. In adults, the lower

extreme of normal haemoglobin is taken as 14.0g/dl for males and 12.0g/dl for

females.

A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is termed as

“Anaemia.” The haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes determines the oxygen

carrying capacity. Hence, a reduction in the blood haemoglobin level and in the

number of circulating erythrocytes are characteristics of Anaemia,

Although haemoglobin value is employed as the major parameter for

determining value is employed as the major parameter for determining whether or not

Anaemia is present, the red cell count, haematocrit (PCV) and absolute values of

MCV, MCH, and MCHC provide alternate means of assessing Anaemia.

Patho-physiology of Anaemia105

Subnormal level of haemoglobin causes lowered oxygen carrying capacity of

the blood. This in turn initiates compensatory physiologic adaptations such as –

01. Increased release of oxygen from haemoglobin.

02. Increased blood flow to the tissues.

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03. Maintenance of the blood volume.

04. Redistribution of blood flow to maintain the cerebral blood supply.

Tissues with high oxygen requirement such as the Heart, CVS, and the skeletal

muscles during exercise, bear the brunt of clinical effects of Anaemia.

Clinical features of Anaemia

The haemoglobin level at which symptoms and signs of anaemia develop

depends upon following factors –

01. The spread of onset of Anaemia – Rapidly progressive Anaemia causes more

symptoms than Anaemia of slow onset, as there is less time for physiological

adaptation.

02. The severity of Anaemia – Mild Anaemia produces no symptoms or signs but

a rapidly developing severe Anaemia may produce significant clinical

features.

03. The age of the patient – The young patients due to good cardiovascular

compensation tolerate Anaemia quite well as compared to the elderly.

Symptoms

In symptomatic cases of Anaemia, the presenting features are tiredness, easy

fatiguability, generealised muscular weakness, lethargy and headache. In older

patients there may be symptoms of cardiac failure, angina pectoris, intermittent

claudication, confusion and visual disturbances.

Signs

A few general signs common to all types of Anaemia are as follows –

01. Pallor – Pallor is the most common and characteristic sign, which may be seen

in the mucous membranes, conjunctiva and skin.

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02. Cardiovascular System – A hyperdynamic circulation may be present with

tachycardia, collapsing pulse, cardiomegaly, midsystolic flow murmur,

dyspnoea on exertion and in case of elderly congestive heart failure.

03. Central nervous system – The older patients may develop symptoms like

attacks of faintness, giddiness, headache, Tinnitus, drowsiness, numbness and

tingling sensation of the hands and feet.

04. Occular manifestations – Retenal haemorrhages may occur if there is

associated vascular disease or bleeding diathesis.

05. Reproductive system – Menstrual distribances such as amenorrhoea and

menorrhagia and loss of libido are some of the manifestations involving the

reproductive system in Anaemia subjects.

06. Renal System – Mild proteinuria and impaired concentrating capacity of the

kidney may occur in severe Anaemia.

07. Gastrointestinal system – Anorexia, flatulence, nausea, constipation and

weight loss may occur.

Investigations of the Anaemia subject

After obtaining the full medical history pertaining to different general and

specific signs and symptoms in order to confirm the presence of anaemia its type and

its cause the following plan of investigations is generally followed.

A. Haemoglobin estimation – The first and foremost investigation in any

suspected case of Anaemia is to carry out haemoglobin estimation. Several

methods are available, but most reliable and accurate is Cyanmethaemoglobin

(HiCN) method Drabkin soultionj and spectrophotometer. If the haemoglobin

value is below the lower limit of the normal range for particular age and sex,

the patient is said to be anaemic.

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B. Peripheral blood film estimation – The haemoglobin estimation in invariably

followed by examination of peripheral blood film for morphologic features

after staining it with Romanowsky dyes (Leishman’s Staining). The following

abnormalities we can look for in the smear study.

a. Variation in size – Microcytosis (Iron deficiency anaemia)

Macrocytosis (Megaloblastic Anaemia)

Dimophic

b. Variation in shape – Poikilocytes.

c. Inadequate haemoglobin formulation – Hypochromasia.

d. Compensatory erythropoiesis

e. Miscellaneous changes

C. Red cell indices – An alternative method to diagnose and detect the severity of

anaemia is by measuring the red cell indices –

a. In iron deficiency and thalassaemia MCV, MCH and MCHC are

reduced.

b. In Anaemia due to acute blood loss and haemolytic Anaemia MCH,

MCV and MCHC are all within normal limits.

c. In Megaloblastic Anaemias, MCV is raised above the normal value.

D. Leucocytes and platelet count – Measuring of Leucocytes and platelet count

helps to distinguish pure anaemia form pancytopenia in which red cells,

granulocytes and platelet counts are often elevated.

E. Reticulocyte count – reticulocyte count is done in each case of anaemia to

assess the marrow erythropoietic activity. In acute haemorrhage and in

haemolysis, the reticulocyte response is indicative of impaired marrow

function.

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F. Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate – The ESR is non-specific test used as a

screening test for anaemia. It usually gives a clue to the underlying organic

disease but Anaemia itself may also cause to rise in ESR.

G. Bone marrow examination – Bone marrow aspiration is done in cases where

the cause for anaemia is not obvious. In addition to these general tests, certain

specific tests are done in different types of anaemias.

Classification of Anaemia

A. Pathophysiologic

I. Anaemia due to impaired red cell production.

a. Acute post-haemorrhagic Anaemia.

b. Chronic blood loss.

II. Anaemia due to impaired red cell production.

a. Cytoplasmic maturation defects –

i. Deficient haem synthesis – Iron deficiency anaemia.

ii. Deficient globin synthesis – Thalassaemic syndromes.

b. Nuclear maturation defects – Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and

Megaloblastic Anaemia.

c. Defect in stem cell proliferation and differentiation –

i. Aplastic Anaemia.

ii. Pure red cell aplasia.

d. Anaemia of chronic disorders.

e. Bone marrow infiltration.

f. Congenital Anaemia.

III. Anaemia due to increased red cell destruction (Haemolytic Anaemia)

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B. Morphologic

I. Microcytic, hypochromic.

II. Normocytic, Normochromic.

III. Macrocytic, Normochromic.

Iron deficiency Anaemia

The commonest deficiency disorder present throughout the world is iron

deficiency, but its prevalence is higher in developing countries. The factors

responsible for iron deficiency in different populations are variable and are best

understood in the context of normal iron metabolism.

Iron metabolism106

The amount of iron obtained form the diet should replace the losses form skin,

bowel and genitourinary tract. These losses together are about 1 mg daily in an adult

male or in non-menstruating female. While in menstruating woman there is an

additional iron loss of 0.5-1 mg daily.

The iron loss required for haemoglobin synthesis is derived form two primary

sources –

01. Ingestion of foods containing iron (e.g. Leafy vegetables, Beans, Meats, Liver,

etc.)

02. Recycling of iron form senescent red cells.

Absorption

01. The average western diet contains 10-15 mg of iron out of which only 5-10%

is normally absorbed.

02. In pregnancy and in iron deficiency, the proportion of absorption is raised to

20-30%.

03. The iron is absorbed mainly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum.

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04. Iron from diet containing haem is better absorbed than non-haem iron.

05. Absorption of non-haem is enhanced by factors such as ascorbic acid

(Vitamin C), Citric acids, Sugar, Gastric secretions and Hydrochloric acid.

06. Iron absorption is impaired by factors like medicinal antacids, milk,

pancreatic secretions, phytates, phosphates, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

(EDTA) and tannates contained in tea.

