SYLLABUS M.Sc. (Horticulture) 2016-17 FACULTY OF …curricula and syllabi in Horticulture as per...

SYLLABUS

M.Sc. (Horticulture)

2016-17

FACULTY OF HORTICULTURE

Compiled and Edited By:

Dr. S. K. Jain

(Professor & Head, PHT)

Published by:

Dr. L.K. Dashora

Dean & Chairman

Faculty of Horticulture

AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY

KOTA- 324 001

VICE- CHANCELLOR

SECRETARIAT AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, KOTA-

324 001 Phone:0744-2321204, Fax-0744-2321203

Email: [email protected]

Dr. G.L. Keshwa

Vice-Chancellor

FOREWORD

The course curricula of postgraduate programme have been restructured for building academic

linkages with various institution and professionals for improving quality in Horticultural

education. The present syllabus is adoption of new and restructured postgraduate course

curricula and syllabi in Horticulture as per guidelines of Katyal Committee as recommended by

ICAR. The curricula are well-adopted by Agriculture University, Kota since academic session

2013-14.

The syllabi contains lecture schedule for both theory & practical classes and suggested

relevant books for reference. All the Heads/ Incharges of Departments of College of Horticulture

& Forestry, Jhalawar deserve admiration for their critical input for the compilation of syllabus. I

acknowledge their valuable co-operation and involvement. The sincere efforts of Dr. L.K.

Dashora, Dean and Faculty Chairman, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalawar are worth

appreciation for publication of syllabi in the present shape on behalf of Agriculture University,

Kota. I also compliment Dr. S.K. Jain, Professor & Head, Department of Post Harvest

Technology for compiling and editing this important manuscript, which would prove befitting

for the teachers, students and the entire faculty of Horticulture of Agriculture University, Kota.

Dated: 02.07.2016 ( G.L. Keshwa)

COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE &

FORESTRY (Agriculture University, Kota)

Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar- 326001 (Raj.) Phone:07432-241155, Fax-07432-242155

Email: [email protected]

Dr. L.K. Dashora

Dean

PREFACE

The postgraduate course curricula as recommended by the Katyal committee under the aegis of

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi after revision through Board of studies and

Academic Council are being implemented in the university. The present document contains

semester wise distribution of courses, syllabus, lecture schedule and suggested reference books

of the M.Sc. (Horticulture) degree programme. I convey my sincere thanks to all the Heads/

Incharges of Departments of College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalawar for their cooperation

and assistance in preparation of present manuscript. Dr. S.K. Jain, Professor & Head,

Department of Post Harvest Technology deserves due appreciation who have meticulously

compiled this important manuscript, which would prove befitting for the teachers, students and

the entire faculty of Horticulture of Agriculture University, Kota.

Dated: 02.07.2016 ( L.K. Dashora)

1

M.Sc. (Horticulture)

Semester wise distribution of courses

Semester-I S.No. Course No. Course Title Cr. Hrs

1 HORT – 511 Tropical and Dry Land Fruit Production 3 (2+1)

2 HORT – 512 Production Technology of Cut Flowers 3 (2+1)

3 HORT – 513 Production Technology of Warm Season Vegetable Crops 3(2+1)

4 STAT – 511 Statistical Methods 3 (2+1)

5 HORT – 514 Biotechnology and Horticultural Crops 3 (2+1)

Semester-II S.No. Course No. Course Title Cr. Hrs

1. HORT – 521 Biodiversity and Conservation of Fruit Crops 3 (2+1)

2. HORT – 522 Sub-Tropical and Temperate Fruit Production 3 (2+1)

3. HORT – 523 Production Technology of Cool Season Vegetable Crops 3 (2+1)

4. HORT – 524 Production Technologies of Spice Crops 3 (2+1)

5. HORT – 525 Breeding of Vegetable Crops 3 (2+1)

6. HORT – 526 Post Harvest Micro Biology of Horticultural Produce 3 (2+1)

7. HORT – 527 Post Harvest Handling of Horticultural Crops 3 (2+1)

8. HORT - 528 Landscape and Ornamental Gardening 3 (2+1)

9. HORT – 529 Production Technology of Loose Flowers 3 (2+1)

10. STAT – 521 Design of Experiment - I 3 (2+1)

11. PGS-502

(e-course)

Technical Writing and Communication Skills 1 (0+1)

Semester-III S.No. Course No. Course Title Cr. Hrs

1. HORT – 531 Principles of Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops 3 (2+1)

2. HORT – 532 Growth and Development of Horticultural Crops 3 (2+1)

3. HORT – 533 Breeding of Fruit Crop 3 (2+1)

4. HORT – 534 Breeding of Flower Crops and Ornamental Plants 3 (2+1)

5. HORT – 535 Propagation and Nursery Management of Horticultural crops 3 (2+1)

6. HORT – 536 Processing and Preservation of Horticultural Crops 3 (2+1)

7. HORT – 537 Analytical Techniques for Fresh and Processed Horticultural Produce 3 (2+1)

8. HORT – 538 Seed Production Technology of Vegetable Crops 3 (2+1)

9. HORT – 539 Production Technology of Under Exploited Vegetable Crops 3 (2+1)

10. HORT – 540 Protected Floriculture 3 (2+1)

11. PGS-503

(e-course)

Intellectual Property and its Management in Agriculture 1 (1+0)

12. PGS-506

(e-course)

Disaster Management 1 (1+0)

Semester-IV S. No. Course No. Course Title Cr. Hrs

1 HORT-541 Seminar 1 (1+0)

2 HORT-591 Comprehensive NC

3 HORT-599 Research 20

2

M.Sc. Horticulture

Semester I

HORT- 511 Tropical and Dry Land Fruit Production 3(2+1)

Theory:

Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, ecophysiological

requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence, planting systems, cropping

systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management, water management,

fertigation, role of

bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, pollination fruit

set and development, honeybees in cross pollination, physiological disorders- causes and

remedies, quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading,

packing, storage and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, Agri. Export

Zones(AEZ) and industrial supports.

Crops

UNIT I: Mango and Banana

UNIT II: Citrus and Papaya

UNIT III: Guava, Sapota and Jackfruit

UNIT IV: Pineapple, Annonas and Avocado

UNIT V: Aonla, Pomegranate and Ber, minor fruits of tropics

Practical:

Identification of important cultivars, observations on growth and development, practices

in growth regulation, malady diagnosis, analyses of quality attributes, visit to tropical and arid

zone orchards, Project preparation for establishing commercial orchards.

Lecture Schedule: Theory

S. No. Topic Tentative

Date

1. Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance,

ecophysiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock

influence, planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy

management, nutrient management, water management, fertigation, role of

bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of

flowering, pollination fruit set and development, honeybees in cross

pollination, physiological disorders- causes and remedies, quality

improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting,

grading, packing, storage and ripening techniques; industrial and export

potential, Agri. Export Zones(AEZ) and industrial supports of mango.

2. -do- of mango

3. -do- of Mango

4. -do- of Mango

5. -do- of Banana

6. -do- of Banana

7. -do- of Citrus

8. -do- of Citrus

3

9. -do- of Citrus

10. -do- of Papaya

11. -do- of Papaya

12. -do- of Guava

13. -do- of Sapota

14. -do- of Sapota

15. -do- of Jackfruit

16. -do- of Pineapple

17. -do- of Pineapple

18. -do- of Annonas

19. -do- of Annonas

20. -do- of Avocado

21. -do- of Avocado

22. -do- of Aonla

23. -do- of Aonla

24. -do- of Pomegranate


26. -do- of Phalsa

27. -do- of Phalsa

28. -do- of Ber

29. -do- of Ber

30. -do- of Minor fruits of tropics

31. -do- of Minor fruits of tropics

Lecture schedule: Practical S. No. Topic Tentative

Date

1. Identification of important cultivars

2. Identification of important cultivars

3. Observations on growth and development,

4. Observations on growth and development,

5. Practices in growth regulation,

6. Malady diagnosis

7. Malady diagnosis

8. Analyses of quality attributes




12. Visit to tropical orchards

13. Visit to arid zone orchards

14. Visit to arid zone orchards

15. Project preparation for establishing commercial orchards.

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Rathore DS. (Eds.). 1988. Temperate Fruits - Horticulture. Allied

Publ.

2. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Sanyal D. 2001. (Eds.). Fruits -Tropical and Subtropical. Naya

Udyog.

4

3. Chadha KL & Pareek OP. 1996. (Eds.). Advances in Horticulture. Vols. IIIV. Malhotra

Publ. House.

4. Nakasone HY & Paul RE. 1998. Tropical Fruits. CABI.

5. Peter KV. 2008. (Ed.). Basics of Horticulture. New India Publ. Agency.

6. Pradeepkumar T, Suma B, Jyothibhaskar & Satheesan KN. 2008. Management of

Horticultural Crops. Parts I, II. New India Publ. Agency.

7. Radha T & Mathew L. 2007. Fruit Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

8. Singh HP, Negi JP & Samuel JC. (Eds.). 2002. Approaches for Sustainable Development

of Horticulture. National Horticultural Board.

9. Singh HP, Singh G, Samuel JC & Pathak RK. (Eds.). 2003. Precision Farming in

Horticulture. NCPAH, DAC/PFDC, CISH, Lucknow.

HORT- 512 Production Technology of Cut Flowers 3(2+1)

Theory

UNIT I

Scope of cut flowers in global trade, Global Scenario of cut flower production, Varietal wealth

and diversity, area under cut flowers and production problems in India- Patent rights, nursery

management, media for nursery, special nursery practices.

UNIT II

Growing environment, open cultivation, protected cultivation, soil requirements, artificial

growing media, soil decontamination techniques, planting methods, influence of environmental

parameters, light, temperature, moisture, humidity and CO2 on growth and flowering.

UNIT III

Flower production – water and nutrient management, fertigation, weed management, rationing,

training and pruning, disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators,

physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM, production for exhibition purposes.

UNIT IV

Flower forcing and year round flowering through physiological interventions, chemical

regulation, environmental manipulation.

UNIT V

Cut flower standards and grades, harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling,

Pre-cooling, pulsing, packing, Storage & transportation, marketing, export potential, institutional

support, Agri Export Zones.

1. Crops: Cut rose, cut chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera, gladioli, tuberose, orchids,

anthurium, aster, liliums, bird of paradise, heliconia, alstroemeria, alpinia, ornamental

ginger, bromeliads, dahlia, gypsophilla, limonium, statice, stock, cut foliages and fillers.

Practical

Botanical description of varieties, propagation techniques, mist chamber operation,

training and pruning techniques, practices in manuring, drip and fertigation, foliar nutrition,

growth regulator application, pinching, disbudding, staking, harvesting techniques, post-harvest

handling, cold

chain, project preparation for regionally important cut flowers, visit to commercial cut flower

units and case study.

5



Date

1. Scope of cut flowers in global trade

2. Indian and global scenario of cut flower production

3. Nursery management and special nursery practices

4. Commercial cultivation of cut rose in open condition

5. Protected cultivation of cut rose

6. Commercial cultivation of tuberose

7. Commercial cultivation of gerbera

8. Commercial cultivation of gladiolus

9. Commercial cultivation of bird of paradise

10. Commercial cultivation of carnation

11. Commercial cultivation of anthurium

12. Commercial cultivation of epiphytic orchids

13. Commercial cultivation of terrestrial orchids

14. Commercial cultivation of China aster

15. Commercial cultivation of liliums

16. Commercial cultivation of heliconia

17. Commercial cultivation of alpinia

18. Commercial cultivation of alstroemeria

19. Commercial cultivation of cut chrysanthemum

20. Commercial cultivation of gypsophilla

21. Commercial cultivation of bromeliads

22. Commercial cultivation of dahlia

23. Commercial cultivation of limonium

24. Commercial cultivation of stock

25. Commercial cultivation of cut foliages

26. Commercial cultivation of fillers

27. Flower forcing for year round cultivation of cut flowers

28. Post harvest handling and marketing of cut flowers

29. Agri-Export Zones of India

30. Varietal wealth and diversity

31. Patent rights

Lecture schedule: Practical


Date

1. Identification of important floricultural crops

2. Propagation of rose through cutting

3. Propagation of rose through budding

4. Application of manures and fertilizers in gladiolus

5. Training and Pruning of roses

6. Propagation practices in chrysanthemum

7. Preparation of PBRs solution and application on flowers

8. Staking, pinching and disbudding practices in chrysanthemum

9. Harvesting practices in chrysanthemum flowers

10. Propagation of bulbous cut flowers

6

11. Drip and fertigation practices in gerbera

12. Acquaintance with cold chain system

13. Preparation of preservatives solutions

14. Botanical description of important varieties cut flowers

15. Visit to commercial cut flower units

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Arora JS. 2006. Introductory Ornamental horticulture. Kalyani.

2. Bhattacharjee SK. 2006. Advances in Ornamental Horticulture. Vols. I-VI. Pointer Publ.

3. Bose TK & Yadav LP. 1989. Commercial Flowers. Naya Prokash.

4. Bose TK, Maiti RG, Dhua RS & Das P. 1999. Floriculture and Landscaping. Naya

Prokash.

5. Chadha KL & Chaudhury B. 1992. Ornamental Horticulture in India. ICAR.

6. Chadha KL. 1995. Advances in Horticulture. Vol. XII. Malhotra Publ. House.

7. Lauria A & Ries VH. 2001. Floriculture – Fundamentals and Practices. Agrobios.

8. Prasad S & Kumar U. 2003. Commercial Floriculture. Agrobios.

9. Randhawa GS & Mukhopadhyay A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publ.

10. Reddy S, Janakiram B, Balaji T, Kulkarni S & Misra RL. 2007. Hightech Floriculture.

Indian Society of Ornamental Horticulture, New Delhi.

