Mastering™ Unix

Kate Wrightson Joe Merlino

SYBEX®

• to tell the differences among many Unix variants

• to tell the difference between Free Software and commercial software

• the history of Unix, the Free Software Foundation, andother community projects

• the basics of Unix, including simple commands and utilities

• to create complex commands using Unix shell syntax

• to use and configure the Unix graphical user environment

• to automate routine tasks using the Bourne Again SHell(BASH) scripting language

• to use Unix's built-in utilities to schedule jobs for automatic execution

• to create a functional network using Unix's native networking tools

• to integrate Windows and Macintosh computers into yourUnix network

• to understand the basics of network security

• to provide service to users and allow them to use yournetwork

• to identify, obtain, install, and manage Unix software

• to configure and administer various internet serversincluding WWW, Usenet News, and email

• to use dozens of useful Unix terms and commands

BECOME A MASTER BY LEARNING

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Mastering Unix

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MasteringTM Unix

Kate Wrightson andJoe Merlino

San Francisco • London • Paris • Düsseldorf • Soest

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Associate Publisher: Dick StaronContracts and Licensing Manager: Kristine O’CallaghanAcquisitions and Developmental Editor: Diane LoweryEditor: Ronn JostProduction Editor: Lorrie FinkTechnical Editor: Patrick RamseierBook Designer: Kris WarrenburgGraphic Illustrator: Richard Whitaker/Seventeenth Street StudiosElectronic Publishing Specialist: Seventeenth Street StudiosProofreader: Kevin Stoffel/Seventeenth Street StudiosIndexer: Nancy GuentherCD Technician: Keith McNeilCD Coordinator: Kara Eve SchwartzCover Designer: Design SiteCover Illustrator: Jack D. Myers

Copyright © 2001 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway,Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this pub-lication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, orreproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy,photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agree-ment and written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Card Number: 00-106460

ISBN: 0-7821-2817-3

SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trademarks ortrademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or othercountries.

Mastering is a trademark of SYBEX Inc.

Screen reproductions produced with FullShot 99. FullShot 99 ©1991–1999 Inbit Incorporated. All rights reserved. FullShot is atrademark of Inbit Incorporated.

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TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book todistinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by fol-lowing the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.

The author and publisher have made their best efforts to preparethis book, and the content is based upon final release softwarewhenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based uponpre-release versions supplied by software manufacturer(s). Theauthor and the publisher make no representation or warranties ofany kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the con-tents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but notlimited to performance, merchantability, fitness for any particularpurpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or allegedto be caused directly or indirectly from this book.

Manufactured in the United States of America

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Software License Agreement: Terms and Conditions

The media and/or any online materials accompanying this bookthat are available now or in the future contain programs and/ortext files (the “Software”) to be used in connection with the book.SYBEX hereby grants to you a license to use the Software, subjectto the terms that follow. Your purchase, acceptance, or use of theSoftware will constitute your acceptance of such terms.

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For TW, whose world was a different one

but who was proud of us anyway

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A large group of people worked to bring this book to you. Although Joe andKate get their names on the cover, there are many other folks whose hard workand effort made this book possible. We appreciate their diligence and patiencewith us over a long and bumpy period of time. We’re especially grateful to Sybexand Seventeenth Street Studios for their understanding; during the last part ofthis book’s writing, Kate’s father died unexpectedly. Our team accommodatedour transcontinental travels and made finishing the project as easy as possibleunder the circumstances.

In addition to the people whose names follow, we’d like to thank our agent,David Fugate, and Waterside Productions. David and the Waterside team keep usgoing and keep us working, and we love being part of their team. Kate alsothanks the usual suspects, especially Mason Kramer, who won the lucky randomdrawing to be named here.

Sybex

Sybex people made the project possible and kept it going, from the first contact tothe final printing. We’d especially like to thank the following people:

• Roger Stewart initially brought us into the project.

• Diane Lowery shepherded the first quarter of the book.

• Colleen Strand managed administrative details of the full project.

Editing Team

We have had good luck in our careers in being able to work with fine editors whounderstand what we’re trying to say and who catch all the places where we’vesaid it poorly. This project was no different, and we’d like to thank the two edi-tors who reviewed each chapter as it came past:

• Ronn Jost fixed our prose and ensured that we made sense, with the greatestof good humor and friendly e-mail.

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• Patrick Ramseier checked the technical validity of our work and kept usfrom giving you bad information.