07. Non-haem iron is released as ferrous or ferric form but is absorbed

exclusively as ferrous form. The iron balance in the body is maintained

largely by regulating the absorptive intake by intestinal mucosal cells, so

called Mucosal block.

08. The factors, which determine this mucosal intelligence, are unknown. When

the demand for iron is increased there is increased iron absorption, while

excessive body stores of iron causes reduced intestinal iron absorption.

Distribution

In an adult iron is distributed in the body as under –

01. Haemoglobin – Present in the red cells, contains most of the body iron (65%).

02. Myoglobin – Comprises a small amount of iron in the muscles (35%).

03. Haem and Non-haem enzymes – eg. Cytochrome, Cutalase, peroxidase,

succinic dehydrogenase and falvoproteins constitute a fraction of total body

iron (0.05%).

04. Transferrin bound iron – Circulates in the plasma and constitutes another

fraction of total body iron (0.5%).

All these forms of iron are in functional forms.

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05. Ferritin and haemosiderin – These are the storage forms of excess iron (30%).

Thus, are stored in the mononuclear phagocytic cells of the spleen, liver and

bone marrow and in the parenchymal cells of the liver.

Iron transport and utilization

After absorption, iron circulates in the blood bound to beta globulin fraction,

siderophilin or transferrin. Transferrin is present almost exclusively in the plasma and

extra vascular space and serves to transport iron from the site of absorption and

storage to the areas of its utilization. The liver parenchymal cells are the major site of

transferrin synthesis.

The labile iron pool (mainly ferritin) is that part of the body iron which is

readily available for utilization of haemoglobin synthesis. Iron quickly enters this pool

01. After absorption form the intestines

02. After release form the RBC breakdown

03. Following parental injections.

If the amount entering this labile pool is in excess of needs, then it is

transferred into storage pool. The daily iron turnover has been estimated to be

approximately 35 mg.

The major contribution to this 21 mg comes form the normal red cells

destruction. About 3 million red cells are destroyed every second. Iron released form

destroyed red cells is thus reutilized.

About 11 mg of iron is contributed by that fraction which is not used for

haemoglobin production during its stay in the marrow. While remaining 2-3 mg

comes form the storage sites, intestinal absorption and the extra cellular fluid.

Form these 35 mg of iron about 32 mg, enters the erthropoietic labile pool, a

poorly defined compartment, primarily in the bone, for erythropoiesis. Approximately

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1mg of iron goes for storage and into extra cellular fluid each and about 1 mg is

excreted, mainly in urine and sweat.

Pathogenesis

Iron deficiency anaemia develops when the supply of iron is inadequate for the

requirement of haemoglobin synthesis. Initially, the negative iron balance is made

good by mobilization form the tissue stores so as to maintain haemoglobin synthesis.

It is only after the tissue stores of iron are exhausted that the supply of iron to the

marrow becomes insufficient for haemoglobin formation so that state of the following

factors –

01. Increased blood loss.

02. Increased requirements.

03. Inadequate dietary intake.

04. Decreased intestinal absorption.

Etiology

I. Increased Blood Loss

01. Uterine e.g. Excessive menstruation in reproductive years, repeated

miscarriage, at onset of menarche, post menopausal uterine bleeding.

02. Gastrointestinal e.g. Peptic ulcer, haemorrhoids, hook worm infestation,

cancer of stomach and large bowel oeasophages varices, hiatus hernia, chronic

aspirin ingestion, uncreative colitis, diverticulosis.

03. Renal tract e.g. Haematuria, haemoglobinuria.

04. Nose e.g. Repeated apitaxis.

05. Lungs e.g. Haemoptysis.

II. Increased Requirements

01. Spurts of growth in infancy, childhood and adolescence.

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02. Prematurity.

03. Pregnancy and lactation.

III. Inadequate Dietary Intake

01. Poor economic status.

02. Anorexia e.g. in pregnancy.

03. Elderly individuals due to poor dentition, apathy and financial constraints.

IV. Decreased Absorption

01. Parietal or total gastrectomy.

02. Aschlorhydria.

03. Intestinal malabsorption such as in coeliac disease.

Clinical features

Initially, there are usually no clinical abnormalities. But subsequently,

inaddition to features of undergoing disorders causing anaemia, the clinical

consequences of iron deficiency manifest in two ways – Anaemia itself and Epithelial

tissue changes.

01. Anaemia – The onset of iron deficiency anaemia is generally slow. The usual

symptoms are of weakness, fatigue, dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations and

pallor of the skin. Mucous membranes and sclerae. Patients may have unusual

dietary cravings such as pica. Menorrhagia is a common symptom in iron

deficient women.

02. Epithelial tissue changes – Long standing chronic iron deficiency causes

epithelial tissue causes epithelial tissue changes in some patients. The changes

occur in nails (Koilonychia or spoon shaped nails), tongue (Atrophic

glossitis), mouth (Angular stomatitis) and oesophagus causing dysphagia

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form development of thin webs at the postericoid area (Pulmmer – Vinson

Syndrome).

Treatment

The management of iron deficiency anaemia consist of 2 essential principles –

01. Correction of disorder causing the anaemia – The underlying cause of iron

deficiency is established after thorough check-up and investigations.

Appropriate medical or preventive and surgical measures are instituted to

correct the cause of blood loss.

02. Correction of iron deficiency – This can be compensated by two ways –

a. Oral Therapy – Administration of oral salts such as ferrous sulfate, tablets

containing 60 mg of elements iron is administered thrice daily, but side

effects occurs like nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea.

b. Parental therapy – This therapy is indicated in cases who are intolerant to

oral iron therapy, in GIT disorders such as malabsorption. This is

hazardous and expensive when compared with oral administration. Total

dose is calculated by a simple formula multiplying the grams of

haemoglobin below normal with 250 mg of elemental iron is required for

each gram of deficit haemoglobin. The adverse effects include

hypersensitivity reactions, haemolysis, hypertension, circulatory collapse,

and vomiting and muscle pain.

Meaterals and Methods

55


MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Pharmaceutical study. 2. Analytical study. 3. Experimental study.

1) Pharmaceutical study

This section deals with identification preparation of Swarnamakshika bhasma.

Preparation of Swarnamakshika bhasma includes various processes like

shodhana, marana and Amriteekarana

In Rasashastra texts get different shodhana and maran procedures for

swarnamakshika with various ingredients. In those particular study according to

Rasatarangini for shodhana Nirvap in Nimbu rasa and for marana with nimbu rasa

bhavana and 10 gajaputa and for amriteekarna (according to Siddinandan Mishra)

Panchamrita has been selected.

Objectives

a) Preparation of Swarnamakshika bhasma

b) Physico chemical analysis of Swarnamakshika bhasma.

c) Haematinic study of Swarnamakshika bhasma.

Materials

• Major raw material

• Other raw material

• Yantras and Upayantras

Major raw material

The major raw material of the present study is swarnamakshika 1 Kg of

chalcopyrite was collected from the local market.

Other raw material

The other raw materials used for present study is Nimbu Phala


56


Yantras: Khalvayantra (Pestle and mortar)

Upayantras: Mud vessel, weighing machine, Gas stove, Knife, Juice extractor, Mesh,

Forceps etc.