HORT- 513 Production Technology of Warm Season Vegetable Crops 3(2+1)

Theory

Introduction, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial

varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional

and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching, physiological

disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures, economics of crop

production and seed production of:

UNIT I - Tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet peppers

UNIT II - Okra, beans and cowpea

UNIT III- Cucurbitaceous crops

UNIT IV- Tapioca and sweet potato

UNIT V- Green leafy warm season vegetables

Practical

Cultural operations (fertilizer application, sowing, mulching, irrigation, weed control) of

summer vegetable crops and their economics; study of physiological disorders and deficiency of

mineral elements, preparation of cropping schemes for commercial farms; experiments to

demonstrate the role of mineral elements, physiological disorders; plant growth substances and

herbicides; seed extraction techniques; identification of important pests and diseases and their

control; maturity standards; economics of warm season vegetable crops.



Date

1. Introduction, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements,

7

commercial varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed

rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements,

intercultural operations, weed control, mulching, physiological disorders,

harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures,

economics of crop production and seed production of Tomato

2. -do- of Tomato

3. -do- of Tomato

4. -do- of Tomato

5. -do- of eggplant

6. -do- of eggplant

7. -do- of eggplant

8. -do- of hot peppers

9. -do- of hot peppers

10. -do- of sweet peppers

11. -do- of sweet peppers

12. -do- of Okra

13. -do- of Okra

14. -do- of beans

15. -do- of beans

16. -do- of cowpea

17. -do- of cowpea

18. -do- of Cucurbitaceous crops








26. -do- of Tapioca

27. -do- of Tapioca

28. -do- of sweet potato

29. -do- of sweet potato

30. -do- of Green leafy warm season vegetables





Date

1. Practice of fertilizer application

2. Practice of sowing

3. Practice of mulching

4. Practice of irrigation

5. Practice of weed control

8

6. study of physiological disorders and deficiency of mineral elements

7. preparation of cropping schemes for commercial farms

8. Conducting experiments to demonstrate the role of mineral elements

9. Study of physiological disorders

10. Use of plant growth substances and herbicides

11. Practice of seed extraction techniques

12. identification of important pests and their control

13. identification of important diseases and their control

14. maturity standards

15. economics of warm season vegetable crops

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Bose TK & Som MG. (Eds.). 1986. Vegetable Crops in India. Naya Prokash.

2. Bose TK, Kabir J, Maity TK, Parthasarathy VA & Som MG. 2003. Vegetable Crops.

Vols. I-III. Naya Udyog.

3. Bose TK, Som MG & Kabir J. (Eds.). 2002. Vegetable Crops. Naya Prokash.

4. Brown HD & Hutchison CS. Vegetable Science. JB Lippincott Co.

5. Chadha KL & Kalloo G. (Eds.). 1993-94. Advances in Horticulture. Vols. V-X. Malhotra

Publ. House.

6. Chadha KL. (Ed.). 2002. Hand Book of Horticulture. ICAR.

7. Chauhan DVS. (Ed.). 1986. Vegetable Production in India. Ram Prasad & Sons.

8. Decoteau DR. 2000. Vegetable Crops. Prentice Hall.

9. Edmond JB, Musser AM & Andrews FS. 1964. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Blakiston

Co

10. Fageria MS, Choudhary BR & Dhaka RS. 2000. Vegetable Crops: Production

Technology. Vol. II. Kalyani.

11. Gopalakrishanan TR. 2007. Vegetable Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

12. Hazra P & Som MG. (Eds.). 1999. Technology for Vegetable Production and

Improvement. Naya Prokash.

13. Nayer NM & More TA 1998. Cucurbits. Oxford & IBH Publ.

14. Palaniswamy & Peter KV. 2007. Tuber Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

15. Pandey AK & Mudranalay V. (Eds.). Vegetable Production in India: Important Varieties

and Development Techniques.

16. Rana MK. 2008. Olericulture in India. Kalyani.

17. Rana MK. 2008. Scientific Cultivation of Vegetables. Kalyani.

18. Saini GS. 2001. A Text Book of Oleri and Flori Culture. Aman Publ. House.

19. Shanmugavelu KG. 1989. Production Technology of Vegetable Crops. Oxford & IBH.

20. Singh DK. 2007. Modern Vegetable Varieties and Production Technology. International

Book Distributing Co.

21. Singh SP. (Ed.). 1989. Production Technology of Vegetable Crops. Agril. Comm. Res.

Centre.

22. Thamburaj S & Singh N. 2004. Vegetables, Tuber Crops and Spices. ICAR.

23. Thompson HC & Kelly WC. (Eds.). 1978. Vegetable Crops. Tata Mc Graw Hill.

9

STAT-511 Statistical Methods 3( 2+1)

Theory:

Probability and Probability Distribution: Various definitions of probability, Addition and

multiplication laws of probability and simple problems based on them. Expectation of a random

variable, Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis.

Binomial and Poisson distribution, their fitting and simple problems based on them, Normal

distribution, the properties and uses. Sampling: Sampling v/s Complete enumeration, Probability

and non probability sampling, S.R.S. with and without replacement.

Test of significance: Hypothesis, null and Alternative hypothesis, type-I and type-II error, Level

of significance, Critical region, one and two tailed tests, Procedure for testing of hypotheses.

Standard Normal deviate test for single mean, difference of two means. Proportion, difference of

proportion and confidence interval, students 't' test for comparison involving one and two sample

means, paired-‘t’ test, Confidence interval, Chi-square test for goodness of fit and independence

of two attributes (2x2 and r x s contingency table) and Yate's correction for continuity,

Correlation and regression: Simple and partial correlation coefficients, Linear and multiple

regressions. Partial regression coefficients, multiple correlation coefficients and their tests of

significance.

Practical:

Simple problem based on probability, Simple problems based on Binomial, Poisson and

Normal distribution. Problem based on area tables of Normal distribution. Draw simple random-

sample of size 'n’ from ‘N’ given population of Size ‘N’ with and without replacement scheme

and obtain the estimate of (i) population mean (ii) population variance and (iii) standard error.

Problems based on area tables of normal distribution, Standard normal deviate tests for testing (i)

0 (ii)21 . 't'-test for testing (i) (i) 0 (ii)

21 . Confidence interval for means for

small and large samples. Chi-square test for goodness of fit. Chi-square test for independence of

two attributes, 2x2, r x s contingency table and Yates' correction. Fitting of Regression line (i)

Y= a+ bX and test for 0yx (ii) Y = a+b1x1+b1x2. Partial correlation coefficients and tests of

significance. Multiple correlation coefficients and its test by F –test


S.No. Topic Tentative

Date

1. Probability and Probability Distribution: Various definitions of probability

2. Addition and multiplication laws of probability

3. Simple problems based on probability

4. Expectation of a random variable

5. Moments

6. Skewness

7. Kurtosis

8. Theoretical distributions: Binominal and poison distributions

9. Theoretical distributions: Normal distribution

10. Sampling, basic concepts, sampling vs. complete enumeration, parameter

and statistic

11. Sampling methods : simple random sampling and stratified random

10

sampling

12. Probability and non probability sampling, S.R.S. with and without

replacement

13. Test of significance: Hypothesis, null and Alternative hypothesis

14. Type-I and type-II error

15. Level of significance, Critical region, one and two tailed tests

16. Procedure for testing of hypotheses

17. Standard Normal deviate test for single mean, difference of two means

18. Students 't' test, for comparison involving one and two sample means

19. Tests of Significance: Basic concepts, tests for equality of means

20. independent and paired t-tests

21. Chi-square test for application of attributes and test for goodness of fit

22. Chi-square test for goodness of fit and independence of two attributes

23. Yate's correction for continuity

24. Correlation: Scatter diagram, correlation co-efficient and its properties

25. Correlation regression: Simple and partial correlation coefficients

26. Regression, fitting of simple linear regression

27. Test of significance of correlation and regression coefficient

28. Partial regression coefficients, multiple correlation coefficients and their

tests of significance

29. Experimental Designs: Basic concepts

30. Analysis of Completely randomized design

31. Analysis of Randomized block design and Latin square designs

32. Analysis of Latin square designs

Lecture Schedule: Practical


Date 1. Simple problem based on probability

2. Problems based on Binomia distribution

3. Problems based on Poisson distribution

4. Problems based on Normal distribution

5. Problem based on area tables of Normal distribution

6. Draw simple random-sample of size 'n’ from ‘N’ given population of Size

‘N’

7. In SRSWR/WOR, obtain the estimate of (i) population mean

8. (ii) population variance and (iii) standard error Coefficient of variation

9. Standard normal deviate tests for testing (i) 0 (ii) 21

10. 't'-test for testing (i) (i) 0 (ii)21 .

11. t'-test for testing (i) (i) 0 (ii)

12. Chi-square test for goodness of fit

13. Chi-square test for independence of two attributes

14. 2x2, r x s contingency table and Yates' correction

11

15. Fitting of Regression line (i) Y= a+ bX and test for 0yx (ii) Y =

a+b1x1+b1x1.

16. Partial correlation coefficients and tests of significance

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. V.G. Panse and P.V. Sukhatme (1985). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers.

ICAR, New Delhi.

2. G.W. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran (1968). Statistical Methods. Oxford and IBH.New

Delhi.

3. S.C. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor (2006). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. Sultan

Chand and Sons, New Delhi.

4. Sukthame and C. Ashok (1984). Sampling Theories and Surveys with Application. ICAR,

New Delhi, 3rd ed.

5. G.N. Rao (1983). Statistics for Agricultural Science. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

6. S.C: Gupta (2006). Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Publishing House. New Delhi

HORT 514 Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Harnessing bio-technology in horticultural crops, influence of plant materials, physical,

chemical factors and growth regulators on growth and development of plant cell, tissue and

organ culture.

UNIT II

Callus culture – types, cell division, differentiation, morphogenesis, organogenesis,

embryogenesis.

UNIT III

Use of bioreactors and in vitro methods for production of secondary metabolites, suspension

culture, nutrition of tissues and cells, regeneration of tissues, ex vitro, establishment of

tissue cultured plants.

UNIT IV

Physiology of hardening - hardening and field transfer, organ culture – meristem, embryo,

anther, ovule culture, embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion.

UNIT V

Construction and identification of somatic hybrids and cybrids, wide hybridization, in vitro

pollination and fertilization, haploids, in vitro mutation, artificial seeds, cryopreservation,

rapid clonal propagation, genetic engineering in horticulture crops, use of molecular

markers. In vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stress, achievements of biotechnology in

horticultural crops.

Practical:

An exposure to low cost, commercial and homestead tissue culture laboratories,

media preparation, inoculation of explants for clonal propagation, callus induction and

12

culture, regeneration of plantlets from callus, sub-culturing, techniques on anther, ovule,

embryo culture, somaclonal variation, in vitro mutant selection against abiotic stress,

protoplast culture, fusion technique, development of protocols for mass multiplication,

project development for establishment of commercial tissue culture laboratory.



Date

1. Harnessing biotechnology in horticulture crops

2. Influence of plant materials

3. Influence of physical, chemical factors

4. Influence of growth regulators on growth and development of plant cells

5. Tissue culture

6. Organ culture

7. Callus culture: types, cell division.

8. Differentiation, morphogenesis

9. Organogenesis

10. Embryogenesis

11. Suspension culture

12. Nutrition of tissues and cells

13. Bioreactors and secondary metabolites

14. In vitro methods for production of secondary metabolites

15. Regeneration of tissues, ex- vitro

16. Establishment of tissue cultured plants

17. Physiology of hardening and field transfer

18. Meristem culture

19. Anther culture

20. Ovule culture

21. Embryo culture

22. Embryo-rescue

23. Somaclonal-variation.

24. Protoplast culture and fusion.

25. Construction and identification of somatic hybrids.

26. Construction and identification of somatic cybrids.

27. Wide hybridization.

28. In vitro pollination and fertilization.

29. Haploids, In vitro mutation.

30. Artificial seeds, cryopreservation.

31. Genetic engineering in horticulture crops

32. Molecular markers

33. In vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stress.

34. Achievements of biotechnology in horticulture crops. Rapid clonal propagation.



Date

1. Study of basic instruments required for commercial and homestead tissue culture

laboratories.

2. Development of a Project for establishment of commercial tissue culture

13

laboratory.

3. Understanding and study the basic principles of different methods of Sterilization

techniques.

4. Preparations and calculations of the standard buffers (TE, TAE, TBE, and N or M

solutions).

5. Media preparation for plant tissue culture laboratory.

6. Inoculation of explants for clonal propagation.

7. Callus induction and culture

8. Preparation of reagents for DNA isolation from plant leaves.

9. Isolation of plant DNA from plant leaves.

10. Quantization and DNA Gel Electrophoresis.

11. Sterilization of seeds, buds, leaves, stems, roots, tubers, scales, embryos, ovules

and flower buds for tissue culture micro-propagations.

12. Seed germinations of Nicotiana.

13. Meristem and node culture of Potato.

14. Cell suspension culture of Nicotiana.

15. Set up and study of DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

16. Radom Amplified Polymorphisms DNA (RAPD) analysis.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Bajaj YPS. (Ed.).1989. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. V, Fruits.

Springer.

2. Brown TA. 2001. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis and Introduction. Blackwell

Publ.19

3. Chopra VL & Nasim A. 1990. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology –Concepts,

Methods and Applications. Oxford & IBH.

4. Gorden H & Rubsell S. 1960. Hormones and Cell Culture. AB Book Publ.

5. Keshavachandran R & Peter KV. 2008. Plant Biotechnology: Tissue Culture and

Gene Transfer.Orient & Longman (Universal Press).

6. Keshavachandran R, Nazeem PA, Girija D, John PS & Peter KV. 2007.Recent

Trends in Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops. Vols. I, II. New India Publ.

Agency.

7. Parthasarathy VA, Bose TK, Deka PC, Das P, Mitra SK & Mohanadas S. 2001.

Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops. Vols. I-III. Naya Prokash.

8. Pierik RLM. 1987. In vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Martinus Nijhoff Publ.

9. Skoog F & Miller CO. 1957. Chemical Regulation of Growth and Formation in

Plant Tissue Culture in vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol.11: 118-131

10. Vasil TK, Vasi M, While DNR & Bery HR.1979. Somatic Hybridization and

Genetic Manipulation in Plants. Plant Regulation and World Agriculture. Planum

Press.

