http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a chapter published in Swedish Urban Demography duringIndustrialization.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Brändström, A., Ericsson, T. (1995)Social mobility and social networks. The lower middle class in late nineteenth centurySundsvall..In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Swedish Urban Demography duringIndustrialization (pp. 251-283). Umeå: Umeå universitet

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132411

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cdn \mod^g` dn k\mo ja \ g\mb`m kmje`^o aj^pndib ji nj^d\g i`orjm*fdib di oc` ojri ja Opi_nq\gg _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc`

idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt+ Pc` kmje`^o \oo`hkon oj nop_t oc` r\t dircd^c _daa`m`io nj^d\g bmjpkn di Opi_nq\gg \nnj^d\o`_ ocmjpbch\mmd\b`) cjr oc`t äi`orjmf`_ã ocmjpbc k\mod^dk\odib \n rdo*i`nn`n \o h\mmd\b` ^`m`hjid`n \i_ \n bj_a\oc`mn,hjoc`mn \o oc`]dmoc ja \ijoc`m a\hdgtçn ^cdg_+ Pc` kmje`^o rdgg \gnj gjjf \o oc`nj^d\g hj]dgdot ja _daa`m`io bmjpkn di oc` kjkpg\odji \o q\mdjpnno\b`n di oc` di_pnomd\g \i_ pm]\i cdnojmt ja Opi_nq\gg+ Sc`i r`gjjf \o nj^d\g hj]dgdot) jpm kmdh` ^ji^`mi dn ijo oj h`\npm`nj^d\g ^c\ib`n ji \ cd`m\m^cd^\g n^\g`) ]po m\oc`m gjjf \o ^RRd_P$cX^]P[ RWP]VTb m`npgodib amjh nj^d\g i`orjmfdib) jm cjr nj^d\gi`orjmfdib diagp`i^`_ oc` r\t di rcd^c k`jkg` ^c\ib`_ j^^p*k\odjin+ Hdf` Fjci Cjg_ocjmk` \i_ Nj]`mo Amdfnji r` ]`gd`q`oc\o ^g\nn dn ijo jigt diagp`i^`_ ]t kjgdod^\g jm _dn^pmndq` km\^*od^`n) ]po ]t _`hjbm\kcd^ ^g\nn ajmh\odji+ Pcdn h`\in oc\o da \bdq`i nj^d\g ^g\nn dn m`^mpdo`_ amjh _dq`mn` nj^d\g jmdbdin) don^pgopm`) gda`notg`n \i_ kjgdod^\g jmd`io\odjin \m` gdf`gt oj ]` am\b*h`io`_ ndi^` oc`t rdgg m`ag`^o oc` _dq`mb`io ajmhn ja nj^d\gdu\odjija don _daa`m`io jmdbdin+ >po) da \ ^g\nn dn g\mb`gt n`ga*m`^mpdo`_) donh`h]`mn rdgg c\q` hjm` pidajmh `sk`md`i^`n+ Eo rdgg g`\_ oj \bm`\o`m _`bm`` ja _`hjbm\kcd^ ^g\nn ajmh\odji+ Pc` m`npgo rdgg

) . 1 - )

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]` oc\o ]`^jhdib \ ^jc`ndq` nj^d\g \i_ kjgdod^\g ajm^` dn hjm`gdf`gt+.Cjg_ocjmk` \mbp`n oc\o oc` cdbc _`bm`` ja _`hjbm\kcd^^g\nn ajmh\odji rdocdi oc` Aibgdnc rjmfdib ^g\nn hdbco ]` ji`m`\nji rct do r\n npnkd^djpn ja jpond_` hd__g`*^g\nn diagp`i^`n+/

Ei ocdn \mod^g` r` rdgg gjjf \o dio`m* \i_ diom\ b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdotajm njh` ^`iom\g nj^d\g bmjpkn di \i di_pnomd\g \i_ pm]\i `iqdmjih`io+@d_ oc`t %di jpm ^\n` oc` ^jm` ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn& h\i\b` oj h\dio\dioc`dm ^g\nn kjndodji di ]joc _`hjbm\kcd^ \i_ ^pgopm\g o`mhn jm _d_ oc`t]`^jh` am\bh`io`_ _p` oj ^c\ib`n diqjf`_ ]t di_pnomd\gdu\odji< S`rdgg aj^pn ji oc` gj^\g `^jijht di oc` ojri ja Opi_nq\gg di ijmoc`miOr`_`i _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt+ Bjm dino\i^`)^\i r` adi_ otkd^\g ähd__g` ^g\nnã om\_`n \i_ j^^pk\odjin oc\o r`m`^gjn`gt gdif`_) d+`+ oc\o am`lp`io j^^pk\odji\g `s^c\ib`n j^^pmm`_]`or``i oc`h< S`m` joc`m k\mon ja oc` gj^\g `^jijht ojo\ggt ^gjn`_\i_ \q\dg\]g` jigt oj `s^gpndq` bmjpkn< @d_ oc`n` k\oo`min ^c\ib` jq`modh`<

Pc` \mod^g` dn k\mo ja \ km`gdhdi\mt \i\gtndn+ Eo kjdion \o njh`h`ocj_jgjbd^\g _daad^pgod`n oc\o r` \m` a\^dibrdoc jpm njpm^` h\o`md\g+Eo rdgg \gnj jigt aj^pn ji oc` hd__g` ^g\nn kjkpg\odji ja Opi_nq\gg+Odi^` oc` hd__g` ^g\nn r`io ocmjpbc ^jind_`m\]g` nomp^opm\g ^c\ib`n_pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt) r` cjk` oj ^\kopm`njh` h\di om`i_n oc\o j^^pmm`_ di pm]\i Opi_nq\gg+ Kpm \kkmj\^c dnhjm` _`n^mdkodq` oc\i \i\gtod^\g \i_ oc` h`ocj_n oc\o r` pn` \m`oc`m`ajm` hjm` om\_dodji\g+

