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Chemical Logistics Cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe
SWOT‐Analysis
Slovakia
Weaknesses
Strengths
Opportunities
Threats
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 2/55
TABLE OF CONTENT 1 STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 CHEMICAL SALES .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES ............................................................................................ 11 3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE ................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................. 17
4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUTURE ............................................................................................................................ 18
4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 23
4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 24 4.3.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 25 4.3.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 26
4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.4.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 28 4.4.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 29 4.4.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 30
4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................................................. 30 4.5.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.5.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 32 4.5.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 32
4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 32 4.6.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 33 4.6.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 33 4.6.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 35
5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY ................................................................................................... 36
6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ....................................................................................... 38
6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 38 6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 38 6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 38 6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................... 38 6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................... 39 6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING ................................................................................................................................. 39 6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 39
7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ..................................................................................... 40
7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 40 7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ..................................................... 40 7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS .......................................................................................................................... 40 7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................ 40 7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................. 41 7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................... 41 7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................ 41
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 3/55
8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ................................................... 42
8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42 8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42 8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 42 8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 8.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 8.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 44 8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 44
8.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 44
9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ............................................ 45
9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45 9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45 9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 45 9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 46 9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 46
9.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 9.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 9.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 9.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 47 9.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 48 9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 48
9.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 49
10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 50
11 LITERATURE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
11.1 STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 11.2 INTERNET SOURCES ................................................................................................................................................ 52 11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM ......................................................................................................................................... 52
12 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
13 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 55
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 4/55
1 STRUCTURE
Introduction to Region / Country
Description of Chemical Industry
Description of transport infrastructure
Description of chemical logistics in the region /country
Internal Strengths of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers
Internal Weaknesses of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers
External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe
External Threats,
Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe
Needs for future actions and improvements ‐ Conclusions
Literature
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 5/55
2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY
Official name: Slovak Republic (SR) State formation date: 1 January 1993 State system: Republic Political system: parliamentary democracy (150 members of Parliament elected for 4 years) President: Ivan Gašparovič (since 2004), elected for 5 years Prime Minister: Robert Fico (since 2006) State symbols: national coat of arms/ emblem, national flag, state seal and national anthem „Nad Tatrou sa blýska“ Membership in inter. organisations: EU (since 1 May 2004), NATO, UN, UNESCO, OECD, OBSE, CERN, WHO, INTERPOL, etc. International codes: SK, SVK, bar code 858
The Middle and the North of the country is mountainous (Carpathian curve), lowlands (important agricultural areas) are typical of the South and the East. The most important Slovak river the Danube connects the capital city of the SR Bratislava with two capital cities of the neighbour countries ‐ Vienna and Budapest.
Border countries: Hungary (679 km), Poland (597.5 km), the Czech Republic (265 km), Austria (127.2 km), Ukraine (98 km)
Administrative divisions: 8 self‐governing regions (Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín, Nitra, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice region), 79 districts, 138 towns, 2891 municipalities (including towns).
Tab. 1 Inhabitants
2007
Inhabitants in mil. 5,4
Area in km2 49035
Tab. 2 Gross Domestic Product at current prices in billions EUR
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
22 23,5 26 29,5 34 38,5 44,5 54,8 64,8
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 6/55
Tab. 3 Gross Domestic Product / capita at current prices in thousands EUR
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
4,1 4,4 4,8 5,5 6,3 7,1 8,3 10,2 12,0
SLOVAKIA
203040506070
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Bill
ion
EUR
4681012
Thou
sand
s EU
R
Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product/Capita
Fig. 1 Gross domestic product Slovakia
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 7/55
3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Chemical industry is mainly located in western Slovakia around Bratislava. This industry was built as a part of eastern chemical industry based on Russian supplies. Big chemical companies use supplies carried via pipeline network of crude petroleum (Družba) and natural gas. Small companies usually use supplies from central and Western Europe.
The area of basic chemicals is represented by the companies as Slovnaft Bratislava, Duslo Šaľa, Novácke chemické závody and Chemko Strážske. In Bratislava as a business centre of Slovakia there are several chemical companies as refinery Slovnaft and Duslo – Istrochem.
Several companies e.g. Duslo a.s. Šaľa, Chemolak Smolenice, Zentiva Hlohovec, Slovkord Senica are located in western Slovakia.
Middle part of Slovakia is represented by NCHZ Nováky, Petrochema Dubová, Chemosvit Fólie Svit, Matador Continental Púchov and eastern part by Chemko Strážske, Chemes Humené, Diakol Stážske, Duslo Hnojivá Strážske.
The area of waste processing is represented by Detox Banská Bystrica, MACH trade Sereď and Sita Slovensko.
Paints, varnishes and similar coatings are produced in Chemolak Smolenice, SlovZink Košeca, Primalex Slovakia, Novochema Levice.
The biggest chemical company in Slovakia is refinery SLOVNAFT, a.s. located in Bratislava. SLOVNAFT Plc., based in Bratislava is refinery with annual processing capacity of 5,5 – 6 mil ton. The company core business is production, warehousing, wholesale and retail sales and distribution. SLOVNAFT Plc. disposes with the largest retail network in SK offering top quality motor fuels and lubricants as well as related customer services including shop, gastro service, car wash and some others. After intensive modernisation is these refinery one of the tree most modern refineries in Europe.
Duslo a.s. Šaľa is oriented on processing of natural gas to ammonia, urea, fertilizers and other organic and inorganic chemistry. Within organic chemistry there are rubber industry chemicals, glues, agrochemicals, glues, dispersions, polypropylene fibres. Duslo as a part of AGROFERT Holding is a part of the second biggest producer and distributor of fertilizers.
NCHZ Nováky are divided into 3 plants where manufacture of electrolysis products, basis organic chemicals, vinyl chloride and products of its further processing, as well as calcium carbide and technical gases takes place.
In Strážske the site of Chemko and several companies e.g. Chemza, Diakol, Duslo Hnojivá are located.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 8/55
The area of distribution of chemicals is represented by Brenttag Slovakia, BASF Slovensko, Messer Tatragas, SIAD Slovensko, Safina Slovensko.
Chemical industry tries to keep its position in strong international competition, strict chemical legislation and general opposition of people to chemical industry nowadays. Present crisis endanger chemical industry by lower sales and product prices. Chemical industry is developing as a supplier of plastics and rubber products for automotive industry and building industry.
Fig. 2 Big chemical companies in Slovakia
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 9/55
3.1 CHEMICAL SALES
Tab. 4 Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR
Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Refined crude oil products 2,385 2,390 2,103 2,084 2,558 3,000 3,514 3,567 3,646
Manufacture of basic chemicals* 0,672 0,779 0,686 0,571 0,614 0,726 1,247 1,535 1,497
Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics
0,047 0,046 0,046 0,039 0,035 0,033 0,037 0,042 0,039
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products**
0,264 0,310 0,264 0,247 0,202 0,225 0,227 0,237 0,255
Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations
0,071 0,075 0,070 0,065 0,037 0,035 0,032 0,028 0,094
Manufacture of other chemical products*** 0,016 0,087 0,098 0,103 0,080 0,086 0,036 0,041 0,049
Manufacture of man‐made fibres 0,248 0,278 0,284 0,271 0,271 0,245 0,274 0,208 0,178
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
1,319 1,574 1,447 1,297 1,240 1,349 1,853 2,091 2,112
Manufacture of rubber products**** 0,368 0,459 0,552 0,626 0,686 0,715 0,799 0,675 0,898
Manufacture of plastic products***** 0,377 0,421 0,534 0,645 0,690 0,833 1,013 1,241 1,423
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
0,736 0,880 1,086 1,270 1,376 1,547 1,813 1,917 2,321
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees. The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.
