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SYLLABUS CLASS-VIIIAPRIL-MAY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND ITS TREATMENTJUNE-JULY
FUSE- FUNCTION TYPES OF FUSES AND THEIR USES DIAGRAM IMORTANCE POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS WITHOUT A FUSE
AUGUSTHOUSE WIRING - TYPES OF WIRING MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
WIRING CONNECTION FROM ENERGY METER TO SWITCH BOARDVIA DISTRIBUTION BOARD AND MAIN SWITCH
SEPTEMBERPAPIER MACHE-PREPARE A BIRD ANIMAL FLOWER VASE USING
THIS TECHNIQUE
MEAL PLANNING AND PREPARATION
bull 1 Understanding the definitions of food health disease nutrientsbull nutrition 5 food groupsbull 2 Preparation of soup-tomatomixed vegetablesweet cornbull 3 Preparation of eggs-poached omellette scrambledbull 4 Preparation of mango pannabull 5 Preparation of sago cutletsbull 6 Preparation of rainbowribbon sandwichbull 7 Preparation of pastamacaronibull 8 Preparation of corn bhelbull 9 Preparation of ice cream shakesbull 10 Preparations using condensed milk (like shahi tukra kheerbull chocolate rolls)bull 11 Scrap book ndash Pasting of pictures of food nutrients and food groups
TEXTILE DESIGNING
bull 1 Fabric Paintingbull 1048697 Trace different figuresdesigns using butter paper and blue usedbull dry cell and mineral oilbull 1048697 Paint 2 pillow covers music system coverbull 1048697 Learn how to mix-match colours and prepare new colours withbull colour schemesbull 2 Block Printing ndash Using wooden blocks and ready to use coloursbull print a TV coverTable cloth in 2 to 3 colours Make a border on thebull cloth with blocksbull 3 Tie and dye ndash Understand the different techniques of tieing thebull fabric like folding bandhani marbelling knotting laheria tritik etcbull 1048697 Understand how to prepare the dyebull 1048697 Tie and dye cotton handkerchiefs in single colourbull 1048697 Fix the colour so that it becomes permanent
ELEMENTS OF DRESS DESIGNING(Cutting Tailoring Knitting and Embroidery)
bull 1 Preparation of samples of different types of buttons with button
bull holes lace fixingbull 2 Understand the parts of a sewing machine threading of
machinebull and use of machinebull 3 Drafting cutting and stitching of an apron and decorate it with
lacebull 4 Embroider two pillow covers using different stitchesbull 5 Preparation of a wall hanging using cross stitchbull 6 Preparation of knitting designs using booksbull 7 Knitting of Baby Baniyan for a child using simple knitted design
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
bull AMPEREMETER(ACDC AND ACDC)- IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT MACHINE OR CIRCUIT CONNECTED WITH THE SUPPLY IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 1A 0 TO 5A 0 TO 10A 0 TO 20A 0 TO 50A 0 TO 100AETC
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
MEAL PLANNING AND PREPARATION
bull 1 Understanding the definitions of food health disease nutrientsbull nutrition 5 food groupsbull 2 Preparation of soup-tomatomixed vegetablesweet cornbull 3 Preparation of eggs-poached omellette scrambledbull 4 Preparation of mango pannabull 5 Preparation of sago cutletsbull 6 Preparation of rainbowribbon sandwichbull 7 Preparation of pastamacaronibull 8 Preparation of corn bhelbull 9 Preparation of ice cream shakesbull 10 Preparations using condensed milk (like shahi tukra kheerbull chocolate rolls)bull 11 Scrap book ndash Pasting of pictures of food nutrients and food groups
TEXTILE DESIGNING
bull 1 Fabric Paintingbull 1048697 Trace different figuresdesigns using butter paper and blue usedbull dry cell and mineral oilbull 1048697 Paint 2 pillow covers music system coverbull 1048697 Learn how to mix-match colours and prepare new colours withbull colour schemesbull 2 Block Printing ndash Using wooden blocks and ready to use coloursbull print a TV coverTable cloth in 2 to 3 colours Make a border on thebull cloth with blocksbull 3 Tie and dye ndash Understand the different techniques of tieing thebull fabric like folding bandhani marbelling knotting laheria tritik etcbull 1048697 Understand how to prepare the dyebull 1048697 Tie and dye cotton handkerchiefs in single colourbull 1048697 Fix the colour so that it becomes permanent
ELEMENTS OF DRESS DESIGNING(Cutting Tailoring Knitting and Embroidery)
bull 1 Preparation of samples of different types of buttons with button
bull holes lace fixingbull 2 Understand the parts of a sewing machine threading of
machinebull and use of machinebull 3 Drafting cutting and stitching of an apron and decorate it with
lacebull 4 Embroider two pillow covers using different stitchesbull 5 Preparation of a wall hanging using cross stitchbull 6 Preparation of knitting designs using booksbull 7 Knitting of Baby Baniyan for a child using simple knitted design
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