9W\ZXN]M\SXW@pmdib oc` g\no o`i t`\mn oc`m` c\n ]``i \ bmjrdib dio`m`no \hjibcdnojmd\in ajm oc` cdnojmt ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn+ Pcdn _`q`gjkh`io c\n]``i k\mod^pg\mgt nomjib di ^jpiomd`n gdf` C`mh\it) Bm\i^` \i_ Cm`\o>mdo\di) ]po \gnj di oc` Jjm_d^ ^jpiomd`n+ Pc`m` \m` _daa`m`io m`\njinajm ocdn dio`m`no+ Pc` hjno dhkjmo\io dn oc` kjgdod^\g mjg` kg\t`_ ]t oc`hd__g` ^g\nn di idi`o``ioc*^`iopmt Apmjk`\i cdnojmt+ I\it i`r kjgd*od^\g k\mod`n \kk`\m`_ di oc` \m`i\) rcd^c omd`_ oj ^m`\o` \ kjgdod^\gkg\oajmh rdoc oc` hd__g` ^g\nn) jm \k\mo ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn) \n don nj^d\g]\n`+ =ijoc`m dn oc` ^gjn` m`g\odjincdk ]`or``i di_pnomd\gdu\odji \i_oc` mjg` kg\t`_ ]t _daa`m`io hd__g` ^g\nn bmjpkn+ = ocdm_ m`\nji dn

) .1. )

NJ>D<GHJ=DGDOT<I? NJ>D<GI@ORJMFN

m`g\o`_ oj lp`nodjin ^ji^`midib oc` ajmh\odji ja oc` rjmfdib ^g\nn \i_oc` mjg` kg\t`_ ]t oc` gjr`m hd__g` g\nn jm oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`+0Djr`q`m) ji` dhkjmo\io \nk`^o) rcd^c c\n \oom\^o`_ g`nn \oo`iodji) dnoc` mjg` ja nj^d\g hj]dgdot di oc` ajmh\odji ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn+1

Ei Or`_`i) j^^pk\odji\g \i_ nj^d\g hj]dgdot c\n ]``i gdoog` nop_d`__pmdib oc` g\no adao``i t`\mn) \o g`\no \hjib cdnojmd\in+ Ki` `skg\i\odjidn oc\o Or`_dnc cdnojmd\in c\q` opmi`_ oc`dm dio`m`no amjh lp\iodo\odq`oj lp\gdo\odq` nop_d`n ja nj^d\g ^c\ib`+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) oc`m` `sdnon\ gjib `no\]gdnc`_ om\_dodji ja nop_tdib nj^d\g hj]dgdot) `nk`^d\ggt\hjib nj^djgjbdnon gdf` C}no\ ?\mgnnji \i_ Nj]`mo Amdfnji) \n `gn`*rc`m` di S`no`mi Apmjk` \i_ QO=+ Pc` m`n`\m^c c\n h\digt `hkc\*ndu`_ ocm`` b`i`m\g \nk`^on7 oc` m`g\odjincdk ]`or``i di_pnomd\gdu\odji\i_ nj^d\g hj]dgdot) oc` kjgdod^\g m`npgon ja nj^d\g hj]dgdot) \i_ oc``h`mb`i^` ja `gdo`n+3 Ei Or`_`i) cdnojmd\in c\q` h\digt _dn^pnn`_ oc`admno \i_ oc` ocdm_ \nk`^on+ Oop_d`n ja oc` nj^d\g hj]dgdot ja oc` hd__g`^g\nn) rcd^c dn oc` np]e`^o ja jpm \mod^g`) \m` m\m` di Or`_dnc cdnojmd^\gm`n`\m^c+ Ok`^dad^ j^^pk\odji\g bmjpkn rdocdi oc` hd__g` ^g\nn c\q`]``i nop_d`_) ]po g`nn \oo`iodji c\n ]``i k\d_ oj oc` hd__g` ^g\nn \n \rcjg`+4

= hjm` b`i`m\g _dn^pnndji ji nj^d\g hj]dgdot \i_ oc` Or`_dnck`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`) oc\o dn ncjkf``k`mn \i_ h\no`m \modn\in) c\n ]``i^\mmd`_ jpo ]t Pjh Amd^nnji+ Ddn \mbph`io dn oc\o oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jd*nd` r\n kmj]\]gt hjm` diagp`i^`_ ]t oc` ^jin`lp`i^`n ja nj^d\g \i_j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n oc\i \it joc`m ^g\nn di nj^d`ot+ Ij]dgdot r\nrd_`nkm`\_ ]`or``i _daa`m`io k`odo ]jpmb`jdn j^^pk\odjin \i_ ]`*or``i oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd` \i_ joc`m ^g\nn`n+ Bdmno) oc`m` r\n \ no`\_tnom`\h ja k`jkg` hjqdib di \i_ jpo ja oc` j^^pk\odjin oc\o ajmh`_oc` ^jm` ja oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`+ I\it h\i\b`_ oj n\q` \ nh\gg\hjpio ja ^\kdo\g) rcd^c h\_` do kjnnd]g` ajm oc`h oj jk`i \ nh\ggrjmfncjk jm \ m`o\dg ncjk+ Koc`mn m`opmi`_ oj oc` no\opn ja r\b``\mi`m) jm rjmn`) di oc` r\f` ja ]pndi`nn a\dgpm`+ O`^ji_gt) k`jkg` rcjji^` r`m` h\no`m \modn\in \i_ jri`mn ja nh\gg rjmfncjkn) hdbco g\o`mg`\q` kmj_p^odji ajm m`o\dg) ocpn `aa`^odq`gt om\inajmhdib oc`hn`gq`ndioj ncjkf``k`mn+ Pcdm_) oc`m` r`m` ocjn` rcj h\i\b`_ oj di^m`\n`oc`dm ^\kdo\g \i_ `sk\i_ oc`dm ]pndi`nn+ Pc` nh\gg ncjk bm`r ]dbb`m\i_ ]`^\h` k\mo ja \ g\mb`m ^jhkg`s ja ncjkn) \ ^c\di nojm` jm \_`k\moh`io nojm`) jm oc` nh\gg rjmfncjk bm`r \i_ ]`^\h` \ nh\gga\^ojmt+ Pc`n` k`jkg` jao`i g`ao oc` m`nomd^o`_ rjmg_ ja oc` k`odo`

) . 1 / )

