SWOT Analysis Countries

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in

each partner country

www.medmeid.eu

Sommario SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Italian Regions .................................................................... 4

Overview of the Italian situation ............................................................................................................... 4

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas ................................................................................................... 5

Legislation .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Rules for Industrial areas planning ............................................................................................................ 7

Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas ................................................................................ 7

Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................... 8

SWOT Analysis for the eight investigated areas ........................................................................................ 8

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 11

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Hellenic Regions ............................................................... 13

Overview of the Hellenic situation .......................................................................................................... 13

Legislative framework State of the art ................................................................................................. 14

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas ................................................................................................. 15

SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 17

SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas .......................................................................................... 18

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 20

References ............................................................................................................................................... 20

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in the Valencia Region (Spain) ............................................. 22

Overview of the Spanish situation ........................................................................................................... 22


Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 23

Rules for Industrial areas planning .......................................................................................................... 23

Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas .............................................................................. 24

Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................. 24

SWOT Analysis for the 15 investigated areas .......................................................................................... 24

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 26

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in PACA region (France) ....................................................... 27

Overview of the industrial areas in France and PACA region in particular ............................................. 27

Profile of studied Industrial Areas ........................................................................................................... 28


Environmental aspects of IAs .................................................................................................................. 30

Legislative framework and management State of the art .................................................................... 31

SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 32

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 34

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Malta ................................................................................ 36

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 36

Information Base ..................................................................................................................................... 36

Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 37



Centralised infrastructures and services ................................................................................................. 38

SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas .......................................................................................... 38

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 39

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton ....................................................... 40

Overview of the situation in Zenica-Doboj Canton ................................................................................. 40


Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 42



Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................. 42

SWOT Analysis for the four investigated areas on the territory of Zenica-Doboj Canton ...................... 43

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 45

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Italian Regions

Overview of the Italian situation

The concept of Sustainable Industrial Areas has been introduced in Italy in the late 90 through the so called

Bassanini Law (n. 112/1998, art. 26). This law delegates to the regions the detailed regulation on the

ecologically equipped areas, nevertheless some basic reference elements are given in the text: a) the areas

are equipped with quality infrastructures and systems which are able to guarantee the health, security and

the environment; b) the areas are characterized by a unitary management of the infrastructures and

services; and c) the plants localized in these areas do not need to provide licenses for their activity. These

areas have numerous names and acronyms, but it is possible to convene that the most diffused one is

Ecologically Equipped Productive Areas, in Italian APEA.

Even though the above line is our reference framework regarding the planned MEID model, it is interesting

to mention another approach which has some valuable experience in the side of the environmental care. It

concerns the EMAS cluster registration, ruled by a technical document of the Italian Ecolabel-Ecoaudit

Committee which has the objective to promote the environmental improvement not only at a firm level but

also at territorial level. It is an Italian initiative based on the EC regulation n.1221/09, namely EMAS III,

where the cluster approach dedicated to districts and phased implementation (art.37) is mentioned. In this

perspective, EMAS Clusters consider agglomerations of companies which manufacture the same kind of

products (specialized areas) and are located in the same area. It is a voluntary approach thus less stringent

on the regulation side compared to the APEA concept.

Moreover, it should be pointed out that there are some regions in Italy that could take advantage from

their specific regulation on Industrial Areas. It concerns the ASI Consortiums (Consortiums of Industrial

Development Areas) set up in the 50s for the economically depressed regions, including Sicily and Veneto.

The Consortiums ASI of Sicily are the managers of the Industrial Areas. The administrative body is

composed by public and private sectors which puts forwards new solutions and rules for managing and

improving the industrial area, following the indication and after authorization of the competent

department of Sicilian Region. The Consortium ASI has to respect the national laws, that are adopted at

Regional level by the Sicilian Government (with a special status in Italy), in addition and coherently with

other laws existing at Regional level.

In the case of Veneto Region, the consortium Zip is a public economic body in charge of the organization

and management of the industrial area and carries out, within the scope of its institutional objectives, any

activities that might be useful in the interests of this area, in relation to its efficiency and improvement

Fig. 1 - Areas managed by Consortium ASI of Ragusa and planned enlargements.

The analysis presented in the following sections is based on eight areas (six areas analyzed by ENEA and

other two respectively by ASI Ragusa and Fenice Foundation) which can be considered as the best

examples for their approach to sustainability in the whole country. Generally the industrial areas in Italy

do not have all the facilities which will be described for the examined areas, instead, the unitary

management is mostly lacking and very few centralized infrastructures and common services are present.

The following conclusions are related strictly to these six areas, for which should be stressed that they do

not represent the average situation in the country. The sections Legislation and Rules for Industrial

areas planning are instead representative of the eight Italian regions in which the industrial areas are

located.

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas

According to the Italian regulations specificity the analysis of the areas has been carried out a Regional

level. ENEA has chosen six areas from six different regions which can be classified as best examples from

a sustainable approach while ASI Ragusa and Fenice Foundation have analyzed their area of reference.

These areas and relative regions are:

1. Macrolotto Prato (Tuscany)

2. Furnishing District - Province of Pesaro Urbino (Marche)

3. Industrial Area of Ponterosso of San Vito al Tagliamento (Friuli Venezia Giulia)

4. SPIP of Parma (Emilia Romagna)

5. Paper District - Province of Frosinone (Lazio)

6. SENOMI Milano (Lombardia)

7. ASI Ragusa (Sicily)

8. ZIP Padova (Veneto)

The first six examined areas are mainly middle sized ones and generally include from 100 to 300

enterprises. They are specialized industrial areas (district of paper/ furnishing) or generic ones but the main

element that characterize them, is the care towards a responsible environmental management of the area.

On the other hand, the consortium ASI of Ragusa examined the situation of Sicilian Industrial Area, by

means of the analysis of Ragusa area and the Sicilian regulation regarding the industrial sector. The

example of Ragusa can be representative of all the Sicily, also if Ragusa is one of the areas with the best

situation at economic and managing level of the industrial sector. The Ragusa Industrial area includes n.

296 of SMEs, and the area is about 630 Hectars; furthermore, a plan for the enlargement of the area is

already approved at Regional level and a part of this new area should be designed and built following

sustainable concepts.

Legislation

The National zoning law Nr. 634/57 introduces the concept of Industrial Areas management. Specifically for

Industrial Districts: Law Nr. 317 of 5th October 1991 defines the districts and delegates to the Regions their

recognition. At a national level nothing is said for the management aspects. As already mentioned before,

at a national level the concept of Sustainable Industrial Areas is introduced by the Bassanini law and the

EMAS approach is also at a national level.

At a national level there exist some regulation regarding the energetic aspects of the buildings (new and

existing ones). They are: D. Lgs 192/2005 on energetic efficiency in the buildings D.Lgs 311/2006 and DPR

59/2009 which integrates the previous one. Nevertheless, as in the case of Bassanini law, it is up to the

Regions to specify the performance level of the buildings.

On the other hand, the regional law of the first six examined ones differs everywhere. Some of them have

already legislated the SIAs (Tuscany, Emilia Romagna, Marche) and in some cases there have also been

issued some guide lines. Other regions have not legislated, but some industrial areas have implemented

some sustainable concept which is very valuable for the SIA approach (Friuli Venezia Giulia and the EMAS

district of Lazio). Finally, in the case of Lombardia, very few actions have been done towards these themes,

regardless the fact that this region is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy.