bull AMPEREMETER(ACDC AND ACDC)- IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT MACHINE OR CIRCUIT CONNECTED WITH THE SUPPLY IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 1A 0 TO 5A 0 TO 10A 0 TO 20A 0 TO 50A 0 TO 100AETC
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
TEXTILE DESIGNING
bull 1 Fabric Paintingbull 1048697 Trace different figuresdesigns using butter paper and blue usedbull dry cell and mineral oilbull 1048697 Paint 2 pillow covers music system coverbull 1048697 Learn how to mix-match colours and prepare new colours withbull colour schemesbull 2 Block Printing ndash Using wooden blocks and ready to use coloursbull print a TV coverTable cloth in 2 to 3 colours Make a border on thebull cloth with blocksbull 3 Tie and dye ndash Understand the different techniques of tieing thebull fabric like folding bandhani marbelling knotting laheria tritik etcbull 1048697 Understand how to prepare the dyebull 1048697 Tie and dye cotton handkerchiefs in single colourbull 1048697 Fix the colour so that it becomes permanent
ELEMENTS OF DRESS DESIGNING(Cutting Tailoring Knitting and Embroidery)
bull 1 Preparation of samples of different types of buttons with button
bull holes lace fixingbull 2 Understand the parts of a sewing machine threading of
machinebull and use of machinebull 3 Drafting cutting and stitching of an apron and decorate it with
lacebull 4 Embroider two pillow covers using different stitchesbull 5 Preparation of a wall hanging using cross stitchbull 6 Preparation of knitting designs using booksbull 7 Knitting of Baby Baniyan for a child using simple knitted design
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
bull AMPEREMETER(ACDC AND ACDC)- IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT MACHINE OR CIRCUIT CONNECTED WITH THE SUPPLY IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 1A 0 TO 5A 0 TO 10A 0 TO 20A 0 TO 50A 0 TO 100AETC
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
ELEMENTS OF DRESS DESIGNING(Cutting Tailoring Knitting and Embroidery)
bull 1 Preparation of samples of different types of buttons with button
bull holes lace fixingbull 2 Understand the parts of a sewing machine threading of
machinebull and use of machinebull 3 Drafting cutting and stitching of an apron and decorate it with
lacebull 4 Embroider two pillow covers using different stitchesbull 5 Preparation of a wall hanging using cross stitchbull 6 Preparation of knitting designs using booksbull 7 Knitting of Baby Baniyan for a child using simple knitted design
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
bull AMPEREMETER(ACDC AND ACDC)- IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT MACHINE OR CIRCUIT CONNECTED WITH THE SUPPLY IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 1A 0 TO 5A 0 TO 10A 0 TO 20A 0 TO 50A 0 TO 100AETC
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
bull AMPEREMETER(ACDC AND ACDC)- IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT MACHINE OR CIRCUIT CONNECTED WITH THE SUPPLY IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 1A 0 TO 5A 0 TO 10A 0 TO 20A 0 TO 50A 0 TO 100AETC
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
VOLTMETER(ACDC AND DC)
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OF ANY APPLIANCE EQUIPMENT GENERATOR CELL OR SUPPLY ETC IT IS ALSO FOUND IN DIFFERENT RANGES ie 0 TO 10V 0 TO 15V 0 TO 30V 0 TO 110V 0 TO 250V 0 TO 300V 0 TO 500V ETC
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
OHM METER
bull IT IS USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF ANY COIL ELEMENT OR CIRCUIT ETCIT IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE RESISTANCE TO BE MEASURED
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Multi meter
bull It is used to measure the current voltage and resistance of any circuit and posses different ranges
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Kilo watt hour meter or Energy meter( AC and DC
bull It is used to measure the consumption of electricity in the circuits It is of different types ie single phase and three phase and DC type
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Watt meter
bull It is used to measure the electrical power of the circuits or wattage of any bulb tube etc it is also of different type ie AC type single phase and three phase and DC type
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Three phase watt meter
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Frequency meter
bull It is used to measure the frequency of Ac supply
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Megger set
bull It is used to measure the insulation resistance of insulated conductors
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
CRAFT WORK
bull 1 Paper workbull a) Prepare masks (animalhuman)bull b) Prepare puppet with paperbull 2 Papier Machebull a) Prepare a birdanimal using this techniquebull b) Prepare a flower vase using papier machebull 3 Clay Modellingbull a) Prepare a flower pot decorate it with clay carvingbull b) Prepare clay models of face of a man or a womanbull 4 Doll Makingbull Make a pair of dolls ndashBride and bridegroom of any one state ofbull India out of socks