<I?@MN =MsI?NOMtH<I? OJH@MD>NNJI

]jpmb`jdnd` ajm oc` nj^d\g hdgd`p ja oc` ]jpmb`jdnd` kmjk`m) jm oc`r`\goct hd__g` ^g\nn+5 Pc`n` \m` \gg `s\hkg`n ja diom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot) cjr j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n ajm \i di_dqd_p\g ^jpg_ j^^pmrdocdi cdn gda`nk\i+ Djr`q`m) r` \m` `lp\ggt dio`m`no`_ di oc` ncdao janj^d\g no\opn amjh ji` b`i`m\odji oj oc` i`so â dio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot+ I\it cdnojmd\in \i_ nj^djgjbdnon \mbp` oc\o k`jkg` hjq`hjno am`lp`iogt QTcfTT] ej]n di oc`dm gdq`n \i_ oc`m`ajm`) \ ^jhk\mdnji]`or``i oc` j^^pk\odji ja \ a\oc`m \o ji` kjdio di odh` \i_ oc` nji \o\ijoc`m kjdio di odh` hdnn`n oc` _ti\hdnh ja k`jkg`çn \^op\g ej]n \i_^g\nn hj]dgdot+ Pj njh` `so`io) jpm _`n^mdkodji \]jq` npkkjmon oc\oqd`r âam`lp`io j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n j^^pmm`_ rdocdi oc` gda`nk\i ja\i di_dqd_p\g+ Djr`q`m) \^^jm_dib oj Amdfnji \i_ Cjg_ocjmk`) da oc\o_ti\hdnh kg\t`_ np^c \i dhkjmo\io mjg` ajm ^g\nn ajmh\odji) oc`dio`m*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot ncjpg_ \gnj c\q` ncjri \ bm`\o`mq\md\odji)rcd^c _j`n ijo n``h oj c\q` ]``i oc` ^\n + Pc`t npbb`no oc\o dio`m*b`*i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot m`ag`^o oc` a\^ojmn oc\o bjq`mi m`g\odq` hj]dgdot) jmänj^d\g agpd_dotã \n oc`t o`mh do) \i_ oc\o diom\*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdotjigt npbb`non oc` r\tn di rcd^c k`jkg`Z`o dioj oc`dm ^g\nn gj^\odji ]t`_p^\odji\g) nj^d\g \i_ ^pgopm\g a\^ojmn+

CRO \X_W XP B]WN[^KUU SW \RO WSWO\OOW\R MOW\]Za=o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt Opi_nq\gg r\n \q`mt nh\ggojri+ Oodgg) \o oc` `i_ ja oc` .52-n) oc` iph]`m ja k`jkg` di hd__g`^g\nn j^^pk\odjin di Opi_nq\gg r\n \]jpo 02- k`mnjin \^^jm_dib oj oc`^`inpn ja oc` jg_ ?`iom\g >pm`\p ja Oo\odnod^n %P\]`ggq`mf`o&+ Pc`]dbb`no ndibg` j^^pk\odji r\n h\no`m \modn\i) ajggjr`_ ]t ncjkf``k`m\i_ adnc`mh\i+ Pc` iph]`m ja a\^ojmt jri`mn \i_ rcjg`n\g`mn) \i_cdbc`m \i_ gjr`m ^dqdg n`mq\ion r\n q`mt gjr+ Pc` ^`inpn ja .522 ncjrnoc\o oc` nj^d\g nomp^opm` ja Opi_nq\gg r\nq`mt hp^c gdf` oc` om\_dodji\g\bm\md\i ojri+ Ocjkf``k`mn) h\no`m \modn\in \i_ adnc`mh`i _jhdi\o`_oc` nj^d\g nomp^opm` \i_ kjgdod^\g \i_ `^jijhd^ gda`+ Pc` \nnj^d\odjinajpi_`_ ]t oc`n` nj^d\g bmjpkn _pmdib oc` .5oc \i_ `\mgt .6oc ^`iopmd`n_jhdi\o`_ ^pgopm\g gda`+

Sdoc oc` `h`mb`i^` ja oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt Opi_nq\gg bm`r q`mtm\kd_gt+ >`or``i .52- \i_ .56- oc` kjkpg\odji di^m`\n`_ amjh /)504oj .0)/.2+.- Opi_nq\gg \i_ don npmmjpi_dib k\mdnc`n ]`^\h` oc` hjno

) .10 )

NJ>D<GHJ=DGDOT<I? NJ>D<GI@ORJMFN

_ti\hd^ \i_ a\no`no bmjrdib di_pnomd\g \m`\ di ijmoc`mi Apmjk`+ Pc`dhkjmo\i^` ja oc` ojri di oc\o ^jio`so ^\i ]` dggphdi\o`_ di n`q`m\gr\tn+ Opi_nq\gg r\n oc` admno nojk ajm oc` rjmf`mn ]`ajm` oc`t hjq`_apmoc`m oj oc` n\rhdggn+ Pc` i`r rjmfdib ^g\nn _dnomd^o _`h\i_`_\^^`nn oj bjj_n \i_ n`mqd^`n) rcd^c nh\gg mpm\g k\mdnc`n ^jpg_ ijonpkkgt+ Ki` ja oc` hjno dhkjmo\io ^jin`lp`i^`n r\n) oc`m`ajm`) oc`nomjib di^m`\n` di oc` m`o\dg ]pndi`nn di oc` ojri+ Kg_ ncjkn b\di`_i`r gda` \i_ i`r ji`n r`m` `no\]gdnc`_+ >`or``i .532 \i_ .56- oc`iph]`m ja ncjkf``k`mn bm`r amjh 6- oj /2/) rcd^c ^jhk\m`_ oj joc`mojrin di Or`_`i r\n \ q`mt nomjib di^m`\n`+.. Pc` `sk\indji ja oc`m`o\dg om\_` \gnj ^c\ib`_ oc` nj^d\g \i_ b`i_`m nomp^opm` \hjib ncjk*f``k`mn+ >`ajm` .532 q`mt a`r rjh`i r`m` ]pndi`nn jri`mn) ]po oc`tnjji ]`^\h` \i dhkjmo\io `g`h`io \hjib gj^\g ncjkf``k`mn+ Pc`dm]pndi`nn`n r`m` jao`i nh\gg \i_ oc`t `no\]gdnc`_ oc`hn`gq`n di \m`\nrcd^c om\_dodji\ggt \oom\^o`_ rjh`i) `+b+ UPbWX^]+ Ei oc` m`o\dg om\_`ncjkn b`i`m\ggt \gnj ]`^\h` hjm` nk`^d\gdu`_+

Ei oc` joc`m om\_dodji\g om\_`) oc` c\i_d^m\aon) oc` _`q`gjkh`io r\n_daa`m`io+ Pc` di^m`\n` ja h\no`m \modn\in r\n gdhdo`_) amjh 63 di .532