In Sicily each Consortium ASI is obliged (by regional law, L. r. 4/01/1984 n.1 and further modifications) to

apply some rules for building up and managing an industrial areas, but there is a lack about rules on

environmental issues, but the law give indication about general rules, as planning and administrating the

areas or about the cost of the lands in the different departments. The environmental issues tackled mainly

by the Consortia are sanctioned by Italian law, as for example each Consortium ASI is obliged to supply two

environmental evaluations (VAS - Strategic environmental evaluation and VIA - Environmental Impact

Evaluation) planning, building , enlarging etc.. the industrial area.

The Veneto Region has no specific regulation regarding the edifications and management of industrial areas

or buildings; the few managing authorities present in the region were settled just after the 2 world war to

help undeveloped regions of Italy to restart the productive sector and therefore the recovery of the areas .

Rules for Industrial areas planning

Industrial areas in Italy are located and planned by urban means which are developed by Municipality,

Province and Region depending on the extension of the area.

Generally, this aspect is not highly regulated by the Italian law (national or regional one). There exist

indications in the regions that have already legislated the SIAs which concern the involvement of the main

stakeholders (Marche) or the main environmental aspects of the areas (energy, mobility and logistic, water

cycle, waste, noise, landscape) (Emilia Romagna). Anyway in both regions the SIA concept is very recent and

is still in the starting phase.

The Consortium ASI of Ragusa, in accordance with Sicilian Region, may propose new solutions and/or rules

for planning the industrial area, but it needs approval by the Region before applying it.

The Veneto Region is also in the line with the average Italian condition, no regulation is set on the planning

phase. In Veneto the general (and future) requirements of the companies that will establish themselves in

the areas are taken into consideration, usually, during the planning stage. (e.g. underground lines, fiber-

optic networks etc); but still there is no involvement or/and an activation of shared processes with the

stakeholders, and also there is no criteria that regulates the dismissal of the industrial areas or their

regeneration.

Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas

All the examined areas have a Managing Company (MC) which, depending on the area, has different

functions and dimensions. Generally, the managing company is either public or private, and in the most

cases, it is also a mixed private and public one.

The MC offers very diverse services to the areas and the relative companies which concern environmental

actions such as initial analysis, environmental monitoring, improvement plans etc, as well as the provision

of centralized infrastructures and other services such as canteen, kindergarten etc.

A common aspect of MCs is the level of control/force they have towards environmental behavior of the

enterprises or their participation in common services or centralized infrastructures. In all cases the MC does

not have a coercive function or sanctioning power so it is impossible for these subjects to impose norms or

other to the enterprises.

The Consortium ASI of Ragusa could be regarded as a MC, even if it depends on Sicilian Region, being the

manager of the Area, managing, building and supplying the main services as the wastewater plant.

The Managing Company of the ZIP Area in Padova (Veneto) offers very diverse services in the area and the

relative companies for example internal railway station, internal access to highway, logistic center for

management of the products and near to Venice international harbor, generic environmental monitoring,

logistic improvement plans, as well as the provision of centralized infrastructures and other services such as

canteen, kindergarten, banks ecc. Nevertheless it does not have a coercive function or sanctioning power

so it is impossible for these subjects to impose norms or other to the enterprises.

Infrastructures and centralized services

In this section it is possible to point out the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability.

On the environmental side different actions can be mentioned related to water management or energy

supply including actions towards renewable energy sources. Generally a common waste management

system is lacking all over the country.

On the social side some canteen or kindergartens can be mentioned, but it remains a weak aspect.

It can be said the same thing for the economic aspects; very few common actions are foreseen in this

direction.

Regarding the consortium ASI of Ragusa, the plans of the industrial area takes in account the main

connection roads places for bank and post offices - restaurants and work canteens and evaluating the

possibilities to dedicate some areas to the local authorities' offices.

In fact, into the industrial area of Ragusa are settled a bank and post offices - bar/restaurants and work

canteen and some local authorities' offices.

However, in general it can be said that during the planning steps, no particular attention has been given to

the social aspects like public transport and big transports infrastructures - connection - nursery - leisure -

medical centre.

The Zip IA of Padova provides joint infrastructures and centralized services such as: Water supply (acegas

Aps), Mains BT/MT (Enel spa private subjects), Science Park Galileo et al., Fiber optic network

(Infrastructure created by ZIP and services provided by different providers; Wind, Fastweb, etc. ). regarding

habitat and landscape: Relevant bodies Manage emergency and safety issues. Regarding Environmental

monitoring of IA: Relevant bodies plus Zip consortium manage this assignment. The Zip IA provides joint

infrastructures and centralized services such as: ZIP nursery for employees of the Industrial Zone ; for

renewable energy Park, "Fenice; Research Area. It is reported a lack of internal waste management plants

or centralized systems for waste treatment as well as the absence of leisure center and medical center.

SWOT Analysis for the eight investigated areas

Strengths Weaknesses

A Managing Company is generally existing

(private/public). (8 areas)

Many MCs implement the following actions:

- environmental improvement plans (6 areas);

- environmental analysis of the area (5 areas);

- environmental monitoring of the area through

central monitoring station (3 areas);

- provides socio/environmental services to

The Managing Company doesn't have the

possibility to force the enterprises to respect

sustainable norms (8 areas)

The MC doesn't have the possibility to put

penalties if enterprises don't accomplish with

the indicated norms (8 areas)

MC does not have a systematic approach to

the environmental aspects since it does not

implement environmental actions in all areas.

The enterprises participate at the centralized

enterprises (5 areas);

- realizes and manages infrastructures for the

industrial area (5 areas);

The MC involves the settled enterprises in the definition

of the environmental improvement plan of the area (5

areas);

The existing centralized infrastructures include

- Water: waste water treatment plant for the

area; recycling plant for the water supply to the

enterprises. Industrial waterworks; systems of

water reclaim (3 areas);

- Energy: installation of photovoltaic plants;

agreement with a bank and regional authority in

order to guarantee loans for photovoltaic plants;

a distribution network of methane gas;

Cogeneration plant with district heating using

vegetal oil (5 areas);

- Mobility: Mobility manager of the area for the

transfer Home - workplace; car pooling; car

sharing; Work in progress for the construction of

a logistic platform (5 areas);

- Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan of

the area (2 areas);

- Waste: realization of an ecological platform with

the function of controlled temporary deposit of

wastes (1 area)

- Habitat and landscape: Preliminary project for

the sustainable management of the landscape

and the urban green. Ecological corridor (4

areas);

- Hi Tech Networks (4 areas);

- Social actions: Kindergarten; Canteen; Innovation

Center for training of mechanical technicians (5

areas);

- Economic actions: participation at regional

tenders for projects on technological innovation;

environmental services on a voluntary basis (8

areas);

The centralized services are not an asset for the

enterprises to settle in the area. (6 areas)

No cost reduction has been detected with

respect to centralized infrastructures (3 areas).

There is a weak involvement of the settled

enterprises in the planning of the area (7 areas)

Centralized infrastructures are few even when

theyre present

Weak (or almost not-existing) common waste

management.

Very few social actions (also where present)

Very few economic actions (also where

present)

feasibility studies (3 areas);

Opportunities Threats

The National zoning law Nr. 634/57 introduces the

concept of Industrial Areas management.

At a National level there exists the reference regulation

D.lgs 112/98 art.26 which introduces the concept of

Ecologically Equipped Areas, commonly known as the

Bassanini law.

At a national level there exists some regulations

regarding the energetic aspects of the buildings (new and

existing ones)

Three regions have legislated on the direction of

Sustainable Industrial Areas (SIA). Other areas have acted

autonomously, meaning that the concern goes beyond

the regulation. Two of them have also issued guidelines.