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Tie and dye
bull Tie and dye is a resist method for dyeing cloths It is one of the most easiest methods and a variety of designs can be obtained by it The process involves tying of thread on cloths The dye cannot penetrate the cloth where the thread is tied A variety of things can be put inside before tying to obtain different patterns like marble chips pulses clips bottle caps bangles etc
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Project tie and dye two cotton hankies
bull Materials required- dye of different shades thread salt cotton cloth
bull Tools required- bowls spoons scissors needle mugs etc
bull Method- bull 1 Cut squares hankies of size 12X12 inchesbull 2 Tie thread on them in different stylesbull 3 boil 2 bowls of water add I spoon of colour
and one spoon of common salt
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
bull 4 wet the hankies in water put in them saucepan and then boil for 5-10 minutes
bull 5 wash the hankies in running waterbull 6 let the hankies dry remove the thread Iron
and finish the edges by attaching lace
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC ITEMSAND THEIR VALUE ADDITION
bull 1 Gift wrappingbull a Use of waste material in gift wrapping like old rakhis doris
mirrorsbull bangles etcbull b Making envelopes for shagunbull c Packaging Diwali gifts Holi gifts Christmas gifts New year giftsbull d Packing a childrsquos stationery kitbull 2 Best out of wastebull a Making puppets with broken dollrsquos facebull b Using old marriage cards greeting cards and gift papers preparebull shopping bags
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
bull 1 Starting Power Pointbull 2 Powerpoint Screen Elementsbull bull The main power point windowbull bull Toolbarsbull bull The presentation windowbull 3 Power point wizards and templatesbull 4 Opening and closing a presentation filebull 5 Exiting a power pointbull 6 Opening new blank presentationbull 7 Different types of auto layoutsbull 8 Creating slides and entering text in slide viewbull 9 Saving a new presentationbull 10 Spell-checking a presentationbull 11 Drawing objects and adding clip art on to slidesbull 12 Working with organization columns and pie charts
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
bull 13 Adding transitions and builds to the presentation
bull 14 Animating the drawing objectsbull bull Preset animationbull bull Custom animationbull 15 Running a slide show
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
GARDENING AND VERMICOMPOSTING
bull 1 Identification of spraying and dusting machinesbull 2 Handling and care of tools and implementsbull 3 Sowing of seeds in pot and bedbull 4 Sowing of seeds in nursery beds for transplantationbull 5 Transplantation of seedlingsbull 6 Weeding and thinning by khurpibull 7 Watering of pots and gardenbull 8 Watering of seed bedsbull 9 Identification of herbs shrubs and treesbull 10 Prepare a scrap book on locally available herbs
flowering plantsbull leaves (Herbarium)
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Electricity safety Rules1Donrsquot remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord pull
the plug instead2 Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled
with plugs where possible3 Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and
ensure that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire risk and waste energy if left on standby
4 Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically designed for use there eg Shavers and electric toothbrushes Even with these items however take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging with wet hands
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
5 Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed Either repair or replace Check items regularly 6 Do not use damaged sockets replace with care when necessary 7 Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing8 Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and keep them correctly maintained where necessary Look for the BEAB seal of approval9 Do not use electrical equipment outside if itrsquos raining10 Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings11 Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their circuit
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Electric Shockbull Electricity is non hazardous provided the
equipment and installation are properly designed installed and maintained But if some how the live parts of circuits come into contact with metal parts of equipments will complete the circuit and receive an ELECTRIC SHOCK (passage of current through body due to completion of circuit)
bull The severity of an electric shock depends upon voltage of system area in electrical contact duration of contact physical condition of person and dampness of personrsquos skin and the ground