-.oj ..1 di .56-+ J`q`moc`g`nn) oc` nomp^opm\g ^c\ib`n r`m` j]qdjpn+Pc` rjmfncjkn ]`^\h` ]dbb`m \i_ oc` iph]`m ja `hkgjt``n di^m`\*n`_) k\mod^pg\mgt \ao`m oc` _`nomp^odq` ojri adm` di .555) rc`i g\mb`\m`\n c\_ oj ]` ^jhkg`o`gt m`]pdgo+ Pc` _daa`m`i^` ]`or``i \ ncjkf`*`k`m \i_ \ h\no`m \modn\i r\n jao`i q`mt nh\gg+ I\it h\no`m \modn\in^c\ib`_ amjh oc` kmj_p^odji ja bjj_n oj oc` n`ggdib \i_ m`k\dmdib jadi_pnomd\g kmj_p^on) `b ncj`h\f`mn njg_ i`r ncj`n \i_ m`k\dm`_ jg_ji`n+.0

Pc` `h`mb`i^` ja oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt \gnj a\qjpm`_ oc` bmjrocja hd__g` ^g\nn j^^pk\odjin oc\o r`m` _dm`^ogt diqjgq`_ di _jh`nod^\i_ dio`mi\odji\g om\_`+ Pc` iph]`m ja ncdkjri`mn) ^jhhdnndji`mn\i_ ncdkkdib \b`ion di^m`\n`_+ Pc` i`r mjg` ja oc` ojri \gnj _`h\i*_`_ \ m`jmb\idu\odji ja oc` gj^\g ^jhhpidot) rcd^c h`\io i`rjkkjmopidod`n di gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m j^^pk\odjin+ Pc` i`r mjg` ja oc`ojri ]`^\h` ^g`\m \gm`\_t di oc` hd__g` ja oc` .54-n+Sdocdi oc` pkk`mhd__g` ^g\nn) oc` kjmodji ja rcjg`n\g`mn \i_ a\^ojmt jri`mn r`io_jri) rcdg` oc` kjmodji ja cdbc`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn `hkgjt`_ digj^\g bjq`mih`io) oc` Ljno Kaad^`) oc` P`g`bm\kc ?jhk\it \i_ oc`?pnojh O`mqd^` di^m`\n`_+ Djr`q`m) oc`m` r\n \gnj \i di^m`\n` jak`jkg` rdoc npk`mqdnjmt api^odjin rdocdi oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt+ Pc`

) . 1 1 )

<I?@MN =MsI?NOMtH<I? OJH @MD>NNJI

n\h` o`i_`i^t r\n \gnj `qd_`io di joc`m kmdq\o` `io`mkmdn`n np^c \n]\ifn+

U`o) oc` hjno _m\h\od^ kjkpg\odji ^c\ib`r\n oc` di^m`\n` ja gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn+ Ei oc` hd__g` ja oc` ^`iopmt Opi_nq\gg ^jpio`_jigt \ a`r ]jjff``k`mn `hkgjt`_ ]t oc` ojriçn rcjg`n\g`mn) \ a`ro`\^c`mn \i_ \ c\i_apg ja ^g`mfn di oc` gj^\g bjq`mih`io+ Pc` di^m`\n`ja gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn \kk`\m`_ di gj^\g \_hdidnom\odji) oc`Ljno Kaad^`) oc` P`g`bm\kc \i_ oc` ?pnojh O`mqd^`) \i_ di _daa`m`iokmdq\o` ]pndi`nn`n np^c \n rcjg`n\gdib) oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt) _jh`nod^om\_` \i_ ]\ifn) rc`m` oc` iph]`m ja ej]n ^c\m\^o`mdu`_ ]t mjpodi`bm`r a\no+

CRO [X]ZMO[ XP [XMSKU VXLSUS\aEi ocdn \mod^g` r` c\q` pn`_ jigt ji` n`o ja njpm^`n ajm oc` nop_t janj^d\g hj]dgdot âoc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn ajm oc` ojri ja Opi_nq\gg+ Pc`n`^jindno ja oc` ]dmoc \i_ ]\kodnh m`bdno`mn) oc` hdbm\odji m`bdno`mn) oc`m`bdno`mn ajm ]\iin \i_ h\mmd\b`n) oc` _`\oc \i_ ]pmd\g m`bdno`mn) \i_oc` pidlp` Or`_dnc ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`m+ Sc`i ^jh]di`_oc`n` njpm^`n npkkgt pn rdoc \ g\mb` q\md`ot ja j^^pk\odji\g odog`n) ]pooc` r\t di rcd^c oc`t \m` jmb\idu`_ oc`t \gnj ^m`\o` kmj]g`hn+ E_`\ggt)\it nop_t ja nj^d\g hj]dgdot rjpg_ ]`i`ado amjh c\qdib \^^`nn ojj^^pk\odji\g _\o\ rcd^c dn h`\npm`_ \o ads`_ kjdion di odh` jm) `q`i]`oo`m) \o ads`_ \b`n ja oc` di_dqd_p\gn+

Djr`q`m) ocdn dn ijo omp` rdoc oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Pc` diajmh\odjidi oc` hdidno`md\g gdnon dn njg`gt _`k`i_`io ji qdo\g `q`ion \i_hdbm\odji+= k`mnji rjpg_ jigt \kk`\m di np^c gdnon XUc` jm nc`hdbm\o`_) h\mmd`_)jm b\q` ]dmoc oj ^cdg_m`i+ Kigt \o oc` odh` ja np^c `q`ion rjpg_ oc`hdidno`m c\q` \i jkkjmopidot oj äpk_\o`ã oc` j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\*odji+ =gnj) ndi^` r` \m` rjmfdib rdoc \ ndibg` k\mdnc) r` jigt b`o np^cdiajmh\odji da oc` qdo\g `q`io c\n j^^pmm`_ fXcWX] cWT _PaXbW% =ggdi_dqd_p\gn rdgg \o njh` kjdio di odh` \kk`\m di oc` ]dmoc m`bdno`mn \i_oc` _`\oc*\i_ ]pmd\g m`bdno`mn) ]po \b\di) r` rdgg jigt b`o oc\o diajm*h\odji da oc` `q`io ojjf kg\^` di Opi_nq\gg+ Pc` ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odjim`bdno`m dn _daa`m`io+ Ojh` ja don ^jio`io dn pk_\o`_ \iip\ggt) ]po \ i`rqjgph` dn ijo jk`i`_ piodg oc` admno ji` dn ^jhkg`o`_+ Pc\o h`\in oc\om`bdno`mn ^jpg_ ^jq`m \ odh` nk\i ja n`q`m\g t`\mn+ =b\di) \it pk_\o`n

) . 1 2 )