11. Williamson R. 1981-86. Genetic Engineering. Vols. I-V. Academic Press.

14

M.Sc. Horticulture

Semester II

HORT - 521 Biodiversity and Conservation of Fruit Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Biodiversity and conservation; issues and goals, centers of origin of cultivated fruits; primary

and secondary centers of genetic diversity.

UNIT II

Present status of gene centers; exploration and collection of germplasm; conservation of genetic

resources – conservation in situ and ex situ.

UNIT III

Germplasm conservation- problem of recalcitrancy - cold storage of scions, tissue culture,

cryopreservation, pollen and seed storage; inventory of germplasm, introduction of germplasm,

plant quarantine.

UNIT IV

Intellectual property rights, regulatory horticulture. Detection of genetic constitution of

germplasm and maintenance of core group.

UNIT V

GIS and documentation of local biodiversity, Geographical indication.

Crops

Mango, sapota, citrus, guava, banana, papaya, grapes, jackfruit, custard, apple, ber, aonla,

malus, Prunus sp, litchi, nuts, coffee, tea, rubber, cashew, coconut, cocoa, palmyrah, arecanut,

oil palm and betelvine.

Practical

Documentation of germplasm – maintenance of passport data and other records of

accessions; field exploration trips, exercise on ex situ conservation – cold storage, pollen/seed

storage, cryopreservation, visits to National Gene Bank and other centers of PGR activities.

Detection of

genetic constitution of germplasm, core sampling, germplasm characterization using molecular

techniques.



Date

1. Biodiversity-Principles ,Issues

2. Biodiversity- Goals

3. Conservation-Issues ,Goals

4. Centres of origin of cultivated fruits

5. Primary and Secondary centres of genetic diversity

6. Present status of gene centres

7. Exploration and collection of germplasm

8. Conservation of genetic resources

9. Conservation- In situ and Ex situ

10. Germplasm conservation-Problem of recalcitrancy

11. Cold storage of scions

15

12. Tissue culture

13. Cryopreservation

14. Pollen and Seed Storage, Introduction of germplasm

15. Inventory of germplasm

16. Plant quarantine

17. Intellectual Property Rights

18. Regulatory Horticulture

19. Detection of genetic constitution of germplasm and Maintenance of core group

20. GIS and documentation of local biodiversity ,Geographical Indication

21. Mango ,Sapota

22. Citrus ,Banana

23. Papaya, Grapes

24. Jackfruit, Custard apple

25. Ber, Aonla

26. Malus, Prunus spp

27. Litchi

28. Coffee, Tea

29. Rubber, Cashew

30. Coconut, Cocoa

31. Palmyra, Arecanut

32. OilPalm, Betelvine



Date

1. Documentation of Germplasm

2. Maintenance of Passport data & Other records of acessions

3. Field Exploration trip

4. Ex situ conservation- Cold storage

5. Pollen and Seed storage

6. Cryopreservation

7. Visit to National Gene Bank & other centres of genetic diversity

8. Detection of genetic constitution of germplasm

9. Core sampling

10. Germplasm characterization using molecular techniques

Suggested Readings

1. Frankel OH & Hawkes JG. 1975. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow.

Cambridge University Press.

2. Peter KV & Abraham Z. 2007. Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops. Vol. I. Daya Publ.

House.

3. Peter KV. 2008. Biodiversity of Horticultural Crops. Vol. II. Daya Publ. House.

16

HORT - 522 Subtropical and Temperate Fruit Production 3(2+1)

Theory:

Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, ecophysiological

requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence, planting systems, cropping

systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management, water management,

fertigation, bioregulation, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, fruit

set and development, abiotic factors limiting production, physiological disorders-causes and

remedies, quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading,

packing,

precooling, storage, transportation and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, Agri

Export Zones(AEZ) and industrial support.

Crops

UNIT I: Apple, pear, quince, grapes

UNIT II: Plums, peach, apricot, cherries

UNIT III: Litchi, loquat, persimmon, kiwifruit, strawberry

UNIT IV: Nuts- walnut, almond, pistachio, pecan, hazelnut

UNIT V: Minor fruits- mangosteen, carambola, bael, wood apple, fig, jamun, rambutan,

pomegranate

Practical:

Identification of important cultivars, observations on growth and development, practices

in growth regulation, malady diagnosis, analyses of quality attributes, visit to tropical,

subtropical, humid tropical and temperate orchards, Project preparation for establishing

commercial orchards.



Date

1. Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance,

eco-physiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock

influence, planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy

management, nutrient management, water management, fertigation,

bioregulation, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of

flowering, fruit set and development, abiotic factors limiting production,

physiological disorders-causes and remedies, quality improvement by

management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading, packing,

precooling, storage, transportation and ripening techniques; industrial and

export potential, Agri Export Zones(AEZ) and industrial support in respect

to Apple

2. -do- of Apple

3. -do- of Apple

4. -do- of Pear

5. -do- of Quince

6. -do- of Grape

7. -do- of Grape

8. -do- of Plums

9. -do- of Peach,

10. -do- of Apricot

17

11. -do- of Cherries

12. -do- of Hazlenut

13. -do- of Litchi

14. -do- of Litchi

15. -do- of Loquat

16. -do- of Persimmon

17. -do- of Kiwifruit

18. -do- of Strawberry

19. -do- of Strawberry

20. -do- of Walnut

21. -do- of Walnut

22. -do- of Almond

23. -do- of Pistachio

24. -do- of Pecan

25. -do- of Mangosteen

26. -do- of Carambola

27. -do- of Bael

28. -do- of Wood apple

29. -do- of Fig

30. -do- of Jamun

31. -do- of Rambutan





Date

1. Identification of important cultivars: Apple, pear, quince, grapes,Plums,

peach, apricot, cherries, hazlenut

2. Identification of important cultivars: Litchi, loquat, persimmon, kiwifruit,

strawberry,walnut, almond, pistachio, pecan

3. Identification of important cultivars: mangosteen, carambola, bael, wood

apple, fig, jamun, rambutan, pomegranate

4. Practices in growth regulation, malady diagnosis, analyses of quality attributes in

Plums, peach, apricot


Cherries, hazlenut Litchi, loquat


Persimmon, kiwifruit, strawberry


Walnut, almond, pistachio, pecan


Mangosteen, carambola, bael, wood apple


Fig, jamun, rambutan, pomegranate

10. Visit to orchards

11. Visit to orchards

12. Project preparation


18




SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Sanyol D. (Ed.). 2002. Fruits of India – Tropical and Sub-tropical.

3rd Ed. Vols. I, II. Naya Udyog.

2. Chadha KL & Pareek OP. 1996. (Eds.). Advances in Horticulture. Vol. I. Malhotra Publ.

House.

3. Chadha KL & Shikhamany SD. 1999. The Grape: Improvement, Production and Post-

Harvest Management. Malhotra Publ. House.

4. Janick J & Moore JN. 1996. Fruit Breeding. Vols.I-III. John Wiley & Sons.

5. Nijjar GS. 1977. (Eds.). Fruit Breeding in India. Oxford & IBH. Radha T & Mathew L.

2007. Fruit Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

6. Singh S, Shivankar VJ, Srivastava AK & Singh IP. (Eds.). 2004. Advances in

Citriculture. Jagmander Book Agency.

HORT- 523 Production Technology of Cool Season Vegetable Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:




disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production

of:

UNIT I - Potato

UNIT II - Cole crops: cabbage, cauliflower, knoll kohl, sprouting broccoli, Brussels sprout

UNIT III - Root crops: carrot, radish, turnip and beetroot

UNIT IV- Bulb crops: onion and garlic

UNIT V- Peas and broad bean, green leafy cool season vegetables

Practical:

Cultural operations (fertilizer application, sowing, mulching, irrigation, weed control) of

winter vegetable crops and their economics; Experiments to demonstrate the role of mineral

elements, plant growth substances and herbicides; study of physiological disorders; preparation

of cropping scheme for commercial farms; visit to commercial greenhouse/ polyhouse.



Date

1. Introduction ,botany taxanomy,climate ,varieties,planting method,seed rate

fertigation and intercultural operation of potato

2. Weed control,physiological disorders ,harvesting ,PHT &Plant protection

measures &seed production of potato


fertigation and intercultural operation of cabbage

19

4. Weed control, physiological disorders ,harvesting ,PHT &Plant protection

measures &seed production of cabbage

5. Introduction ,botany taxanomy, climate ,varieties,planting method,seed rate

fertigation and intercultural operation of cauliflower


measures &seed production of cauliflower


fertigation and intercultural operation of knoll khol


measures &seed production of knoll khol


fertigation and intercultural operation of sprouting broccoli


measures &seed production of sprouting broccoli


fertigation and intercultural operation of brusell’s sprout


measures &seed production of brusells sprout


fertigation and intercultural operation of carrot


measures &seed production of carrot


fertigation and intercultural operation ofradish


measures &seed production of radish


fertigation and intercultural operation of turnip


measures &seed production of turnip


fertigation and intercultural operation ofbeetroot


measures &seed production of beetroot


fertigation and intercultural operation of onion


measures &seed production of onion


fertigation and intercultural operation of garlic


measures &seed production of garlic


fertigation and intercultural operation of peas


measures &seed production of peas


fertigation and intercultural operation broad beans


measures &seed production of broad beans

20


fertigation and intercultural operation of green leafy vegetables


measures &seed production of green leafy vegetables



Date

1. Nursery preparation and sowing of cole crops

2. Calculation and fertilization application of winter vegetable crops

3. Weeding and hoeing operation on winter vegetable crops

4. Calculation and demonstration of herbicides on winter vegetable crops

5. Calculation of and demonstration of plant growth regulators on winter vegetable

crops

6. To demonstrate the role of minerals on winter vegetable crops

7. To study the economics of winter vegetable crops

8. Preparation of different cropping schemes for commercial farm

9. Study of physiological disorders of potato

10. Study physiological disorders of cole crops

11. Study physiological disorders of root and bulb crops

12. A visit to a commercial greenhouse/polyhouse

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Bose TK & Som MG. (Eds.). 1986. Vegetable Crops in India. Naya Prokash.

2. Bose TK, Som G & Kabir J. (Eds.). 2002. Vegetable Crops. Naya Prokash.

3. Bose TK, Som MG & Kabir J. (Eds.). 1993. Vegetable Crops. Naya Prokash.

4. Bose TK, Kabir J, Maity TK, Parthasarathy VA & Som MG. 2003. Vegetable Crops.

Vols. I-III. Naya Udyog.

5. Chadha KL & Kalloo G. (Eds.). 1993-94. Advances in Horticulture Vols. V-X. Malhotra

Publ. House.

6. Chadha KL. (Ed.). 2002. Hand Book of Horticulture. ICAR.

7. Chauhan DVS. (Ed.). 1986. Vegetable Production in India. Ram Prasad & Sons.

8. Decoteau DR. 2000. Vegetable Crops. Prentice Hall.

9. Edmond JB, Musser AM & Andrews FS. 1951. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Blakiston

Co.

10. Fageria MS, Choudhary BR & Dhaka RS. 2000. Vegetable Crops: Production

Technology. Vol. II. Kalyani.

11. Gopalakrishanan TR. 2007. Vegetable Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

12. Hazra P & Som MG. (Eds.). 1999. Technology for Vegetable Production and

Improvement. Naya Prokash.

13. Rana MK. 2008. Olericulture in India. Kalyani Publ.

14. Rana MK. 2008. Scientific Cultivation of Vegetables. Kalyani Publ.

15. Rubatzky VE & Yamaguchi M. (Eds.). 1997. World Vegetables:Principles, Production

and Nutritive Values. Chapman & Hall.

16. Saini GS. 2001. A Text Book of Oleri and Flori Culture. Aman Publ. House.

21

17. Salunkhe DK & Kadam SS. (Ed.). 1998. Hand Book of Vegetable Science and

Technology: Production, Composition, Storage and Processing. Marcel Dekker.

18. Shanmugavelu KG. 1989. Production Technology of Vegetable Crops. Oxford & IBH.

19. Singh DK. 2007. Modern Vegetable Varieties and Production Technology. International

Book Distributing Co.

20. Singh SP. (Ed.). 1989. Production Technology of Vegetable Crops. Agril. Comm. Res.

Centre.

21. Thamburaj S & Singh N. (Eds.). 2004. Vegetables, Tuber Crops and Spices. ICAR.

22. Thompson HC & Kelly WC. (Eds.). 1978. Vegetable Crops. Tata McGraw- Hill.

HORT - 524 Production Technology of Spice Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

Introduction, importance of spice crops-historical accent, present status - national and

international, future prospects, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial

varieties/hybrids, site selection, layout, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed

treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercropping, mixed cropping, intercultural

operations, weed control, mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest

management, plant protection measures and seed planting material and micro-propagation,

precision farming, organic resource management, organic certification, quality control,

pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of:

UNIT I

Black pepper, cardamom

UNIT II

Clove, cinnamon and nutmeg, allspice

UNIT III

Turmeric, ginger and garlic

UNIT IV

Coriander, fenugreek, cumin, fennel, ajowain, dill, celery

UNIT V

Tamarind, garcinia and vanilla

Practical:

Identification of seeds and plants, botanical description of plant; preparation of

herbarium, propagation, nursery raising, field layout and method of planting, cultural practices,

harvesting, drying, storage, packaging and processing, value addition; short term experiments on

spice crops.



Date

1. Introduction, importance of spice crops-historical accent, present status -

national and international, future prospects, botany and taxonomy, climatic

and soil requirements, commercial varieties/hybrids, site selection, layout,

sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment,

nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercropping, mixed cropping,

22


harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures and seed

planting material and micro-propagation, precision farming, organic

resource management, organic certification, quality control,

pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of Black pepper

2. -do- of Black pepper

3. -do- of cardamom

4. -do- of cardamom

5. -do- of Clove

6. -do- of Clove

7. -do- of cinnamon

8. -do- of cinnamon

9. -do- of nutmeg

10. -do- of allspice

11. -do- of Turmeric

12. -do- of Turmeric

13. -do- of ginger

14. -do- of ginger

15. -do- of garlic

16. -do- of garlic

17. -do- of Coriander

18. -do- of Coriander

19. -do- of fenugreek

20. -do- of fenugreek

21. -do- of cumin

22. -do- of cumin

23. -do- of fennel

24. -do- of fennel

25. -do- of ajowain

26. -do- of dill,

27. -do- of celery

28. -do- of Tamarind

29. -do- of garcinia

30. -do- of vanilla



Date

1. Identification of seed spics

2. Identification of plants

3. botanical description of plant

4. preparation of herbarium

5. propagation, nursery raising

6. field layout

7. method of planting

23

8. cultural practices

9. harvesting

10. Drying of spices

11. storage of spices

12. packaging of spices

13. processing, value addition of spices

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Agarwal S, Sastry EVD & Sharma RK. 2001. Seed Spices: Production, Quality, Export.