The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.
The biggest sales has traditionally petroleum industry (company SLOVNAFT) followed by manufacture of chemicals and chemical products and manufacture of plastic and rubber products.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 10/55
Chemical industry sales in mil. EUR - 2008
3,646
2,112
2,321Refined crude oilproducts
Manufacture ofchemicals andchemical productsManufacture ofplastic and rubberproducts
Fig. 3 Chemical industry sales – 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Mil.
EU
R
Man-made fibres
Other chemical products
Soap and detergents,cleaning and polishingpreparations, perfumesand toilet preparationsPharmaceuticals,medicinal chemicals andbotanical products
Paints, v arnishes andsimilar coatings, printingink and mastics
Pesticides and other agro-chemical products
Basic chemicals
Fig. 4 Sales – manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
From the accession of Slovakia into EU (2004) the sales within manufacture of chemicals and chemical products are still increasing.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 11/55
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Mil.
EU
R
Manufacture of rubber products Manufacture of plastic products
Fig. 5 Sales – manufacture of plastic and rubber products
Sales within manufacture of plastic and rubber products notice constant increase since 2000.
Tab. 5 Share of chemical sales in processing industry
Share of chemical sales in processing industry
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
6,47% 7,00% 6,00% 4,47% 3,91% 3,92% 4,49% 4,35% 4,23%
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 3,61% 3,91% 4,50% 4,37% 4,34% 4,49% 4,39% 3,98% 4,65%
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.
During the last 6 years the sales within chemical industry (exclude refined crude oil products) have about 4.5 % share of processing industry.
3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES
Tab. 6 Number of enterprises
Number of enterprises 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
51 55 58 55 56 55 56 57 70
1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20‐49 employees 15 16 21 18 24 24 22 22 32
50‐249 employees 19 21 20 21 19 18 22 24 24
250 ‐ … employees 17 18 17 16 13 13 12 11 14
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 92 89 94 99 101 112 118 129 166
1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20‐49 employees 47 40 39 39 37 35 44 43 63
50‐249 employees 38 42 46 50 53 65 60 72 86
250 ‐ … employees 7 7 9 10 11 12 14 14 17
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 12/55
Tab. 7 Number of employees
Number of employees 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
18971 19039 17362 15121 12329 11742 11684 11569 12218
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 12967 13162 14283 15725 15735 16466 18324 20438 24363
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees
The highest number of companies manufacturing chemicals and chemical products has from 20 to 49 employees. These companies mainly produce basic chemicals. The highest number of companies manufacturing plastic and rubber products has from 50 – 249 employees with main production of plastic products.
3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The data for international trade are available in Slovakia only according to TARIC. Following TARIC chapters are presented for export and import of chemicals.
Chapter Name
27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES
28 INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE‐EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES
29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS
30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
31 FERTILISERS
32 TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; TANNINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; DYES, PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLOURING MATTER; PAINTS AND VARNISHES; PUTTY AND OTHER MASTICS; INKS
33 ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINOIDS; PERFUMERY, COSMETIC OR TOILET PREPARATIONS
34 SOAP, ORGANIC SURFACE‐ACTIVE AGENTS, WASHING PREPARATIONS, LUBRICATING PREPARATIONS, ARTIFICIAL WAXES, PREPARED WAXES, POLISHING OR SCOURING PREPARATIONS, CANDLES AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, MODELLING PASTES, ‘DENTAL WAXES’ AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS WITH A BASIS OF PLASTER
35 ALBUMINOIDAL SUBSTANCES; MODIFIED STARCHES; GLUES; ENZYMES
36 EXPLOSIVES; PYROTECHNIC PRODUCTS; MATCHES; PYROPHORIC ALLOYS; CERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE PREPARATIONS
37 PHOTOGRAPHIC OR CINEMATOGRAPHIC GOODS
38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
39 PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF
40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF
54 MAN‐MADE FILAMENTS; STRIP AND THE LIKE OF MAN‐MADE TEXTILE MATERIALS
55 MAN‐MADE STAPLE FIBRES
Tab. 8 Share of chemicals export from GDP
Export quota in % 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 5,49 5,53 5,15 4,07 3,98 3,93 3,93 2,93 2,65
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 4,46 4,59 4,83 4,68 4,72 4,99 5,20 4,50 3,66
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 13/55
Tab. 9 Import of chemicals in Mio EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA
Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 601,6 608,1 583,1 552,7 623,8Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products 31 28,2 33,4 32,1 26,3 39,5Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 176,1 194,5 208,8 222,8 249,9Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** 30 532,5 627,2 709,4 709,3 895,4Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 190,7 231,2 250,4 250,8 291,5Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 292,5 356,0 395,3 362,1 386,4Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 223,1 265,8 270,0 262,6 255,8
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐38,54,55 2044,6 2316,1 2449,1 2386,6 2742,1
Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 283,0 331,8 417,8 557,3 585,8Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 734,8 897,6 1094,1 1335,0 1403,0Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 1017,8 1229,3 1511,9 1892,3 1988,8
Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2005 2006 2007 2008 Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 715,4 809,7 773,7 742,4Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products 31 39,3 54,6 78,9 140,6Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 269,9 330,8 330,5 316,3Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** 30 985,9 1074,1 1147,7 1236,0Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 319,3 335,2 362,5 370,6Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 422,9 462,0 532,8 530,2Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 248,6 260,0 241,0 195,6
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐38,54,55 3001,3 3326,4 3467,1 3531,7
Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 615,5 744,8 837,4 847,0Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 1498,4 1814,3 1942,9 2005,0
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 2113,9 2559,2 2780,4 2852,1
Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 14/55
IMPORT - Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Mio
EU
RManufacture of man-made fibres
Manufacture of other chemicalproducts***
Manufacture of soap and detergents,cleaning and polishing preparations,perfumes and toilet preparations
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,medicinal chemicals and botanicalproducts**
Manufacture of paints, varnishes andsimilar coatings, printing ink and mastics
Manufacture of pesticides and otheragro-chemical products
Manufacture of basic chemicals*
Fig. 6 IMPORT – Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
The continuous increase of import of chemical to Slovakia from 2000 is notable. The development of the industry requires more chemical imports. Basic chemicals and pharmaceuticals have the highest share.
IMPORT - Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
0,0
500,0
1 000,0
1 500,0
2 000,0
2 500,0
3 000,0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Mil.