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Treatment for electric shock
bull 1 Switch off the current- when a person is in the contact with a live conductor switch off the main immediately if it is nearby or if the switch is found at a far off distance then remove the plug if possible or by insulating yourself on a dry wood or mat etc cut or pull the wire ends connected with the switch board If it is impossible to cut off the supply then proceed further
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Treatment for electric shock
bull 2 Removing the casualty from the contact of current- Insulate yourself with the insulating material standing on the dry wooden piece chair stool mat or folded news paper and push the casualty with a dry rod or coat or other garment or push his clothes if they are dry
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Treatment for electric shockbull 3 Giving artificial respiration- Expiration- Keeping your arms straight
lean forward slowly until the arms are vertical using no special force This movement should be done up to 2 seconds counting one two
bull Inspiration- Rock backward counting three for one second and slide your hands past the casualtyrsquos shoulders until they grip his upper arms near the elbows Raise and pull on the arms until tension is felt for a period of 2 seconds counting four five Do not raise the chest of the casualty from the ground the whole operation should be continued until breathing recommences ie for 6 seconds In this way when the casualty begins to show sings of breathing then use the movement only for two times raising and lowering the arms alternatively counting 12 (2 seconds) for inspiration and 34 (2 seconds) for expiration
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
bull 4 Treating the burns- If there is any burn on the body use proper ointment on them and cover them with proper dressing
bull 5 Removing the casualty from fire- When the casualtyrsquos clothing catches fire approach him holding a blanket coat or thick table cloth in front of yourself for your protection and wrap the body of the casualty with the thing which you are having in your hands and lay the casualty that on the ground or roll him on the ground Call for the fire brigade
bull 6 Sending the casualty to the hospital or seeking medical aid- Even after apartment recovery the casualty should be sent to the hospital to ensure that all is well or call for the doctor at spot
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
First Aid For Electric Shock
1 The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source
2 Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug Its best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse Often simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
3 In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source
4 Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands or the electric current will pass through you as well
5 If you are barefoot stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet
6 Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source Make sure you dont touch him though You could also use dry nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current whatever is handy
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
7 Once the victim has been separated check to see if he is breathing If breathing has stopped or seems slow administer CPR immediately 8 Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body and raise his legsCover the victim with a blanket
9 Move the victim as little as possible He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck 10 If the victim has a burn remove the clothing from the burned area (unless its stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool running water Cover the burn with a dressing
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
11 Dont apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn
12 Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
FUSEA FUSE IS A SAFETY DEVICE THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO PRAVENT SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DUE TO A FAULT IN IT A FUSE IS A SMALL STRIPE OR WIRE OF COPPER OR ALLOY
WITH A RELATIVELY LOW MELTING POINT CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUITWHEN A
LARGE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCUIT THE FUSE BLOW OR MELT AND CUTS OFF FLOW OF
CURRENT FOR DOMESTIC USE TWO TYPES OF FUSES ARE EMPLOYED NAMELY CARTRIDGE TYPE
OF FUSE AND RE-WIRABLE TYPE OF FUSE
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
FUNCTION OF FUSE1 IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ANYWHERE IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AN EXCESSIVE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FUSE AND IF THE FUSE OPERATES PROPERLY IT WILL MELT CUTTING