Pointer Publ.

2. Arya PS. 2003. Spice Crops of India. Kalyani.

3. Bhattacharjee SK. 2000. Hand Book of Aromatic Plants. Pointer Publ.

4. Bose TK, Mitra SK, Farooqi SK & Sadhu MK (Eds.). 1999. Tropical Horticulture. Vol.I.

Naya Prokash.

5. Chadha KL & Rethinam P. (Eds.). 1993. Advances in Horticulture. Vols. IX-X.

Plantation Crops and Spices. Malhotra Publ. House.

6. Gupta S. (Ed.). Hand Book of Spices and Packaging with Formulae. Engineers India

Research Institute, New Delhi.

7. Kumar NA, Khader P, Rangaswami & Irulappan I. 2000. Introduction to Spices,

Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Oxford & IBH.

8. Nybe EV, Miniraj N & Peter KV. 2007. Spices. New India Publ. Agency.

9. Parthasarthy VA, Kandiannan V & Srinivasan V. 2008. Organic Spices. New India Publ.

Agency.

10. Peter KV. 2001. Hand Book of Herbs and Spices. Vols. I-III. Woodhead Publ. Co. UK

and CRC USA

11. Pruthi JS. (Ed.). 1998. Spices and Condiments. National Book Trust

12. Pruthi JS. 2001. Minor Spices and Condiments- Crop Management and Post Harvest

Technology. ICAR.

13. Purseglove JW, Brown EG, Green CL & Robbins SRJ. (Eds.). 1981. Spices. Vols. I, II.

Longman.

14. Shanmugavelu KG, Kumar N & Peter KV. 2002. Production Technology of Spices and

Plantation Crops. Agrobios.

15. Thamburaj S & Singh N. (Eds.). 2004. Vegetables, Tuber Crops and Spices. ICAR.

Tiwari RS & Agarwal A. 2004. Production Technology of Spices. International Book

Distr. Co.

16. Varmudy V. 2001. Marketing of Spices. Daya Publ. House.

HORT 525 Breeding of Vegetable Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding methods

(introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal characterization,

resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality improvement, molecular marker,

24

genomics, marker assisted breeding and QTLs, biotechnology and their use in breeding in

vegetable crops-Issue of patenting, PPVFR act.

UNIT I- Potato and tomato

UNIT II- Eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper and okra

UNIT III- Peas and beans, amaranth, chenopods and lettuce

UNIT IV- Gourds, melons, pumpkins and squashes

UNIT V-Cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, radish, sweet potato and tapioca

Practical:

Selection of desirable plants from breeding population observations and analysis of

various qualitative and quantitative traits in germplasm, hybrids and segregating generations;

induction of flowering, palanological studies, selfing and crossing techniques in vegetable crops;

hybrid seed production of vegetable crops in bulk. screening techniques for insect-pests, disease

and environmental stress resistance in above mentioned crops, demonstration of sib-mating and

mixed population; molecular marker techniques to identify useful traits in the vegetable crops

and special breeding techniques. Visit to breeding blocks.



Date

1. Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding

methods (introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal

characterization, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality

improvement, molecular marker, genomics, of Potato

2. -do of Potato

3. -do of Tomato

4. -do of Tomato

5. -do of Tomato

6. -do of Eggplant

7. -do of Eggplant

8. -do of Hot pepper

9. -do of sweet pepper

10. -do of Okra

11. -do of Peas

12. -do of beans

13. -do of Amaranth, chenopods and lettuce

14. -do of Gourds

15. -do of Gourds

16. -do of melons

17. -do of Pumpkins

18. -do of squashes

19. -do of Cabbage

20. -do of cauliflower

21. -do of Carrot, beetroot, radish

22. -do of Carrot, beetroot, radish

23. -do of Sweet potato and tapioca

24. -do of Sweet potato and tapioca

25

25. Marker assisted breeding

26.

27. QTLs

28.

29. biotechnology and their use in breeding in vegetable crops

30.

31. Issue of patenting, PPVFR act

32.



Date

1. Selection of desirable plants from breeding population and recording of

observations

2. Analysis of various qualitative and quantitative traits in germplasm, hybrids and

segregating generations

3.

4. Induction of flowering in vegetables

5. Palanological studies

6.

7. Selfing and crossing techniques in vegetable crops

8. Hybrid seed production of vegetable crops in bulk

9. Screening techniques for insect-pests in vegetables

10. Screening techniques for disease and environmental stress resistance in vegetable

crops

11.

12. Demonstration of sib-mating and mixed population

13. Molecular marker techniques to identify useful traits in the vegetable crops

14.

15. Special breeding techniques

16. Visit to breeding blocks

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Allard RW. 1999. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.

2. Basset MJ. (Ed.). 1986. Breeding Vegetable Crops. AVI Publ.

3. Dhillon BS, Tyagi RK, Saxena S. & Randhawa GJ. 2005. Plant Genetic Resources:

Horticultural Crops. Narosa Publ. House.

4. Fageria MS, Arya PS & Choudhary AK. 2000. Vegetable Crops: Breeding and Seed

Production. Vol. I. Kalyani.

5. Gardner EJ. 1975. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons.

6. Hayes HK, Immer FR & Smith DC. 1955. Methods of Plant Breeding.McGraw-Hill.

7. Hayward MD, Bosemark NO & Romagosa I. (Eds.). 1993. Plant Breeding-Principles

and Prospects. Chapman & Hall.

8. Kalloo G. 1988. Vegetable Breeding. Vols. I-III. CRC Press.

9. Kalloo G. 1998. Vegetable Breeding. Vols. I-III (Combined Ed.). Panima Edu. Book

Agency.

10. Kumar JC & Dhaliwal MS. 1990. Techniques of Developing Hybrids in Vegetable Crops.

Agro Botanical Publ.

26

11. Paroda RS & Kalloo G. (Eds.). 1995. Vegetable Research with Special Reference to

Hybrid Technology in Asia-Pacific Region. FAO.

12. Peter KV & Pradeepkumar T. 2008. Genetics and Breeding of Vegetables. Revised,

ICAR.

13. Rai N & Rai M. 2006. Heterosis Breeding in Vegetable Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

14. Ram HH. 1998. Vegetable Breeding: Principles and Practices. Kalyani.

15. Simmonds NW. 1978. Principles of Crop Improvement. Longman.

16. Singh BD. 1983. Plant Breeding. Kalyani.

17. Singh PK, Dasgupta SK & Tripathi SK. 2004. Hybrid Vegetable Development.

International Book Distributing Co.

18. Swarup V. 1976. Breeding Procedure for Cross-pollinated Vegetable Crops. ICAR.

HORT- 526 Post Harvest Microbiology of Horticultural Produce 3(2+1)

Theory:

Importance of horticultural crops in dietary, chemical Composition, nutritive value and

perishable nature of fresh and processed horticultural produce. Contamination and spoilage of

fresh fruits and vegetables, types of spoilage in processed products such as canned fruits and

vegetables, dehydrated, frozen foods, pickles, beverages etc., intrinsic and extrinsic parameters

that affect microbial growth and their control measures, principles and methods of food

preservation. Important microorganisms associated with food, their classification, nomenclature

& multiplication. Importance of microorganisms in food industry, fermentation processes,

production of various by- products, vinegar, fermented beverages, etc. Food borne diseases and

food poisoning, importance of hygiene and sanitation. Safety and Quality control of fruit and

vegetable products, biochemical and microbiological examinations.

Practical:

Analyzing perishability of fruits and vegetables, study of morphology of microorganisms,

preparation of bacteriological media, culturing of microorganisms, microbiological examination

of processed products, types of fermentations, biochemical and enzymatic tests.



Date

1. What is food? Components of food, their functions, sources and deficiency.

2. Fruits and vegetables as sources of important nutrients

3. Concept of functional food.

4. Chemical composition of fresh and processed horticultural produce

5. Nutritive value and perishable nature of horticultural produce

6. Food as a substrate for microorganisms

7. Contamination of food by microorganisms

8. Important microorganisms associated with food: Bacteria

9. Important microorganisms associated with food: yeasts

10. Important microorganisms associated with food: moulds

11. Classification and nomenclature of Bacteria

12. Classification and nomenclature of Yeasts

27

13. Classification and nomenclature of Moulds

14. Reproduction of microorganisms: Asexual

15. Reproduction of microorganisms: Sexual

16. Intrinsic parameters affecting microbial growth: pH, water activity, Oxidation-

reduction potential, nutrient content,

17. Extrinsic parameters affecting microbial growth: temperature

18. Importance of microorganisms in food industry

19. Fermentation processes: Alcoholic fermentation, production of wine

20. Fermentation processes: Acetic fermentation, production of vinegar

21. Spoilage of fresh fruits and vegetables

22. Types of spoilage in processed products: low acid food

23. Types of spoilage in processed products: medium acid food

24. Principles and methods of food preservation

25. Food borne diseases and food poisoning: Types of food poisoning

26. Food poisoning: causes and control measures

27. Importance of Hygiene and sanitation

28. Concept of GMPs, HACCP etc.

29. Safety and quality control of processed products

30. FPO and food laws

31. Biochemical examinations of food

32. Microbial examination of food


S.No. Title of Exercise Tentative

Date

1. Enumeration of causes of deterioration of fresh fruits (PLW, rotting, mechanical

injury, growth etc.)

2. Ist exercise continues

3. Microscopic examination of morphology of bacteria, gram staining

4. Microscopic examination of yeasts and molds colonies

5. Microscopic examination of molds colonies

6. Preparation of bacteriological media

7. Sterilization of media, glass wares etc.

8. Use of laminar air flow

9. Culturing of microorganisms: pure culture preparation, incubation etc.

10. Microbiological examination of processed products

11. Lactic fermentation of vegetables

12. Estimation of TSS of processed products

13. Estimation of acidity of processed products

14. Estimation of ascorbic acid

15. Estimation of sugars

16. Qualitative estimation of enzyme (PPO) activity in vegetables.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Frazier, W.C. and Westhoff, D.C. (1988). Food Microbiology. McGraw Hill Publishing

Co., Inc., New York.

2. Khetarpaul, Neelam (2005). Food Microbiology. Daya Publishers, New Delhi.

28

3. Pelezer, M.J., Chan, E.C. and Krieg, N.R. (1993). Microbiology concepts and

applications. McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York.

4. Purohit, S.S. (1994). Microbiology- Fundamentals and Application. 5th

Edition., Agro

Botanical Publishers, Bikaner, India.

HORT- 527 Post Harvest Handling of Horticultural crops (2+1)

Theory:

Maturity indices of horticultural crops. Harvesting and its relationship with quality,

Sorting and grading, Pre-harvest crop management practices and their influence on quality

during storage and marketing. Respiration, Ethylene in post-harvest biology, Technology of

artificial ripening and de-greening of fruits. Physiology of ripening and senescence. Storage

disorders including chilling injury. Application of growth regulators for quality assurance. Post-

harvest treatments: Pre cooling, Heat treatments (hot water, hot air and Vapour heat), fungicides

& biologically safe chemicals, Irradiation, Curing, Pulsing etc. Packing line operations,

Packaging of horticultural produce. Transportation- rail, road, sea, air; Codex norms for export

of perishables. Storage systems: On – farm storage - evaporatively cooled stores, ventilated

storage, pit storage etc. Refrigerated storage of horticultural produce, Refrigeration cycle,

Controlled / Modified Atmosphere, Hypobaric, Hyperbaric storage.

Practical: Practice in judging the maturity of various horticultural produce, determination of

physiological loss in weight and quality. Grading of horticultural produce, post-harvest

treatment of horticultural crops, Packaging studies in fruits, vegetables and cut flowers by using

different packaging materials, methods of storage, post-harvest disorders in horticultural

produce. Identification of storage pests and diseases in spices. Visit to markets, packaging

houses and cold storage units.

Theory S.No. Topic Tentative

Date

1. Maturity indices of horticultural crops: Physical, visual and computational, methods of

predicting harvest maturity

2. Maturity indices of horticultural crops: chemical and physiological methods of

predicting harvest maturity

3. Maturity indices and quality parameters of important horticultural crops

4. Harvesting: harvest practices, methods of harvesting

5. mechanization in harvesting, use of harvesting tools, relation of harvesting and quality

6. Sorting and grading of horticultural produce

7. Pre-harvest crop management practices and their influence on quality during storage

and marketing

8. Growth and maturation of storage organs

9. Physiology of ripening,

10. Respiration : climacteric and non- climacteric fruits

11. Role of Ethylene in post-harvest biology, ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene inhibitors

12. Artificial ripening and de-greening of fruits

13. Storage disorders including chilling injury

14. Application of growth regulators for quality assurance.

15. Post-harvest treatments: Pre cooling

16. Post-harvest treatments: Heat treatments (hot water, hot air and Vapour heat)

29

17. Post-harvest treatments: fungicides & biologically safe chemicals

18. Post-harvest treatments: Irradiation

19. Post-harvest treatments: Curing, Pulsing etc.

20. Packing line operations

21. Types of packages

22. Packaging of horticultural produce

23. Palletization and containerization

24. Transportation- rail, road, sea, air

25. Concept of cold chain

26. Codex norms for export of perishables

27. Storage systems: On – farm storage - evaporative cooled stores, ventilated storage, pit

storage etc

28. Mechanical Refrigeration cycle

29. Refrigerated storage of horticultural produce

30. MA packaging and storage

31. CA storage

32. Hyperbaric storage



Date

1. Judging maturity indices by specific gravity and TSS

2. Judging maturity by estimation of acidity, TSS: acid ratio

3. determination of physiological loss in weight and quality

4. Practice on grading of horticultural produce

5. Preparation of different formulations for post harvest treatments and their

application viz. wax emulsion

6. Chemicals and growth regulators for post harvest applications

7. To study different types of packages and packing practices

8. Harvesting, grading and packing of vegetables

9. Harvesting, grading and packaging of flowers

10. To study the refrigerated storage and its working

11. To study post-harvest disorders in horticultural produce : chilling injury

12. Identification of storage pests and diseases in spices

13. Visit to markets,

14. Visit to packaging houses

15. Visit to cold storage units

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. S. Saraswathy, T.L. Preethi, S. Balasubramanyan, J. Suresh, N. Revathy & S. Natarajan.