The regional law also defines:

- the norms for sustainable buildings (2 areas);

- production of renewable energy sources (1 area);

- disciplines the energy certification of the

buildings (4 areas);

There is a high level of control on the side of

environmental monitoring in one examined area.

Regulation relief:

- There exists some regulation relief for the SIAs

foreseen at national level.

- At regional level some regulation relief is

foreseen for the SIAs (1 area).

- At national level regulation relief is foreseen for

the enterprises that intend to register EMAS by

using the EMAS cluster approach.

There are regional incentives for the start up phase of

the EMAS path. (1 area)

The environmental aspects are taken in consideration in

the planning phase (4 areas)

No specific dispositions regarding the

environmental and social aspects are given in

the National law.

Five regions have not legislated in the

direction of the SIAs

No economic incentives are foreseen for the

APEA (8 areas)

Weak regulation relief is foreseen at a

regional/ national level

Weak regulation of the regions towards: norms

for sustainable buildings and the production of

renewable energy sources.

No criteria or procedure is foreseen for the

establishment of a determined type of activity

in the area (8 areas).

No criteria regulates the dismissal of the

industrial areas or their regeneration (8 areas);

No involvement of the stakeholders is foreseen

in the localization and the planning phase (8

areas);

It is not mandatory to consider the needs of

the companies in the planning phase (8 areas);

Environmental aspects are not taken in

consideration in the planning phase (5 areas);

It is foreseen an involvement of the main stakeholders in

the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the area (1

area).

Conclusions

The SWOT Analysis of the given areas has pointed out the fragile introduction of the concept of

sustainability in the Industrial Areas in Italy. It should be noticed that the examined areas are the most

evolved ones in this perspective, but they still lack important interventions and systematic integration of

this concept into their working activities. Even though some best practices are listed, they are present only

in some of the areas and not fully functional.

On the other side, it is important to keep in mind that the process of the conversion of the IAs into

Sustainable ones is still in the beginning, and to date no area has completed the transformation. Thus, it is

still early to talk about Sustainable Industrial Areas (or APEA). Nonetheless, this analysis shows that the

approach to sustainability has started and many actions and problems that sustainability addresses have

been faced and taken in consideration.

The areas located in the regions that have already legislated for the APEA have a great opportunity to take

advantage on it and accelerate their conversion. Still, it remains a slow process in these regions as well, also

due to the lack of economic incentives and significant regulation relief. A careful consideration in this

direction should be done by the Local Authorities.

The SWOT analysis of the Sicilian situation brings out some important aspects:

-The position of the Consortium ASI of Ragusa is an opportunity, because it could be considered like a

Managing Company, but the restriction and administrative procedures due to his dependence with the

Regional Government could slow the renovation process.

-The process of adaptation of this Industrial Area into a sustainable one appears far, especially for the lack

of infrastructures and of laws that regulate this aspect. Anyway, its important to notice the increment of

environmental sensibility of the private business man, but it has to be considered also the lack of

cooperation between companies and public/private for reaching and improving high environmental

standards. In many cases is difficult understand the way to conciliate the economics and environmental

needs of a territory.

The SWOT Analysis of the Pilot area of Padova, representing the Veneto situation has pointed out the

fragile introduction of the concept of sustainability in the Industrial Areas in Veneto. It lacks of important

interventions and systematic integration of environment management into their working activities, even if

the area provides many kind of external and internal services. Some best practices are listed, they are

present only at a limited and mainly didactic level.

On the other side, it is important to keep in mind that the process of the conversion of the IAs into

Sustainable ones is still in the beginning, and to date no area has completed the transformation. Thus, it is

still early to talk about Sustainable Industrial Areas (or APEA).

Still, as Veneto has not legislated on industrial areas, it has the opportunity to develop its own management

plans starting from the information given from those areas in Italy that have already deled on this

argument. Still, it remains a slow process in these regions as well, also due to the lack of economic

incentives and significant regulation relief. A careful consideration in this direction should be done by the

Local Authorities.

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Hellenic Regions

Overview of the Hellenic situation

In Greece 45 IAs are existed including all the business forms from the aforementioned national

Laws. Although only for 27 IAs available data are existed regarding features like total surface, land

coverage by industries, starting year and the potential of generating hazardous waste. The features

for these IAs are illustrated in table 1. The classification in table 1 is arranged in chronological

order, whilst for the rest of the IAs data are not available.

Most existing IAs are supervised by the private company ETVA VIPE S.A. This private company is

a supervising authority body which manages in all 32 areas, namely 27 IAs and 5 Entrepreneur

Areas all over Greece and offers its services to companies hosted in them (figure 1). On the other

hand, some IAs and Entrepreneur Areas also exist in Greece which are not managed by ETVA VIPE

S.A. [1,7].

Moreover, most of the IAs are initiated by large private companies in the frame of Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR), whilst industrial ecology and eco-industrial networks are still at an early

stage. In addition, most of the reported difficulties are faced in the case of Small and Medium

Enterprises (SMEs). It should be noted that IAs in Greece are considered suitable for locating

facilities for treating hazardous waste [1]. Various industries in IAs all over Greece are

environmentally certified (ISO 14000), but not the whole IAs were certified. However, in certain

cases (concerning smaller IAs) detailed Environmental Management Plans have been produced.

Figure 1: IAs in Greece managed by ETVA VI.PE S.A.

Legislative framework State of the art

Industrial Ecology (IE) has become a proper field recently, by transforming common Industrial

Areas (IAs) into Sustainable Industrial Parks (or even known as Eco-Industrial Parks). The main

difference among common IAs and sustainable industrial parks is the cooperation between

industries in order to acquire and find win-win situations [1]. The expected benefits from such

cooperation will be much more than the sum of individual advantages.

The sustainable industrial park of Kalundborg in Denmark is a typical iconic example where the

regional synergies are planned. In France, the Eco-Valley will be the first planned Mediterranean IA

which will meet the needs of sustainable development. From another point of view, academic

institutions and researchers have developed useful tools in order to reach the industrial

sustainability. Beers and Biswas [2] developed a regional synergy tool for the industries which is

based on the energy recovery and efficiency by reducing simultaneously the Greenhouse Gases

(GHG). Fernandez and Ruiz [3] demonstrated an innovative model to locate sustainable IA by using

the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Moreover, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was performed in

the IA in Macrolotto in Italy in order to identify the environmental crucial points of this area and

simultaneously to evaluate opportunities and potential problems [4].

The Hellenic legal framework regarding IAs was National Law 4458/65, which was supplemented

by National Law 742/77. The aforementioned National Law was finally replaced in 1997 by Law

2545/97, and the main differences between the two aforementioned National Laws are the following

[5,6]:

Instead of Industrial Districts (ID) there were established Industrial and Business Estates, which

may have the form of ID, Industrial Parks (IP), Light Industry Parks (LIP) and Technopolis.

Later, two other forms of Industrial and Business Estates were institutionalized.

The exclusive right of the governmental institution ETVA VIPE S.A., to establish and operate

IAs was abolished. Such estates can be established either by various governmental institutions or

private or mixed ones (private sector and public sector), but in any case the establishing

institution needs to have the form of a public limited company.

Characteristics from some of the Hellenic IAs are illustrated on table 1 (surface, year of completion,

official gazette of establishment etc.).