Method of Preparation

The method of preparation of swarnamakshaka bhasma is done under these

steps

1) Identification and collection of raw drugs

2) Shodhana of swarna makshika

3) Marana of swarna makshika

4) Amriteekarana of swarnamakshika

Method selected for shodhana in the present study

1) Nirvap in Nimbu rasa (21 times)

SHODHANA OF SWARNAMAKSHIKA85

Date of Commencement - 05/02/2007

Date of Completion - 11/02/2007

Reference - R.T. 21/15,16,17

Materials - Swarnamakshika pieces 1 Kg

Nimbu Rasa – 1.5 litres

Process - Nirvap – 21times

Procedure

1) Preparatory Procedure

a) Extraction of Nimbu Rasa- medium Nimbu fruits were taken, cut at the centre and

juice was extracted by manual method, filtered through a clean cloth and the juice was

collected.


57


2) Main procedure

Pieces of swarnamakshika were kept on intense fire till the pieces becomes red

hot and then dipped in Nimbu rasa.

This procedure repeated for 21 times

Initial quantity - 1000gms

Final quantity - 960gms

Loss weight - 40gms

Observations

Shining surface is lost after 2nd nirvapa process

Turns to black clour on successive Nirvapa process

11th Nirvapa colour changes to brick red.

Smell of burning sulphur is felt

Bluish flame around the specimen during heating

Becomes brittle gradually

Loss of weight – may be due to quantity of sulphur is burnt

Mechanical loss

(Temperature range -2000C to 2500C)


58


SWARNAMAKSHIKA MARANA86

Equipments – Sharava, Cloth , Mud, Cowdung, Khalva yantra.

Materials - Swarnamakshika – 1kg

Total Nimburasa – 960ml

Process - Bhavana – 960ml / Bhavana

Gajaputa – 10 times as per classics

Ref – R.T. 21/23,24,25

Wt of Cowdung – 120gm

Date of commencement- 17-02-2007

Date of completion - 28-04-2007

Total duration - 70 days

Method

• Above mentioned shuddha swarnamakshika powder was taken in

Khalvayantra.

• Added required amount of nimbu rasa.

• Mardhana was done for 12-14 hrs.

• When the content becomes paste like semisolid, small chakrikas were made

and dried on sharavas.

• After chakrikas gets dried properly the sharva samputa was prepared by

sealing the edges of sharava with multani mitti smeared, cloth and dried.

• Next subjected to Gajaputa with the heat.

• 1000 cow dungs


59


• Next day when the puta becomes swanga sheeta the sharava samputa was

taken out and opened and collected chakrikas carefully and weighed and

powdered.

• The swarnamakshika Bhasma was collected and weighted. The same

procedure was repeated for 10 times.

• Each time bhavana of nimbu rasa was given to sawranamakshika bhasma.

• After each puta. Swarna makshika bhasma was weighed & noted.

• During each trituration the quantity of nimbu rasa was reduced gradually.

• The range of trituration time 10-12 hrs for each bhavana.

• The average drying time of chakrikas under sunlight was for 10-12 hrs.

• About 1000 upalas were used for each puta, wt of each cowdung was 120 gm.

Table No-15. Observations in each puta throughout the process.

S.L.

No

Wt after

each puta

initial wt

1000gm

Clour Odour Taste Touch Cha

ndri

ka

Varitar Rekha

purna

1 995gms Reddish

brown

Odour

less

Kashaya Rough +++ - -

2 980gms do +++ - -

3 975gms do +++ - -

4 960gms do Slightly

smooth

+++ - +

5 958gms do Do +++ - ++

6 945gms do ++ + +++

7 952gms do Niswadu Do ++ + +++

8 950gms Brown Smooth + ++ +++

9 948gms do - + ++ +++

10 946gms do do - +++ +++


60


General Precautions:

1. Trituration was done properly to get fine swarnamakshika particles.

2. Chakrikas were dried well before subjecting to puta.

3. Sandhibandhana of sharava samputa was done properly and dried well before

each puta.

4. Bhasma was collected carefully after opening the sharava samputa when it

attains swangasheeta.

AMRITIKARANA OF SWARNAMAKSHIKA BHASMA87

Ref siddhnandau mishra, 2nd chapter PP 382

Ingredients: Swarnamakshika bhasma - 946 gms

Panchamruta - 950 ml

Date of Commencement : 02/05/2007

Date of Completion : 02/05/2007

Duration : 3 Hrs

Procedure:

Preparatory Procedure

Godugda - 190 ml

Goghrita - 190 ml

Godugdha - 190 ml

Madhu - 190 ml

Sita - 190 ml

Above mentioned ingredients were mixed properly.

Main Procedure: Swarna makshika bhasma taken in a iron pan & placed over

teevragni & equal quantity of panchamruta added to bhasma & the mixture

was covered with sharava & teevragni was given. Before it become nirdhoom


61


the iron pan was removed from agni. Left for swangasheeta for one day. After

one day the bhasma was collected & weighed.

Duration: 12 noon to 3 pm (3 hours)

Temperature: 6000C

Observation:

• Dhooma started immediately after keeping on fire.

• Starting, dhooma was of pleasant smell.

• Latter (1/2 hour) it became irritative.

• After 1 hour dhooma became very thick.

• After 2nd hour, gradually the intensity of dhooma reduced.

Quantity of Bhasma obtained : 930 gms

Colour of Bhasma : Krishna Varna

Materials and Methods

62


ANALYTICAL STUDY

The metallic & mineral preparation of ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be

analyzed for physical& chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety before

administration to the patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical

methodology for better understanding & interpretation of physico - chemical changes

occurred during the process.

In the present study sample is collected at the completion of the preparation &

subjected to ancient & modern analytical methods i.e. physical & chemical analysis

for bhasma at D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag, Bangalore Test House

Bangalore & Physical analysis at J.T. Pharmacy College Gadag .

Ancient Parameters

Table No.16 Showing Analysis of Swarnamakshika Bhasma by Ancient

method

OBSERVATION AND RESULT Sl.No. TEST

Swarnamakshika Bhasma

1 Varna Dark Brown colour

2 Gatarasatvam (Rasa) Niswadu

3 Sparsha (Slakshnatvam

and Mrudutvam)

Mrudutva and Slakshnatva was felt by simple touch

with finger tips

4 Gandha Non- Perceivable

5 Rekhapurnatva The Bhasma was rubbed in between first finger and thumb. It penetrates into the furrows of the fingers - Positive

6 Varitaratva A small amount of Bhasma was carefully sprinkled in beaker full of water. It was found that total portion of Bhasma was floating on the water surface - Positive


63


7 Nischandratvam The Bhasma observed in bright sunlight. It was not having any lusture – Positive

8 Amlapareeksha For Bhasma when putted some drops of Curd juice it does not change to green.

Physical test for Swarnamakshika Bhasma

1. Total Ash – Take about 2 gms accurately weighed, ground drug in a previously

tared silica dish, previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground drug in a fine

even layer on the bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not

exceeding dull red heat (4500C) until free from carbon. Cool and weigh. Calculate the

percentage of ash with reference to air dried drug.

Result : Swarnamakshika bhasma - 98.4%

2. Acid insoluble ash: The ash obtained was taken with dilute HCL filtered through

Whitman no. 42 filter paper. The residue was washed with hot water till it was free

from chloride. The residue was taken in a crucible, dried & ignited at a low

temperature. Calculated the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the

moisture free drug.


3. Loss on ignition at 10000 c :One gms of Swarnamakshika bhasma accurately

weighed was taken in a previously dried & weighed porcelain crucible heated on an

electrically heated muffle furnace 10000 c for about one hour. It was cooled &

weighed; from the weight of ash obtained the ash value was calculated.