Post Harvest Management of Horticultural Crops, Agribios (India), Jodhpur.

2. S. K. Mitra. Post Harvest Physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits, CABI

Publishing.

3. A.K. Thompson. Post Harvest Technology of fruits and vegetables, Blackwell Science.

4. Er. B. Pantastico. Post Harvest Physiology, Handling and Utilization of Tropical and

Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, AVI Publishing Company, Inc.

30

5. R.B.H. Wills, W.B. McGlasson, D. Graham, T.H. Lee and E.G. Hall. Post Harvest: An

Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruits and vegetables, CBS Publishers

and Distributors, New Delhi.

HORT-528 Landscape and Ornamental Gardening 3(2+1)

Theory:

Principles of Landscape gardening. styles of gardens; Type of gardens (Hindu, Budhist,

Persian, Mughals, Japanese and English gardens), features of garden-paths, roads, edges, lawns,

fountains, arches, pergola, shrubbery, topiary, flower beds, hedges, flowering and avenue trees,

rockery, conservatory, glass and green house, hanging pots, bird baths, etc. Principles and

practices of landscape designs for home gardens and public parks. Study and uses of plant

materials and other components in combination for landscape effects. Landscaping of places like

cities, towns, countryside, different roads, railway tracks, religious places, industrial areas,

offices, hotels, riverside, multistoried buildings with emphasis on terrace garden etc., interior

decoration of hotels and buildings. Preparation and maintenance of Bonsai, Rock garden, Water

garden and Desert Garden.

Practical: Identification of ornamental and foliage trees, shrubs, creepers, seasonal annuals and

indoor plants. Layout of bungalow garden. Planning and layout of college, school, hotel gardens.

Planning layout of a formal garden. Planning and layout of a Japanese garden. Preparation and

layout of rockery. Collection of various ornamental plants for herbarium. Planning and layout of

a herbaceous border. Pruning and training of hedge. Visit to various public gardens.



Date

1. Principles of landscape gardening

2. Principles of landscape gardening- design elements

3. Principles of landscape gardening- design principles

4. Styles of gardens

5. Type of gardens: Persian and Mughal gardens

6. Type of gardens: Hindu, Buddhist and English gardens

7. Type of gardens: Japanese gardens

8. Features of gardens: walls, fences, roads, paths and steps

9. Features of gardens: hedges and edges

10. Features of gardens: lawn- definition, development and maintenance

11. Features of gardens: arches, pergola, topiary and flower beds

12. Features of gardens: flowering and avenue trees

13. Features of gardens: rockery- definition, designing and plants for rockery

14. Features of gardens: conservatory, glass and green houses

15. Features of gardens: adornments- fountains, hanging pots, bird baths, statues, garden

seats, lights etc.

16. Principles and practices of landscape designs for home gardens

17. Principles and practices of landscape designs for public parks

18. Study and uses of plant materials and other components in combination for

landscape effects

31

19. Landscaping of places like cities, towns and avenues

20. Landscaping of countrysides, different roads and railway tracks

21. Landscaping of religious places and riversides

22. Landscaping of industrial areas, offices and hotels, etc.

23. Multistoried buildings with emphasis on terrace gardens

24. Interior decoration of hotels and buildings

25. Bonsai: definition, classification and preparation

26. Bonsai: styles and suitable plants for bonsai

27. Bonsai: maintenance

28. Rock garden: definition, importance, development and uses

29. Water garden: definition, importance, development & management and uses

30. Water garden: plants for water garden and their classification

31. Desert Garden: definition, importance, development and uses



Date

1. Identification of ornamental and foliage trees, shrubs, creepers, seasonal annuals and

indoor plants

2. Acquaintance and brief description of important garden tools

3. Symbols used in garden designing

4. Planning and layout of a formal garden

5. Planning and layout of a informal garden

6. Layout of bungalow garden

7. Planning and layout of hotel garden

8. Planning and layout of college garden

9. Planning and layout of school garden

10. Planning and layout of a Japanese garden

11. Preparation and layout of rockery

12. Collection of various ornamental plants for herbarium

13. Planning and layout of a herbaceous border

14. Pruning and training of hedge

15. Visit to various public gardens and description of important features

SUGGESTED READING

1. Gopalaswamienger, K.S. (199) Complete gardening in India. Gopalaswami Parthasarthy

Shrinivasa, 237/46, Fifth road, Bangalore (India).

2. Randhawa, G.S. and Jain, R.K. (1973) Ornamental Horticulture. Today and Tomorrow

Printers and Publishers, 22-B/5, Original Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhii110005.

3. Percylancaster, S. (1982) Gardening in India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

4. Bhanu L. and Desai (1979) Planning and Planting Designs of Home Garden. lCAR, NeW

Delhi

5. Bose, T.K.: Pal, P.; Chowdhury, B. and Sharma, S.P. (2004) Garden Plants in Colour

House Plants. Naya Udyog, 206, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata - 700006.

6. Bhattachrjee, S.K. (2005) Landscape gardening and Design with Plants. PointeI

Publishers, vyas Building, SMS Highway, Jaipur - 302003.

7. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2006) Advances in Ornamental Horticulture Vol. I to VI. Ponter

Publishiers, Vyas Building, SMS Highway, Jaipur - 302003.

32

HORT - 529 Production Technology for Loose Flowers 3(2+ 1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Scope of loose flower trade, Significance in the domestic market/export. Varietal wealth and

diversity, propagation, sexual and asexual propagation methods, propagation in mist chambers,

nursery management, pro-tray nursery under shade nets, transplanting techniques

UNIT II

Soil and climate requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, precision farming

techniques.

UNIT III

Water and nutrient management, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, pinching

and disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders

and remedies, IPM and 1DM.

UNIT IV

Flower forcing and year round flowering, production for special occasions through physiological

interventions, chemical regulation.

UNIT V

Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, pre-cooling, packing

and storage, value addition, concrete and essential oil extraction, transportation and marketing,

export potential, institutional support, Flori- Export Zones.

Crops: Jasmine, scented rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, nerium, hibiscus,

barleria, celosia, gomphrena, non-traditional flowers (Nyctanthes, Tabemaemontana, ixora, lotus,

lilies, tecoma, champaka, pandanus).

Practical:

Botanical description of species and varieties, propagation techniques, mist chamber

operation, training and pruning techniques, practices in manuring, drip and fertigation, foliar

nutrition, growth regulator application, pinching, disbudding, staking, harvesting techniques,

post-harvest handling, storage and cold chain, project preparation for regionally important

commercial loose flowers, visits to fields, essential oil extraction units and markets.



date

1. Scope of loose flowers in global trade

2. Indian and global scenario of loose flower production

3. Nursery management and special nursery practices

4. Commercial cultivation of chaiti rose

5. Commercial cultivation of baramasi rose

6. Commercial cultivation of tuberose

7. Commercial cultivation of marigold

8. Commercial cultivation of chrysanthemum

9. Commercial cultivation of jasmine

10. Commercial cultivation of jasmine

11. Commercial cultivation of gaillardia

12. Commercial cultivation of crossandra

33

13. Commercial cultivation of barleria

14. Commercial cultivation of celosia

15. Commercial cultivation of gomphrena

16. Commercial cultivation of harshringar

17. Commercial cultivation of chandani

18. Commercial cultivation of ixora

19. Commercial cultivation of lotus

20. Commercial cultivation of lilies

21. Commercial cultivation of Tecoma

22. Commercial cultivation of champaka

23. Commercial cultivation of kewra

24. Commercial cultivation of Nerium

25. Commercial cultivation of hibiscus

26. Oil extraction methods for different flower

27. Flower forcing for year round cultivation of cut flowers

28. Post harvest handling and marketing of cut flowers

29. Value addition in flower

30. Agri-Export Zones of India

31. Varietal wealth and diversity



date

1. Identification of important floricultural crops

2. Sowing of marigold seed in nursery

3. Propagation of rose through cutting/ budding

4. Application of manures and fertilizers in marigold

5. Training and Pruning of roses

6. Propagation practices in chrysanthemum

7. Preparation of PBRs solution and application on flowers

8. Staking, pinching and disbudding practices in chrysanthemum

9. Harvesting practices in chrysanthemum flowers

10. Preparation of preservatives solutions

11. Drip and fertigation practices in rose

12. Acquaintance with cold chain system

13. Botanical description of important varieties loose flowers

14. Visit to commercial flower growers field

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Arora JS. 2006. Introductory Ornamental Horticulture. Kalyani.



34

STAT- 521 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 3(2+1)

Theory:

Basic principles of design of experiments, Uniformity trials and their uses, Fair field

Smiths Variance Law and optimum size and shape of plots. Efficiency of basic designs. Design

and analysis of C.R.D. R.B.D. and L.S.D. with one observation per cell. Factorial experiments:

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical factorial experiments, 2n factorial experiments, Yates method

and general method of analysis of AxB and AxBxC factorial experiments. Confounding in case

of 2n factorial experiments, Complete and partial confounding. Layout and analysis of Split and

Strip plot design. Missing plot technique in R.B.D. and L.S.D. with one observation missing.

Progeny Row trial and compact family block design. Transformations: Square root, Logarithmic

and Angular transformation. Analysis of Covariance.

Practical:

Analysis of 22 and 2

3 experiments in R.B.D., Analysis of AxB factorial experiments.

Analysis of AxBxC factorial experiments, Complete confounding in case of 23 experiments,

Partial confounding in case of 23 experiments, Missing plot analysis in case of R.B.D. with one

observation missing, Missing plot analysis in case of L.S.D. with one observation missing.

Analysis of Split plot and Strip plot design, Analysis of Covariance in case of R.B.D. Use of

transformations



Date 1. Basic principles of design of experiments, Uniformity trials and their uses

2. Design and analysis of C.R.D.

3. Design and analysis of R.B.D.

4. Design and analysis of L.S.D.

5. Missing plot techniques

6. Design and analysis of C.R.D. with one observation per cell.

7. Design and analysis of R.B.D. with one observation per cell.

8. Design and analysis of L.S.D. with one observation per cell.

9. Factorial experiments

10. Main effect and interaction effect

11. Comparison or contrast

12. Calculation of sum of squares due to comparison

13. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical factorial experiments

14. 2n factorial experiments

15. Yates method and general method of analysis of AxB

16. Yates method and general method of analysis of AxBxC factorial experiments

17. Confounding in case of 2n factorial experiments

18. Complete confounding

19. Partial confounding

20. Layout and analysis of Split plot design.

21. Layout and analysis of Strip plot design.

22. Transformation of data

23. Types of Transformations

35

24. Square root transformation

25. Logarithmic transformation.

26. Angular transformation

27. Analysis of covariance

28. Statistical control of error

29. Technique of analysis of covariance

30. Statistical analysis and examples



Date 1. Analysis of C.R.D. with unequal replication

2. Analysis of C.R.D. with equal replication

3. Analysis of R.B.D.

4. Analysis of L.S.D.

5. Analysis of R.B.D. with one missing observation

6. Analysis of L.S.D. with one missing observation

7. Analysis of 22 factorial experiments in R.B.D

8. Analysis of 23 factorial experiments in R.B.D

9. Analysis of Split plot

10. Analysis of Split plot

11. Analysis of Strip plot design

12. Analysis of Strip plot design

13. Analysis of Covariance in case of R.B.D

14. Use of transformations

15. Exercise on Square root, Logarithmic and Angular transformation

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. V.G. Panse and P.V. Sukhatme (1985). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers.

ICAR, New Delhi.

2. Das, M.N. and Giri. N.C. (1986). Design and analysis of Experiments. New Age

International Publishers.

3. Chandel, S.R.S. (2004).A Handbook of Agricultural Statistics. Achal Prakashan Mandir,

Kanpur.

4. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez , A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research.

John Wiley and Sons.

5. Agrawal, B.L. (1996). Programmed Statistics. New Age International Publishers.

PGS 502 Technical Writing and Communications Skills 1(0+1)

Practical:

Technical Writing - Various forms of scientific writings- theses, technical papers, reviews, manuals,

etc; Various parts of thesis and research communications (title page, authorship contents page,

preface, introduction, review of literature, material and methods, experimental results and

discussion); Writing of abstracts, summaries, précis, citations etc.; commonly used abbreviations in

the theses and research communications; illustrations, photographs and drawings with suitable

36

captions; pagination, numbering of tables and illustrations; Writing of numbers and dates in scientific

write-ups; Editing and proof-reading; Writing of a review article.

Communication Skills - Grammar (Tenses, parts of speech, clauses, punctuation marks); Error

analysis (Common errors); Concord; Collocation; Phonetic symbols and transcription; Accentual

pattern: Weak forms in connected speech: Participation in group discussion: Facing an interview;

presentation of scientific papers.



Date

1. Writings- theses, Various parts of thesis and research communications (title

page, authorship contents page, preface, introduction, review of literature,

material and methods, experimental results and discussion);

2. commonly used abbreviations in the theses and research communications

3. Writing of abstracts, summaries, précis, citations etc.;

4. Writing of technical papers

5. Writing of reviews

6. Writing of manuals

7. illustrations, photographs and drawings with suitable captions;

8. pagination, numbering of tables and illustrations; Writing of numbers and

dates in scientific write-ups

9. Editing and proof-reading; Writing of a review article

10. Tenses

11. parts of speech

12. clauses, punctuation marks

13. Error analysis (Common errors

14. Concord; Collocation; Phonetic symbols and transcription

15. Accentual pattern: Weak forms in connected speech

16. Participation in group discussion

17. Facing an interview; presentation of scientific papers.

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Ed. 1996. Prentice Hall of India.