NJ>D<GHJ=DGDOT<I? NJ>D<GI@ORJMFN

ja j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\odji rjpg_ ]` _`k`i_`io ji qdo\g `q`ion) ]poP[b^ ji oc` ]`c\qdjpm ja joc`mn+ Sc`i \k\b` dn adgg`_rdoc diajmh\odji)k`mc\kn _p` oj oc` iph]`m ja `q`ion c\kk`idib di joc`m a\hdgd`n) \i`r k\b` rdgg ]` jk`i`_ \i_ \gg di_dqd_p\gn m`rmdoo`i â\ ^c\i^` ajmj^^pk\odji\g pk_\o`n+ Ka ^jpmn`) oc` n\h` ocdib c\kk`i`_ rc`i \i`iodm`gt i`r qjgph` r\n jk`i`_+

Pc` ojo\g iph]`m ja j^^pk\odji\g odog`n oc\o ^\i ]` \nndbi`_ oj \idi_dqd_p\g rdgg ^jin`lp`iogt ]` _`k`i_`io ji oc` ojo\g iph]`m ja_`hjbm\kcd^ `q`ion oc\o oc` k`mnji `sk`md`i^`_+ =gnj) oc` odhdib jaoc`n` `q`ion rdgg q\mt ^jind_`m\]gt ]`or``i di_dqd_p\gn) ]joc \n oj oc`ojo\g _pm\odji ja odh` ]`or``i ]dmoc \i_ jpo*hdbm\odji,_`\oc) ]`*or``i `q`ion) \i_ oc` \b` \o rcd^c `\^c ja oc`n` `q`ion o\f` kg\^`+ Eo\gnj diomj_p^`n \ ]d\n7 oc` g\mb`no \hjpio ja j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\odjirdgg ]` \nndbi`_ oj oc` di_dqd_p\gn rdoc hjno qdo\g `q`ion âdi jpm ^\n )pnp\ggt oc` g`nn hdbm\ojmt kjmodji ja oc` kjkpg\odji+ Bjm oc` hd__g`^g\nn di Opi_nq\gg ocdn dn `nk`^d\ggt omjp]g`njh`+ Eo r\n pnp\ggt \ cdbcgthj]dg` bmjpk) rcd^c ^\i ]` dggpnom\o`_ ]t gjjfdib \o rc\o r` ^jpg_^\gg _TabXbcT]RT aPcTb \hjib di*hdbm\ion+ =hjib hd__g` g\nn di*hd*bm\ion g`nn oc\i 22 k`m^`io r`m` nodgg m`nd_`ion di oc` ojri \ao`m adq`t`\mn ^\g^pg\o`_ amjh oc`dm `iomt dioj oc` ojri ajm oc` k`mdj_.5-2*.536) jigt /-k`m^`io _pmdib Opi_nq\ggçnk`mdj_ ja oc` hjno m\kd_kjkpg\odji bmjroc \i_ di_pnomd\gdu\odji â.54-*.546) \i_ /2 k`m^`io_pmdib no\]dgdu\odji \i_ m`^`nndji .55-*.562+.1

=ijoc`m kjnnd]g` njpm^` ajm oc` nop_t ja nj^d\g hj]dgdot rjpg_ ]`oc` _^[[ cPg aTVXbcTab% Pc`t apgadgg oc` ^mdo`mdji ja bdqdib j^^pk\odji\godog`n \o ads`_ kjdion di odh`+ Bjm Opi_nq\gg) oc`t c\q` ]``i ^jhkpo`*mdu`_ ajm `q`mt o`ioc t`\m ]`or``i .5-- \i_ .56-+ Djr`q`m) oc`tpnp\ggt m`bdno`m j^^pk\odji\g odog`n ajm nk`^dad^ n`bh`ion ja oc` kjkpg\*odji) otkd^\ggt c`\_n ja cjpn`cjg_n jm jri`mn ja kmjk`mot+ Bjm oc`odh` ]`dib) r` c\q` _`^d_`_ ijo oj pn` ocdn njpm^`+

Pc`m` dn \gr\tn oc` kjnnd]dgdot ja R^\QX]X]V j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\*odji amjh ]joc njpm^`n âoc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn \i_ oc` kjgg o\s m`bdno`mn+Ki` ^jpg_ \gnj di^gp_` joc`m fdi_n ja h\o`md\g â cjnkdo\g m`^jm_n)^`inpn*otk` h\o`md\g) `o^+) oj h\sdhdu` \q\dg\]g` j^^pk\odji\g diajm*h\odji+ Djr`q`m) ocdn m\dn`n njh` dhkjmo\io h`ocj_jgjbd^\g dnnp`n+=it njpm^` ^jio\didib j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\odji m`ag`^on) di njh` r\tjm oc` joc`m) \ ndop\odji ja ]TV^cXPcX^] ]`or``i oc` f``k`m ja oc`m`bdno`m \i_ oc` diajmh\io+ Pcdn i`bjod\odib kmj^`_pm` diqjgq`n orj

) .13 )

<I?@MN =MsI?NOMtH<I? OJH@MD>NNJI

k\mod`n rdoc _daa`m`io kjr`mn ja diagp`i^`+ Pc\o kjr`m) jm i`bjod\odibnom`iboc) rdgg q\mt amjh ndop\odji oj ndop\odji \i_ amjh odh` oj odh`+Ei ji` ndop\odji oc` diajmh\io ^\i kmj]\]gt ^jiomjg oc` kmj^`_pm` \i_ndhkgt o`gg oc` m`^jm_ f``k`m rc\o odog` oj `io`m rdocjpo c\qdib ojnpkkjmo cdn jm c`m ^g\dh rdoc apmoc`m `qd_`i^`+ Ei \ijoc`m ndop\odjioc` m`^jm_ f``k`m hdbco `io`m \ odog` rdocjpo `q`m ^jiamjiodib oc`diajmh\io+