The analysis presented in the following sections is based on fifteen areas which can be considered

as the more representative for their approach to sustainability in the whole country. It should be

mentioned that despite their approach in sustainability, the Hellenic IAs are not equipped with high

environmental and social facilities. Consequently, centralized services and infrastructures exist only

in some IAs, whilst in some cases exist but they are not in function. The conclusions of this study

are referred to the IAs that have significant number of industries, in relation to the population of the

nearby cities/towns. Moreover, IAs that provide services and infrastructures in operation either

centralized or not where taken into account in this study. Small IAs which are not in operation were

excluded from this analysis. The SWOT Analysis study was based on a questionnaire that was

divided into six sections including information about the legislative framework and the regional

planning rules, the existing infrastructure and the data related to industrial buildings energy

performance.

Table 1 Key features of the Planned Industrial Estates that were established under Law 2545/97 [2]

Name of the Planned

Industrial Estate

Prefecture Greek Official Gazette

with the establishment

act

Surface

(acres)

Year No of

establ.

busin.1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

LIP of Thesprotia

LIP of Rethimno

LIP of Ag.Nikolaos

LIP of Kozani

LIP of Anopoli

LIP of Zervohoria

IP of Thessaloniki

LIP of Keratea

IP of Koufalia

TECHN of Thessaloniki

LIP of Serres

IP of Kastoria

LIP of Kavala

LIP of Patra

Thesprotia

Rethimno

Lasithi

Kozani

Iraklio

Halkidiki

Thessaloniki

Attiki

Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Serres

Kastoria

Kavala

Ahaia

304//5-4-99

304//5-4-99

977//26-5-99

1635//20-8-99

1919//25-10-99

449//4-4-00

462//5-4-00

695//3-6-03

695//3-6-03

430//2-3-04

1110//5-8-05

1465//24-10-05

1466//24-10-05

1857//29-12-05

120

285

250

55

71

106

1,022

1,100

113

94

122

302

130

596

2009

2009

2009

2007

2007

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

2009

8

-

-

-

15

3

2

15

2

2

-

-

-

352

15

16

17

18

19

LIP of Ormenio

LIP of Litohoro

TECHN Acropolis

IP of Farkadona

LIP Ptolemaida

Evros

Pieria

Attiki

Trikala

Kozani

449//4-4-00

1431//14-11-02

1848//13-12-04

255//25-2-05

1464//24-10-05

632

1,005

225

902

505

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Remarks :

1The number of established businesses concerns those established until 2009

2The 35 businesses which are mentioned for the LIP of Patra were settled there before the establishment of the Planed

Industrial Estate


The majority of the IAs in Greece are located in Northern Greece in order to be close to the borders

with the neighbor countries. The biggest Hellenic IA is located in Sindos, near Thessaloniki in the

Region of Central Macedonia. Other IAs having significant size and infrastructures were taken into

account concerning SWOT Analysis study and are summarized below (table 2):

The characteristics of the examined IAs were compared in order to define similarities and to

investigate their environmental, social and economical performance (figure 1).

Table 2: Characteristics of the examined IAs.

IA name Region Managing Body

1 Sindos IA

Central Macedonia

ETVA VIPE S.A.

2 Serres IA

3 Edessa IA

4 Kavala IA

Eastern Macedonia Thrace

5 Drama IA

6 Alexandroupoli IA

7 Xanthi IA

8 Sapes Industrial Park

9 Komotini IA

10 Ioannina IA Ipirus

11 Florina IA Western Macedonia

12 Lamia IA Sterea Ellada

13 Litohoro IA Central Macedonia VIPALIT

14 VIPATHE IA Central Macedonia GEK-TERNA

15 Kilkis IA Central Macedonia KILKIS

Figure 1: Environmental performance of the examined areas; principal component analysis taking

into account the centralized infrastructures WWT: Waste Water Treatment plant, WTE: Waste To

Energy, MRF: Material Recovering Facility, CDS: Central Drainage System, CMS: Central

Monitoring System

SWOT Analysis

Section one - Legislation

This section aims at detecting the actual condition of the national and local regulation of current

situation concerning the management of IAs and simultaneously to investigate the sustainability

potential.

The National law 2545/97 sets the main principles for the IAs management as well as the

environmental and social restrictions. The main axes of this legislative framework were described in

depth in the section 1 Overview of the Hellenic situation.

The aforementioned law includes issues dealing with industrial characteristics like nuisance level,

type of industry and environmental performance of each potential settled industry (management of

potential industrial waste). These restrictions posed by national legislation and should be followed

by all the IAs. In some IAs internal rules exist setting stricter rules regarding the IA management.

Section two - Rules for Industrial areas planning

Hellenic IAs are located and planned by means of urban tools which are developed at local/regional

level in most cases. At the same time, national organizations of urban planning and environmental

protection are responsible for setting the land use around large cities.

Section three - Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas

In all the examined IAs a private managing body exists. This managing body is responsible for

setting the management rules, the environmental restrictions and requirements as well as the

construction of the centralized services and infrastructures.

The managing body (i.e. ETVA VIPE S.A.) is responsible for the IA management until all the fields

of the whole area sold.

The environmental behavior of the settled enterprises inside the IA is controlled by the managing

body as it was previously mentioned. It is obligatory for the enterprises located inside IA to follow

the environmental requirements posed by managing body. However in case that enterprises dont

follow these rules, managing body hasnt the authority of imposing penalties.

Section four - Infrastructures and centralized services

As far as the environmental aspects of sustainability are concerned, various actions towards the

environmental sustainability could be considered. The most common centralized infrastructure for

the Hellenic IAs is the water waste treatment plant after a preliminary treatment from enterprises

wherever is needed. However, other waste to energy plants exist in some enterprises using biomass

for electricity generation or other renewable energy sources. Furthermore, in Meligala IA a large

photovoltaic park exists. Waste collection is implemented usually by appropriate contractors (by the

managing body) and/or by the municipality.

Concluding a common waste management system for industrial waste or practices of industrial

symbiosis among settled enterprises is lacking over the country.

Actions towards social and economic aspects are still at an early stage. Regarding social

infrastructures, canteens, restaurants, nursery centers exist but not well organized and in a

centralized way of operation. On an economic point of view due to the development of the

photovoltaic parks recently in Greece, special loans for the installation of solar panels are provided

to the enterprises.

SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas


A private Managing body generally exists (15

areas).

The enterprises participate in the centralized

environmental services on a mandatory basis (6

areas);

The Managing Body has the opportunity to force the

enterprises to respect sustainable norms, but not to

impose penalties (15 areas).

Implementation of the environmental rules which are

posed by the local regulations (15 areas).

Internal rules for the IA management exist in IAs

(i.e. Litohoro IA) taking into account factors of the

entrepreneurial actions of the area, the national park

which is located in a close distance from the area).

Management bodies implement the following

actions:

- environmental analysis of the area (15 areas);

- environmental monitoring of the area through

central monitoring station (3 areas);

- Are responsible for the water supply (3 areas)

- realize and manage infrastructures for the IA

(15 areas);

The Managing body doesn't have the

possibility to put penalties if enterprises

don't accomplish with the indicated norms.

Centralized infrastructures are few even

when theyre present

Weak (or almost not-existing) common

waste management.

Lacking of social actions

Lacking of economic actions

The existing centralized infrastructures

dont include:

Mobility: Mobility manager of the area

for the transfer Home - workplace; car

pooling; car sharing; Work in progress for

the construction of a logistic platform

Waste: lacking of a central industrial

waste management system

Economic actions: lacking of such actions

Habitat and landscape: lacking of such

actions

Managing body doesn't involve the settled

enterprises, local authorities and other

The Managing body involves the settled enterprises

in the definition of the environmental improvement

plan of the area by providing centralized

infrastructures:

- Water: waste water treatment plant for the area;

recycling plant for the water supply to the

enterprises. Industrial waterworks; systems of

water reclaim (9 areas); In Sindos IA a special

WWT exists for tanneries cluster.