(d – a)

Ash value = ---------------

c

(d – a) = weight of ash c =weight of samples


64



4. Loss on drying 1100c -1gram of accurately weighed and heated on electric oven

up to 1100c and again weighed, the difference in weighed was calculated by Initial

weighed-weighed after 1100c=- gram.


5. Determination of Alcohol soluble extractive:

Procedure : Macerate about 5 grams of the air dried sample with 100ml of ethanol in a

closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and allowing

to stand for eighteen hours. Filter rapidly taking precautions against loss of solvent

evaporate 25ml of the filterate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed dish and dry at

1050C, to constant weight and weigh. Calculate the percentage of alcohol soluble

extractive with reference to the air dried drug.


6. Determination of water soluble extractive :

Procedure: Macerate about 5 grams of air dried drug with 100ml of chloroform water

in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and

allowing to stand for nineteen hours. Filter this and pipette 25ml of this liquid and

evaporate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed dish and dry at 1050C, to constant

weight. Calculate the percentage of water soluble extractive with reference to air dried

drug.


7. Determination of pH: The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as, the

common logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in

grammes.The pH value of a liquid is determined by potentiometrically by means of a

glass electrode and a suitable pH meter.


65



8. Estimation of Copper: Preparation of Electro-Acid Mixture: -150ml Conc. HNO3

+ 150ml Conc. H2SO4 + 500ml of Distilled water. 50 ml of solution obtained after

filtering the silica and being made upto 250ml Out of 250ml of madeup solution is

taken in a beaker of 150ml and 50ml of Electro-Acid mixture is added. Boil of excess

brown fumes and dilute to N 300ml with cold distilled water. Solution is electrolysed

using Platinum gauze electrode. (Cathode) Before electrolysis wt. Of the electrode is

taken and it is again weighed after electrolysis. This procedure is repeated several

times till the complete removal of copper from the solution.


9. Estimation of Iron: Solution from which Copper is removed is made up to 250ml

in a standard flask by adding distilled water. From this 25ml of solution. Is pipetted,

and ammonia is added till it emits smell. Again and HCl till it becomes brown or

yellow in colour. Stannous Chloride is added to the hot solution. Until yellow/brown

colour disappears. Add 1 or 2 drops in excess. It is cooled under tap. 10ml of

saturated mercuric chloride is added at a stretch. Milky white precipitate is obtained.

20 ml mercuric chloride is added at a stretch. Milky6 white precipitate is obtained.

20ml of H2SO4 + H3 PO4 (Phosphoric Acid) mixture and few drops of diphenylamine

indicator is added and titrated against Std. K2Cr2O7 (Pot. Dichromate) Note down the

end point. Initially the colour of the solution will be green but later it attains violet

colour. Note the point of colour change from green to violet. This is considered as

titre value.



66


10. Estimation of Sulfur: About 5 gm sample is taken in abeaker. Silica and Copper

are removed as above and the filtrate is collected in a beaker. To the filtrate 2 gms of

ammonium chloride is added. Add 1:1 Ammonia till all the 3rd groups elements are

precipitated. Digest and filter through No. 40 whatsman filter paper. Wash several

times with 2% hot Ammonium nitrate solution. The filtrate collected in a beaker is

acidified with 1:1 HCl. To the hot solution os this add 10% Barium chloride solution.

So that sulfur precipitates as Barium Sulphate (BaSO4) Digest for half an hour and

allow to settle. Then filter through No. 42 whatsman filter paper.


11. Finess- Fine powder, all the particles passed through the sieve no.85

12. Solubility:

About one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in 10 ml of the

solvents. When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10 ml quantity up

to 100 ml was added and noted that was slightly soluble in water (1 gram of sample in

100 ml of water) and slightly soluble in Alcohol (1 gram of sample in 600 ml to 1000

ml of chloroform) and slightly soluble in chloroform (1 gram sample in 600 ml to

1000 ml alcohol).

Result : Swarnamakshika bhasma- Slightly soluble in water, slightly

Soluble in alchohol, insoluble in

Chloroform.

13. Disintegration Test apparatus

Sample was tested separately in plain water at 160C, water maintained at 310C

at pH 4 and following procedure were followed:


67


Procedrue:

1. The capsules were placed in the tubes of the DTA. The plastic discs were

placed over the capsules to avoid floating and impact a slight pressure on the

capsules.

2. The tube was allowed to move up and down and DT noted all the capsules had

passed through the sieve


68


EXPERIMENTAL STUDY107,108

Evaluation of Haematinic Activity in Albino rats

Date of commencement : 20-6-2007 to 23-6-2007

Haemoglobin Estimation

Principle: Sahli’s method

Iron deficiency anaemia is a most frequent disease in the developing countries

like India.The common clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia are malaise,

bodyache,loss of appetite,physical and mental stress etc.

Acute anaemia can be induced in laboratory animals by using

Phenylhydrazine dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide.Later Test sample will be given to

correct the Anaemia by proper procedure.

Male albino rats weighing between 175-200gms wee taken from KLE’s

Pharmacy college animal house and whole study was carried out in the experimental

laboratory attached with the Institute

Requirements: Shali’s hemometer, Thin glass rod (stirrer) and micropipette of 20

cubic millimeter capacity, pricking needle, N/10 HCl, distilled water, 70% alcohol

and absorbent cotton.

Animals: Albino rats (175-200gms,Overnight fasted)

Trial drug Swarnamakshika bhasma

Total RBC Count:

Principle: Neubauer’s method

Requirements: Neubauer’s counting chamber, RBC pipette, Thomas coverslip,

watch glass, RBC dilution fluid, pricking needle, 70% alcohol, xylon and microscope.


69


Drugs:

Phenyl hydrazine dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (To induce anaemia)

5% carboxy methyl cellulose. (To make the suspension of bhasma)

Trial drug Swarnamakshika bhasma

0.1N Hydrochloric acid, Distilled water, 70% alcohol (For estimation of

Haemoglobin)

Animal selection:

36 healthy male rats(175-200gms) of Albino strain were selected for the

present study. The animals were grouped in 3 groups (12 rats in each group) and

placed accordingly in different cages as 6 animals in each cage. The animals were

provided with food and water ad libitum.

Fixation of Rat dose: To calculate the Rat dose from Human dose, the formula is

Rat dose = Human dose x surface area factor 0.018

Procedure:

The rats were divided into 3 groups. The rats of group I were not given any

treatment and served as normal.

The rats of group I & group III were given 25mg phenyl hydrazine/kg

body wt which was dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (250

mg/ml)

Group II animals served as Positive control group (PC) were not given any

treatment.

Swarnamakshika bhasma is mixed with 5% carboxymethyl cellulose and

made a suspension. This suspension was administered to animals of Group

III immediately after administration of Phenylhydrazine orally. The doses

were calculated according to body weight of 200 gms weighing albino rats.


70


6 rats from each groups were sacrificed ( by ether anaesthasia) after 48

hours. The remaining 6 rats from each groups were sacrificed after 96

hours.

The various haemotological and biochemical parameters were estimated and also the

study of bone marrow was carried out.

Bone marrow study

Requirements: Infant bone marrow needle microscope with oil immersion lens.

Selection of Animals:

Albino rats of either sex weighing between 150-200 gm breeds in animal

house were selected for the study. They were housed individually in polypropylene

cages in well-ventilated rooms. The rats were kept under observation for seven days

with standard laboratory diet. After which they were examined for their normal health

and then subjected to experimental study.