>t hdsdib _daa`m`io njpm^`n rdoc j^^pk\odji\g diajmh\odji r` \gnjhds j^^pk\odjin m`^jm_`_ di _daa`m`io ndop\odjin ja i`bjod\odji+ S`hdbco ]` o`hko`_ oj ocdif oc\o r` c\q` PSSTS diajmh\odji ja oc` n\h`fdi_+ Eino`\_) r` c\q` \__`_ diajmh\odji ja P]^cWTa ZX]S% Pc\o di*ajmh\odji hdbco ]` q`mt pn`apg _`k`i_dib ji oc` lp`nodjin oc\o r`\m` omtdib oj \inr`m) ]po ajm nop_tdib nj^d\g hj]dgdot do ^\iijo ]`om`\o`_ \n epno di^m`\ndib oc` iph]`m ja kjdion rc`m` r` h`\npm` oc`nj^d\g kjndodji+ =gnj) do ^\iijo ]` om`\o`_ \n npk`mdjm diajmh\odji+Sc\o dn oj ]` m`b\m_`_ \n \ ä^jmm`^oã j^^pk\odji\g odog` di ji` ^jio`so)hdbco ]` m`b\m_`_ di \ ojo\ggt _daa`m`io r\t di \ijoc`m nj^d\g ^jio`so+Ei ji` ndop\odji do hdbco ]` n\odna\^ojmt) `doc`m oj oc` di_dqd_p\g jm oc`m`^jm_ f``k`m) oj ]` m`^jm_`_ \n \ bW^_ZTT_Ta% Ei joc`m ^dm^phno\i^`n)\ hjm` r`gg*_`adi`_ odog` dn m`b\m_`_ \n i`^`nn\mt) ajm dino\i^` oj ]`^\gg`_ \Va^RTa% Pc` dhkjmo\io ocdib dn oc\o da oc`t ^jh` amjh _daa`m`ionjpm^`n jm ndop\odjin ja i`bjod\odji) oc`t ^\iijo ]` pn`_ ajm ^c\ibdiboc` nj^d\g nom\odad^\odji ja oc` di_dqd_p\g+ J\opm\ggt) r` ^\i \gnj `sk`^ooj adi_ _daa`m`io ndop\odjin ja i`bjod\odji rc`i r` _`\g rdoc oc` bP\T

ZX]S ja njpm^` h\o`md\g+ Pc` kmjg`o\md\i dn g`nn gdf`gt oj ]` \]g` oj\^odq`gt diagp`i^` oc` diajmh\odji `io`m`_ ]t oc` m`^jm_ f``k`m di^jhk\mdnji rdoc oc` h\no`m \modn\i+

= ^gjn`m gjjf \o oc` ^RRd_PcX^]P[ [P]VdPVT \i_ cjr do dn ^ji^`dq`_di _daa`m`io ndop\odjin rjpg_ ]` \ q`mt dio`m`nodib ojkd^ ajm \it nop_tja nj^d\g hj]dgdot+ Djr _j`n \i di_dqd_p\g ^cjjn` oj _`n^md]` cdhn`gadi _daa`m`io nj^d\g ^jio`son< Sc\o dhk\^o rdgg oc\o c\q` ji jpm _`n^mdk*odjin ja oc` nj^d\g nom\odad^\odji rdocdi \ nj^d`ot< Pc`n` \m` dhkjmo\iolp`nodjin) ]po oc`t rdgg ijo ]` oc` kmdh\mt ji`n ajm ocdn \mod^g`+

= h\ejm kmj]g`h di nop_tdib nj^d\g hj]dgdot \i_ oc` hd__g` ^g\nndn oc` rd_` m\ib` ja j^^pk\odjin oc\o ^jpg_ ]` STUX]TS \n hd__g` ^g\nnj^^pk\odjin+ Pc` j^^pk\odjin ja oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`) oc` ncjkf``*k`mn) oc` h\no`m \modn\in \i_ joc`m nh\gg `iom`km`i`pmn ajmh ji`dhkjmo\io k\mo ja oc` nomp^opm` ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn+ =ijoc`m k\mo dn oc`

).14 )

NJ>D<GHJ=DGDOT<I? NJ>D<GI@ORJMFN

`h`mbdib j^^pk\odji\g ^g\nn jarcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn di kmdq\o` `hkgjt*h`io \i_ oc` ^dqdg n`mqd^`+ Pc` ]pm`\p^m\odu\odji ja oc` kmdq\o` \i_^dqdg n`^ojm ^m`\o`_ ocjpn\i_n ja i`r ej]n ajm ^g`mfn+ Bjm h\it ja oc`hgdqdib ^ji_dodjin _d_ ijo _daa`m q`mt hp^c amjh oc` rjmfdib ^g\nn) ]pooc`dm nj^d\g no\opn _d_+ Pc`dm ej]n r`m` ijo \P]dP[ [PQ^da% Ki oc` joc`m`som`h`) cjr ncjpg_ r` om`\o oc` pkk`m `^c`gjin ja nj^d`ot) `b ]db^\kdo\g jri`mn \i_ kmja`nndji\gn rdoc \i \^\_`hd^ ]\^fbmjpi_) gdf`kctnd^d\in<

Ei jpm _dn^pnndji r` c\q` _`adi`_ oc` hd__g` ^g\nn ]joc amjh \nj^d\g \i_ \i `^jijhd^ kjdio ja qd`r \i_ amjh don nk`^dad^ ^g\nn^jin^djpni`nn+ Pc` _daa`m`io nj^d\g bmjpkn) rcd^c \m` di^gp_`_ di jpmijodji äoc` hd__g` ^g\nnã n`k\m\o`_ oc`h amjh joc`m ^g\nn`n di nj^d`ot)]joc nj^d\ggt \i_ `^jijhd^\ggt+ Pc`m`ajm`) r` c\q` ijo di^gp_`_j^^pk\odjin jm nj^d\g bmjpkn rcd^c \m` ijmh\ggt \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc oc`rjmfdib ^g\nn jm ocjn` \]jq`) ijmh\ggt m`b\m_`_ \n oc` pkk`m ]jpm*b`jdnd`) np^c \n a\^ojmt jri`mn) rcjg`n\g`mn \i_ \^\_`hd^n+ Pc` ^g\nn^jin^djpni`nn dn ijo k\mod^pg\mgt kmjijpi^`_ di ocdn \mod^g`+ Djr`q`m)r` ]`gd`q` oc\o rc`i r` nop_t nj^d\g i`orjmfdib hjm` ^gjn`gt g\o`mdi jpm kmje`^o r` rdgg adi_ oc\o j^^pk\odji\g äagjrnã rdgg kmj]\]gtajggjr ^`mo\di ^pgopm\g \i_ h`io\g k\ocn+ Op^c adi_dibn rdgg hjno gdf`gtajm^` pn oj m`^jind_`m jpm ^g\nndad^\odji+