2. Collins’ Cobuild English Dictionary. 1995. Harper Collins.

3. Gordon HM & Walter JA. 1970. Technical Writing. 3rd Ed. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

4. Hornby AS. 2000. Comp. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. 6th

Ed. Oxford University Press.

5. James HS. 1994. Handbook for Technical Writing. NTC Business Books.

6. Joseph G. 2000. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th Ed. Affiliated East-

West Press.

7. Mohan K. 2005. Speaking English Effectively. MacMillan India.

8. Richard WS. 1969. Technical Writing. Barnes & Noble.

9. Robert C. (Ed.). 2005. Spoken English: Flourish Your Language. Abhishek.

10. Sethi J & Dhamija PV. 2004. Course in Phonetics and Spoken English. 2nd

Ed. Prentice

Hall of India.

11. Wren PC & Martin H. 2006. High School English Grammar and Composition. S. Chand

& Co.

37

M.Sc. Horticulture

Semester III

HORT- 531 Principles of Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

History, present status, importance and scope of post harvest technology of horticultural

crops. Maturity indices, pre- harvest factors affecting quality of fruits, changes during fruit

growth, transpiration, respiration, physiology and biochemistry of fruit ripening, ethylene

evolution and its management. Factors for deterioration of fresh and processed horticultural

produce. Food pipe line, post harvest handling of fresh horticultural produce including

harvesting, pre-cooling, sorting, grading, pre- treatments, storage, packaging, and distribution.

Principles and methods of food preservation, preservation by thermal processing, canning,

freezing, dehydration, preservation by sugar, salt, fermentation, radiation, chemical

preservatives, antibiotics, etc. Disposal and Utilization of waste from fruit and vegetable

processing industry, plant sanitation & Food safety standards. Drying of cut flowers.

Practical:

Analyzing maturity stages of commercially important horticultural crops, physiological loss

in weight of fruits and vegetables, estimation of transpiration, respiration rate, ethylene release,

study of vase life extension of cut flowers by chemicals, visit to pack house to study post harvest

handling practices in fresh fruits and vegetables, preservation by sugar (preparation of jam, jelly

etc.), salt (pickles), dehydration, fermentation, tomato processing, visit to fruit and vegetable

processing industry.



Date

1. Present status of post harvest technology of horticultural crops.

2. Importance and scope of post harvest technology of horticultural crops.

3. Maturity and common methods to predict maturity in horticultural crops

4. Harvest indices of fruits like mango, banana, papaya, pineapple, apple, sapota,

guava, citrus, grapes, etc.

5. Harvest indices of vegetables like tomato, brinjal, beans, melons, etc.

6. Pre- harvest factors affecting quality of fruits

7. Changes during fruit growth

8. Physiology of transpiration

9. Physiology of respiration

10. Physiology and biochemistry of fruit ripening

11. Ethylene evolution

12. Controlled ripening (delaying and hastening)

13. Factors for deterioration of fresh and processed horticultural produce.

14. Food pipe line, and losses during post harvest handling of fresh horticultural

produce

15. Harvesting: methods and tools, Pre-cooling: methods and objectives

16. Sorting, grading and various pre- treatments like curing, waxing, etc.

17. Storage: types of storage including cold storage, CA and MA storage

38

18. Packaging and distribution of fruits and vegetables

19. Principles of food preservation

20. Methods of food preservation: sugar, salt, fermentation etc

21. Methods of food preservation: chemical preservatives

22. preservation by thermal processing

23. Canning: General process

24. Canning: special considerations

25. Preservaton by freezing

26. Preservaton by drying and dehydration

27. Disposal and Utilization of waste from fruit and vegetable processing industry

28. Plant sanitation & Food safety standards

29. Drying of cut flowers.


S.No. Title of practical Tentative

Date

1. Analyzing maturity stages of fruits: use of refractometer

2. Analyzing maturity stages of fruits: use of tenderometer

3. Maturity determination by specific gravity

4. Estimation of PLW

5. Effect of packaging and temperature on PLW of fruits and vegetables

6. Estimation of respiraton by Oxygen analyzer

7. Artificial ripening of fruits using ethylene.

8. Vase life extension of cut flowers by chemicals

9. Visit to pack house

10. Preparation of fruit jam

11. Preparation of fruit jelly

12. Preparation of pickle from raw material available in the season

13. Demonstration of solar drying

14. Preparation of tomato ketchup/ sauce etc.

Total

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Er. B. Pantastico. Post Harvest Physiology, Handling and Utilization of Tropical and

Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, AVI Publishing Company, Inc.

2. R.B.H. Wills, W.B. McGlasson, D. Graham, T.H. Lee and E.G. Hall. Post Harvest: An

Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruits and vegetables, CBS Publishers

and Distributors, New Delhi.

3. S. Saraswathy, T.L. Preethi, S. Balasubramanyan, J. Suresh, N. Revathy & S. Natarajan.

Post Harvest Management of Horticultural Crops, Agribios (India), Jodhpur.

4. R.P. Srivastava & Sanjeev Kumar. Fruit & Vegetable Preservation: Principles and

Practices, 3rd

Edition, International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.

5. Cruess, W.V. Commercial fruit and vegetable products. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Inc,

New York.

39

HORT-532 Growth and Development of Horticultural Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Growth and development- definition, parameters of growth and development, growth dynamics,

morphogenesis.

UNIT II

Annual, semi-perennial and perennial horticultural crops, environmental impact on growth and

development, effect of light, photosynthesis and photoperiodism vernalisation, effect of

temperature, heat units, thermoperiodism.

UNIT III

Assimilate partitioning during growth and development, influence of water and mineral nutrition

during growth and development, biosynthesis of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscissic acid,

ethylene, brasssinosteroids, growth inhibitors, morphactins, role and uses of plant growth

promoters and inhibitors.

UNIT IV

Developmental physiology and biochemistry during dormancy, bud break, juvenility, vegetative

to reproductive interphase, flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit set, fruit drop, fruit

growth, ripening and seed development.

UNIT V

Growth and developmental process during stress - manipulation of growth and development,

impact of pruning and training, chemical manipulations in horticultural crops, molecular and

genetic approaches in plant growth development.

Practical:

Physical and Chemical methods to overcome seed dormancy. Germination and viability

tests of seed. Visit to arid, subtropical and temperate horticultural zones to identify growth and

development patterns, techniques of growth analysis, evaluation of photosynthetic efficiency

under different environments, study of growth regulator functions, understanding ripening

phenomenon in fruits and vegetables, study of impact of physical manipulations on growth and

development, study of chemical manipulations on growth and development, understanding stress

impact on growth and development.



Date

1. Growth – Definition, parameters of growth

2. Development- definition, parameters of growth

3. Growth dynamics

4. Morphogenesis

5. Annual, Semi-perennial and perennial horticulturalcrops

6. Environmental Impact on growth and development

7. Effect of light and photosynthesis

8. Photoperiodism -types

9. Vernalisation in horticultural crops

10. Effect of temperature and heat units

40

11. Thermoperiodism

12. Assimilate partitioning during growth and development

13. Influence of water on growth and development

14. Mineral nutrition-importance during growth and development

15. Biosynthesis of auxin and role in horticultural crops

16. Biosynthesis of giberellin and role in horticultural crops

17. Biosynthesis of cytokinin and role in horticultural crops

18. Biosynthesis of abscissic acid and role in horticultural crops

19. Biosynthesis of ethylene and role in horticultural crops

20. Brassinosteroids and use in horticulture

21. Growth inhibitor and its application

22. Morphactins and its role in horticulture

23. Growth promoters and its application

24. Dormancy-physiological basis, causes and importance

25. Bud break-physiological stages

26. Juvenility

27. Vegetative to Reproductive interphase

28. Flowering- physiological basis and factors affecting flowering

29. Modes of pollination

30. Fertilization process and fruit set

31. Fruit drop-stages and remedies to control it

32. Fruit growth curves

33. Ripening and seed development

34. Growth and development process during stress

35. Impact of pruning and training

36. Chemical manipulations in horticultural crops

37. Molecular and genetic approaches in plant growth development



Date

1. Physical methods to overcome seed dormancy

2. Chemical methods to overcome seed dormancy

3. Seed germination test

4. Viability test of seed by Tetrazolium method

5. Evaluation of photosynthetic efficiency under different environment

6. Study of growth regulator functions

7. Understanding of ripening phenomenon in fruits and vegetables

8. Study of impact of physical manipulations on growth and development

9. Understanding of stress impact on growth and development

10. Study of chemical manipulations on growth and development

11. Visit to arid, subtropical and temperate zones to identify growth and development

patterns

41

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Buchanan B, Gruiessam W & Jones R. 2002. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of

Plants. John Wiley & Sons.

2. Epstein E. 1972. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. Wiley.

3. Fosket DE. 1994. Plant Growth and Development: a Molecular Approach. Academic

Press.

4. Leoplod AC & Kriedermann PE. 1985. Plant Growth and Development. 3rd

Ed. Mc

Graw-Hill.

5. Peter KV. 2008. (Ed.) Basics of Horticulture. New India Publ. Agency.

HORT 533 Breeding of Fruit Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

Origin and distribution, taxonomical status - species and cultivars, cytogenetics,

genetic resources, blossom biology, breeding systems, breeding objectives, ideotypes,

approaches for crop improvement -introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding,

polyploidy breeding, rootstock breeding, improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding

for biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological interventions, achievements and future thrust

in the following selected fruit crops.

Crops

UNIT I : Mango, banana and pineapple

UNIT II: Citrus, grapes, guava and sapota

UNIT III: Jackfruit, papaya, custard apple, aonla, pomegranate and ber

UNIT IV: Mangosteen, litchi, jamun, phalsa, mulberry, datepalm, bael and nuts

UNIT V: Apple, pear, plums, peach, apricot and strawberry

Practical:

Characterization of germplasm, blossom biology, study of anthesis, estimating

fertility status, practices in hybridization, evaluation of biometrical traits and quality traits,

creening for resistance, developing breeding programme for specific traits, visit to research

stations working on tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit improvement



Date

1. Origin and distribution

2. Taxonomical status

3. Species and cultivars

4. Cytogenetics

5. Genetic resources

6. Blossom biology

7. Breeding systems

8. Breeding objectives

9. Ideotypes

10. Approaches for Crop Improvement

11. Introduction, selection,

42

12. Hybridization,

13. Mutation breeding

14. Polyploidy breeding

15. Improvement of quality traits ,Rootstock breeding

16. Resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses

17. Biotechnological interventions, achievements and future thrust

18. Mango

19. Banana

20. Pineapple

21. Citrus

22. Guava

23. Sapota

24. Jackfruit

25. Papaya

26. Custard apple

27. Aonla

28. Avocado

29. Ber

30. Litchi

31. Mangosteen

32. Jamun, Phalsa

33. Mulberry, Raspberry

34. Apple, Pear

35. Plums, Peach

36. Apricot, Cherries

37. Strawberry



Date

1. Characterization of germplasm

2. Blossom biology

3. Study of anthesis

4. Estimating fertility status

5. Practices in hybridization

6. Ploidy breeding

7. Mutation breeding

8. Evaluation of biometrical traits and quality traits

9. Screening for resistance

10. Visit to research stations working on tropical, subtropical and temperate

fruit improvement

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Sanyol D. (Eds.). 2002. Fruits of India – Tropical and Sub-

tropical. 3rd Ed. Vols. I, II. Naya Udyog.

2. Chadha KL & Pareek OP. 1996. (Eds.). Advances in Horticulture. Vol. I. Malhotra

Publ. House.

43

3. Chadha KL & Shikhamany SD. 1999. The Grape: Improvement, Production and

Post-Harvest Management. Malhotra Publ. House.

4. Janick J & Moore JN. 1996. Fruit Breeding. Vols.I-III. John Wiley & Sons.

5. Nijjar GS. 1977. (Eds.). Fruit Breeding in India. Oxford & IBH.

6. Radha T & Mathew L. 2007. Fruit Crops. New India Publ. Agency. 16

7. Singh S, Shivankar VJ, Srivastava AK & Singh IP. (Eds.). 2004. Advances in

Citriculture. Jagmander Book Agency.

HORTI- 534 Breeding of Flower Crops and Ornamental Plants 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT-I

Principles- origin, distribution, evolution of varieties, genetic resources and genetic divergence.

Patents and Plant Variety Protection in India.

UNIT-II

Genetic inheritance- of flower colour, doubleness, flower size, fragrance and post harvest life.

UNIT-III

Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops and ornamental

plants- introduction, selection, domestication, polyploid and mutation breeding for varietal

development. Role of heterosis, production of hybrids, male sterility and incompatibility

problems. Seed production of flower crops.

UNIT-IV

Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: rose, gladioli,

chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, dahlia, china aster, jasmine, orchids, gerbera,

carnation,crossandra, anthurium, heliconia and liliums.

UNIT-V

Breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants- hibiscus, bougainvillea,

flowering annuals (zinnia, cosmos, snapdragon, petunia, pansy) and ornamental foliages.

Introduction and selection of plants for waterscaping and xeriscaping.

Practical:

Description of botanical features: cataloguing of cultivars, varieties and species in

flowers. Floral biology, selfing and crossing, evaluation of hybrid progenies, seed production.

Induction of mutants through physical and chemical mutagens, induction of polyploidy.

Screening of plants for biotic and abiotic stresses and environmental pollution. In vitro breeding

in flower crops and ornamental plants.