EU
R
Manufacture of rubber products**** Manufacture of plastic products*****
Fig. 7 IMPORT – Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
There is a continuous increase from 2000 within plastic and rubber products. The development of the automotive industry has required more imports of plastics.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 15/55
Tab. 10 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in %
Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in %
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
EU 27 87,42 88,10 88,95 89,70 88,36 86,94 87,65 88,68 88,62
EU 15 40,10 42,73 47,29 49,02 48,56 46,05 47,26 48,42 46,58
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus 44,81 42,81 38,96 37,97 37,06 37,88 37,68 37,37 39,19
Bulgaria, Romania 2,51 2,56 2,70 2,70 2,74 3,01 2,72 2,89 2,86
Rest of Europe 5,37 5,30 5,08 4,92 5,93 6,75 7,12 7,44 7,51
NAFTA 2,92 2,31 1,92 1,83 2,10 1,97 1,24 0,87 0,66
Latin America and the Caribbean 0,38 0,32 0,25 0,20 0,29 0,34 0,33 0,33 0,42
Asia 3,40 3,48 3,09 2,79 2,74 3,39 3,10 2,08 2,11
Africa 0,29 0,35 0,56 0,38 0,45 0,48 0,52 0,56 0,63
Australia / Oceania 0,22 0,15 0,15 0,19 0,14 0,13 0,05 0,05 0,05 Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic
breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55
Geografic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Australia / Oceania
Africa
Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
NAFTA
Rest of Europe
Bulgaria, Romania
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus
EU 15
Fig. 8 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55
More than 90 % of all export of chemicals is to European countries with more than 40 % to EU 15.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 16/55
Tab. 11 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in %
Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in %
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
EU 27 85,04 84,81 84,49 85,03 84,16 85,17 83,35 82,46 81,93
EU 15 59,22 61,04 62,30 62,92 60,83 58,40 55,07 55,05 55,01
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus 25,50 23,56 21,91 21,85 22,93 26,45 27,96 27,04 26,52
Bulgaria, Romania 0,32 0,21 0,27 0,25 0,40 0,32 0,31 0,37 0,40
Rest of Europe 7,04 7,01 6,42 5,82 5,67 5,56 6,22 6,37 6,35
NAFTA 2,79 2,80 3,00 2,63 2,47 2,09 1,97 1,86 1,99
Latin America and the Caribbean 0,22 0,17 0,17 0,52 0,94 0,98 1,05 1,01 1,03
Asia 4,81 5,10 5,76 5,82 6,56 5,98 7,16 8,12 8,48
Africa 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,11 0,16
Australia / Oceania 0,02 0,02 0,05 0,08 0,07 0,05 0,09 0,07 0,06
Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55
Geografic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Australia / Oceania
Africa
Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
NAFTA
Rest of Europe
Bulgaria, Romania
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus
EU 15
Fig. 9 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55
About 90 % of all imported chemicals are from European countries with about 60 % from EU 15.
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
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3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Tab. 12 Major Companies and chemical sites
Major Companies and chemical sites (web site)
Turnover 2007 in Mio EUR
Location / chemical site Number of employees
SLOVNAFT PETROCHEM s.r.o. (slovnaft.sk) 3804,42 Bratislava 3671
DUSLO a.s. (duslo.sk) 413,264 Šaľa, Strážske, Bratislava 2329
CONTINENTAL MATADOR TRUCK TIRES s.r.o. (conti‐online.com)
N/A Púchov
N/A
NOVACKE CHEMICKÉ ZÁVODY a.s. (nchz.sk) 211,512 Nováky 1620
CONTINENTAL MATADOR RUBBER s.r.o. (conti‐online.com)
190,367 Púchov 1903
ZENTIVA a.s. (zentiva.sk) 190,5 Hlohovec 1300
CHEMOSVIT FOLIE a.s. (chemosvit.sk) N/A Svit N/A
NEXIS FIBERS a.s. (nexisfibers.com) 89,69 Humenné 424
INERGY ASS s.r.o. (inergyautomotive.com) N/A Lozorno N/A
VISTEON SLOVAKIA s.r.o. (visteon.com) N/A Nitra N/A
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees and TREND analysis
The biggest company is, in the long term, refinery SLOVNAFT own by MOL group. Within the area of basic chemicals the most important companies are DUSLO a.s. followed by Novácke chemické závody (NCHZ) a.s. The most of these companies have sites in western Slovakia.
Fig. 10 TOP 10 companies of chemical industry in 2007 and pipeline network in Slovakia
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
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4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION
Slovakia, besides access to sea, is connected to all transport corridors. Rail and road infrastructure is sufficiently built in term of surface coverage. Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. Inland navigation has the lowest use in regard of eccentrically location of the one navigable waterway Danube. Following issues in regard to the transport infrastructure can be mentioned:
o mountainous terrain – high infrastructure costs – bridges, tunnels o congested road network, traffic jams o not sufficient network of highways, expressways, rail corridors and modern
multimodal terminals o inland navigation possible on Danube only with local and seasonal restrictions o inland state – no direct access to the sea
Tab. 13 Goods transport according to transport modes ‐ quantity
Goods transport in Mio tons 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Road 188,9 187,6 164,4 174,1 178,1 195,4 181,4 179,3
Railway 54,17 53,59 49,86 50,52 50,45 49,31 52,45 51,81
Inland waterway 1,607 1,551 1,699 1,451 1,636 1,526 1,713 1,806
Pipeline – crude oil ‐ Transpetrol 9,273 9,551 9,446 9,929 10,37 10,66 11,14 N/A
Pipeline – natural gas – EUSTREAM in Mio m3 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 71762
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak republic, Transpetrol, EUSTREAM
The highest share of transport from conventional transports has the road transport with the continuous increase during last years. The transport of natural gas and crude petroleum is significant in regard of east‐west transit.
Tab. 14 Goods transport – performance in 1000 tkm (quantity * km)
Goods transport in 1000 tkm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Road 14340 13799 14929 16859 18517 22550 22114 27050
Railway 11234 10929 10383 10113 9702 9463 9988 9647
Inland waterway 1383 1015 594 488 721 680 936 843
The railway transport performance has a slight decrease. However, there is a significant increase of transport performance in road transport since 2004.
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The following table defines priority axes of transport infrastructure development for goods transport in Slovakia according to the Operational Programme Transport 2007‐2013 (OPT 2007‐2013).
Tab. 15 Division of priority axes of OPT 2007 – 2013
Priority axes of OP at the level of the Cohesion Fund
Core activities within the priority axis
Priority axis 1 Railway infrastructure
Modernisation and development of railway tracks (TEN‐T + other routes in accordance with the regulation for the Cohesion Fund)
Priority axis 2 Road infrastructure (TEN‐T)
Construction of motorways (TEN‐T)
Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure
Construction of a network of core public intermodal transport terminals
Priority axes of OP at the level of the ERDF Core activities within the priority axis Priority axis 5 Road infrastructure (expressways and first‐class roads)
Construction of expresswaysModernisation and construction of first‐class roads
Priority axis 7 Technical assistance
Support of management, monitoring, evaluation and publicity of OPT
Tab. 16 Financial plan of OPT structured by priority axes and financial resources (in EUR in current prices)
Priority axes Community funding
National counterpa
rt
Indicative breakdown of the national counterpart Total
funding
Co‐financing rate
For informatio
n National public funding
National private funding
EIB Other
a b=c+d c d e=a+b f=a/e
COHESION FUND
Priority axis 1 Railway Infrastructure
782 746 878 138 131 802 138 131 802 0 920 878 680 0,85
Priority axis 2 Road Infrastructure (TEN‐T)
972 333 473 171 588 260 171 588 260 0 1 143 921 733 0,85
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Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure
102 620 947 18 109 579 18 109 579 0 120 730 526 0,85
ERDF
Priority axis 5 Road Infrastructure (expressways and first‐class roads)
740 794 961 130 728 523 130 728 523 0 871 523 484 0,85
Priority axis 7 Technical assistance
48 103 569 8 488 865 8 488 865 0 56 592 434 0,85
OPT TOTAL 3 206 904 595 638 815 396 638 815 396 0 3 845 719 991
Source: OPT 2007 – 2010
4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT
There is only a transport of maritime containers within intermodal transport in Slovakia as a part of sea transport. This segment notices an increase with the arrival of investors from automotive and electronics industry. It is supposed to start also the continental lines after finalization of terminals.
