Swedish International Development Agency
SESSION 11
United Nations Environment ProgramDivision of Technology Industry and Economy
CP and MEA policy integration
ACME Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
1/ Background information> What does “policy making” refers to?
2/ Cleaner Production> Links between CP and MEA policies?
3/ UNFCCC> National policies?
4/ Basel Convention> National policies?
5/ Stockholm Convention> National policies?
6/ Policy development> What are the crucial elements in the policydevelopment cycle?
OUTLINEObjectives of this session
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“Policy making” refers to:
> a long-term, interactive, iterative and multi-stakeholder process, to develop a framework to implement a certain policy, and to evaluate and modify its implementation on a regular basis.
> elaborating a policy document or a policy statement – such as a national policy. This is only one part of the policy development process.
BACKGROUNDDefining “Policy”
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Policy is not equivalent to ‘regulations’ or ‘a legal framework’.
Policy represents a pallet / toolbox of possible instruments for policy instrumentation varying from ‘stick’ to ‘carrot’.
BACKGROUND“Policy” versus “Regulation”
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Legislation Financial
Technical Communication
BACKGROUNDGeneric toolbox for policies
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BACKGROUNDRange of policy instruments
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CLEANER PRODUCTIONMEA versus CP
MEAs are ‘focused’ on one single issue. ≠ CP is integrated.
MEA starts from the command-and-control
(top-down) ≠ CP starts from the voluntary actions
(bottom-up)
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LEGISLATION> Environmental norms and regulations.> Specific CP laws.> Mandatory CP assessments.> Link with permitting.
FINANCIAL> Emission fees and non-compliance fees.> Customised tax systems.> Grants, subsidies.> Financial assistance.
TECHNICAL> Technical guidelines.> Service support centres.> Clearinghouses.
COMMUNICATION> Voluntary agreements / industry codes of practices.> Education / awareness campaigns.> Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers.> (Non-financial) award systems.
AnalysisCLEANER PRODUCTION
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UNFCCCAnalysis
LEGISLATION> Regulations> Standards
FINANCIAL> Energy and CO2 taxes> Green taxation> Energy / electricity subsidies> Subsidies renewable systems> Green certificates
TECHNICAL> Research & development> Capacity building> Assessment guidelines> Overview of BAT’s
COMMUNICATION> Voluntary agreements> Information> Education> Public awareness campaigns.
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Tax system > Price on energy and/or tax on carbon or green taxation determines behavior of target group.> Inadequate pricing (or even subsidising) energy perhaps stimulates economic growth but is contra-productive to efficiency improvement.> Innovative tax systems (on physical terms instead of labour and income).
Voluntary agreements> Covenant approach (Netherlands).> Long-term agreement.> Target setting, no strict compulsary prescription of measures.> Flexibility and transparency are crucial elements for industry to develop strategy.
UNFCCCExamples
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Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives
http://www.unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.php
UNFCCCReferences / information sources
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BASEL CONVENTIONAnalysis
LEGISLATION> Preventive Rules in WM Acts> National Action Plans> Product Ordinances> (Compulsary) audit schemes
FINANCIAL> Eco-tax on products> Tailored tax for disposal> Licensed charges > R&D funds for Eco-design
TECHNICAL> Guidelines with BAT’s> Eco-design guidance> Demonstration projects> Technical support centres
COMMUNICATION> Extended Producer Responsibility > Eco-labelling
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Compulsary standards / bans> Strict rules what kind of components / raw materials can be used in production.> Bans what kind of chemicals can be disposed (e.g. not allowed for landfilling, so either expensive treatment or incineration or incentive to seek way for avoiding).
Eco-labelling / EPR> Extended Producer Responsibility (e.g. voluntary agreements) including:
- Eco-design- Take back responsibility- Eco-labelling (clear information of consistence of product and how to dispose it)
Examples BASEL CONVENTION
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Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives
http://www.basel.int/natreporting/status.html
References / information sourcesBASEL CONVENTION
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTIONAnalysis
LEGISLATION> National Implementation Plans> National Inter-depart. Councils> Tailored (CP) Laws> Specialised POP’s Laws
FINANCIAL> Support for developing NIP’s> Support for destroying POP’s> Support for substituting POP’s
TECHNICAL> Specialised support centres> Overview BAT’s> Monitoring programmes> Establishment analytical laboratories
COMMUNICATION> Registers> Information Exchange Networks> PR Campaigns
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National Implementation Plan> Requirement under the Convention> Good examples: Philippines, Switzerland, Canada, Armenia
- Nice mix of instruments- Priority to Cleaner Production- Mix of policies and capacity building / awareness raising actions- Multi-stakeholder involvement
Information clearing houses> Stockholm Convention has developed already an online system, so seek suggestions for process changes, materials substitution, etc. per sector and/or waste stream
ExamplesSTOCKHOLM CONVENTION
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Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives
http://www.pops.int/documents/implementation/nips/submissions/default.htm
References / information sourcesSTOCKHOLM CONVENTION
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1.Analysis of the current
situation (problems / barriers / needs)
4.Implementation
5.Evaluation
2.Set priorities
and objectives3.
Policy development, including strategy,
action plan and instruments
POLICY DEVELOPMENTTheoretic development cycle
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During the start of policy making> Stakeholder analysis (needs, motivation, interests)> Evaluation of existing system (instruments, implementation stage, acceptance, barriers / problems, effectiveness)> Building consensus and common goal> Identification priorities> Define clear and measurable objectives
When defining the policies> Selection of a mix of instruments> Design strategy and action plan for implementation> Information and education campaigns> Monitoring of the implementation> Evaluation of the policy effectiveness> Periodic policy adjustment
Specific stepsPOLICY DEVELOPMENT
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General observations> There is no one single ‘right’ way of policy development.> Policy development is a long-term, repetitive process.> Regular evaluation and modification are necessary.
Basic conditions for good policy development> Political will.> Interest of relevant stakeholders.> General awareness.> Policy continuity and stability.> Adaptation to local conditions.
ConclusionPOLICY DEVELOPMENT
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Crucial elements of policies:
> Integrative approach;
> Seek for the most optimum mix of instruments;
> Clarity on hierarchy;
> Strive for mainstreaming;
> Development via multi-stakeholder approach.
CONCLUSIONWarp up of the session
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CONCLUSIONEnd of session 11
Thank you for your attention…Any questions?
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