Date

1. Principles- origin, distribution and evolution of varieties

2. Principles- genetic resources and genetic divergence

3. Patents and Plant Variety Protection in India

4. Genetic inheritance of flower colour and size, and flower doubleness

5. Genetic inheritance of fragrance and post harvest life

6. Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops

44

and ornamental plants

7. Breeding method: Introduction- procedure, merits and demerits, and

achievements

8. Breeding method: Selection- types, merits and demerits, and varietal

development

9. Breeding method: Pureline selection- procedure, merits and demerits, and varietal

development

10. Breeding method: Clonal selection- procedure, merits and demerits, and varietal

development

11. Breeding method: Pedigree method- procedure, merits and demerits, and varietal

development

12. Breeding method: Backcross method- procedure, merits and demerits, and

varietal development

13. Breeding method: Hybridization- procedure, merits and demerits, and varietal

development

14. Breeding method: Polyploidy breeding

15. Breeding method: Mutation breeding for varietal development

16. Role of heterosis and production of hybrids

17. Problems of male sterility and incompatibility

18. Seed production of flower crops- self pollinated crops

19. Seed production of flower crops- cross pollinated crops

20. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: rose and

gladioli

21. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers:

chrysanthemum and marigold

22. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: tuberose

and liliums

23. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: dahlia and

jasmines

24. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: China aster,

gerbera and carnation

25. Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers: orchids,

anthurium and heliconia

26. Breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants- hibiscus and

bougainvillea

27. Breeding constraints and achievements made in flowering annuals: petunia,

zinnia, cosmos, dianthus, snapdragon and pansy

28. Breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental foliage plants

29. Introduction and selection of plants for waterscaping

30. Introduction and selection of plants for xeriscaping



Date

1. Description of botanical features: cataloguing of cultivars, varieties and species

in flowers

2. Acquaintance with tools and equipments used in ornamental plant breeding

3. Study of pollen viability

4. Floral biology of rose

45

5. Floral biology of chrysanthemum

6. Floral biology of tuberose

7. Floral biology of petunia

8. Study of selfing and crossing in flower crops

9. Seed production in cross-pollinated flowers

10. Seed production in self-pollinated flowers

11. Evaluation of hybrid progenies

12. Induction of mutants through physical and chemical mutagens

13. Induction of polyploidy

14. Screening of plants for biotic and abiotic stresses and environmental pollution

15. In vitro breeding in flower crops and ornamental plants.

SUGGESTED READINGS:


2. Bose TK & Yadav LP. 1989. Commercial Flowers. Noya Prokash.

3. Chadha KL & Choudhury B.1992. Ornamental Horticulture in India. ICAR.


5. Chaudhary RC. 1993. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH.

6. SinghBD.1990.PlantBreeding.Kalyani.

HORT-535 Propagation and Nursery Management For Fruit Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Introduction, life cycles in plants, cellular basis for propagation, sexual propagation,

apomixis, polyembryony, chimeras. Principles factors influencing seed germination of

horticultural crops, dormancy, hormonal regulation of germination and seedling growth.

UNIT II

Seed quality, treatment, packing, storage, certification, testing. Asexual propagation –

rooting of soft and hard wood cutting under mist by growth regulators. Rooting of cuttings

in hotbeds. Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of root induction in cuttings.

Layering – principle and methods.

UNIT III

Budding and grafting – selection of elite mother plants, methods. Establishment of bud

wood bank, stock, scion and inter stock, relationship – Incompatibility. Rejuvenation

through top working – Progeny orchard and scion bank.

UNIT IV

Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops.

Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis,

micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.

UNIT V

Nursery – types, structures, components, planning and layout. Nursery management

practices for healthy propagule production.

46

Practical:

Methods of sexual and asexual propagation. Media and nursery sterilization.

Anatomical studies in rooting of cutting and graft union, construction of propagation

structures, study of media and PGR. Hardening – case studies, micropropagation, explant

preparation, media preparation, culturing – in vitro clonal propagation, meristem culture,

shoot tip culture, axillary bud culture, direct organogenesis, direct and indirect

embryogenesis, micro grafting, hardening. Visit to TC labs and nurseries.



Date

1. Introduction and life cycles in plants

2. Cellular basis for propagation

3. Sexual propagation, its merits and demerits

4. Apomixis, polyembryony and chimeras

5. Principles and factors influencing seed germination of horticultural crops

6. Seed Dormancy, Types and how to overcome it.

7. Hormonal regulation of germination and seedling growth

8. Seed, its Types, quality and treatment,

9. Seed certification, testing, packing and storage

10. Asexual propagation its merits and demerits

11. Cuttings and its different types

12. Use of growth regulators in rooting of soft and hard wood cutting under mist

13. Rooting of cuttings in hotbeds and cold frames

14. Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of root induction in cuttings

15. Layering – principle and methods

16. Budding and its different types

17. Grafting and its different types

18. Selection and maintenance of of elite mother plants

19. Establishment of bud wood bank

20. stock, scion and inter stock, relationship

21. Incompatibility

22. Rejuvenation through top working

23. Progeny orchard and scion bank.

24. Micro-propagation– principles and concepts

25. commercial exploitation of micro propagation in horticultural crops

26. Techniques of in vitro clonal propagation

27. Organogenesis and embryogenesis

28. Micro grafting and meristem culture.

29. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules

30. Nursery – types, planning and layout

31. Nursery structures and components

32. Nursery management practices like hoeing and weeding

33. Disease and pest management for healthy propagule production.

47



Date

1. Use of different types of nursery tools and implements

2. Media for propagation of plants in nursery beds

3. Anatomical studies in rooting of cutting

4. Anatomical studies of graft and bud union

5. Construction of propagation structures

6. Study of media and PGR

7. Hardening – case studies

8. Visit to TCL and introduction to different chemicals and equipments

9. Micro propagation, explants preparation

10. Culturing – in vitro clonal propagation

11. Meristem culture and shoot tip culture

12. Axillary bud culture

13. Direct organogenesis

14. Direct and indirect embryogenesis

15. Micro grafting

16. Hardening plants in the nursery

17. Digging, labeling and packing of fruit plants

18. Visit to different nurseries

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Hartmann HT & Kester DE. 1989. Plant Propagation – Principles and Practices.

Prentice Hall of India.

2. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Sadhu MK. 1991. Propagation of Tropical and Subtropical

Horticultural Crops. Naya Prokash.

3. Peter KV. (Ed.). 2008. Basics of Horticulture. New India Publ. Agency.

4. Singh SP. 1989 Mist Propagation. Metropolitan Book Co.

5. Rajan S & Baby LM. 2007. Propagation of Horticultural Crops. New IndiaPubl.

Agency.

6. Radha T & Mathew L. 2007. Fruit Crops. New India Publ. Agency.

HORT- 536 Processing and Preservation of Horticultural Crops 3(1+2)

Theory:

Principles and guidelines for the establishment of processing unit. Containers, equipment

and technologies in canning. Solar drying and dehydration, dehydration equipment, freezing of

fruits and vegetables. Juice extractions, clarification and preservation, Preparation of fruit

beverages and juice concentrate. Role of sugar and pectin in processed products, preparation of

jam, jelly, marmalades, preserve, candy, crystallized fruit. Preservation by salt and vinegar,

pickling, chutney and processed products of tomato. Sensory evaluation, quality assurance and

storage system for processed products. Preparation of various products from flowers and

dehydration techniques. Nutritive value of raw and processed products, plant sanitation and

waste disposal. Food laws, quality management approaches viz. HACCP, TQM etc.

48

Practical: Equipment used in food processing units. Physico-chemical analysis of fruits and

vegetables. Canning of fruits and vegetables, preparation of squash, RTS, cordial, syrup, jam,

jelly, marmalade, candies, preserves, chutneys, sauces, pickles (hot and sweet). Dehydration of

fruits and vegetables, tomato products, dehydration, refrigeration and freezing, cut out analysis

of processed foods. Visit to processing units.



Date

1. Principles and guidelines for the establishment of processing unit.

2. Containers and equipment for canning.

3. Canning process

4. Solar drying and dehydration, dehydration equipment

5. freezing of fruits and vegetables

6. Juice extractions and its clarification

7. Methods of preservation of fruit juice.

8. Preparation of fruit beverages and juice concentrate.

9. Role of sugar and pectin in processed products, preparation of jam, jelly,

marmalades, preserve, candy, crystallized fruit.

10. Preservation by salt and vinegar, pickling and chutney

11. Processed products of tomato.

12. Sensory evaluation, quality assurance and storage system for processed products.

13. Preparation of various products from flowers and dehydration techniques

14. Nutritive value of raw and processed products

15. plant sanitation and waste disposal.

16. Food laws, quality management approaches viz. HACCP, TQM etc



Date

1. To become acquint with processing machines and equipments in the processing

unit.

2. Estimation of TSS of fruits/ vegetables

3. Estimation of acidity of fruits/ vegetables

4. Estimation of ascorbic acid content of fruits/ vegetables

5. Extraction of juice/ pulp from seasonal fruit and its preservation.

6. Calculation of ingredients for processed products

7. Preparation of mango squash

8. Preparation of lime squash

9. Preparation of guava based RTS

10. Preparation of lime juice cordial

11. Preparation of apple jam

12. Preparation of papaya jam

13. Preparation of guava jelly

14. Preparation of karonda candies

15. Preparation of tomato chutneys

16. Preparation of fermented pickles of radish

17. Preparation of garlic pickle in vinegar

49

18. Preservation of onions in vinegar

19. Solar drying of leafy vegetables (methi)

20. Freezing of peas

21. Preparation of tomato ketchup

22. Preparation of salsa sauce of bell paper/ capsicum

23. Preparation of aonla jam

24. Preparation of grape wine

25. Osmotic dehydartion of grapes

26. Visit to processing units

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. R.P. Srivastava & Sanjeev Kumar. Fruit & Vegetable Preservation: Principles and

Practices, 3rd

Edition, International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.

2. Girdhari Lal, G.S. Siddappaa and G.L. Tandon. Preservation of fruits & vegetables,

ICAR, New Delhi.

3. Manoranjan Kalia & Sangita Sood. Food Preservation and Processing, Kalyani

Publishers, Ludhiana.

4. Cruess, W.V. Commercial fruit and vegetable products. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Inc,

New York.

HORT- 537 Analytical Techniques For Fresh and Processed Horticultural

Produce

3(2+1)

Theory: Safety aspects of lab, standardization of NaOH, Textural properties of harvested produce

and processed foods, TSS, Sp. Gravity, pH and acidity, Sampling procedure for quantitative

analysis, Determination of moisture, Determination of relative water content (RWC),

physiological loss in weight (PLW), Basic chromatographic techniques, Importance of ethylene,

Quantitative estimation of rate of ethylene evolution by fruits and vegetables, using gas

chromatograph (GC), Plant pigments and their role in human diet. Spectrophotometry, non-

destructive determination of colour, ascorbic acid, sugars, and starch in food crops, Sensory

analysis techniques, Control of test rooms, products and panel.

Practical: Standardization of NaOH. Determination of Textural properties of harvested produce and

processed foods. Estimation of TSS, Sp. Gravity, pH and acidity, moisture content relative water

content (RWC), physiological loss in weight (PLW). Estimation of rate of ethylene evolution by

fruits and vegetables, Estimation of carotenoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll etc. Practice of using

spectrophotometer, determination of colour, ascorbic acid, sugars, and starch in food crops,

sensory evaluation etc.



Date

1. Safety aspects of lab

2. Preparation of reagents (per cent/ ppm/ molar/ normal solutions and their

standardization

50

3. Numerical exercise based on preparation of solutions

4. Textural properties of harvested produce and processed foods

5. Estimation of TSS and Sp. Gravity of horticultural produce

6. Estimation of pH and acidity of fruits

7. Sampling procedure for quantitative analysis

8. Determination of moisture content

9. Determination of relative water content (RWC)

10. Estimation Physiological loss in weight (PLW)

11. Basic chromatographic techniques

12. Applications of chromatographic techniques

13. Column chromatography

14. HPLC

15. Gas chromatography

16. Types of detectors in gas chromatography

17. Ethylene: role of ethylene, biosynthesis, and mode of action

18. Ethylene management

19. Quantitative estimation of rate of ethylene evolution by using gas

chromatography

20. Plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, etc.

21. Role of plant pigments in human diet: concept of function food

22. Spectrophotometry: Concept

23. Beer lamberts law

24. Types of Spectrophotometry

25. Applications of spectrophotometery in estimation of sugars, phelons, NEB etc

26. Non- destructive determination of colour, ascorbic acid, sugars, and starch in

food crops

27. Sensory analysis techniques

28. Control of test rooms, products and panel

Lecture Schedule: Practicals


Date

1. Preparation of common reagnts used in bio chemical analysis( N/10 NaOH,

2,6- dichlorophenol indophenol dye, anthrone reagents, etc.)

2. Determination of Textural properties of harvested produce by tenderometer

3. Estimation of TSS using refractometer

4. Determination of Sp. Gravity of harvested produce

5. Determination of pH of sample

6. Determination of acidity by titration method

7. Determination of ascorbic acid content by titration method

8. Determination of total sugar content by Anthrone method

9. Determination of moisture content of given sample

10. Estimation of physiological loss in weight (PLW) during storage of fruit/

vegetable

11. Estimation of carotenoids content

12. Estimation of anthocyanin content

13. Practice of using spectrophotometer

14. sensory evaluation

51

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Ranganna, S. (1997). Handbook of Analysis and quality control for fruits and

vegetable products, Second Edittion, Tata McGraw HillPublishing Company Ltd.,

New Delhi.

2. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1996). Biochemical Methods, Second Edition,

New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Thimmaiah, S.R. (1999). Standard methods of biochemical Analysis. Kalyani

Publishers, Ludhiana.

HORT- 538 Seed Production Technology of Vegetable Crops 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I- Definition of seed and its quality, new seed policies; DUS test, scope of vegetable seed

industry in India.

UNIT II- Genetical and agronomical principles of seed production; methods of seed production;

use of growth regulators and chemicals in vegetable seed production; floral biology, pollination,

breeding behaviour, seed development and maturation; methods of hybrid seed production.

UNIT III- Categories of seed; maintenance of nucleus, foundation and certified seed; seed

certification, seed standards; seed act and law enforcement, plant quarantine and quality control.

UNIT VI- Physiological maturity, seed harvesting, extraction, curing, drying, grading, seed

processing, seed coating and pelleting, packaging (containers/packets), storage and

cryopreservation of seeds, synthetic seed technology.

UNIT V- Agro-techniques for seed production in solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, leguminous

vegetables, cole crops, bulb crops, leafy vegetables, okra, vegetatively propagated vegetables.