4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES p g p
0200 000400 000600 000800 000
1 000 0001 200 0001 400 0001 600 0001 800 0002 000 000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
inland
export
import
transit
total
trends
Fig. 11 Volume of transported goods – combine transport –tonnes
SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 21/55
Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia
Fig. 12 Combine transport (CT) operators in Slovakia – block trains per week
The majority of combine transport is a transport of maritime containers by block trains from /to Slovak terminals to the Port of Hamburg, Port of Bremerhaven (tank containers), Port of Rotterdam and Port of Koper.
MetransERSKombiverkehrCSKD IntransAdriakombiSKD IntransARGO
National CT: 100 % - single wagon shipment International CT: 90% block trains
100 % ISO Container 40% - 20‘ 60% - 40‘
Žilina – Chernyakhovsk KIA demounted cars 40‘ containers
Veľká Ida – Kaluga - VW demounted cars 40‘ high cube containers
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4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
Fig. 13 AGTC rail corridors
AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63
The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km.
The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.
Tab. 17 Main combine transport terminals in Slovakia
Terminal Handled goods ‐ net tonnes ‐2008 Dunajská streda 662655Bratislava Palenisko 258515Žilina 139491Sládkovičovo 120053Dobrá 21677Bratislava UNS 17944Košice – Veľká Ida 1587Total 1221922
Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia
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4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
A priority in the area of the development of intermodal transport infrastructure from resources of the Cohesion Fund is to build the basic network of intermodal transport terminals meeting parameters of the Agreement AGTC.
Tab. 18 Indicators of Priority axis 3
Code Name of indicator Description and unit of
indicator Initial value
Target value*
Source
INDICATORS OF OUTPUT
Number of intermodal transport terminals
Number of completed intermodal transport terminals
3 7 MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF RESULT
Increase of the quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport
Quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport (thous. tonnes/year)
650 6 200* MTPT SR
Number of integrated intermodal transport trains
Number of integrated intermodal transport trains per year
960 7 000* MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF CONTEXT
Share of railway transport on the freight transport performance
Represents the share of railway transport on total performance of freight transport of SR
28,7 30 MTPT SR
NB: * ‐ target value, providing the realisation of mentioned number of terminals and planned development of Slovak economy.
Fig. 14 Planned intermodal transport terminals in regard to planned industrial parks and other transport infrastructure
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4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT
Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. With the increase of volume of road freight transport the condition of transport infrastructure of I. class roads and international roads “E” is becoming worse.
4.3.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES
Tab. 19 Actual and planned road network in km
Actual and planned road network in km in operation in progress planned total
Highways 365 105 294 764
Expressways and roads of I., II. and III. class 17510 N/A N/A N/A
Source: www.ssc.sk , www.ndsas.sk
The infrastructure of highways “D” and expressways “R” are built nowadays. The construction of new roads of I., II. and III. class is minimal. Mostly the reconstruction of mentioned roads is performed. Time schedules of infrastructure finalization are not fulfilled.
Tab. 20 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Domestic traffic 90,09 90,76 92,91 92,11 91,11 88,93 87,72 83,56
Cross‐border entrance 1,69 1,68 2,21 2,64 2,93 3,32 3,28 4,59
Cross‐border dispatch 2,61 2,45 3,37 3,70 3,74 4,46 4,30 5,63
Transit 0,20 0,21 0,25 0,25 0,32 0,65 1,40 1,50
Other transportation abroad 5,41 4,91 1,26 1,30 1,90 2,64 3,30 4,73
The highest share of road traffic presents domestic traffic. The share of domestic traffic in regard to the increase of cross‐border traffic is slightly decreasing.
Base on surveys, after the start of electronic toll collection system, the decrease of transit transport is supposed. The slight increase of domestic transport is supposed in regard to the construction of new factories of suppliers for automotive industry.
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Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
%
788082848688909294
% d
omes
tic tr
affic
Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit
Other transportation abroad Domestic traffic
Fig. 15 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road
4.3.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
Fig. 16 TEN‐T corridors in Slovakia
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TEN‐T corridors – 3 multimodal corridors – IV. corridor (80,792 km), V. corridor (547,848 km) a VI. corridor (49,810 km)
TEM corridors – 7 TEM routes
European road network „E“
E50 441,107 km E371 73,219 km E65 80,792 km E442 44,535 km E75 253,263 km E571 392,834 km E58 497,963 km E572 101,581 km E71 22,640 km E575 72,681 km E77 208,137 km
4.3.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
A priority of the Slovakia in the area of the development of road infrastructure in the programme period of years 2007 – 2013 is the construction of transport infrastructure included in the TEN‐T network passing through the Slovak territory, by means of the construction of new motorway sections. These new motorway sections will replace the existing sections of the Slovak road network that ceased to fulfil the requirements for the capacity and safety.
Tab. 21 Indicators of Priority axis 2
Code Name of indicator Description and unit of
indicator Initial value
Target value*
Source
INDICATORS OF OUTPUT
Core 14 km of new roads Length of new motorways (km)
7,9 67,9 MTPT SR
Core 15 ‐ of which TEN‐T Length of new motorways built in the TENT‐T network (km)
7,9 67,9 MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF RESULT
Core 20 Time saving (road transport)
Time saving in passenger/goods transport (mil. EURO)
0 30,2 MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF IMPACT
Core 13 Number of the projects Number of the road infrastructure projects
2 9 MTPT SR
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Density of the motorway network
Expresses the share of length of the motorways in operation to the area of SR (km/thousand.km2)
6,8 8,0 MTPT SR
Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport
Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport
10,7 9,4 MTPT SR
NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.
Tab. 22 Planned PPP projects for road infrastructure
PPP projects Segments Total length State
1. package
Highway Dubná Skala – Turany, Turany – Hubová, Hubová – Ivachnová, Jánovce – Jablonov, Fričovce – Svinia
75,04 km in
preparation
2. package
Expressway R1 Nitra západ – Selenec, Selenec – Beladice, Beladice – Tekovské Nemce, Banská Bystrica severný obchvat
51,53 km in progress
04/09
3. package
Highway D1 Hričovské Podhradie – Lietavská Lúčka, Lietavská Lúčka – Višňové, Višňové – Dubná Skala, diaľničný privádzač Lietavská Lúčka – Žilina
29,08 km in
preparation
Slovakia uses also PPP projects to quickly finalize connection west – east (Tab. 22).