OFF THE CURRENT BEFORE ANY HARM IS DONE IF THE FUSE FAILS TO OPERATE THE
WIRE MAY BECOME HOT ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE INSULATION POSSIBLY CAUSING FIRE AND IT MAY HARM THE APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS
CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
FUNCTION OF FUSE2 FUSES HAVE A SECOND FUNCTION BESIDES
PROTECTING IN THE CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT THEY PROTECT IN THE CASE OF OVERLOAD IF TOO MANY APPLIANCES ARE CONNECTED IN A CIRCUIT MORE
CURRENT WILL FLOW THROUGH THE SUPPLY WIRES THEN THE WIRES WERE MEANT TO CARRY AND WILL CAUSE THE WIRES TO BE BURNT AND APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES CONNECTED IN THE CIRCUIT WILL BE DAMAGED IN SUCH CASE THE FUSE IF PROPERLY
SELECTED WILL MELT OR BLOW THUS PROTECTING THE WIRES APPLIANCES ACCESSORIES ETC
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
TYPES OF FUSE 1THE ORDINARY FUSE2 SCREW PLUG TYPE FUSE3 A KNIFE BLADE CARTRIDGE FUSE4THE FERRULE TYPE CARTRIDGE FUSE5HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES6TIME DELAY FUSE
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
THE ORDINARY FUSE
bull THE ORDINARY OR SINGLE LINK FUSE IS SIMPLY A STRIP OF METAL USUALLY LEAD THE STRIP OF METAL CALLED THE FUSE LINK IS THE PART OF THE FUSE THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY FLOWS THIS MELTS WHEN MORE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AND BREAKS THE CONNECTION AND STOPS FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
It is used on electric machinery circuits of 220 volts This type of fuse can be had in sizes from 3 to 30 amperes and is constructed with either a porcelain or glass body which enclose the fuse link
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
The screw-plug ndashtype fuse
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
bull This type of fuse is mostly on heavy power line of 60 to 600 amperes and 250 volts or more They are constructed with a heavy fibre body fitted with brass ferrules at each end and a heavy copper blade for making contact with the circuit The fuse link can easily be renewed by removing the end ferrules and inserting the new link
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
A knife blade cartridge type fuse
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
bull This type of fuses are of two type-the renewal or non-renewal The renewal type has a small screw plug in each end which can be renewed and the new link is inserted The body part of this fuse is made of fibre with brass ferrules fastened to each end and can be had in sizes up to 100 amperes and 250 volts
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
The ferrule type cartridge fuse
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
bull THESE ARE USED WHER THE HIGH POWER IS SUPPLIED THESE HAVE A DEFINITE-KNOWN BREAKING CAPACITY AND HIGH VALUE
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
HRC (HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY) CARTRIDGE FUSE
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
TIME DELAY FUSE
bull IT IS A FUSE WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO CARRY OVERLOAD CURRENT OF SHORT DURATION WITHOUT MELTING THE HEAVIER THE OVERLOAD THE LESS IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE FUSE TOrsquoBLOWrsquo IN MOST CIRCUITS WHERE THE STARTING CURRENT ARE HIGH BUT FOR SHORT DURATION THIS TYPE OF FUSE NEED NOT HAVE AS HIGH RATING AS AN ORDINARY FUSE TO PERMIT THE MOTOR TO BE STARTED LIKE THE COMMON FUSE THE TIME DELAY FUSE IS ALSO MADE IN PLUG AND CARTRIDGE TYPE
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
ADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 IT IS CHEAPEST FORM OF OPERATIONbull 2 IT AFFORD CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT
UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION DUE TO CUT OFF
bull 3 IT REQUIRES MINIMUM TIME TO REPLACEbull 4 IT REQUIERS NO MAINTENANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
DISADVANTAGES OF FUSE
bull 1 TIME IS LOST IN REPLACING FUSES AFTER OPERATION
bull 2 THERE ARE CHANCES TO RECEIVE THE SEVERE SHOCKS AT THE TIME OF REPLACEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
IMPORTANCE OF FUSE-A fuse(s) or circuit breaker(s) is needed in any electrical system (AC or DC) These protection devices react to the amount of heat being produced by electricity passing through wires andor components They are used so as to protect wires and components from the extreme heat produced should there be an electrical overload or short circuitWhen a short or overload occurs the amps being drawn spike and this increases the heat produced in the wiring and components When this occurs a fuse or circuit breaker reacts almost instantly to stop the flow of electricity in the circuit and thereby stopping heat productionWithout PROPERLY-SIZED FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS this quick break in the circuit would not be possible and damage to components and even FIRE could result