Seventeenth Street Studios

The folks at Seventeenth Street Studios did most of the dirty work involved ingetting the book organized and arranged into a far more attractive package thanthe original documents ever promised. In particular, we’d like to thank the fol-lowing people:

• Lorrie Fink, our production coordinator, kept track of the schedule andtried valiantly to keep us on target despite our wildly erratic lives over thepast year.

• Kevin Stoffel proofread everything that went into the book and caught allthe errors before they hit the page.

• Richard Whitaker and Bob Giles laid out the pages as they appear here,composing them into readable and appealing form; Richard also redrew ourextremely amateur line drawings into more professional images.

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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Introduction xxxvii

PART I Introducing Unix 1

Chapter 1 History and Background of Unix 3

Chapter 2 Which Unix? 13

Chapter 3 Some Basic Unix Concepts 29

PART II Getting Started 39

Chapter 4 Logging In and Looking Around 41

Chapter 5 Navigating the Filesystem 55

PART III Unix Desktop Environments 63

Chapter 6 The X Window System: An Overview 65

Chapter 7 Advanced X Techniques 77

Chapter 8 Window Managers 97

Chapter 9 KDE 121

Chapter 10 Gnome 149

PART IV Using the Shell 175

Chapter 11 Introduction to the Bourne (Again) Shell 177

Chapter 12 Manipulating Files and Directories 189

Chapter 13 Customizing the Shell Environment 201

Chapter 14 Input and Output Redirection 215

Chapter 15 Other Shells 227

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PART V Using Text Editors 241

Chapter 16 The ed Editor 243

Chapter 17 The vi Editor 255

Chapter 18 GNU Emacs 269

Chapter 19 pico, joe, and jed 285

Chapter 20 Graphical Text Editors 297

PART VI Shell Programming 311

Chapter 21 An Introduction to Shell Programming 313

Chapter 22 Variables 321

Chapter 23 Flow Control, Part I: Conditional Flow Control 333

Chapter 24 Flow Control, Part II: Iterative Flow Control 351

Chapter 25 Regular Expressions 369

Chapter 26 Signals and Status 389

PART VII Basic System Administration 407

Chapter 27 What Is System Administration? 409

Chapter 28 System Programming 417

Chapter 29 Managing Users and Groups 439

Chapter 30 Disks and Filesystem Management 457

Chapter 31 Installing and Managing Software 477

Chapter 32 Getting to Know the Kernel 501

Chapter 33 Managing Print Services 517

PART VIII Network Administration 541

Chapter 34 Introduction to Unix Networking 543

Contents at a Glance xi

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xii Contents at a Glance

Chapter 35 Network Interfaces and Routing 563

Chapter 36 The Distributed System 591

Chapter 37 Integrating Unix with Other Platforms 605

Chapter 38 Network Security 631

PART IX Administering Services 655

Chapter 39 Selecting a Suite of Services 657

Chapter 40 Electronic Mail 667

Chapter 41 USENET News 687

Chapter 42 World Wide Web Services 707

Chapter 43 Remote Access (inet) Services 743

Appendices 767

Appendix A Common Unix Commands 767

Appendix B Documentation and Resources 799

Appendix C Other Types of Unix 821

Glossary 832

Index 853

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CONTENTS

Introduction xxxvii

PART I Introducing Unix 1

1 History and Background of Unix 3What Is Unix? 5

All Versions of Unix Are Multiuser 6All Versions of Unix Are Multitasking 6All Versions of Unix Can Use the Same Commands 6What Does This Mean to the End User? 7

Creation and History of Unix 8The Story of C 8The Rise of Unix Derivations 9The Internet and Unix 9Unix Today 10

The Unix Philosophy 11Summary 12

2 Which Unix? 13The Fragmentation of Unix 14Differences between Unices 16Unix Versions Used in This Book 17

Linux 17FreeBSD 18Solaris 19

We GNU, Do You? 19Getting to Know GNU 20The Free Software Foundation 23If GNU’s Not Unix, What Is It? 23The Free Software Explosion 24The Meteoric Rise of Open Source 24Summary 26

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3 Some Basic Unix Concepts 29Structure of a Unix System 30

The Kernel 30The Shell 31

Which Shell? 32The File System 33

Files and Directories 34Users 34

The Superuser 35Commands 35Summary 37

PART II Getting Started 39

4 Logging In and Looking Around 41Getting Access to Unix 42Logging In for the First Time 45Changing Your Password 49What Are These Files? 50Logging Out 52Summary 53