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4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT
4.4.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES
Tab. 23 Actual and planned railway network in km
Actual and planned railway network in km in operation in progress planned total
Main railroads ‐ public 3658 N/A N/A 3658
Standard gauge ‐ public 3480 N/A N/A 3480
Narrow gauge – public 50 N/A N/A 50
Broad gauge 99 N/A 400 499
Tab. 24 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Domestic traffic 21,92 21,12 20,93 16,06 14,12 14,45 14,50 13,96
Cross‐border entrance 41,03 42,28 43,38 36,74 37,47 36,15 35,18 37,22
Cross‐border dispatch 32,67 32,27 30,87 25,78 25,21 23,70 23,27 22,49
Transit 19,99 20,54 23,01 21,42 23,19 25,70 27,05 26,33
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
%
Domestic traffic Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit
Fig. 17 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway
The share of domestic traffic and cross‐border traffic is decreasing. However the share of transit is slightly increasing.
At present (4/2009) there is noticed a 40% decrease of performance of rail cargo operators compared to 2008. Slovakia is in regard to railway mainly transiting country. The future mostly depends on transport west – east via Ukraine.
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4.4.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
From the technical aspect the main weakness of the railway infrastructure is the low level of the speed limit over a track that only exceptionally achieves the standard level of developed European railways providing the establishment of competitiveness conditions giving an advantage to railway transport over less ecological transport modalities. The decisive tasks for the upgrading of railway tracks are: the modernisation of railway transport route, the modernisation of selected border crossing stations and the modernisation of information network (notably in regard to the requirements associated to the implementation of the EU regulation on Telematics Application for Freight) and railway junctions.
AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63
The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km.
The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.
Source: MDPT SR
Fig. 18 Multimodal transport corridors – railways – TEN‐T
TEN‐T corridors : IV, V, VI, IX
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4.4.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
The development of railway transport infrastructure in the Slovak territory can be achieved mainly through the modernisation of international corridors defined by the Pan‐European Conference of Ministers of Transport – TEN‐T.
Tab. 25 Indicators of Priority axis 1
Code Name of indicator Description and unit of
indicator Initial value
Target value*
Source
INDICATORS OF OUTPUT
Core 19 km of reconstructed railroads
Length of modernised railway tracks in km
92 257 MTPT SR
‐ of which TEN‐T Length of new railway tracks of the TEN‐T network in km
71 236 MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF RESULT
Core 21 Time saving (railway transport)
Time saving in passenger/goods transport (min.)
0 35/295 MTPT SR
INDICATORS OF IMPACT
Core 13 Number of projects Number of railway infrastructure projects
7 18 MTPT SR
Share of railway transport on freight transport performances
Expresses the share of railway transport on total freight transport performances of SR (%)
28,7 30 MTPT SR
Share of railway transport on passenger transport performances
Expresses the share of railway transport on total passenger transport performances of SR (%)
5,6 5,9 MTPT SR
NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.
4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT
Waterway transport is mainly used on Danube waterway and its canals. The river Váh, as the longest Danube inlet, is partly navigable.
4.5.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES
Length of navigate inland waterways in 2007 is 250,85 km (Danube 172 km, Váh 78,85 km and canals 38,45 km) with two main harbours Bratislava and Komárno.
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Tab. 26 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Domestic traffic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cross‐border entrance 4,11 5,74 1,73 1,72 1,09 1,59 1,46 2,13
Cross‐border dispatch 70,87 76,53 80,81 82,72 72,73 74,26 75,92 78,37
Transit and other transportation abroad 25,01 17,73 17,46 15,56 26,19 24,14 22,62 19,49
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway
0102030405060708090
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
%
Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit and other transportation abroad
Fig. 19 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway
The highest share of waterway traffic presents export. Domestic transport in regard to the short length of national waterways (mainly Danube) is not used. About 20% of all waterway traffic presents export traffic of chemicals (fuels and fertilizers).
In regard to infrastructure the potential of future use of domestic transport is limited. There are plans to canalize the river Váh to Žilina. The construction of navigable waterways is not the priority in Slovakia nowadays.
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4.5.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
Fig. 20 Danube waterway – TEN‐T corridor VII.
The company OMV is transporting fuels to Port of Komarno which is used as a distribution point to Slovakia.
4.5.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
The crucial position within future plans has international waterway Danube as a part of European transport corridors as the corridor VII. – Danube and according to the AGN agreement the Danube is the artery waterway E80. Waterway Váh is part of the multimodal transport corridors V and VI. According to the AGN agreement the Váh is the national waterway E81.
4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT
The crucial is transit network for natural gas and crude petroleum east – west. The refinery SLOVNAFT has built pipelines for fuels in length of 476 km.
Šaľa
Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII. – AGN E80
Váh waterway – TEN-T corridor V., VI. – AGN E81
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4.6.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES
Tab. 27 Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Crude oil transported by TRANSPETROL a.s.– in thousands tons
9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A
Gas transported by EUSTREAM a.s. in mil. m3 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 72762
Source: TRANSPETROL, Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
With regard to the gas crisis at the beginning of 2009 Slovakia wants to diversify gas suppliers. Therefore connection with the Hungary is also planned.
4.6.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE
The major pipeline infrastructure in Slovakia is for transport of crude oil and natural gas.
Fig. 21 Crude oil transmission lines Družba and Adria
Pipeline systems Družba and Adria are for transport of crude oil. Družba (with the length of 566,6 km in Slovakia) transmit supplies of crude oil to Slovnaft refinery in Bratislava and serves also as a transit line to Czech Republic. The technical capacity of Družba is 20 million tons per year. The Adria line (8,5 km in Slovakia) connects Družba near Šahy from Croatian port of Omišaľj. The port of Omišaľj has a technology to transfer the crude oil from tankers. The crude oil is transported in Slovakia by the company TRANSPETROL.
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Pipeline transport - Crude petroleum
5323 5341 5463 5522 5720 5569 5660
3638 3785 3883 4193 4308 5036 5218312 425
26757343214100
02000400060008000
1000012000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1000
tonn
es
SLOVNAFT Refineries in Czech Republic Other customers
Technical capacity - 20 mil. tonnes
Source: www.eustream.sk
Fig. 22 Natural gas transmission line EUSTREAM
The natural gas is transported through Slovakia by the company EUSTREAM. The capacity of gas transmission system Eustream is more than 90 billion cubic meters of natural gas, its size extends over 2270 km. In 2006 the company transported 73.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which represents 20 % of the EU annual consumption and it is the largest transmission company within the EU. The main contract partners of the company are foreign customers from Russia, the Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia.
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4.6.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
Slovakia wants to obtain higher support from EU anti crisis package to connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic and connect also electricity net with Hungary. There are also considerations to import LNG and build a refinery for processing. The government made negotiations with Norway about gas supplies.
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5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY
Deliveries of basic gross volume supplies are carried via pipeline network for crude petroleum and natural gas and by block trains and vessels on Danube. Deliveries of smaller size are carried usually by rail, road and Intermodal transport.
Larger companies are able on own rail sidings to form block trains. Block trains achieve high speed of carriage and capacity. Smaller companies if they have rail sidings their operation is not efficient (high maintenance costs) so they stop. Then they become the users of road and sometimes intermodal transport only.
Inland navigation on river Danube is used for carriage of fuels, fertilizers and their supplies. Inland navigation is not used for carriages of packed cargo and containers.
Intermodal transport is mainly used to carry the supplies and products from/to sea ports. Main container trains begin and end in Bratislava, Dunajska Streda and Žilina. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.
To transport gasoline and diesel oil to distribution centres pipeline and block trains with tank rail cars are used.