- Energy: installation of photovoltaic plants;

agreement with a bank and regional authority in

order to guarantee loans for photovoltaic plants;

a distribution network of methane gas;

Cogeneration plant with district heating using

vegetal oil (1 areas); Some enterprises have

settled solar panels but they are not considered

as a centralized infrastructure

- Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan

of the area (15 areas);

- Waste: Contracts with municipalities and/or

appropriate contractors for the waste collection

(15 areas)

- Hi Tech Networks (15 areas);

- Social actions: Restaurant; Canteen; Innovation

Center for training of mechanical technicians

(10 areas);

stakeholders, in the definition of an

environmental improvement plan of the

area or in the identification of the services

needed till now


The National zoning law Nr. 2545/97 introduces the

concept of Industrial Areas management.

The environmental aspects are taken in consideration

in the planning phase (15 areas)

It is foreseen an involvement of the main

stakeholders in the Strategic Environmental

Assessment of the area (1 area).

A financial guideline for the new industries could be

performed

Other legislation and regulation rules

should also be taken into account in the

settlement of new IAs in order to avoid

incidents of 'destroying' Natura/Ramsar

areas

The existing law doesn't include

environmental monitoring

The lack of the meaning of the industrial

symbiosis in this law is reducing the

economical development of the IA


environmental and social aspects are given

in the National law.

No economic incentives are foreseen for the

IAs, especially for the new enterprises

At a national level exists some regulations

regarding the energetic aspects of the

buildings (new and existing ones),

excluding the industrial buildings.

There is no IA with EMAS, however

several enterprises inside IA have installed

an EMAS system.

Conclusions

Lack of reliable information regarding the operation of an IA regarding technical and institutional

infrastructure was proved from this study. As a result of the aforementioned analysis for the whole

Hellenic IAs, an internal cooperation is needed and communication among the industries in order to

achieve environmental sustainability and decrease the environmental impacts. The second step of

this study will be the modeling and the optimization of industries inside IAs by the means of an

Input/Output analysis following the frame set by National and regional Laws.

The expected outcome of the aforementioned step will have positive impact on use of resources by

industries, emissions reducing and residuals treatment. Especially for residuals, in case industries

develop an internal network for communication/cooperation, then the residuals of industries will be

used from other industry (after pre treatment). Furthermore, systemic policies are also needed to be

developed for the private sector in order to acquire an effective role in hazardous waste

management generated from IAs.

References

1. Mourtsiadis A. (2010) Hazardous waste management in Industrial Areas, Workshop of TEE

Hazardous waste management Existing and future opportunities, Athens, 2 June.

2. Beers D. and Biswas W.K. (2008) A regional synergy approach to energy recovery: The case

of the Kwinana industrial area, Western Australia, Energy Conversion and Management, 49,

3051-3062.

3. Fernandez I. and Ruiz M.C. (2009) Descriptive model and evaluation system to locate

sustainable industrial areas, Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 87-100.

4. Tarantini M., Loprieno A.D., Cucchi E. and Frenquellucci F. (2009) Life Cycle Assessment of

waste management systems in Italian industrial areas: Case study of 1st Macrolotto of Prato,

Energy, 34, 613-622.

5. Hellenic Law 4458/65 Industrial Districts, Official Gazette 33/A/27-2-65.

6. Hellenic Law 2545/97 Industrial and Business Estates, Official Gazette 254/A/15-12-97.

7. Mirasgedis S., Hontou V., Georgopoulou E., Sarafidis Y., Gakis N., Lalas D.P., Loukatos A.,

Gargoulas N., Mentzis A., Economidis D., Triantafilopoulos T., Korizi K. and Mavrotas G.

(2009) Environmental damage costs from airborne pollution of industrial activities in the

greater Athens, Greece area and the resulting benefits from the introduction of BAT,

Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28, 3956.

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in the Valencia

Region (Spain)

Overview of the Spanish situation

The Valencian Region counts with more than 720 Industrial Areas. These areas are characterized

for its small size and decentralization. There are several big Industrial agglomerations in the county.

Most of these agglomerations are closer to the urban areas. Blocks are composed by a small

quantity of enterprises of small size (SMEs). Manufacture processes in the Valencian region are

mainly focus on the mechanical-metal sector (cars manufacture), ceramics and textile.

There are not significant collaborations between the enterprises in the Industrial areas due to several

aspects. The most relevant is that the most part of these areas are composed by a reduced number of

enterprises, so these companies have serious difficulties to carry out investments in environmental

or energetic performance. The most part of the IAs have not an industrial managing company

controlling and managing environmental and social aspects (there are just 15 IAs in the Valencia

Region). Furthermore, enterprises in the IAs should take individual measures in order to control

their environmental and social aspects. The lack of monitoring actions and centralized services in

the IAs supposes the uncorrect invividual management by these companies (for example, unlegal

dumping waste practices in environmental protected areas).

Furthermore, the regional and national regulations do not establish environmental or social aspects

in the industrial planning stage. The industrial sustainability concept is not included or considered

in the regional and national legislation. Environmental management actions are regulated in the

local ordinances.

The analysis was focus on 15 different industrial areas in the Valencia region which are considered

as the most advanced IAs in terms of sustainability, as monitored and managed by managing

companies.


The analysis of the Spanish IAs was carried out at the Regional level, including 15 industrial areas actually

managed by managing companies. These areas are better controlled and managed in terms of

sustainability. The analyzed IAs were the following:

1. Elche

2. Fuente del Jarro (Paterna)

3. Polgono Industrial de las Atalayas (Alicante)

4. Moncada

5. Torrent

6. Gandia

7. Parque empresarial Juan Carlos I (Almussafes, Valencia)

8. Xirivella

9. Aldaia

10. Quart

11. Alaqus

12. Albuixech

13. Mos del Bou (Albatera)

14. Algemes

15. Sant Vicent del Raspeig

There is a considerable range between the analyzed IAs: From small industrial areas composed by 90-100

enterprises and a total surface of 300.000 m2, specialized in traditional sectors (clothes manufacturing,

agro-alimentary sector, etc.) as Algemes or Mos del Bou to big industrial areas with more than 500

enterprises and a total surface of 2.500.000 m2, as Fuente del Jarro or Almussafes, with a deep

technological development in sectors as cars manufacturing (For example: Ford factory in Almussafes). This

big range helps us to know the actual difficulties of the small, middle and big IAs in terms of sustainability.

Legislation

The Regional Urbanism act (16/2005 of 30th December). regulates the settlement of the industrial land in

the region. There are low dispositions regarding social and environmental aspects in the Regional and

national regulation (General Urban Act). Any Spanish legislation recognizes or identifies the sustainable

industrial areas concept. The Regional landscape act 4/2004 sets up different measures to protect

environmental spaeces closer to the industrial land.

The National Technical Edification Code (38/2009 of 5th November) regulates the energetic aspects of the

buildings. The law is intended as a structured normative framework and seeks to facilitate their application

and fulfilment, in harmony with European regulations.

National edification law 38/1999 sets up that edification projects (including industrial buildings)

must respect in their design, building and maintenance phase the save of energy. The edification

law does not establish any more obligations concerning energetic aspects.