Procedure109: The femur bones of the rats were dissected out immediately after they

were sacrificed. The femur bones were cleaned, their heads were cut and bone

marrow was flushed out with the help of infant bone marrow needle. The flushed

bone marrow was transferred to a clean slide and thin film was prepared. The slide

was air dried and then fixed with methanol. The bone marrow slides were stained by

wrights stain and observed under the microscope using oil immersion lens.

The various parameters observed on the slides were:

• Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio

• Pronormoblast count

• Normoblast count

• Reticulocytes count


71


• Normocytes cont

Haematological parmeters:

Blood samples were aspirated from all the animals by cardiac puncture, from

rat hearts before sacrificing the haematological parameter estimated were.

1) Hb

2) Hb %

3) Red blood cell count

4) Hemoglobin content.

These parmeters were analyzed at K.L.E.S’s college of pharmacy, Gadag.

Biochemical Parameters Bone Marrow study

The various parameters observed on the slides were

1) Pronormoblast count

2) Normoblast count

3) Reticulocytes count

4) Normocytes count

5) Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio

Results

Experimental Study

The results of the present study are based on the values of Parameters

like Hematological parameters, Bone marrow parameters. In Hematological

parameters Hb and RBC and in Bone marrow parameters like Erythroid,

Pronormoblast, Normoblast, Reticulocytes, Normocytes.

Table No. 17 Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 48 hrs

Source of

Variation

Degrees of

freedom

Sum of

squares

Mean

sum of Sq

F-Value p Value Remark

Treatment 2 36.754 18.377 438.696 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 0.6283 0.04189

Total 17 37.383

Table No. 18 Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 96 hrs

S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F value p Value Remark

Treatment 2 33.174 16.587 757.85 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 0.3283 0.0218

Total 17 33.3283

Table No. 19 Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 48 hrs


Treatment 2 29.49 14.745 163.83 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 1.36 0.090

Total 17 30.86

72


Results

Table No. 20 Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 96 hours


Treatment 2 30.27 15.135 229.318 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 0.99 0.066

Total 17 31.26

Table No. 21 Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 48 hours

S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F value P Value Remark

Treatment 2 45.412 22.706 585.206 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 0.582 0.0388

Total 17 45.995

Table No. 22 Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 96 hours


Treatment 2 37.68 18.84 588.75 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 0.48 0.32

Total 17 38.16

73


Results

Table No. 23 Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 48 hours


Treatment 2 1887.4 943.7 547.72 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 25.588 1.725

Total 17 1913.0

Table No. 24 Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 96 hours


Treatment 2 611.50 305.75 228.854 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 20.050 1.336

Total 17 631.55

Table No. 25 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 48 hours


Treatment 2 840.54 420.27 2361.06 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 2.677 0.178

Total 17 843.22

74


Results

Table No. 26 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 96 hours


Treatment 2 568.81 284.405 82.772 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 51.547 3.436

Total 17 4877.5

Table No. 27 Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 48 hours


Treatment 2 40.779 20.389 65.94 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 4.638 0.3092

Total 17 45.417

Table No. 28 Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 96 hours


Treatment 2 33.051 16.5255 8.71 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 28.46 1.8973

Total 17 51.515

75


Results

Table No. 29 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 48 hours


Treatment 2 56.36 28.18 24.806 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 17.05 1.136

Total 17 73.45

Table No. 30 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 96 hours


Treatment 2 131.15 65.515 28.66 <0.01 H.S

Residual 15 34.32 2.288

Total 17 165.48

76


Results

Table No. 31 (a)

Treatment Mean Difference

Control 4.8

Treatment 3.01 1.79*

Positive Control 1.3 3.5* 1.71*

* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.4189

------------------------ = 0.795

6

From Table No. 31 (a)

1) The treatment are not alike

2) The highest treatment mean effect is 4.8 due to the control group.

3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, control group is the best and

most effective, of choice made between treatment and positive control group,

which differ significantly the treatment group is preferred since the mean

effect due to treatment group is more than the positive control group.

77


Results

Table No. 32 (a)


Control 4.8



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.0218

----------- = 0.368

6








78


Results

Table No. 33 (a)


Control 8.26

Treatment 6.8 1.48*


* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.09

------------------------ = 0.368

6








79


Results

Table No. 34 (a)


Control 8.36



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.066

------------------------ = 0.315

6








80


Results

Table No. 35 (a)


Control 14.1



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.0388

------------------------ = 0.2422

6








81


Results

Table No. 36 (a)


Control 14.32



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.032

------------------------ = 0.2199

6








82


Results

Table No. 37 (a)


Control 31.15



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 1.725

------------------------ = 1.615

6








83


Results

Table No. 38 (a)


Control 31.91



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 1.336

------------------------ = 1.42

6








84


Results

Table No. 39 (a)


Control 74.2



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.178

------------------------ = 0.5188

6



2) The highest treatment mean effect is 74.2 due to positive control group.

3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, positive control group is the

best and most effective, of choice made between treatment and control group,


effect due to treatment group is more than the control group.

85


Results

Table No.40 (a)


Control 67.51


Positive Control 54.66 12.85* 2.134

* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 3.436

------------------------ = 2.279

6



2) The highest treatment mean effect is 67.51 due to the positive control group.



which differ significantly the control group is preferred since the mean effect

due to control group is more than the treatment group.

86


Results

Table No. 41 (a)


Control 8.33

Treatment 6.8 1.53*

Positive Control 66 3.67* 2.14*

* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 0.3092

------------------------ = 0.683

6



2) The highest treatment mean effect is 8.33 due to the treatment group.

3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, treatment group is the best and

most effective, of choice made between control and positive control group,

which differ significantly the control group is preferred since the mean effect

due to treatment group is more than the control group.

87


Results

Table No. 42 (a)


Control 8.33

Treatment 6.8 1.53*


* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 1.8973

------------------------ = 1.693

6




3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, treatment group is the best and

most effective, of choice made between control group and +ve group which

differ significantly the control group is preferred since the mean effect due to

control group is more than the positive control group.

88


Results

Table No. 43 (a)


Control 7.00



* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 1.136

------------------------ = 1.31

6








89


Results

Table No. 44 (a)


Control 9.67


Positive Control 5.66 4.01* 0.58

* Significant

CD = 2.13 2 x 2.288

------------------------ = 1.86

6



2) The highest treatment mean effect is 9.67 due to positive control group.




effect due to treatment group is more than the control group.

90


Results

To know the mean effect of treatment of the three groups, the statistical

analysis is done by using completely randomized design. By assuming that the mean

treatment effect of the drug in three groups is same.

If the hypothesis is rejected that is treatment shows significant, to know which

pair treatment means differ significantly. We final out the critical difference that is the

least difference between any two means to be significant.

CD = t 0.05 2S 2E

-----------

K

Where t 0.05 = The t- table value for error degrees of freedom.

2S 2E = Mean error sum of squares

K = No of observation in the group.

From the study all parameters show highly significant (at p<0.05) to know

which pair treatment means differ significantly,the conclusion can be taken as

follows.

Comparing these difference with the critical difference, we find that

1) Control group differs significantly from each of the treatment.