The market of rail transport is liberalized. Private operators mainly operate direct block trains. The market of road transport is fully liberalized. Whereas toll‐collection system is being launch from 1st of January 2010 the market is not harmonized and supports a shift from rail to cheaper road transport. The fees for use of rail infrastructure are 2 or 3 times higher than in neighbouring countries which also influence intermodal transport.
Large chemical companies have from the past own tank fleet and part of the fleet is rented. Own truck tank fleet is not own by these companies. However, Slovnaft through its subsidiary company has own distribution network for fuels (pipeline, rail cars, truck fleet).
Several private companies with truck tank fleet offer services for chemical companies and also several foreign transporters are on the market with tank vehicles, rail tank cars and tank containers.
There are few tank cleaning stations in Slovakia (Bratislava, Strážske). This causes long distance route of tank vehicles for cleaning.
Transport is organized by the domestic and foreign freight forwarders. Cooperation with these companies is more efficient because of payload optimisation and lower prices than own vehicle fleet.
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Tab. 28 Transported chemical goods – share of transportation modes
Transported chemical goods – thousands of tons
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Road 31135 31288 21977 20202 18104 15554 13376 15888
Railway 5757 6143 6209 7095 6342 5536 5704 6428
Waterway 271,9 288,8 244,4 225,8 290,7 261,6 295,2 247,6
Pipeline crude petroleum 9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A
Pipeline natural gas* 55447 50067 49286 50884 55917 56910 51636 50933 *The data for transport of natural gas are originally in cubic meters. The value in tonnes was calculated with a
density of 0,7 kg/m3. The density is valid at a standard reference condition, that is temperature of 15 °C , pressure 101, 325 kPa and relative humidity RH = 0 %. Source: SPP – Distribucia a.s.
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6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies
6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT 1. Quality of product and packaging 2. Suppliers' availability, reliability and flexibility 3. Supplier assessment and management
The time schedule of the supplies from third countries is problematic. Quality of packaging from third countries (mainly China) is very poor. The handling of goods is problematic. Unloading of goods is often manual with a big risk to work safety and environmental requirements. The use of pallets is often unknown.
6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS
1. Inventory strategy 2. Range of inventory 3. Inventory level
Usually the companies have own quality systems according to ISO 9001:2000(ISO 9001:2008) with inventory planning.
6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS 1. Utilization of machines and production lines 2. Stability within production processes 3. Susceptance of damage within production processes
The utilization of machines is very important – continuous production. The start and the end of the production units create high risk and costs with possible damage of the product.
6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT 1. Payload optimization 2. Delivery time and performance 3. Mode of transport
These parameters are comparable to western countries. High flexibility in packing, distribution and transport is the standard. The competitiveness is comparable to western countries. The new road traffic regulations permit the transport of dangerous goods also during Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays. Our freight forwarders use very efficiently information systems for supply chain management (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE).
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6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Demand Planning 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Supply Planning ‐ Forecasting with customers 3. Accuracy and Flexibility in Delivery Planning
The competitiveness of the production and supply companies is very high after the entry of Slovakia into EU.
6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING 1. Order fulfilment cycle time 2. Available‐to‐promise 3. Coordinated order processing
The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.
6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS 1. PPS‐System in production planning 2. ERP‐ and MRP systems in procurement 3. Supply Chain Event Management
The IS systems must be comparable to companies from other countries (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE). This is the condition to stay in the market.
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7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies
7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT 1. Collaboration demand planning 2. Sourcing strategies (global versus single) 3. Research and Development of sourcing markets
The supplies of natural gas and crude petroleum are dependent on Russian federation and transit via Ukraine. Big companies use transport of supplies by pipeline and railway. Small commodities are usually transported by road. The import of supplies by rail from Ukraine and Russian Federation is influenced by broad‐gauge track with a necessity of reloading or boogie shifting.
7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS
1. Outsourcing of warehousing 2. Inventory costs
Sufficient experiences with functional warehouse outsourcing are missing. There is not also sufficient number of suppliers of these services within the area of chemicals. The network of chemical companies has not such density to have profitable outsourcing of warehousing. The warehousing of semi‐finished products is usually part of the production process with no interest for outsourcing.
7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS 1. Flexibility within production processes 2. Duration production change‐over / set‐up 3. Production costs
The production lines are usually specifically oriented (basic chemicals) to one product. There is no possibility to product more chemicals in one production line. The production of chemicals for final customers is more flexible (paints, fertilizers). However there is a flexibility of packing required from customers.
7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT 1. Freight costs 2. Distance to customers 3. Outsourcing of Distribution and Transport
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In connection with the start of electronic toll collection system (1.1.2010) the companies are aware of further increase of actually high freight costs. Present Intermodal network is oriented for sea transports mainly (maritime containers). To protect water sources in Bratislava there is no possibility to transport dangerous goods by trucks (40 tons) directly from Slovakia to Austria. There is only one border crossing point to Austria for trucks (40 tons). The length of the border with the Austria is however 127 km. There are only 2 border crossing points for trucks (40 tons) with Poland on 597,5 km long border.
7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Planning of inventory levels 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Production planning
The planning of inventory levels and production is highly dependent on suppliers (distance, density). The supplies from Germany are in Slovakia within two days but from Ukraine it takes two weeks. The railways do not guarantee such delivery times as road transport, therefore the planning (just‐in‐time) is problematic.
7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING
NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews
The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.
7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS
NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews
The LSP’s are mainly connected to western companies and use their information systems. There is no initiative in Slovakia to build a general information system in transport.
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8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings.
8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS 1. Eastern European expansion of the EU 2. Access to international selling markets / Access to international sourcing markets 3. Internationalization of selling markets / Internationalization of sourcing markets
After the entry of Slovakia into EU the conditions for business are different. The 80 % of all Slovakia export and import are EU countries. Therefore the access to markets is easier.
8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 1. Present skills of employees in the field of logistics (professional, social and
intercultural) 2. Educational standards 3. Cooperation with education, research and development institutes
Present skills of employees in the field of logistics, mainly on executive level, are relatively good considering low fluctuations of workers and quality of secondary vocational schools.
8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS 1. Information and Communication Technologies 2. Innovations in transports 3. Innovations in warehousing / storage / Acceptance of railway and waterway
IT’s are also available in Slovakia. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use. After the construction of public intermodal terminals and operation of regular block trains the share of railways is expected to increase.
8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 1. Availability of renewable energy sources 2. Accessibility to renewable energy sources
The trains of intermodal transport can be powered by the energy from renewable sources.
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8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION 1. International harmonization of transport and traffic related laws and regulations
Simplified procedures to perform international transport lead to development of chemical logistics.
8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
8.6.1 RAILWAY 1. Location and structure of the railway system 2. Interoperability – international standards 3. Location of terminals / Availability and capacity of railway wagons
Low utilization of railway network has an opportunity for increased use. Parameters of rail corridors (22,5 tons axle load) offers to transport in single wagon a load of 3 trucks.
8.6.2 WATERWAY 1. Capacity and efficiency of waterway 2. Availability and capacity of water vessels
Waterway offers a possibility of cheaper transport for bulk cargo. The waterways have sufficient capacities.