5 Navigating the Filesystem 55Where Are You? 56

Absolute vs. Relative Path Names 57Moving Around 57What’s Where? 58

/bin 59/etc 59/home 60/tmp 60/usr 60/usr/local 60/var 61

Summary 61

Contents

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PART III Unix Desktop Environments 63

6 The X Window System: An Overview 65What Is the X Window System? 66Desktops and Window Managers 67

Window Managers 68Desktop Environments 69Which to Use? 70

The Structure of X 71How Does X Work? 72

Installing and Configuring X 73Basic X Configuration 74X Window System Problems 74

Summary 75

7 Advanced X Techniques 77Using X Applications over a Network 78

The DISPLAY Variable 79Fonts 81

Installing Fonts 81Linux 82FreeBSD 82Solaris 83

X Font Servers 83Building a Font Server 84Using a Font Server 84

Using International Fonts 85Colors 86

Default Colors 86Security 90

Using ssh 91Securing Ports 91The /etc/X0.hosts File 92

Using the xhost Client 93The xauth Program 93

X and Users with Disabilities 95Summary 96

Contents xv

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8 Window Managers 97Graphic Interfaces 99twm 100

Configuring twm 101IceWM 103

Configuring IceWM 104BlackBox 107

Configuring BlackBox 107fvwm 108

Configuring fvwm 109AfterStep 110

Configuring AfterStep 111WindowMaker 113

Configuring WindowMaker 114Enlightenment 116

Configuring Enlightenment 118Installing Themes 118

Summary 120

9 KDE 121What Is KDE? 122Getting and Installing KDE 123

Downloading KDE 124Base Package Downloads 124Recommended Package Downloads 125

Unpacking the Source Code 126Compiling and Installing the Source Code 127Configuring X for KDE 128

The KDE Panel 129Virtual Desktops 133

The KDE File Manager 134The KDE Control Center 137

Desktop 138Background 138Borders 138Display 139Fonts 139Desktop Icons 139

Contents

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Language 139Screensaver 140Style 140

Information 140Input Devices 140

International Keyboard 141Keyboard 141Mouse 141

Keys 141Global Keys 142Standard Keys 142

Network 143Sound 143Windows 143

Advanced 143Buttons 144Mouse 144Properties 144Titlebar 144

Password 144Date & Time 144Printers 145

Desktop Themes 145Summary 147

10 Gnome 149What Is Gnome? 150Getting and Installing Gnome 151

Downloading Gnome 152Base Library Downloads 152Core Application Downloads 153Additional Source Downloads 153

Unpacking the Source Code 154Compiling and Installing the Source Code 155Configuring X for Gnome 157

Using Gnome 159The Gnome Panel 159The Main Menu 160

Contents xvii

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Application Launchers 165Applets 167The File Manager 167The Gnome Control Center 169Themes and the Desktop 171

Summary 173

PART IV Using the Shell 175

11 Introduction to the Bourne (Again) Shell 177Why Bourne Shell? 179

Bourne Shell vs. Bourne Again Shell 180Some Common Shell Commands 181

ls 182pwd 184cd 184mv 185cp 185cat 186more and less 186echo 187grep 187

Summary 188

12 Manipulating Files and Directories 189Creating and Editing Files 190Copying Files 193Moving Files 193File Ownership and Permissions 195

Who Owns the File? 195Who Can See the File? 196

Deleting Files 197Managing Directories 198

Creating Directories 198Directory Ownership and Permissions 199Deleting Directories 199

Summary 200

Contents

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13 Customizing the Shell Environment 201Elements of Shell Configuration 203Run Control Files 204

.bash_profile 205Environment Variables 207

Common Environment Variables and What They’re For 209$USER 209$MAIL 210$PS1 210$HOSTNAME 212$PATH 212

Summary 213

14 Input and Output Redirection 215Standard Input and Output 216Introducing Redirection 217Redirection Operators 218

Output Redirection Operators 218Input Redirection Operators 219Combining Input and Output Redirection Operators 221

Pipes 222Command Substitution 223Combining Operators 225Summary 226

15 Other Shells 227The Bourne Shell 228The Korn Shell 229

Korn Shell Run Control Files 230Environment Variables 231pdksh 233

The C Shells 233C Shell Run Control Files 233Environment Variables 234What’s the Difference? 236