Actually, there are different national and regional plans and strategies concerning the sustainable

energy use in the Valencian and Spanish IAs. The national plan is the renewable energy plan for

2005-2010 and the strategy in energetic efficiency 2004-2012. Actually there is any legislation

concerning the industrial buildings energetic audit. The actual Spanish government is finishing the

new law on energetic efficiency, which will suppose the obligation for the industrial companies to

carry out energetic audits in the industrial buildings.

The Valencian government promotes the Valencian region energy efficiency plan which funds the

energetic audits for industrial enterprises.

Rules for Industrial areas planning

Valencia industrial areas are planned and located by means of urban tools developed in the National

General Urban Act. Urban tools define criterias in order to define the procedure of selection of the site,

according to infrastructures location, proximity to residential areas, previous existence of industrial

premises or the environmental impact generated.

Urban tools no define criteria or procedures which give permission for specific industries and eventually

give a direction to the type of activity that will be established in the area. Future clients or prospects are

not considered in terms of building norms, disposal or services. No forums with stakeholders are

considered in the phase of IAs location. Landscape protection is taken into account .


The most part of the IAs have not an industrial managing company controlling and managing

environmental and social aspects (there are just 15 IAs in the Valencia Region). These managing

companies are private bodies. Managing companies offer centralized environmental and social

services to the companies located in the industrial area (medical services, central of purchases,

banks, canteen, kindergarten, etc.)

The majority of managing companies in the Valencia region (12) involve the settled enterprises, local

authorities and other stakeholders in the definition of an environmental improvement plan of the area or in

the identification of the needed services.

Infrastructures and centralized services

Enterprises use joint infrastructures and services at industrial area scale based on voluntary basis.

Concerning environmental aspects, there is a considerable lack of environmental monitoring actions by the

managing companies. Some centralized services are provided (waste and water management, emergency

and safety measures, social actions). There is a lack of other centralized services (HT, Product policies,

habitat and landscape).

SWOT Analysis for the 15 investigated areas


IAs managed by Managing Companies includes the

following services:

- provides socio/environmental services to

enterprises (6 areas);

- Realizes and/or manages infrastructures for the

industrial area (7 areas);

- Fees (8 areas)

The existing centralized infrastructures include the

following services:

- Water: Managed and provided by the

municipality (15 areas);

The Managing Company (MC) doesn't have the

possibility to force the enterprises to respect

sustainable norms.

The MC doesn't have the possibility to put

penalties if enterprises don't accomplish with

the indicated norms.

The MC weakly involves the settled enterprises

in the definition of the environmental

improvement plan of the area (2 areas);

The following actions are not provided in the

analyzed areas:

Environmental analysis of the area

- Energy centralized services: (8 areas);

- Mobility: Logistic platform (3 areas);

- Emergency and Safety Management: (4 areas);

- Waste: sewage water stations (4 areas) waste

collection centralized points (3 areas);

- Social actions: Kindergarten; Canteen; purchase

center station, banks, etc.(10 areas);

- Monitoring actions: Carried out by the

municipality (7 areas);

There is a strong involvement of the settled enterprises

in the planning of the area (12 areas)

Environmental monitoring

Central monitoring station

Company specific monitoring

Analyzed IAs lacks on the following centralized

services:

- Product policies

- Hi Tech Networks

- Habitat and landscape

MC does not have a systematic approach to

the environmental aspects since it does not

implement environmental actions in all areas.

The enterprises participate at the centralized

environmental services on a voluntary basis

(15 areas);

The centralized services are not an asset for the

enterprises to settle in the area.


The Technical Edification Code sets up norms for

sustainable buildings.

One municipality in Valencia (Vilamarchant) have an

interest of legislate on the direction of Sustainable

Industrial Areas (SIA) by giving economical incentives to

those enterprises that set up in the SIA, respecting

certain environmental measures.

Strategies concerning the sustainable energy use in

the Valencian and Spanish IAs. The national plan is

the renewable energy plan for 2005-2010 and the

strategy in energetic efficiency 2004-2012


environmental and social aspects are given in

the National and regional acts.

Any legislation concerning the industrial

buildings energetic audit

No criteria or procedure is foreseen for the

establishment of a determined type of activity

in the area (15 areas).

No criteria regulates the dismissal of the

industrial areas or their regeneration (6 areas);

No involvement of the stakeholders is foreseen

in the localization and the planning phase (13

areas);

It is not mandatory to consider the needs of

the companies in the planning phase (15

areas);

Environmental aspects are not generally taken

in consideration in the planning phase (15

areas);

The economical crisis restrain the investments

in infrastructures and services.

Conclusions

The Spanish SWOT analysis determines that there is a general lack of environmental and social services in

the Spanish IAs situated in the Valencia region. Sustainability concept does not exist as is not refered in the

Regional and National regulations. The examined areas are better managed in terms of sustainability due to

the managing and control executed by the Managing Companies.

The process of conversion to Sustainable Industrial Areas can just be started by encouraging companies

through economical or social incentives in exchange of the respect to certain environmental measures

determined by the M.E.I.D. model. Municipalities (local authorities) should motivate enterprises in that

sense.

In that way, there is a strong interest of the local authorities of Vilamarchant municipality (Valencia) in

facilitating economical and social incentives to those companies settled up in the municipality industrial

land which respect a sustainable model. In that sense, M.E.I.D. model could be an ideal tool.

Finally, it becomes necessary to promote the existence of Managing Companies in the IAs , as well as the

creation of the convenient monitoring tools in order to control the environmental aspects of the Industrial

areas. The lack of centralized services and infrastructures makes difficult to reach and appropriated

sustainable management in the IAs.

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in PACA region

(France)

Overview of the industrial areas in France and PACA region in particular

A Industrial Area (zone dactivit) in France can be defined as a site dedicated to the establishment of

businesses in a given area. These areas are defined, developed and managed by the local authority which

owns the land settlement. They gather around a common goal of growth and in a spirit of partnership

government, communities and businesses. Usually placed under the legal subdivision, they are usually

located on the outskirts of large urban centers because of the proximity of transportation infrastructure,

guaranteeing their influence regional, national or international scale and a pool of manpower and services.

The only estimate number of existing industrial areas and business parks in France comes from the French

Ministry of Ecology and sustainable development (MEDAD - Ministre de l'Ecologie, du Dveloppement et

de l'Amnagement Durables ) which mentions about 24,000 industrial areas in France (over 10% of French

territory on the surface), spread over 12 000 communes1. This figure may actually vary between 24 000 and

32 000.

However, among all these industrial areas there are only a couple of areas certified ISO 14001 (1 EMAS

registered only), and only 50 to 100 zones are engaged in progressive sustainable approaches, with very

different ambitions (from simple charter of good intentions of policy of continuous improvement in terms of

sustainability, to well-structured framework of sustainable development). In total less than 0.5% of the

industrial areas in France can demonstrate good environmental management and sustainable development2.

Very representative of the whole French economical structure, over 90% of companies in the industrial areas

and parks are very small and medium companies. Up to 85% of them do not comply with the actual

regulations (environmental) and this for three main reasons:

lack of qualified personnel or lack of internal expertise,

limited financial and human resources,

complex technical solutions if we do not simply transfer the pollution.

Nevertheless the stakeholders have an interest in developing environmental policy that can be rewarding for

them:

for companies, in terms of image and

for the regional and local authorities, in terms of attractiveness and competitiveness of their areas

and activities, providing sites of good environmental quality and offering a wide range of services to

companies wishing to settle inside.