Ei ocdn \mod^g` r` c\q` ^ji^`iom\o`_ jpm \oo`iodji ji ocm`` h\ejmbmjpkn7 .& ncjkf``k`mn) /& h\no`m \modn\in \i_ 0& gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn+ Pc` kjkpg\odji \o mdnf ^jindnon ja \gg h\g`n \]jq` \b` adao``i)m`nd_`io di oc` ojri ja Opi_nq\gg) d+`+ oc`t c\q` ]``i `io`m`_ dioj oc`^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`m \o njh` kjdio di odh`+ =gnj) oc`t hpnoc\q` ]``i ]jmi \ao`m .51-) ndi^`r` g\^f \gg joc`m k\mdnc m`bdno`mn `s^`kooc` ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`mn di Opi_nq\gg ]`ajm` .53- %\ m`npgo jaoc` ojri adm` ja .555&+ Kpm kjkpg\odji \o mdnf ^jindnon ja 1).1-di_dqd_p\gn+

Ei jpm kmje`^o) r` c\q` omd`_ oj h\sdhdu` oc` iph]`m ja kjdionrc`i \ ^c\ib` di j^^pk\odji\g odog`n ^\i ]` \oomd]po`_ oj \i di_dqd_p\g+Bjm `\^c k`mnji) r` c\q` m`^jm_`_ a\oc`mnç j^^pk\odji \o oc` odh` ja]dmoc) oc` admno j^^pk\odji\g odog` ja \i di_dqd_p\g \n c` jm nc` g`\q`n oc`cjpn`cjg_ %_`adi`_ c`m` \n rc`i oc` di_dqd_p\g \kk`\mn ji \ _daa`m`iok\b` oc\i oc` jmdbdi\g a\hdgt di oc` ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`m&) \ggodog`n _pmdib oc` admno ajpm di*jm jpo hdbm\odjin oj,amjh oc` k\mdnc)j^^pk\odjin \o \gg h\mmd\b`n) \o oc` ]dmocn ja oc` admno ajpm ^cdg_m`i) \o

) . 1 5 )

<I?@MN =MsI?NOMtH<I? OJH@MD>NNJI

`\^c odh` \ i`r ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`m dn jk`i`_) \i_ \o _`\ocjm \o oc` g\no j]n`mq\odji di oc` k\mdnc+ Pc` g\no j]n`mq`_ j^^pk\odjija \i di_dqd_p\g dn pnp\ggt `lpdq\g`io rdoc oc` cdbc`no nj^d\g kjndodjiji \ cd`m\m^cd^\g n^\g`) pig`nn r` aj^pn \oo`iodji ji tjpib jpo*hd*bm\ion+ Ei \ghjno 62 k`m^`io ja \gg ^\n`n oc` g\no j^^pk\odji \gnj m`^jm_noc` cdbc`no nj^d\g kjndodji di Opi_nq\gg+ Djr`q`m) di ocdn \mod^g` r`c\q` jigt pn`_ orj kjdion di odh` ajm h`\npmdib nj^d\g \i_ j^^pk\odj*i\g ^c\ib`n+ Bjm dio`m*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot r` c\q` pn`_ oc` j^^pk\*odji ja oc` a\oc`m \kkmjsdh\o`gt \o oc` odh` rc`i oc` nji g`ao oc`cjpn`cjg_ \i_ oc` njiçn ]`no j^^pk\odji+ Bjm diom\*b`i`m\odji\g hj*]dgdot r` c\q` pn`_ oc` k`mnjin admno jri j^^pk\odji \ao`m g`\qdib oc`cjpn`cjg_ ja oc` k\m`ion \i_ cdn ]`no j^^pk\odji+ Pc` hd__g` g\nnkjkpg\odji c\n ]``i _`adi`_ pndib oc` n\h` orj kjdion ja h`\npm`*h`io+ .2Pc` admno _`adi`_ kjkpg\odji rdgg ]` pn`_ oj aj^pn ji oc` ^\m``mja k`mnjin ]jmi oj hd__g` ^g\nn k\m`ion) oc` n`^ji_ kjkpg\odji rdggo\^fg` oc` lp`nodji ja ^\m``m) jm m`^mpdoh`io hj]dgdot rdocdi hd__g`^g\nn di Opi_nq\gg+

O`q`m\g h`ocj_jgjbd^\g ^jind_`m\odjin \mdn` rc`i r` pn` oc`n`njpm^`n) ]`nd_`n oc` a\^o oc\o oc`t \m` `q`io jmd`io`_+ Pc` hjno j]qdjpn\m` oc` orj h\di mjg`n kg\t`_ ]t \XVaPcX^]% Bdmno) hdbm\odji h`\inoc\o r` gjn` dhkjmo\io diajmh\odji7 r` ^\i jigt j]n`mq` oc` di_dqd*_p\gn rcdg` oc`t \m` m`nd_`io di oc` ojri ja Opi_nq\gg+ Pc` ompi^\odjija _\o\ dn `nk`^d\ggt n`q`m` rc`i r` gjjf \o dio`m*b`i`m\odji\g hj]d*gdot+ Pc` ^\n`n rc`m` ]joc oc` a\oc`mçn P]S oc` njiçn j^^pk\odji \m`\q\dg\]g` j^^pm di jigt 02/ ^\n`n jpo ja \kjnnd]g` 1).1-+ Idbm\odji \gnjkjn`n kmj]g`hn ajm nop_tdib diom\*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot+

) . 2 , )

NJ>D<GHJ=DGDOT<I? NJ>D<GI@ORJMFN

IPQ[T (% IX\T ^U^QbTaePcX^]U^a cWT \XSS[T R[Pbb_^_d[PcX^] ^ UHd]Sb$eP[[# P__a^gX\PcT[h (/-'$(/0,+

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) . 2 1 )

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) . 2 4 )

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) . 3 , )

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_jrir\m_ nj^d\g hj]dgdot \i_ `i_`_ pk di oc` d]b_TRXUXTS ^\o`bjmt)00+5 k`m^`io+