8.6.3 ROAD 1. Interoperability – international standards
The truck fleet of Slovak haulers fulfils EU standards. Harmonized social legislation, maximum allowed dimensions and weights of vehicles for international transport, transport of dangerous goods makes the operation of transport easier.
8.6.4 INTERMODAL 1. Interoperability – international standards
Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.
8.6.5 PIPELINE 1. Capacity and efficiency of pipeline network
The pipeline network is not currently used to its technical capacity.
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8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY 1. International safety standards 2. Information flow in intermodal transports 3. Tracking & Tracing of cargo
European harmonization of transport of dangerous goods (ADR, RID, ADN, IMDG code, IATA DGR) makes the conditions for transport easier. The availability and the price of information technologies is available to more and more transport companies. The information about localisation of cargo is precious for customer.
8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION
8.8.1 CUSTOMERS 1. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the customers 2. Level of product standardisation 3. Degree of concentration
Slovakia chemical exports (90%) are EU countries. European legislation makes the business easier. Chemical industry is a supplier for automotive and electrical industry.
8.8.2 SUPPLIERS 1. Level of product standardisation 2. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the suppliers 3. Collaborations among suppliers
Basic chemicals are standardised in basic quality parameters. Suppliers cooperate during the production breaks.
8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET 1. Access to channels of distribution 2. Product differentiation 3. Brand identity
Access to the market is dependent on transport costs and product price. Cooperation with the world known producers offers a possibility to use their trade market, brand and distribution network.
8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES
NO OPPORTUNITIES evaluated from RSM meeting
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9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings
9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS 1. Actual world‐wide economic development 2. Regional economic development 3. Market concentration/intensified competition
Present economic crisis endangers many chemical and logistic companies world‐wide and on the regional level. Slovakia has many SMEs with difficulty to survive in present time. The intensified competition after the fall of the demand endangers these companies.
9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 1. Availability of high qualified domestic and foreign workers 2. Change of values 3. Demographic change in CEE
The fluctuation of workers is increasing which leads to low level of skills and experiences in chemical logistics. The number of new born children is decreasing which leads to decrease of economically active people. Graduates from technical universities leave from Slovakia to western EU and USA. There is a low interest from students to study technical study fields (chemistry, logistics, electrical and mechanical engineering).
9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
NO THREATS evaluated from RSM meeting
The logistic centres are not comparable to western EU. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use.
9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 1. Energy costs 2. Availability of non‐renewable energy sources 3. Accessibility to non‐renewable energy sources
Slovakia is energetically (crude petroleum and natural gas) dependent from one supplier – Russian Federation. The diversification of the supplies and transport routes is necessary. The use of renewable sources is very expansive and in the beginning.
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9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION 1. Financing of traffic infrastructure projects 2. Prioritization passenger traffic 3. Policy on financial subsidies in the field of traffic and transportation
The plans of construction of infrastructure have not been fulfilled. Financial resources have not been sufficient. The prioritization of passenger traffic endangers the operation of road (road driving bans) and rail freight transport (passenger trains). Policy on financial subsidies deforms market environment (different taxes).
9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
9.6.1 RAILWAY 1. Broad – gauge track Haniska – Bratislava ‐ Wien 2. State‐owned railway systems 3. Noise
The government signed a contract with Russian Federation about plan to build a broad‐gauge track to Bratislava despite the level of utilization of current tracks is 40 % nowadays. This is also caused by high fees which railway operators have to pay for the use of traffic infrastructure.
1 EUR = 23 CZK Fig. 23 Prices for transport route in selected EU countries (March 2008)
There are only two railway border‐crossing points with Poland. The conditions to increase the capacity north/south from Poland to Hungary are necessary.
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9.6.2 WATERWAY 1. Access to ports 2. Location of inland ports 3. Location and structure of the waterway network
Considering essentially position of Danube waterway. The conditions for inland navigations are dependent from weather. The conditions for inland navigations on Danube are not stable for waterway class VIb. The navigation on river Váh is dependent on Danube water level.
9.6.3 ROAD 1. Development of increase in road toll 2. Capacity and efficiency of motorways 3. Tunnels
The new electronic toll collection system from the 1st of January 2010 with high fees for vehicles above 3,5 tones will have a significant impact on logistics.
Capacity of highways and expressways is not sufficient which leads to traffic jams and accidents.
In connection with the transport of dangerous goods the present tunnels do not fulfil the requirements of ADR agreement. There are not also considerations to classify new constructed tunnels to classes A and B.
The transport of dangerous goods is banned also on several segments of international roads “E” with negative impact on logistics.
A lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social legislation.
The main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient.
9.6.4 INTERMODAL 1. Location, structure and capacity of intermodal nodes 2. Technology for means of transportation 3. Handling technology road‐rail‐waterway/sea
Present terminals are not complexly built‐up. Handling of dangerous goods is not possible in all terminals.
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Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.
Present network of tank cleaning stations is not sufficient for developing intermodal and road transport. The construction of new build terminals don’t plan with the cleaning stations.
9.6.5 PIPELINE 1. Location and structure of the pipeline network
Pipeline network has been built in east‐west directions. For the security of supplies it is necessary to build also connections north/south. Connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic.
9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY 1. Possible misuse of dangerous chemicals by terrorists
High consequence dangerous goods can be misuse by terrorists. This is easier when the vehicle is directly marked according to ADR, RID by UN code or even the name. Even the rail tanks create higher danger of misuse than accompanied road transport.
9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION
9.8.1 CUSTOMERS 1. Collaborations among customers
Collaborations among customers influence the price of the product.
9.8.2 SUPPLIERS 1. Degree of concentration
The concentration of suppliers leads to monopolisation of suppliers.
9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET 1. Funds needed for market entry 2. Cost advantages of existing market players 3. Public economic policy
To access the market with a new product requires high costs (marketing, testing). Existing market players create barriers for new producers.
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9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES 1. Potential product substitution 2. New offer in branch
The substitution of EU products from China, India…
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10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS o higher security of supplies – natural gas, crude petroleum
o diversification of the sources ‐ natural gas, crude petroleum
o finalization of motorways – TEN‐T
o modernisation of rail corridors – TEN‐T – according to AGTC agreement
o finalisation of intermodal transport terminals network
o create conditions for year round navigation on Danube according to AGN agreement
for waterway class VIb
o better connection to transport infrastructure of neighbouring countries – mainly
Poland (2 road and 2 rail border crossing points) and Austria (1 road border crossing
point for trucks – 2 single track rail border crossing point)
o no possibility to transport dangerous goods by road directly to Austria
o not sufficient network of tank cleaning stations
o present and planned road tunnels are not classified for dangerous goods according to
ADR – classify new tunnels to class A, B
o high costs for the use of rail infrastructure – increase the use of infrastructure –
decrease the costs for infrastructure management
o the most important rail freight operator has dropped transport volumes by 40%
compared to 2008 – new projects and ideas for railway logistics
o a lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social
legislation
• the construction of larger parking facilities with higher security standard
• the higher use of intermodal transport
o the main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport
and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient
• construction of city roundabouts
o reassess the restrictions for transport of dangerous goods on several segments of
road network
o make a draft of transit road network for transport of dangerous goods
o offer a new and progressive logistic concepts in best practices
o to present project proposals to state authorities
o to analyse proposals to change the dimensions and weights of road vehicles
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11 LITERATURE
11.1 STUDIES o Kolektív autorov: Dlhodobá vízia rozvoja slovenskej spoločnosti (Long term vision of
development of Slovak society), Ekonomický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 2008, ISBN 978‐80‐224‐1050‐2
o Communication on Freight Logistics Action Plan, KOM(2007) 607, European Commission, Brussels, 2007
o ŠULGAN , M. ‐ SOSEDOVÁ, J.‐ RIEVAJ, V.: Európske dopravné koridory a Slovensko (European transport corridors and Slovakia), EDIS – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity, Žilina, 2001, ISBN 80‐7100‐903‐2
o Transport policy of the Slovak Republic to 2015, Government of SR, 2005
o Cohesion fund strategy – Transport sector, MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, February 2003,
o European Energy and Transport, Trends to 2030, European commission 06.