The treatment group and positive control group also differ significantly

91


Results

Table No. 45 Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter Myeloid to Erythroid 48

hours

Group Mean SD SE t value p Value Remark

Control 4.8 0.126 0.051 94.11 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

1.3 0.2 0.081 16.049 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 3.01 0.263 0.10 30.1 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 1

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter

of Erythroid at 48 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control Control +ve Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

92


Results

Table No. 46 Myeloid to Erythroid Erythroid 96 hours


Control 4.80 0.126 0.051 94.11 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

1.60 0.178 0.013 21.91 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 3.98 0.132 0.054 73.70 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 2


Erythroid at 96 Hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Group

Series1

93


Results

Table No. 47 RBC 48 hrs


Control 8.26 0.30 0.121 68.26 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

5.13 0.30 0.121 68.26 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 6.80 0.16 0.06 6.85 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 3

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter of

R.B.C at 48 hours

0123456789


Group

Mea

n

Series1

94


Results

Table No. 48 RBC 96 hrs


Control 8.36 0.25 0.10 83.6 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

5.26 0.24 0.09 58.44 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 7.41 0.27 0.11 67.36 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 4

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter Of R.B.C. at 96 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


Group

Mea

n

Series1

95


Results

Table No. 49 Hb 48 hrs


Control 14.10 0.17 0.073 193.15 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

10.41 0.17 0.07 148.71 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 13.33 0.23 0.095 140.31 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 5


Hemoglobin at 48 hours

02468

10121416

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

96


Results

Table No. 50 Hb 96 hrs


Control 14.32 0.13 0.056 255.71 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

10.96 0.25 0.10 109.6 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 13.63 0.10 0.042 324.52 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 6


Hemoglobin at 96 hours

02468

10121416


Group

Mea

n

Series1

97


Results

Table No. 51 Pronormoblast 48 hrs


Control 31.150 2.14 0.874 35.64 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

7.70 0.48 0.200 38.5 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 27.13 0.53 0.218 124.44 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 7


Pronormoblast at 48 hours

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

98


Results

Table No. 52 Pronormoblast 96 hrs


Control 31.91 1.69 0.69 46.17 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

17.65 0.41 0.170 103.82 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 75.76 0.98 0.402 188.45 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 8

Paired 'T' test table for the parmeter of

Pronormoblast at 96 hours

0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

80

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

99


Results

Table No. 53 Normoblast 48 hrs


Control 57.41 0.40 0.164 350.6 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

74.20 0.49 0.201 369.154 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 66.58 0.36 0.147 452.92 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 9


Normoblast at 48 hours

01020304050607080


Group

Mea

n

Series1

100


Results

Table No. 54 Normoblast 96 hrs


Control 56.80 0.244 0.100 525.92 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

67.51 0.33 0.135 500.07 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 54.66 3.18 1.300 42.046 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 10

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter Normoblast at 96 hours

01020304050607080

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

101


Results

Table No. 55 Reticulocytes 48 hrs


Control 6.80 0.098 0.0140 48.57 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

4.66 0.808 0.330 14.121 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 8.33 0.516 0.210 39.68 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 11

Paired 'T' test table for the

parameter of Reticulocytes at 48 hours

0

2

4

6

8

10

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

102


Results

Table No. 56 Reticulocytes 96 hrs


Control 6.940 1.389 0.567 12.169 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

4.570 1.651 0.674 6.78 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 7.00 1.019 0.416 16.826 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 12

Paired 'T' test table for the

parameter of Reticulocytes at 96 hours

012345678

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

103


Results

Table No. 57 Normocytes 48 hrs


Control 5.68 1.04 0.428 13.27 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

9.67 0.80 0.330 29.303 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 6.24 1.29 0.527 11.84 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 13

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter of Normocytes at 48

hours

02468

1012

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

104


Results

Table No. 58 Normocytes 96 hrs


Control 5.15 1.76 0.720 7.15 <0.001 H.S

Positive

Control

11.23 1.44 0.590 19.033 <0.001 H.S

Treatment 5.94 1.29 0.527 11.271 <0.001 H.S

Graph - 14

Paired 'T' test table for the parameter of Normocytes at 96

hours

02468

1012

Control Control+ve

Treatment

Group

Mea

n

Series1

105


Results

Myeloid to erythroid cell ratio:

1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phenylhydrazine has resulted

in sharp decreased in the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 1.3 and 1.60 at 48 and

96 hours.

2) The animals treated with Swarnamakshika Bhasma showed a significant

increase in the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 3.01 and 3.98 at 48 and 96 hours

of treatment respectively, when compared to positive control group.

Pronormoblast:

1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phenythydrazine has resulted

in sharp decreased in the Pronormoblast i.e 7.70 and 17.68 at 48 and 96 hours.


increase in the Pronormoblast i.e 27.13 and 25.76 at 48 and 96 hours of

treatment respectively, when compared to positive control group.

Normoblast:


in sharp increase in the Normoblast: i.e 74.20 and 67.51 at 48 and 96 hours.


decrease in the Normoblast i.e 66.58 and 54.66 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment

respectively when compared to positive control group.

Reticulocytes count:

1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phyenylhydrazine has resulted

in sharp Decreased in the Reticulocytes i.e 4.66 and 4.57 at 48 and 96 hours.

106


Results


increase in the Reticulocytes i.e 8.33 and 7.00 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment

respectively, when compared to positive control group.

Normocytes:


in sharp increase in the Normocytes : i.e 9.67 and 11.23 at 48 and 96 hours.


decrease in the Normocytes: i.e 6.24 and 5.94 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment

respectively, when compared to positive contol group.

To study the individual effect of all the parameters, the statistical analysis was

done by using paired t-test by assuming that the drug is responsible for the change in

the readings after the treatment in parameters erythriod control group shows more

highly significant than the others in both the hours. (By comparing ‘t’ value) in the

parameter RBC all groups showed more highly significant in 96 hrs than the 48 hrs by

comparing t value, In the parameter Hb control group and treatment group are more

significant in 96 hrs where as positive control group is more highly significant in 48

hrs (by comparing t value) In the parameter pronormoblast all groups highly

significant in 96 hrs. In norm oblast the control group and positive control group are

more significant in 96 hrs. but treatment group was more highly significant in 48 hrs.

in reticulocyte all the groups are more highly significant in 48 hrs. in normocytes all

the groups are more significant in 48 hrs.

107


Discussion

DISCUSSION

The present study entitled on “preparation, Physico chemical analysis of

Swarnamakshika Bhasma and Evaluation of its Heamatnic activity and experimental

study” has been carried out.

Discussion on Review of Literature

Swarnamakshika is an important member of the family of Indian chemistry

substance specially the minerals. Swarnamakshika has unique place both in dehavada

& lohavada. It has been in use for the treatment since samhita kala. In Vedic period &

Koutylya Arthashastra also says about Tantra dhatu. But no where the name

Swarnamakshika is seen, though it is an important Khanija used as to extract tamra.

By these we can impress that people had knowledge of swarnamakshika 3000

years back, however Vedas lack the information. In purnas, samritis also reference of

this is unavailable. From Drug review from the review of Swarnamakshika it is

observed that Swarnamakshika is grouped under Maharasa varga by different

Acharyas before 16th century. And the Rasacharyas after 16th century have included

the swarnamakshika under Upadhatu varga. As the Swarnamakshika is the source of

two main dhatus viz copper and iron, by the influence of modern chemistry the recent

Rasacharyas might have grouped it under Upadhatu varga. Author of Rasendra sara

sangraha & Rasajalanidhikara have included swarna makshika under uparasa varga

and also Rasajalanidhi. As Swarnamakshika used in parada karmas. It is included in

uparasa varga.

Swarnamakshika is considered as “Rasendra prana” i.e its usage is inevitable

in various mercurial operations. And it has been told that swarnamakshika is best

among all Rasayanas i.e Rasayanagrahya. This might be the reason that earliest

Rasacharayas have included that swarnamakshika under maharasa varga.

108


Discussion

Intake of ashodhita swarnamakshika may give rise to many complications like

Kusta, andhya, vanti and even marana also. Hence shodhana and marana procedures

are mentioned. For shodhana different acharyas adopted various procedures like

pachana nirvapana depending on their research experience.