Ea r` opmi jpm \oo`iodji oj oc` om\_`n) r` ^\i ji^` \b\di ^jiadmhoc\o do r\n \i äjk`iã n`^ojm) ndi^` do di^gp_`_ ]joc ncjk*jri`mn \i_c\rf`mn \i_ nom``o*n`gg`mn+ Djr`q`m) do r\n jk`i jigt di ji` _dm`^odji)d+`+ amjh oc` om\_`n oj joc`m n`^ojmn di gj^\g nj^d`ot+ Oodgg) h\it njinm`h\di`_ di oc`dm a\oc`mçn n`^ojm â 02+2 k`m^`io+ Pc`dm _jrir\m_hj]dgdot r\n oc` gjr`no \hjib \gg `^jijhd^ n`^ojmn di Opi_nq\gg) jigt/-+1 k`m^`io `i_`_ pk di oc` d]b_TRXUXTS ^\o`bjmt+ Pc` ^gjn`no gdif`sdno`_ rdoc UXbWX]V P]S UPa\X]V %.4+/ k`m^`io&) ]po \b\di do r\n]\nd^\ggt \ ji`*r\t ^jhhpid^\odji â'jigt 4+1 k`m^`io ja oc` njin jaadnc`mh`i \i_ a\mh`mn ]`^\h` diqjgq`_ di oc` om\_`n+ Pc` joc`mm`g\odq`gt nomjib gdifn ]`or``i oc` om\_`n \i_ oc` joc`m n`^ojmn r`m`rdoc X]Sdbcah P]S RaPUcb â..+5 k`m^`io â\b\di jigt di ji` _dm`^odji)\i_ _dQ[XR bTaeXRTb %6+4 k`m^`io&+ Djr`q`m) di oc` n`^ji_ ^\n` oc`m``sdno`_ \ hpop\g `s^c\ib`7 6+5 k`m^`io ja oc` njin ja a\oc`mn di oc`kp]gd^ n`mqd^`n \gnj r`io dioj om\_`+ Pm\inkjmo \i_ ^jhhpid^\odji\i_ kmdq\o` n`mqd^`n m`h\di`_ ^gjn`_ \^odqdod`n oj oc` njin ja om\_`nh`i)rc`m` jigt \ nh\gg am\^odji ajpi_ oc`dm gdq`gdcjj_+ Djr`q`m) 5+6k`m^`io ja njin amjh om\inkjmo \i_ ^jhhpid^\odjin r`io dioj om\_`)nj do r\n ijo ^gjn`_ di ]joc _dm`^odjin+

Bdi\ggt) r` rdgg gjjf \o dio`m*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot ]`or``i `^j*ijhd^ n`^ojmn ajm oc` _dQ[XR bTaeXRTb) rc`m` r` adi_ oc` h\ejmdot oc`rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn di Opi_nq\gg+ Pjo\ggt di gdi` rdoc rc\o r` c\q`ajpi_ `\mgd`m) oc` kp]gd^ n`mqd^` r\n \i äjk`iã n`^ojm) jao`i di ]joc_dm`^odjin+ N`g\odq`gt a`r ja oc` njin ja a\oc`mn di kp]gd^ n`mqd^`m`h\di`_ di oc` n\h` n`^ojm âjigt /0+/ k`m^`io+ I\it ja oc`h) 02+1k`m^`io c\_ _jrir\m_ hj]dgdot+ =ghjno `lp\ggt g\mb` kmjkjmodjinja oc`h r`io jq`m oj di_pnomt \i_ ^m\ao %.0+1 k`m^`io&) om\_` %6+5k`m^`io& \i_ om\inkjmo \i_ ^jhhpid^\odjin %./+/ k`m^`io&+ Djr`q`m)do r\n m`g\odq`gt ^gjn`_ di oc` joc`m _dm`^odji+ Pm\inkjmo \i_ ^jhhp*id^\odji ^jiomd]po`_ rdoc 1+1 k`m^`io \i_ di_pnomt \i_ ^m\aon rdoc 2k`m^`io+ =n h`iodji`_ \]jq` oc` ^gjn`no \dcdP[ gdifn `sdno`_ rdocom\_`+/-

) .3- )

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Ei oc` gdbco ja oc` ]js*kgjo di Bdbpm` .r` m`\gdu` oc\o oc` \q`m\b`iph]`m ja j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n dn lpdo` a`r TeT] da r` aj^pn jpm\oo`iodji ji di_dqd_p\gn rcj nk`i_ \ghjno oc`dm `iodm` gda` di Opi_n*q\gg+ =i \q`m\b` ja ocm`` omp` j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n dn m`^jm_`_ ajm oc\onk`^dad^ k\mo ja oc` hd__g` ^g\nn kjkpg\odji+ Ei oc` ajggjrdib) r` c\q`TgR[dSTS ocjn` rcj nk`io g`nn oc\i adq` t`\mn di oc` ojri amjh oc`\i\gtndn+ =n r` c\q` h`iodji`_ `\mgd`m %Bdbpm` /& r` c\q` kgjoo`_ oc`odh` di t`\mn _pmdib rcd^c jpm kjkpg\odji ^\i ]` j]n`mq`_ ]`or``ioc`dm admno \i_ g\no j^^pk\odji+ =ao`m hjm` oc\i adq` t`\mn \ao`m oc` admnoj^^pk\odji\g j]n`mq\odji) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 05 k`m^`io ja oc` h\no`m\modn\in m`h\di`_ di oc` ojri+ =hjib oc` gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn2- k`m^`io m`h\di`_+ 10 k`m^`io ja oc` ncjkf``k`mn r`m` nodgg km`n`io\ao`m adq` t`\mn+ Ei Bdbpm` 1 \*^ jpm dhh`_d\o` j]n`mq\odji dn oc` g\mb`_daa`m`i^` di oc` m`^mpdoh`io k\oo`mi ]`or``i oc` ncjkf``k`mn \i_ oc`joc`m orj bmjpkn+ Oo\modib rdoc Bdbpm` 1\) ocjn` oc\o adi\ggt h\i\b`_oj `no\]gdnc oc`hn`gq`n \n ncjkf``k`mn ^\h` amjh \ q`mt hds`_ nj^d\g]\^fbmjpi_+ Pc` m`o\dg om\_` di Opi_nq\gg ^jpg_ di ocdn m`nk`^o ]`_`n^md]`_ \n \i äjk`iã j^^pk\odji) ndi^` don h`h]`mn ^\h` amjh \]mj\_ nj^d\g nk`^omph+ =hjib ncjkf``k`mn 1-+0 k`m^`io r`m` m`^mpd*o`_ amjh gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn+ Oodgg) do kmj]\]gt h`\io oc\o oc`tc\_ njh` fdi_ ja `\mgd`m `sk`md`i^` amjh oc` m`o\dg om\_`+ Pc` ^\m``mja Fjc\i H\i_bm`i) ]jmi .516 di Opi_nq\gg) n`mq`n \n \i `s\hkg`+ D`no\mo`_ \n \ bW^_ PbbXbcP]c di .541+ Bdq` t`\mn g\o`m c` \_q\i^`_ oj oc`kjndodji ja Q^^ZZTT_Ta% Ei oc` hd__g` ja oc` .55-n c` no\mo`_ \ i`r

) . 3 . )

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