o EU Energy & Transport in Figures, European commission 2006
o National strategic reference framework 2007 – 2013; MVRR SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 29. Jun 2007,
o Operational Programme Transport 2007 – 2013; MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 9th August 2007
o Basic data about road network ‐ from the ROAD DATA BANK of the SLOVAK ROAD ADMINISTRATION, the road network status as of 01.01.2008., SSC, Bratislava, 2006;
o Programme of preparation and construction of I. class roads 2007 – 2010; MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic) , Bratislava, April 2007;
o Programme of preparation and construction of highways and expressways 2007 – 2010, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, April 2007;
o Programme of development of railway network by 2010 and proposal of the financing of investments , MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, December 2000
o Statistical yearbook 2006, Statistical office of the Slovak Republic, Veda Bratislava, 2005.
o Conception of development of water transport in Slovakia, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 2003
o SLOVAKIA TRANSPORT, Almanach dopravy 2007, Vydavateľstvo LUXUR, Bratislava 2007
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11.2 INTERNET SOURCES o http://www.slovakia.travel/
o http://www.transpetrol.sk
o http://www.eustream.sk
o http://www.spp.sk
11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM Surname, Name, Title Specialization Organisation
CAGÁŇ Rudolf PNT ADR, RID NCHZ Nováky
CVÍČELA Emil Ing. railways retired
ČERMÁK. Jaroslav Ing ADR, RID DUSLO, a. s.
DENKOCY Irenej Ing. Logistics ZCHFP SR Bratislava
GNAP Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
GOGA Miroslav Ing. PNT ADR retired
HALAMA Luboš Bc. ADR, RID, ADN CMS Trend Žilina
HEGYI Peter Ing. Pipeline transport SPP a.s.
JAGELČÁK Juraj Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
JARÁBEK Miroslav Ing. Pipeline transport MH SR Bratislava
KAČALA Miroslav Ing. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava
KOMORA František Ing. Logistics & freight forwarding PKZ s.r.o. Púchov
KRAJCÁROVÁ Ingrid Ing. RID ŽS Cargo Slovakia
KURUCZ Milan Ing. ADN Dunaj Petrol Trade
MAJERČÁK Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
MARUŠINEC Pavol Mgr. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava
MULÍK Peter ADR LC Slovak trans
POBJECKÝ Ivan Ing., CSc. Logistics MIND Piešťany
POKORNÝ Jiří Ing., CSc Railways, multimodal transport ŽS Cargo Slovakia
REMÁK Ľubomír Ing. Logistics Slovnaft Bratislava
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RUŽINSKÝ Martin RNDr. CSc Pipeline transport Transpetrol Bratislava
SEDLÁK Jozef Ing. Logistics Sloveca Košeca
ŠLESINGER Ján Ing. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
ŠULGAN Marián Doc. Ing. PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
TOKÁR Jaroslav Ing. Logistics Chemko Strážske
VARGOVÁ Zuzana Ing. Railways ŽS Cargo Slovakia
ZEMAN Miroslav Ing. Railways ŽSR
ŽIVEC Václav JUDr. Logistics SCHFP ČR
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12 LIST OF TABLES TAB. 1 INHABITANTS 5
TAB. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES IN BILLIONS EUR 5
TAB. 3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT / CAPITA AT CURRENT PRICES IN THOUSANDS EUR 6
TAB. 4 SALES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN MIO EUR 9
TAB. 5 SHARE OF CHEMICAL SALES IN PROCESSING INDUSTRY 11
TAB. 6 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 11
TAB. 7 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 12
TAB. 8 SHARE OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FROM GDP 12
TAB. 10 IMPORT OF CHEMICALS IN MIO EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA 13
TAB. 12 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT IN % 15
TAB. 13 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT IN % 16
TAB. 14 MAJOR COMPANIES AND CHEMICAL SITES 17
TAB. 13 GOODS TRANSPORT ACCORDING TO TRANSPORT MODES ‐ QUANTITY 18
TAB. 14 GOODS TRANSPORT – PERFORMANCE IN 1000 TKM (QUANTITY * KM) 18
TAB. 17 DIVISION OF PRIORITY AXES OF OPT 2007 – 2013 19
TAB. 18 FINANCIAL PLAN OF OPT STRUCTURED BY PRIORITY AXES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES (IN EUR
IN CURRENT PRICES) 19
TAB. 19 MAIN COMBINE TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN SLOVAKIA 22
TAB. 20 INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 3 23
TAB. 21 ACTUAL AND PLANNED ROAD NETWORK IN KM 24
TAB. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 24
TAB. 23 INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 2 26
TAB. 24 PLANNED PPP PROJECTS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 27
TAB. 25 ACTUAL AND PLANNED RAILWAY NETWORK IN KM 28
TAB. 26 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28
TAB. 27 INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 1 30
TAB. 28 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31
TAB. 29 PIPELINE TRANSPORT 33
TAB. 30 TRANSPORTED CHEMICAL GOODS – SHARE OF TRANSPORTATION MODES 37
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13 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1 STATE SYMBOLS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FIG. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT SLOVAKIA 6
FIG. 3 BIG CHEMICAL COMPANIES IN SLOVAKIA 8
FIG. 4 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SALES ‐ 2008 10
FIG. 5 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 10
FIG. 6 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 11
FIG. 9 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 14
FIG. 10 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 14
FIG. 11 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 15
FIG. 12 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 16
FIG. 13 TOP 10 COMPANIES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 2007 AND PIPELINE NETWORK IN SLOVAKIA 17
FIG. 14 VOLUME OF TRANSPORTED GOODS – COMBINE TRANSPORT –TONNES 20
FIG. 15 COMBINE TRANSPORT (CT) OPERATORS IN SLOVAKIA – BLOCK TRAINS PER WEEK 21
FIG. 16 AGTC RAIL CORRIDORS 22
FIG. 17 PLANNED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN REGARD TO PLANNED INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND OTHER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 23
FIG. 18 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 25
FIG. 19 TEN‐T CORRIDORS IN SLOVAKIA 25
FIG. 20 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28
FIG. 21 MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS – RAILWAYS – TEN‐T 29
FIG. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31
FIG. 23 DANUBE WATERWAY – TEN‐T CORRIDOR VII. 32
FIG. 24 CRUDE OIL TRANSMISSION LINES DRUŽBA AND ADRIA 33
FIG. 25 NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION LINE EUSTREAM 34
FIG. 26 PRICES FOR TRANSPORT ROUTE IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES (MARCH 2008) 46