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
If you are having a problem with fuses blowing or breakers tripping please know that these devices are doing their job It is important that you NOT replace a fuse or breaker with a higher-rated one Check the circuit for shorts or overloads Bare wires touching each other as well as having too many appliances on a circuit is dangerous and will cause fuses to blow and breakers to tripThe wiring in your home or business is sized for a specific amperage Increasing the size of protection devices will cause your elecrical system to not be protected adequately Branch circuits feeding lights and 120 volt recepticles should have only a 15 amp or 20 amp protection device depending on the wire sizeIf you cannot locate the overload or short keep the power to the circuit OFF and contact a qualified electrican
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Types of domestic wiring
bull 1 Cleat wiringbull 2 CTS TRS or PVC Wiringbull 3 Casing-Caping Wiringbull 4 Conduit and concealed Wiringbull 5 Lead covered Wiring
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Cleat Wiring
bull In this type of wiring insulated conductors( usually VIR Vulcanized Indian rubbe) are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats The cleats have halves one base and the other cap The cables are placed into the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is placed Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 45-15 cms apart This wiring is suitable for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appeareance
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Materials required for cleat wiring
bull Wooden pegs porcelain cleat-flat( two way and three way) wooden round block wood screw wire wooden board porcelain tube batten holders ceiling roses DP main switch fise carrier neutral link
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
CTS TRS or PVC Wiring
bull In this type of wiring system wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible They are clipped on wooden battens with brass or tin clips (link or joint ) and fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head screws These cables are moisture and chemical proof They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Materials required for
bull Wooden plastic pegs wood batten wooden round block wooden board tin clips
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Casing-Caping Wiring
bull It consist of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teak wood pr PVC boxes having grooves inside it A rectangular strip of wood called caping having same width as that of casing is fixed over it Both casing and caping are screwed at every 15 cm Casing is attached to the walls Two or more wires of same polarity drawn through different grooves The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Materials required forCasing-Caping Wiring
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Conduit and concealed Wiring
bull In this system PVC or VIR Cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are either embedded inside the wall or supported over the walls and are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring( open conduit) respectively The conduits are drawn through them with steel wires The system is best suited for public buildings industries and workshops
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Materials required for Conduit and concealed Wiring
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Lead covered Wiring
bull This type of wiring is similar to that CTS but the conductors ( two or three) are individually insulated and covered with common outer lead aluminium alloy sheath The sheath is protects the cable against dampness atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages The sheath is earthed every junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current They are fixed by the means of metal clips on wooden battens The wiring system is very expensive It is suitable for low voltage installations
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Materials required for lead covered Wiring
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
Electro-magnetism
bull When a current is passed through a coil of wire a magnetic field is set up around the coil If a soft iron piece is placed in the coil carrying current the iron gets magnetized and this process is known as electro-magnetism In other words the property of magnetizing of soft iron piece by the help of an electric current passed through the coil is known as electro magnetism The strength of an electro-magnet depends upon the value of the current in the coil the number of turns of the coil the material of the core used inside the coil the size of the core used and the general construction or design