In the process of marana also different types of putas, different bhavana

dravyas different medias like parada, gandhaka & moolika were explained. According

to modern metallurcgical science, chalcopyrite is derived from Greek word pyros

which means that ignites when heated on fire. Chalcopyrite looks like and is easily

confused with iron pyrite. It is one of the minerals referred to as gold fool’s gold

because of its golden colour. But the real gold is more buttery yellow and is ductile

and melliable.

As an ore of copper, the yield from chalcopyrite is very low in terms of atoms

per molecule, however the abundant availability has made it popular than other

minerals of copper. Fine crystals of chalcopyrite have an unique character and can add

to any ones collection.

Discussion on Shodhana

The raw drug was subjected to shodhana, shodhana process is aimed to

remove harmful impurities present in the drugs and also converts minerals drugs into

suitable forms for further treatment with marana process.

Swarnamakshika shodhana was done by nirvapa in nimbu swarasa, The drug

is heated to red hot and quenched in the nimbu swarasa. Here by intense heating some

bonds may loosen in the drug and by sudden quenching the loosen bonds may break

and some impurities may get absorbed in the nimbu swarasa. Repeating this

procedure for 21 times may provide sufficient time and possibility for the reactions to

occur and volatile impurities make and evaporated resulting in detoxification of

109


Discussion

Swarnamakshika. Nimbu swarasa might have given some organic qualities to the

Swarnamakshika and enhanced in the existing therapeutic qualities of

Swarnamakshika. After quenching in the nimbu swarasa there was a fair chance in the

reactions resulting in the chemical changes in the swarnamakshika and volatile

impurities may get evaporated resulting in detoxification of swarnmakshika. The

colour of the nimbu swarasa changed to black at the end of the each nirvapa. It might

be due to the release of some toxic substances. Weight loss is due to the evaporation

of the sulphur content i.e, removed as sulphur dioxide from the mineral and also due

to the procedure and iron present in it may combine with oxygen and for iron oxide

which may be held responsible for the appearance of red colour in the compound.

Discussion Marana

Initially the colour of the chakrikas were black, after subjecting to first and

second gajaputa colour of the chakrikas were not changed and also chakrikas were

very hard. After 4th puta change in colour and hardness was noticed. Black colour to

light red colour, and chakrikas became smooth. Gradually the chakrikas became very

smooth and also colour changed to dark red this might be due to the conversion of

iron into iron oxide. After 10th puta we have got fine brick red colour bhasma.

Bhasma passed rekha purna pareeksha at 5th puta and passed varitara pareeksha after

10th puta and also passed amla pareeksha (as mineral contains copper its bhasma

should be free from kashaya rasa and should not give rise to the appearance of green

colour if tested on curd. It indicates the bhasma is free form the presence of free metal

content) and Avami pareeksha.

Discussion on Gajaputa

Temperature - Approximately the peak temperature obtained during

10

110


Discussion

Gajaputa was 9000C with slight variation.

Peak Temperature observed after 2 hrs 30 min Approximately, the difference

attaining peak temperature after ignition was found varying 20 to 25 min

among 10 Gajaputas.

Swangasheeta was observed after 18-20 hrs after peak temperature with slight

variation amongst 10 Gajaputas.

The slight variation which were observed during different puta were due to

gradual inclination and spread of heat from one to another moulded vanaphala,

varies at each Gajaputa procedure and per vanaphala quantum heat also differs

from each vanaphala respectively. Swangasheeta time also varies due to the

same rules.

Discussion on Amritikarana

Amritikarana helps to remove the remaining doshas present in the bhasma

even after marana process. It reduces the teekshanata and rookshata of bhasma and

also reduces toxic effect of bhasma.

For Amritikarana Panchamrita was selected ingredients of panchamrita are

having snigdha, mridu, shlakshna guna and sheeta veerya (except madhu), these helps

to remove the Rukshata and teekshna of bhasma. In the drugs review the action of

panchamrita dealt that balya, rasayana, vrushya, medhya, deepana, brahmana,

jeevaneya and tridosha shamaka are to be considered here, so it enhance the property

of bhasma to subside the lakshanas of pandu as they nourish the rasadhatu.

According to modern the milk contain large proportion of calcium phosphate

is an important salt required for the formation of bone, it gives strength to the body.

Curd produces bone marrow, gives strength to the body helps in digestion and it is an

anti dote for copper. Ghee is tonic, nutrients and cooling agent. Madhu acts as a

111


Discussion

demulcent, and it contains glucose fructose, and sucrose and also traces amount of

vitamins, proteins hence it is good nutrient to the patient. So these enhance the

property of bhasma and also definitely notified that it enhance panduhara property of

swarnamakshika bhasma.

Discussion on Analytical Study

This part exposes the hidden facts about the final product when it was critically

analysed with the help of physical and chemical parameters.

Organoleptic characters: Swarnamakshika bhasma are dark brown in colour, and

fine touch.

Total ash: 1.6%. in Swarnamakshika bhasma This indicates the presence of organic

matter in the final product may be imported during shodhana procedure.

Acid insoluble ash is 1.6% in Swarnamakshika bhasma it indicates the low acid

insoluble acid ash values facilitates the easy absorption of drug.

Loss on ignition at 10000C: 1.6 % shows organic material in the bhasma.

Loss on drying: It shows the end product contain 0.49% of moisture in

Swarnamakshika bhasma.

Alcohol soluble extractive: is 10.45%

Water soluble extractive: is 15.21%

It indicates absorption of the bhasma in gut.

pH: report showed that pH was 2.92 in Swarnamakshika bhasma recommends that

the final product is acidic.

Fineness of Particle: This shows the particle size are fine in nature, which is able to

enter into the small capillaries and rate of absorption of drug is directly proportional

to the particle size of drug the particle size is fine so the absorption is quick.

112


Discussion

Solubility: Swarnamakshika was slightly soluble in water and alchol and insoluble in

chloroform. It indicates more covalent in nature and having slight ionic character and

also indicates slow absorption in the gut.

Assay for Copper, Iron and Sulphur: Percentage of copper 16.8%, Percentage of

Iron 38.07% and Percentage of sulphur 3.29% due to the reduction in total mass of the

raw drug the percentage of copper, iron and sulphur very increased in the ash.

Discussion on Pharmaceutical procedures

Pharmaceutical procedures adopted in the present study were sohdhana by

(nirvapa in nimbu swarasa), Marana, (by nimbu swarasa bhavana and gajaputa) and

Amrutikarana (with panchamruta).

Discussion on Experimental study

An experimental study has been conducted so as to ascertain the haematinic

action of test drug. Another important objective of this study was to evaluate the

action scientifically i.e in terms of duration, mode of action etc.

The action was tested by using the phenylhydrazine as the anaemic agent to

induce anaemia in the rats. The group I was not given any treatment and served as

normal Group II was treated with Phenylhydrazine 25 mg/kg body weight orally,

which was dissolved in dimythlsulphoxid control group. Group III was treated with


Phnylhydrazine is used for the treatment of polyeythemia. It is also used for

induction of experimental anaemia in animals. Phenylhydrazine treatment decreases

the total blood volume, haemoglobin content and red blood cells count

Phnylhydrazine increases the fragility of RBC’s oxyhaemoglobin and myoglobin

react with Phnylhydrazine to yield a derivative of haemoglobin containing N-

113


Discussion

phenylprotoprophrin in which the haemogroup is modified free radicals generated

after treatment of phenylhydrazine lead to RBC’s haemoglobin.