1 Source: Association Ore, proposition fiche to Grenelle of environnement

2 Source: Association Ore, proposition fiche to Grenelle of environment

Profile of studied Industrial Areas

The SWOT study concentrated on Industrial areas based in the PACA region. The study was conducted via

a semi-directive questionnaires prepared by MEID consortium, which was diffused to about 50 IAs in PACA

region of France, 20 IAs responded to the questionnaires (response rate about 40%).

In total, 20 IAs were studied in the South East of France. A list of industrial areas is presented below:

Zone dActivits de lAgavon

Aggloparcs

Parc dactivits de Rognac

Parc dActivits de la Verdire Velaux

Parc dactivits de La Gandonne

Europle Mditerranen de lArbois

Zone dactivits ARNAVANT

Zone dactivit de lAzale

Technopole Chteau Gombert

Ple dActivits dEguilles

Europarc

Ple d'activits d'Aix La Pioline

Parc dactivit de Lavalduc

Centre de vie rgional Plan de Campagne

Vitropole

Zone Franche (EZF)

Zone Industrielle de Carros

Parc d'activit du Laurentin

Technopole de Sophia Antipolis

Zone d'activits de Saint Jeannet

The IAs of PACA region are presented on the map here below.

Figure 1: Industrial Areas in PACA region of France 3

The studied IAs could be characterised in the following way:

by size

15 of them can be considered as small or medium sized,

5 as big Industrial Areas

by experience

19 were existing areas,

1 new IA (Green Valley )

by specialization

All of them are Multi-sector, but

4 of them try to specialize in IT (1 IA) or commerce (3 IAs)

However it is important to mention that there is few remaining hard industries in the PACA region of France

except the metallurgy and chemical. This is the reason why the Industrial Areas based in PACA and studied

in the framework of MEID SWOT analysis are not polluting IAs.

by affiliation to sustainable development norms and certifications:

Only one IA is certified by ISO 14001 Certification of the IA (Europle Mditerranen de

lArbois, the whole IA is certified: Management procedures, design, equipment, technical

features, information and communication procedures, etc.). Almost all the IAs studied host

companies certified by ISO norms.

Among studied IAs there is no IAs with EMAS registration.


In France there is a set of management and planning schemes of Industrial areas:

Mixed Unions (syndicats mixtes): are a type of inter-municipal cooperation structures in France. We

can talk of Mixed Unions when the structure combines different kinds of communities, municipalities

and urban community or a department, for example, or a public establishment for inter-municipal

cooperation (EPCI) or an Inter-municipal Social Action Center ( ICAS).

SEM (mixed enterprise company): a limited company whose capital is majority owned by one or

more public entities (ie State, Local government, or any other public institution). At least one private

person shall participate in the capital of the SEM, knowing that it can be another SEM. The use of

SEM provides the local authority public shareholder and partner the effective consideration of the

general interest in the objectives of the company and the flexibility of the private company.

Free Trade Union Association and Trade Union Association (ASL - Association syndicale libre) - a

group of property (and not persons) formed by unanimous consent of the concerned owners. A local

authority may be a member of free trade union association maintaining roads or land.

3 Source : Hautes Alpes Dveloppement - Conseil Gnral 05 - Agence de Dveloppement Economique de Vaucluse -

Cte d'Azur Dveloppement - Provence Promotion - Var Accueil Investisseur - Traitement MDER - Septembre 2006

Private company (SA, SARL, SCI) can be manager of an industrial or business area. Often this

management scheme is related to the ownership of land and buildings. Discussions are currently

underway on the delegation of the management of IAs to private companies through Public-Private

partnerships.

All the studied IAs has management company (mixed unions or mixed companies), with quite small

management teams (less than 5 persons). 19 of the studied IAs dont have an employee dedicated to the

environmental aspects of the IA. 1 zone (Europle Mditerranen de lArbois, certified by ISO 14001) has a

person inside the team dedicated to the environmental aspects of the IA. In general, we can note that the

management priorities of studied IAs are mostly focused on day-to-day tasks and commercial expansion of

the zone. They all face the problem of involving SMEs and larger company in achieving sustainable

standard both for individual building and for shared infrastructures. It appears that companies involvement,

thus companies investment in sustainable technologies, sustainable production or administrative building for

themselves strongly depends on their own economic sustainability: growing company, growing sector, etc.

Investing in Shared infrastructures is not at all their priority. When the managing company offers basic value

added services, the companies consider they could contribute at a minimum rate. As there is a very few

services to boost their business, the companies do not see why they should be pro active in the process of

greening the IA. They consider it is the concern of the management company. The process of greening an IA

requires from the management company to treat the ecologic and economic sustainability as a package.

Usually they do not have the required staff and they do not rely on services subcontractors. A few of them

have the ability to raise fund for those kind of change, as it is a complex process.

Environmental aspects of IAs

At the IA level:

the management team has limited knowledge about sustainable solutions (financial,

practical, technological sides) in most of the studied zones, it is one of the reasons of the low

use/application of sustainable solutions within the zones. This is not a question of

technology knowledge. They do not have sufficient experience in raising interest and then

raising funds. They lack knowledge on explaining what the companies will gain if they invest

in shared infrastructures (Collective and individual return on investment.

It is still considered that the eco friendly or sustainable development is an approach which

should be done mostly by the companies themselves than at the level of IA,

the IA recognize that the eco-friendly approach could be a factor of differentiation to attract

new companies, but no not know how implement it concretely and how present it as an

advantage.

At the department /regional level: the environmental aspects are more and more considered by

departmental/regional authorities that perceive the sustainable and environment friendly

development as politically strategic and endogenous / exogenous attraction factor. There are many

subsidies / grant that could be available, but it takes a very long time and difficult procedures to

benefit from it.

At the national level: the Grenelle Law made a big change in the consideration of environmental

aspects for new constructions. But it needs to be spread to Industrial Areas Managers in a more

didactic approach.

Legislative framework and management State of the art

French Laws regarding Industrial Areas

A Joint Development Park (Zone d'Amnagement Concert - ZAC) is a planning procedure of French law

established by the Planning Guidance Law No. 67-1253 of December 30th, 1967 to be substituted to

priority development area (Zone Urbaniser en Priorit - ZUP) and amended many times since then. Its

main purpose was to facilitate dialogue between public institutions and private developers who showed great

reluctance towards ZUP, incidentally, it was also to undertake devolution of state controls on operations

urban development and standardization of these.

As the ZUP, the first ZAC (a Joint Development Park, in French - Zone d'Amnagement Concert) were

conceived as derogatory planning procedures, which were not obliged to comply with the planning

documents of urbanism. The Law No. 76-1285 of 31 December 1976 on planning reform was the first

one that required the joint development parks (ZAC) to be compatible with urban planning schema

(SDAU - schma directeur d'amnagement et d'urbanisme) and be located in existing urban areas or

planned urban areas while being provided with a autonomous planning document, the planning plans

zone (Plans d'amnagement de zone - PAZ).

The last major reform of the areas of joint development is the law on solidarity and urban renewal (SRU

law) No 2000-1208 of 13 December 2000, which removed the possibility to endow the new ZAC of a PAZ.

They are therefore subject to local development plan (PLU) of cities.

Grenelle de l'environnement national initiative for sustainable development

The Grenelle of Environment is a series of political meetings organized in France in October 2007, to take

long-term decisions regarding environmental issues and sustainable development, particularly to restore

biodiversity, and Regional patterns of ecological coherence, while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases

and improving energy efficiency.