Practical:

Seed sampling, seed testing (genetic purity, seed viability, seedling vigour, physical

purity) and seed health testing; testing, releasing and notification procedures of varieties; floral

biology; rouging of off-type; methods of hybrid seed production in important vegetable and spice

crops; seed extraction echniques; handling of seed processing and seed testing equipments; seed

sampling; testing of vegetable seeds for seed purity, germination, vigour and health; visit to seed

processing units, seed testing laboratory and seed production farms.



Date

1. seed and its quality

2. new seed policies

3. DUS test

4. scope of vegetable seed industry in India

5. Genetical and agronomical principles of seed production

6. methods of seed production

7. use of growth regulators and chemicals in vegetable seed production

8. floral biology

9. pollination, breeding behaviour,

52

10. seed development and maturation

11. methods of hybrid seed production

12. Categories of seed

13. maintenance of nucleus, foundation and certified seed

14. seed certification

15. seed standards

16. seed act and law enforcement

17. plant quarantine and quality control

18. Physiological maturity

19. seed harvesting, extraction, curing, drying, grading, seed processing

20. seed coating and pelleting

21. packaging (containers/packets)

22. storage and cryopreservation of seeds

23. synthetic seed technology

24. Agro-techniques for seed production in solanaceous vegetables,

25. Agro-techniques for seed production in cucurbits

26. Agro-techniques for seed production in leguminous vegetables

27. Agro-techniques for seed production in cole crops

28. Agro-techniques for seed production in bulb crops

29. Agro-techniques for seed production in leafy vegetables

30. Agro-techniques for seed production in okra

31. vegetatively propagated vegetables



Date

1. Seed sampling ;;, ,;,

2. seed testing (genetic purity, seed viability, seedling vigour, physical

purity)

3. seed health testing

4. releasing and notification procedures of varieties

5. floral biology

6. rouging of off-type

7. methods of hybrid seed production in important vegetable and spice crops

8. seed extraction

9. handling of seed processing and seed testing equipments

10. seed sampling

11. testing of vegetable seeds for seed purity

12. Testing germination

13. Testing vigour and health

14. visit to seed processing units, seed testing laboratory and seed production

farms.

53

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Agrawal PK & Dadlani M. (Eds.). 1992. Techniques in Seed Science and Technology.

South Asian Publ.

2. Agrawal RL. (Ed.). 1997. Seed Technology. Oxford & IBH.

3. Bendell PE. (Ed.). 1998. Seed Science and Technology: Indian Forestry Species. Allied

Publ.

4. Fageria MS, Arya PS & Choudhary AK. 2000. Vegetable Crops: Breeding and Seed

Production. Vol. I. Kalyani.

5. George RAT. 1999. Vegetable Seed Production. 2nd Ed. CABI.

6. Kumar JC & Dhaliwal MS. 1990. Techniques of Developing Hybrids in Vegetable Crops.

Agro Botanical Publ.

7. More TA, Kale PB & Khule BW. 1996. Vegetable Seed production Technology.

Maharashtra State Seed Corp.

8. Rajan S & Baby L Markose. 2007. Propagation of Horticultural Crops.New India Publ.

Agency.

9. Singh NP, Singh DK, Singh YK & Kumar V. 2006. Vegetable Seed Production

Technology. International Book Distributing Co.

10. Singh SP. 2001. Seed Production of Commercial Vegetables. Agrotech Publ. Academy.

HORT-539 Production Technology of Underexploited Vegetable Crops 3( 2+1)

Theory:




disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production

of:

UNIT I- Asparagus, artichoke and leek

UNIT II- Brussels’s sprout, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, kale and artichoke.

UNIT III- Amaranth, celery, parsley, parsnip, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, basella, bathu

(chenopods) and chekurmanis.

UNIT IV- Elephant foot yam, lima bean, winged bean, vegetable pigeon pea, jack bean and

sword bean.

UNIT V- Sweet gourd, spine gourd, pointed gourd, Oriental pickling melon and little gourd

(kundru).

Practical:

Identification of seeds; botanical description of plants; layout and planting; cultural

practices; short-term experiments of underexploited vegetables.



Date

1. Introduction, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements,

commercial varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed

54

rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements,


harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures and seed

production of Asparagus

2. -do of Asparagus

3. -do of Artichoke

4. -do of leek

5. -do of Brussels’s sprout

6. -do of Chinese cabbage

7. -do of broccoli

8. -do of kale

9. -do of Amaranth

10. -do of Amaranth

11. -do of Celery & parsley

12. -do of Parsnip & rhubarb

13. -do of Lettuce

14. -do of Lettuce

15. -do of Spinach

16. -do of Basella

17. -do of bathua (chenopods)

18. -do of chekurmanis

19. -do of Elephant foot yam

20. -do of Elephant foot yam

21. -do of Lima bean,

22. -do of winged bean

23. -do of vegetable pigeon pea

24. -do of jack bean and sword bean

25. -do of Sweet gourd

26. -do of spine gourd

27. -do of Pointed gourd

28. -do of Pointed gourd

29. -do of Oriental pickling melon

30. -do of little gourd (kundru)



Date

1. Identification of seeds, plant& fruits

2. Identification of seeds, plant& fruits continue

3. Identification of seeds, plant& fruits continue

4. Botanical description of under exploited vegetables

5. -do-

6. -do-

7. -do-

8. Layout and planting method of under exploited vegetables

55

9. -do-

10. Cultural practices of under exploited vegetables

11. -do-

12. -do-

13. -do-

14. Short-term experiments of underexploited vegetables

15. -do-

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Bhat KL. 2001. Minor Vegetables - Untapped Potential. Kalyani.

2. lndira P & Peter KV. 1984. Unexploited Tropical Vegetables. Kerala Agricultural

University, Kerala.

3. Peter KV. (Ed.). 2007-08. Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops. Vols.

I-IV. New India Publ. Agency.

4. Rubatzky VE & Yamaguchi M. (Eds.). 1997. World Vegetables:Principles, Production

and Nutritive Values. Chapman & Hall

5. Srivastava U, Mahajan RK, Gangopadyay KK, Singh M & Dhillon BS.2001. Minimal

Descriptors of Agri-Horticultural Crops. Part-II: Vegetable Crops. NBPGR, New Delhi.

HORTI - 540 Protected Floriculture 3(2+1)

Theory:

UNIT I

Prospects of protected floriculture in India; Types of protected structures, Greenhouses,

polyhouses, shade houses, rain shelters etc., Designing and erection of protected structures; Low

cost/Medium cost/High cost structures - economics of cultivation; Location specific designs;

Structural components; Suitable flower crops for protected cultivation.

UNIT II

Environment control- management and manipulation of temperature, light, humidity, air and

CO2; Heating and cooling systems, ventilation, naturally ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad

cooled greenhouses, light regulation.

UNIT III

Containers and substrates, soil decontamination, layout of drip and fertigation system, water and

nutrient management, weed management, physiological disorders, IPM and 1DM.

UNIT IV

Crop regulation by chemical methods and special horticultural practices (pinching, disbudding,

deshooting, deblossoming, etc.); Staking and netting, Photoperiod regulation.

UNIT V

Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling techniques, Precooling, sorting,

grading, packing, storage, quality standards.

Practical:

Study of various protected structures, practices in design, layout and erection of different

types of structures, practices in preparatory operations, soil decontamination techniques,

practices in environmental control systems, practices in drip and fertigation techniques, special

56

horticultural practices, determination of harvest indices and harvesting methods, post harvest

handling, packing methods, project preparation, visit to commercial greenhouses.



Date

1. Prospects of protected floriculture in India

2. Structural components of polyhouse

3. Type of polyhouses on the basis of design

4. Shade houses and its uses for floriculture

5. Classification of greenhouse based on cost

6. Location specific designing of polyhouse

7. Suitable flower crops for polyhouse cultivation

8. Economics of rose cultivation under protected condition

9. Economics of gerbera cultivation under protected condition

10. Economics of carnation cultivation under protected condition

11. Management and manipulation of light in polyhouse

12. Management and manipulation of temperature in polyhouse

13. Management and manipulation of air and CO2 in polyhouse

14. Heating system of polyhouse

15. Cooling system of polyhouse

16. Type of containers for polyhouse

17. Substrate/Media for polyhouse

18. Soil less media for polyhouse

19. Soil sterilization methods of polyhouse

20. Cladding material for polyhouse

21. Layout of drip system

22. Layout of fertigation system

23. Integrated weed management

24. Integrated disease management

25. Integrated pest management

26. Water management in greenhouse

27. Nutrient management in greenhouse

28. Role of chemicals in crop regulation

29. Crop regulation by horticultural practices

30. Crop regulation by photoperiod

31. Staking and netting in polyhouse



Date

1. Study on various protected structure

2. Practices in designing of protected structures

3. Layout and erection of naturally ventilated poly house

4. Layout and erection of hi-tech greenhouse

5. Practices on cooling system of poly house

6. Practices on decontamination of polyhouse soil

7. Practices on pinching of chrysanthemum

57

8. Practices on staking/netting of chrysanthemum

9. Practices on harvest indices of different flower crop

10. Practices on harvesting methods of different flower crop

11. Practices on fertigation system in polyhouse

12. Post harvest handling of rose flowers

13. Post harvest handling of chrysanthemum flowers

14. Project preparation on commercial flowers

15. Visit to commercial greenhouses

16. Economics of polyhouse grown crops

SUGGESTED READINGS



3. Bose TK, Maiti RO, Dhua RS & Das P. 1999. Floriculture and Landscaping. Naya

prokash.


5. Lauria A & V ictor HR. 200 I. Floriculture - Fundamentals and Practices. Agrobios.

6. Nelson PV. 1978. Green House Operation and Management. Reston Publ. Co.

7. Prasad S & Kumar U. 2003. Commercial Floriculture. Agrobios

8. Reddy S, Janakiram B, Balaji T, Kulkarni S & Misra RL. 2007. Hightech Floriculture.

Indian Society of Ornamental Horticulture, New Delhi.

PGS- 503 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN

AGRICULTURE(e-Course)

1(1+0)

Theory

Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual Property Right regime;

TRIPs and various provisions in TRIPS Agreement; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property

Rights (IPR), benefits of securing IPRs; Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of

Intellectual Properties; Fundamentals of patents, copyrights, geographical indications, designs and

layout, trade secrets and traditional knowledge, trademarks, protection of plant varieties and farmers’

rights and biodiversity protection; Protectable subject matters, protection in biotechnology,

protection of other biological materials, ownership and period of protection; National Biodiversity

protection initiatives;

Convention on Biological Diversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and

Agriculture; Licensing of technologies, Material transfer agreements, Research collaboration

Agreement, License Agreement.



Date

1. Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual Property

Right regime

2. TRIPs and various provisions in TRIPS Agreement

3. Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

4. benefits of securing IPRs

58

5. Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of Intellectual

Properties

6. Fundamentals of patents

7. Copyrights, geographical indications, designs and layout

8. trade secrets and traditional knowledge

9. trademarks, protection of plant varieties and farmers’ rights and biodiversity

protection

10. Protectable subject matters, protection in biotechnology, protection of other

biological materials,

11. ownership and period of protection

12. National Biodiversity protection initiatives

13. Convention on Biological Diversity

14. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

15. Licensing of technologies, Material transfer agreements

16. Research collaboration Agreement, License Agreement

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Erbisch FH & Maredia K.1998. Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology.

CABI.

2. Ganguli P. 2001. Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing Knowledge Economy. McGraw-

Hill.

3. Intellectual Property Rights: Key to New Wealth Generation. 2001. NRDC & Aesthetic

Technologies.

4. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2004. State of Indian Farmer. Vol. V.

Technology Generation and IPR Issues. Academic Foundation.

5. Rothschild M & Scott N. (Ed.). 2003. Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and

Genetics. CABI.

6. Saha R. (Ed.). 2006. Intellectual Property Rights in NAM and Other Developing Countries: A

Compendium on Law and Policies. Daya Publ. House.

7. The Indian Acts - Patents Act, 1970 and amendments; Design Act, 2000;

8. Trademarks Act, 1999; The Copyright Act, 1957 and amendments; Layout

9. Design Act, 2000; PPV and FR Act 2001, and Rules 2003; National Biological Diversity Act,

2003.

PGS 506 DISASTER MANAGEMENT (e-Course) 1(1+0)

Theory:

UNIT I-Natural Disasters- Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects. Floods,

Drought, Cyclone, Earthquakes, Landslides, Avalanches, Volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold Waves,

Climatic Change: Global warming, Sea Level rise, Ozone Depletion

UNIT II- Man Made Disasters- Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, building

fire, coal fire, forest fire. Oil fire, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, Industrial wastewater

pollution, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents.

UNIT III- Disaster Management- Efforts to mitigate natural disasters at national and global levels.

International Strategy for Disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster

management framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, Community-based organizations,

and media. Central, State, District and local Administration; Armed forces in Disaster response;

Disaster response: Police and other organizations.

59

Lecture schedule: Theory


Date

1. Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects

2. Floods, Drought, Cyclone, ,

3. Earthquakes, Landslides, Avalanches

4. Volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold Waves,

5. Climatic Change: Global warming, Sea Level rise, Ozone Depletion

6. Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters,

7. Building fire, coal fire, forest fire. Oil fire,

8. Air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, Industrial wastewater pollution,

9. Road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents

10. Efforts to mitigate natural disasters at national and global levels

11. International Strategy for Disaster reduction.;

12. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management framework

13. Financial arrangements

14. Role of NGOs, Community-based organizations, and media;

15. Central, State, District and local Administration; Armed forces in Disaster

response

16. Disaster response: Police and other organizations

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Gupta HK. 2003. Disaster Management. Indian National Science Academy. Orient

Blackswan.

2. Hodgkinson PE & Stewart M. 1991. Coping with Catastrophe: A Handbook of Disaster

Management. Routledge.

3. Sharma VK. 2001. Disaster Management. National Centre for Disaster Management, India.

60

M.Sc. Horticulture Semester IV

S. No. Course No. Course Title Cr. Hrs

1 HORT-541 Seminar 1 (1+0)

2 HORT-591 Comprehensive NC

3 HORT-599 Research 20

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