The Z Shell 237Other Shells 238

scsh 238

Contents xix

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rc and es 238The Perl Shell 238

Summary 239

PART V Using Text Editors 241

16 The ed Editor 243What Is ed? 244Starting ed 245Reading a File 247Editing a File 248

Inputting Text 248Deleting Text 250Moving Text 250Joining Lines 250

Saving and Quitting 251Editing by Content 252

Matching 252Substitution 253

Summary 254

17 The vi Editor 255The One True Editor 256vi’s Modes 257Basic Editing in Command Mode 258

Moving the Cursor 258Deleting Text 260Pattern Matching and Replacing 261

Using the Shell within vi 262Abbreviations 263Macros 264The set Command 265The .exrc File 266Saving and Exiting 267Summary 268

Contents

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18 GNU Emacs 269What Is GNU Emacs? 270Running emacs 271emacs Peculiarities 271

Data Structures 272Key Bindings 273

Getting Started with emacs 274Dealing with Buffers 275Dealing with Windows 276The GNU Emacs Window 278

The Mode Line 279The Mini Buffer 279

Getting Help 279Backups and Auto-Save 280Killing and Yanking Text 281Searching and Replacing 281Saving and Exiting 282Doctor 282Summary 283

19 pico, joe, and jed 285pico 286

Starting pico 287Editing Text in pico 287

joe 289jed 293

jed’s Run Control Files 293Running jed 295

Summary 296

20 Graphical Text Editors 297Why Graphical Editors? 298NEdit 299KEdit 305

The KEdit Toolbar 306The Menu Bar 306

gEdit 307Summary 309

Contents xxi

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PART VI Shell Programming 311

21 An Introduction to Shell Programming 313Why Program the Shell? 314What Is a Script and What Is a Program? 315Parts of a Program 316

Statements 317Operators 317Regular Expressions 318Variables 318Comments 319

Summary 320

22 Variables 321What Is a Variable? 322

Variable Names 323Variable Types 324

Arrays 326Integers 327

The $ Operator 328Assigning Values to Variables 329

Taking Input from the Keyboard 330Special Variables 330Summary 332

23 Flow Control, Part I: Conditional Flow Control 333The if-then Statement 335Evaluating Variables 336Evaluating Non-Variables 338

The test Command 339Commands 340

Evaluating Multiple Conditions 341Building an Example 342Extending the if-then Statement with else 344The elif Statement 345The case Statement 347

Taking Arguments from the Command Line 348Summary 350

Contents

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24 Flow Control, Part II: Iterative Flow Control 351The for Statement 352

Command-Line Processing 353Building an Example with for 354

The select Statement 356The while Loop 360The until Loop 362Nesting Loops 363Summary 367

25 Regular Expressions 369How Regular Expressions Work 371

Using Metacharacters 372Alternative grep Syntax 373

More about grep 373sed 375

Writing sed Scripts 376Comments 376Line Addresses 377

sed Commands 377Substitution Commands 377Deletion Commands 378Commands for Appending, Inserting, and Changing 378

A sed Script Example 379Using sed on the Command Line 380Using sed in Shell Scripts 381

awk 382awk Metacharacters 386Printing in awk 387

Summary 387

26 Signals and Status 389Exit Status 390Managing Status 392

Reporting Status 392Accessing Status 393

The Explicit Method 393The Implicit Method 394

Building an Example 395

Contents xxiii

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Signals 397Unique Identifiers 397Managing Signals 399

Sending Signals 399Signal Traps 402Ignoring Signals 404

Summary 405

PART VII Basic System Administration 407

27 What Is System Administration? 409The Administrator’s Job 410Administering a Small System 411Professional System Administration 413Basic System Administration Tasks 413

System Programming 414Managing Users 414Managing Disks and Filesystems 414Managing Software 415Managing the Kernel 415Managing Print Services 416

Summary 416

28 System Programming 417Automating Common Tasks with Shell Scripts 418Case Study: A Simple Backup Script 419

Adapting the Script for Multiple Backups 421Adapting the Script for Future Flexibility 422Adapting the Script to Include Logs 423

Executing Scripts with cron and at 426The cron Command 427crontab Syntax 428The at Command 428

init Scripts 429The Initialization Process 431

The System V Initialization Process 432The BSD Initialization Process 436

Summary 437

Contents

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29 Managing Users and Groups 439The Root Account 440

Accessing Superuser Powers 442Superuser Powers with the Root Password 442Superuser Powers without the Root Password 443

