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What is swine influenza

(flu)? Swine influenza is a respiratory

disease of of pigs caused by type A

influenza virus(H1N1). Swine flu viruses (SIV) do not

normally infect human beings.

This is the disease of swine (pigs).

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History The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the

descendants of the Spanish flu that caused apandemic in humans in 19181919.

For almost 60 years, from the first isolationin 1930 through 1998, SIV strains were

almost exclusively H1N1 In 1997-1998, H3N2 strains emerged

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Swine influenza (also called swine flu, hogflu, and pig flu) refers to influenza caused by

any strain of the influenza virus endemic inpigs (swine).

Strains endemic in swine are called swineinfluenza virus (SIV).

Of the three genera of human flu, two areendemic also in swine:

Influenzavirus A is common and

Influenzavirus C is rare. Influenzavirus B has not been reported in

swine.

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The 2009 flu outbreak in humans that iswidely known as "swine flu" is due to a newstrain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1that derives by genetic reassortment fromone strain of human influenza virus, onestrain of avian influenza virus, and

two separate strains of swine influenzavirus.

CAUSED BY GENETIC

RE-ASSORTMENT OFDIFFERENT STRAINS

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PRESENT SWINE FLU

STRAINS At this time, there are four

different types of influenza A

strains of viruses in pigs. They are 1. H1N1

2. H1N2

3. H3N1 and4. H3N2.

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CAN CLOSEP

ROXIMITY SP

READTHE DISEASE? Yes, influenza viruses can directly be

transmitted from pigs to humanbeings and from humans to pigs.

Close proximity to infected pigs suchas pig barns, livestock exhibit, andhousing pigs at farms.

Human to human transmission ofswine flu can also occur.

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Signs and symptoms

In swine: Fever,

Lethargy

Sneezing

Coughing Weight loss

Poor growth

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In humans

Fever

Running nose

CoughingDiarrhea

Loss of appetite

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Transmission Transmission between pigs:

The main route of transmission is through

direct contact between infected anduninfected animals

Airborne transmission through the aerosols

produced by pigs coughing or sneezing arealso an important means of infection

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Transmission to humans:

People who work with poultry and swine,especially people with intense exposures,are at increased risk of zoonotic infectionwith influenza virus endemic in theseanimals

The 2009 swine flu outbreak is anapparent reassortment of several strains

of influenza A virus subtype H1N1,including a strain endemic in humans andtwo strains endemic in pigs, as well as anavian influenza.

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Prevention Prevention of swine influenza hasthree components:

prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to

humans, and

prevention of its spread amonghumans

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Prevention in swine Methods of preventing the spread of influenza

among swine include facility management, herd

management, and vaccination. Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and

prevention in swine farms, typically include the useof one of several bivalent SIV vaccines

commercially available.

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Prevention in humans Prevention of pig to human transmission:

The transmission from swine to human is believedto occur mainly in swine farms where farmers are

in close contact with live pigs. farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use a

face mask when dealing with infected animals. Hand washing.

Using hand kerchief while sneezing.

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Prevention of human to humantransmission:

Influenza spreads between humans throughcoughing or sneezing and people touchingsomething with the virus on it and then

touching their own nose or mouth Swine flu cannot be spread by porkproducts, since the virus is not transmittedthrough food.

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Treatment

In swine: As swine influenza is notusually fatal to pigs, little treatment is

required. Vaccination and animal management

techniques are most important in theseefforts.

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In humans: If a person becomes sick withswine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness

milder and make the patient feel betterfaster.

Centers for Disease Control and Preventionrecommends the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir)

or Relenza (zanamivir) for the treatmentand/or prevention of infection with swineinfluenza viruses.

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Recommendations

Strengthened national capacity forsurveillance and control, including in

travel and transport

Prevention, alert and response to public

health emergencies of international

concern

Rights, obligations and procedures,

and progress monitoring

Global partnership and international

collaboration

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Requires a commitment of States Parties

Mobilization of national resources: e.g. staff, infrastructure, budget

Development of national action plans, integrated and coordinated with

intermediate and local levels and points of entry (ports, airports, ground

crossings)

Builds on existing national and regional strategies

Requires sustained multisectorial approach and international

collaboration

Strengthen national disease

surveillance, prevention, control and

response system

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(a) Assessment

and Medical

care, staff &

equipment

(b) Equipment &

personnel for

transport ill

travellers

(c) Trainedpersonnel forinspection ofconveyances

(d) ensure saveenvironment: water, food,

waste, wash rooms & otherpotential risk areas -

inspection programmes

(e) Trained staff and

programme for

vector control

Capacity Strengthening

at Points of EntryPoE Core capacity requirements at all times (routine)

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Responsibilities of

Countries Develop, strengthen, and maintain core

public health capacities for surveillanceand response

Identify a National IHR Focal Point for24/7 communication with WHO Notify WHO of potential public health

emergencies of international concern

Immediately report to WHO outbreaksof smallpox, polio, new strains of humaninfluenza, and SARS

Respond to public health risks that mayspread internationally.

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Response Global Outbreak Alertand Response Network

WHO system of Global Outbreak Alert and

Response Network GOARN Operations

Event

Intelligence

Verification

Official, State

sources

Risk AssessmentWHO HQ, Regional & Country

Offices, Collaborators

and experts

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