One of the ideas is to impose to any new areas for Joint Development Zones (ZAC), a preparatory study of

feasibility of creation of a heat virtuous network or the extension of an existing network. This feasibility should

be understood in terms of energy service availability and crossed with the expected building performance. In

order to facilitate assessment of the feasibility and virtuous character of the solution, it seems necessary to

impose criteria and thresholds, such as housing cost, the cost per ton of CO2 avoided thermal density...

The goal is to balance energy production with French backing the centralized network systems to more

decentralized autonomy. It is also further reduce the carbon content of the French energy supply, and as a

first step to achieve the target of 20% (or 25%) of renewable energy (final) in 2020, good environmental

conditions and feasibility. This implies an increase of 20 million TEP from renewable in the energy mix in

2020, following two strategic lines, empowerment and decentralization, where possible.

Achieving urban areas or industrial use is an opportunity to consider the creation or development of large-

scale district heating networks. Impose a minimum study Feasibility for the establishment of a network of

specific heat or the extension of a network heat nearby ensures that this option will be well ahead of the

planned development project.

For mandatory connection to a heat powered mainly by renewable energy or fatal, and locally competitive

overall cost for any new building or the subject of a substantial change in its production facilities or

distribution of heat or a major renovation.

Impact of Grenelle de l'environnement in PACA region

The Provence - Alpes - Cte d'Azur Region has a delay in sustainable development, particularly on the

crucial long-term strategic vision that gives the deepest meaning of this approach. However, dialogue and

participatory democracy are practiced on the regional territory.

However, specific actions are undertaken by individuals and local authorities, industrial projects and services

are underway, public services are mobilized, pioneering companies multiply innovations, including regarding

their social and societal responsibilities. The Region under its policy of continuing education is developing a

contract for access to a first qualification for all. Associations of citizens and companies provide, sometimes

vigorously, developments, practices, etc...

It is the same for the recent selection of clusters in PACA78, taking into account various capacities for

sustainable development: global hub ("Secured Communicating Solutions"), worldwide cluster ("sea, safety

and security PACA), National poles ("European center of innovation fruits and vegetables," "risk

management and vulnerability of territories", "perfumes, flavors, fragrances, flavors," "energies without

greenhouse gas emissions").

A reflection on public transport is also required, but local and regional transport plans under-consider local

realities and needs of people. Experience shows that the introduction of transport without awareness is slow

to prevail (see attendance buses ZA de l'Arbois), especially when they come from an undifferentiated logic of

transport.

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Weaknesses

Management aspects:

All the studied IAs has management companies (mixed unions or mixed companies)

Management aspects:

In most of the zones the Management company have no internal / external specialists to track the

In bigger zones the environmental aspects begin to be included in the management of the IA

Departmental authorities(which are often a part of managing company of IAs) are making a follow-up of the environmental aspects of the area

Many sessions, workshops and awareness activities are organized by departmental authorities(which are often a part of IA management companies) to initiate firms to use more and more sustainable solutions

Environmental aspects are more and more included in social studies and evaluations made by local, national and European authorities. The necessity of implementation of environmental management is mentioned in these studies. To respond to this necessity the IAs have to increase its labour force to manage this aspects

The IA management units are aware about the fact that the environmental management will allow the IA to have a competitive advantage over other areas. Management of sustainable solutions will attract new companies interested by Corporate Social Responsibility. At the same time that will allow the reducing of costs of waste management and water supply.

Waste & water management: Centralized Waste Management and water supply in most of the biggest zones Mobility:

the majority of IAs pretend to have public transport services for connection with the outside environment, as well as the employees travel plans (PDE - plan de deplacement des entreprises), but these services are not sufficient and not well adapted to the needs

big IAs have co-driving facilities for personnel of companies hosted

Social actions and infrastructures:

the majority of IAs has some centralized services are first tested in IAs before being implemented in near cities (kindergarten, canteen, co-driving facilities, etc.)

Some infrastructures and centralised services implemented within IAs benefit to both companies, employees and families living next to the area

Economical aspects

The majority of IAs already provides basic services to hosted companies and has some centralised structures. This should be the starting point to develop value added services related to ecologic and economic sustainable development.

impacts on environment,

Departmental authorities still have small teams to manage environmental aspects

Most of the zones won't be able to invest in new environmental specialist employees as they have small budgets

The management companies cannot force companies to adopt sustainable sources of energy (solar, biomass), use sustainable solutions or respect sustainable norms

Most companies still perceive the use of ecological solutions as a constraint in the management of the area

Environmental management still represent a cost in terms of training of teams managing the area

Economic context could force IAs to lower their investments in shared infrastructures

No real follow-up of the respect of the norms Waste & water management: the centralized management is not sufficient in the majority of IAs. The centralized management is not sufficient in the majority of IAs. There is no specific waste management strategy depending on the type of activities (chemical, pharmaceutical, construction, wood transformation, etc.). The concept of global value chain is not enough understood and promoted by managers Mobility:

Lack of smart public transportation facilities in many zones of the area, the personal cars are often the only real possibility of transportation in the IA,

The public transport should better fit the needs of users (the frequency of buses/ trains, the directions, the prices, etc.)

Changes in infrastructure is hard to accept for established companies in the zone

Social actions and infrastructures:

The social aspects are still considered as very secondary. There is no clear knowledge of the management teams of IAs about the benefits of environmental management on social aspects

Most of the infrastructures benefit to the companies more than to the employees or the families living in the zone or in the surrounding

Budget for development of infrastructures will be allocated to IAs before than to urban section of nearest cities.

Economical aspects

The value added services are still considered as secondary. The provided services should be mutualised between IAs and fit better to the needs of companies: collaborative projects engineering, financial engineering, etc.


Legislation

By national initiative (Grenelle), any new construction must respect sustainable environment norms.

Grenelle was highly promoted by the press, national and local authorities

POS (Mapping of Distribution of Spaces), SCOT (Mapping for Territorial Coherence) and PLU (Local Mapping of urbanism) are implemented by local authorities. According to these initiatives, the IA should be constructed or expanded in respect with local urbanism and natural particularities (river, lake, mountain), so the IA try to integrate some solutions to limit the environmental impact.

Companies applying Grenelle can receive economic incentives to implement sustainable solutions

Obligation of respect of the norms force companies to get interested and to know more about sustainable solutions

Strong support from regional and departmental authorities in most of cases.

Infrastructure, transport and environmental solutions

Housing, high value employment creation and public transportation are more and more taken into account in the development of industrial areas

Housing facilities are often included in the planning of the area

Public transportation and carpooling initiatives are developed, some big IAs(Sophia Antipolis) and companies develop incentives for employees if they use public transports or carpooling /co-driving

Most of the zones are multisectorial and adapt themselves to the needs of the companies interested

Some zone are more specialized (commerce, technology) and try to position themselves as leaders in the region, the fact to become sustainable allow them to have a new competitive advantage (Social responsibility of companies, etc.)

Massive deployment of norms should decrease costs of implementation of sustainable solutions (ISO and EMAS)

In a long term companies will benefit from their investment in sustainable solutions and the respect of the norms

National elections in 2012 could freeze the vote, control and adoption of new norms

The concepts of Grenelle are understood by companies but we can identify a lack of knowledge about concrete norms, benefits and consequences. There is also a lack of information and support actors to explain companies the concrete procedure to respect and to set up in order to adopt the Grenelle norms.

Decision making process at the level of a concrete IA can be difficult, especially when the area is managed by different cities

Small zones still have difficulties to take int

Date post:	08-Nov-2015
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