After 48 hours & 96 hours 6 rats from each group were sacrificed & various

haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated. The parameters of group

II animals indicated in graph.

The drug is responsible for the change in the readings after the treatment, in

parameters erythriod to myeloid ratio control group shows highly significant than the

others in both the hours. (By comparing ‘t’ value) in the parameter RBC all groups

shows more highly significant in 96 hrs than the 48 hrs by comparing t value, In the

parameter Hb control group and treatment group are more significant in 96 hrs where

as positive control group is more significant in 48 hrs (by comparing t value) In the

parameter pronormoblast all groups highly significant in 96 hrs. In norm oblast the

control group and positive control group are more significant in 96 hrs. but treatment

group is more significant in 48 hrs. In reticulocyte all the groups are more significant

in 48 hrs. in normocytes all the groups are more significant in 48 hrs.

Swarnamakshika bhasma is soumya kalpa of Tamra, Loha, and Gandhaka. It is

said as having madhura, tiktarasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya and is very

useful in tridoshaja disorder. Madhura vipaka sheeta veerya etc properties helps in

Pandu. The analytical study has proved the presence of elements like copper, iron,

zinc and silica in the end product. Copper is useful in improving R.B.C. count as well

as Hb% in the blood as it promotes the absorption of iron. (By Dr. S.K. dixit 1966)

and Loha is used as medicine ever since the origin of the Ayurveda as shown in

Charaka samhita. It is considered best oushadhi for Pandu roga. Combination of

copper and iron, is best medicine for Pandu roga.

114


Discussion

Discussion on RBC and Hb

In the control group the RBC and Hb contents were standard and the phenyl

hydrazine treated group showed disease in the RBC and Hb value as the

Swarnamakshika treated group showed significant increase in number of RBC’s and

Hb content

The RBC and Hb increase due to Swarnamakshika bhasma is true increase and

may be due to the drug effect at the level of erythropoesis and the stimulation of

erythropoesis and enhancement of Hb level. Therefore it can be inferred that the drug

Swarnamakshika is possessing Haematinic activity and Pro RBC synthesis activity.

Discussion on Bone marrow study

Swarnamakshika bhasma showed significant increase in myeloid to erythroid

ratio which indicates the drug effect on erythropiosis. This effect may be due to the

copper and iron pro metabolic activity and also due to the correction of premolecular

difeciency and stimulation of retizulo endothelial system. Hence it can be inferred that

Swarnamakshika bhasma is a complex mineral trace elemental supplement, when

used in prescribed dose and manufactured as per classical guide lines helps in

stimulation of bone marrow and erythropisis at myeloid to erythroid ratio level. This

effect has the credit of pro erythropiosis with out organic and phytosublimentation.

Hence it can be stated that, Swarnamakshika is a mineral trace elemental supplement

which can be used to increase myeloid to erythroid ratio and hence useful in the

management of anaemia. However, the control group showed normal cells and

positive control treated with Phenylhydrazine showed decrease in myeloid to

erythroid cell ratio and hence it can be said that swarnamakshika bhasma is better than

others.

115


Discussion

Swarnamakshika bhasm showed significant increase in pronormoblasts and

reciculocytes, which shows pro erythropoiesis activity or erythropoiesis stimulation

activity of the drug. It may be due to the supplementation of copper and iron together

as trace elements in biologically acceptable form required in erythropoiesis. It is also

to be noted that Iron supplementation, copper supplementation, or other trace

elemental supplementation is desired but as copper ion helps in augmented

metabolism of Iron the effect of Swarnamakshika can be justified pro normoblast and

pro reticulocyte activity of swarnamakshika bhasma is hence a true drug effect. It

indicates the level of activity of Swarnamakshika bhasma and its metabolic

components. This effect may be due to its supplementation or metabolic enzyme

correction activity where as positive control group treated with phenylhydrazine

caused decrease in pro normoblast and reticulocyte content. Hence it can be said that,

swarnamakshika bhasma is having positive actual drug effect over erythropoiesis by

means of increasing pronormoblast and recticulocyte count However it is be noted

that Swarnamakshika bhasma is a mineralo metallic trace elemental nano particle and

do not contain any aminoacid or other orgasupplements which are required in

erythropoiesis even then swarnamakshika bhasma is showing pro erythropoiesis

activity mean while the drug has shown decrease in normoblast the normocyte level

and positive control has increased normoblast and normocyte count which may be due

to the effect of Swarnamakshika bhasma is more inclined at myeloid to erythroid cell,

pronormoblast and reticulocyte level where as phenylhydrazine is better at the level of

normoblast and normocyte level.

116


Conclusion

CONCLUSION

In this research work we have drawn following conclusions from various sections of

the work.

• Swarnamakshika was included in Maharasa varga as it is useful in both Dehavada

and dhatuvada.

• For any study ideally the sample should be according to the specifications. The

sample in the present study is absolutely as per the classics.

• Physical and chemical analysis is essential for the quality control of the durg as

well as standardization.

• Among the various shodhana procedure mentioned in classics Nirvapa for

shodhana was found to be more effective.

• Shodhana and Marana makes Swarnamakshika free from the doshas.

• Desired Bhasma lakshanas were attained after 10th Gajaputa.

• Shodhana makes Swarna Makshika free from the doshas, as ashodhita Makshika

is harmful to the body.

• Swarna Makshika Bhasma is a Rasayana and Shamanoushadha

• As it contains Iron and Copper is useful in improving RBC count as well as Hb %

in the blood and also copper promotes absorption of iron.

• No side effects of Swarna Makshika were obseved during the study.

An honest and sincere effort is put in this study, to have all the details. But for the

time constraint, there could be more scope to have detailed study in this subject.

117


Summary

SUMMARY

This Dissertation work entitled “Preparation, Physico chemical analysis of

Swarnamakshika bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic Activity, An Experimental

Study” comprises eight chapters namely Review of Literature Objectives,

Methodology, which is sub divided into Pharmaceutical study, Analytical study and

Experimental study, Results, Discussion, Conclusion & Summary.

Introduction: A brief Introduction, which gives complete idea of the subject, is given

in the beginning. It depicts the importance of Rasashastra, its position and importance.

Aims and Objectives: of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.

Review of literature: Drug review is explained with respective ancient and recent

advances.

Drug review: Historical references of Swarnamakshika with Synonyms,

classifications, occurance, properties, grahya agrahya lakshanas and swarnamakshiaka

dohsa and shodana, marana, amrutikarana, matra and usage. Modern view of

Swarnamakshika has been explained with physical and chemical properties.

Disease review: It deals with Pandu with its Nirukti and Paribasha, Nidana,

Samprapti, Poorvaroopa, Roopa, Upadrava etc.

Materials and methods: Here it deals about Pharmaceutical, Analytical and

Haematinic activity. Pharmaceutical includes Shodhana and preparation of


Analytical Study: Deals about Physico chemical analysis of Swarnamakshika and

Swarnamakshika Bhasma.

Experimental study: It dealt with selection of animals, collection and mode of

administration of drugs, experimental parameters were mentioned.

118


Summary

Discussion: Discussion on Drug review has been discussed. In the part of

Pharmaceutical discussion. Shodhana, Marana, Amrutikarana, Gajaputa, Analytical

and Experimental study and their rationalities were discussed and also it includes

logical interpretation of results and also probable mode of action of Swarnamakshika

bhasma.

Conclusion: Possible conclusions were drawn.

Summary: Summaries the entire work.

119


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