Adding New Users 445Creating Accounts with Linux and FreeBSD 448Creating Accounts with Solaris 449

Alternate Password Schemes 450Removing Users 451

Removing Users with Linux and FreeBSD 452Removing Users with Solaris 453

Groups 453Groups with Solaris 455

Adding a Group 455Modifying a Group 455Deleting a Group 456

Summary 456

30 Disks and Filesystem Management 457What Is a Disk? 458

Hard and Floppy Disks 459Optical Disks 459Other Types of Disks 460

Disk Partitions 461How to Create Disk Partitions 462Disk Partitions under Linux 463Disk Partitions under FreeBSD 464Disk Partitions under Solaris 467

Physical Media vs. Filesystems 468Mounting Local Partitions 470Automatic Mounting 471

Automatic Mounting under Linux and FreeBSD 471Automatic Mounting under Solaris 472

Mounting Remote Partitions 473Mounting Remote Directories under Linux and FreeBSD 474Mounting Remote Directories under Solaris 474

Summary 475

Contents xxv

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31 Installing and Managing Software 477Software Formats 478Compiling Software from Source Code 480

Configuring the Package 482Building the Package 482Installing the Package 483

Software Management for Unix Variants 484Linux 485

dpkg: Debian Package Manager 486dselect: A Graphical dpkg Interface 487rpm: Red Hat Package Manager 488

FreeBSD 492Installing a Port 493Removing a Port 494Finding Ports 494

Solaris 495Installing with pkgadd 495Removing with pkgrm 496

Keeping Up with Upgrades 497Summary 498

32 Getting to Know the Kernel 501What the Kernel Does 502Kernel Development 503Modules vs. Static Kernels 504(Re)Compiling the Kernel under Linux and FreeBSD 506

Recompiling a Linux Kernel 507Recompiling a FreeBSD Kernel 512

Users of a Nonupgraded Version of FreeBSD 513Users Who Have Upgraded Their Source Tree 515

Summary 515

33 Managing Print Services 517Unix and Printers 518BSD Printing: Linux and FreeBSD 520System V Printing: Solaris 520Adding Local Printers 521

Adding a Local Printer with FreeBSD and Linux 522

Contents

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Adding a Local Printer with Solaris 524Using admintool 525

Adding Network Printers 525Adding a Network Printer with FreeBSD 526Adding a Network Printer with Linux 527

Red Hat’s printtool 528Adding a Network Printer with Solaris 530

Network Printers with Solaris 2.5 and Earlier 531Network Printers with Solaris 2.6 and Newer 531Using admintool 531

Removing a Printer 532Removing a Printer with BSD 532Removing a Printer with Linux 532Removing a Printer with Solaris 533

Maintaining a Print Queue 533Print Queues with FreeBSD and Linux 534Print Queues with Solaris 534

Handling PostScript 535The Common Unix Printing System 538Summary 540

PART VIII Network Administration 541

34 Introduction to Unix Networking 543Basic Networking Concepts 545Basic TCP/IP 547

Internet Protocol 548Static and Dynamic IP 549

Networking Hardware and Software 550Common Networking Architectures 552

Local Area Network Topologies 553Ring Architecture 553Hub Architecture 554Bus Architecture 555

Wide Area Network Topologies 557Common Networking Concerns 559Summary 561

Contents xxvii

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35 Network Interfaces and Routing 563Configuring Network Devices 564Dial-Up Networking 565

Dial-Up Hardware 567Case Study: Kppp 568

Writing a Login Script 575Dial-Up and FreeBSD 575Dial-Up and Solaris 577

Ethernet Networking 577DHCP and PPPoE 582

Routers and Gateways 582Small Networks 584IP Masquerading 585

IP Masquerading with FreeBSD 586IP Masquerading with Linux 587

Summary 588

36 The Distributed System 591Clients and Servers 592

Multiple-Service Machines 594A Multiple-Service Case Study 594

Distributing Services across Multiple Machines 597Backing Up Multiple Machines 599The Security Advantage 601

Reinforcing Multiple-Server Security 602Summary 603

37 Integrating Unix with Other Platforms 605Integrating One Unix with Other Unices 607

Obtaining and Installing NFS 608Configuring an NFS Server 609Mounting Networked File Systems 610Automatic Mounting with /etc/fstab 611

Integrating Unix and Windows 613Obtaining and Installing Samba 613Configuring Samba 614

Contents

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