SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY

(Established by the Govt. of Rajasthan and recognized as per Section 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956) Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu -333515, Rajasthan (India)

SYLLABUS

B.Sc. RadiogRaphy and medical imaging

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B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging

(Three years Course)

Common (A) :- B.Sc. MLT, Boot, BOTT, B. TT, B.Sc. Dialysis, B.Sc. Perfusion, B.Sc. Anesthesia, B.Sc. Radiation Technology

Anatomy Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology, Communication & Computer, Environmental & Bio-Medical Waste Management, Laboratory Instruments

Common (B):- Syllabus for Anatomy and Physiology are common for B.Sc. Nursing………………………………….

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B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging

(Three years Course)

Radiography These Technologist/Technician play in important role in the medical process. A guide prospects training programs and more.

• •

“DO you have any metal on your person?” A typical question asked in the reception area just before a patient is taken in for an MRI scan. Remembering to ask this question is imperative; it ensures the patient’s safety. If forgotten, the magnetic nature of the equipment could result in a life or death situation. Thus the personnel in the radiology department must function in a systematic manner. Radiologists and doctors diagnose by interpreting images such as X-rays, which have been created by the radiographer, using high-end equipment. Thus a radiographer has an important role to play in saving lives.

What is radiography? This field took birth in 1895 when X-rays were discovered, the process evolved through the years to be used for diagnostic purposes. To provide the right treatment for a disease or ailment, it’s necessary to make the correct diagnosis. But it’s not always possible to diagnose a

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disease based on symptoms alone. Here radiography comes to the rescue. Radiography is used to diagnose the problem by focusing on the internal parts of the anatomy using X-rays, sometimes referred to as ‘X-ray photography’. This field has had a huge impact on the medical field as well as in industrial applications.

Technologist/Technician This field is a highly technical one and the processes vary, depending on which part of the anatomy or tissue is being imaged. Radiographers are trained to use the equipment and adapt to new technology and procedures. Some important procedures include fluoroscopy, ultrasound or sonography, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and CT scan.

Imaging technology used by diagnostic radiographer

1 X-Ray: Look through tissues to examine bones, cavities and foreign objects 2 Fluoroscopy: Imaging the digestive system, providing real-time image & Movement of diaphragm and cordial pul stain 3 Computed Tomography: Provide cross-sectional views (slices) of the body even is sub multi meter thickness 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Build a 2-D or 3-D map of different tissue types within the body just mimic like normal anatomical parts of the body with 3D & 4D images. 5 Ultrasound: Check circulation, largely used in obstetrics and gynecology artery & capillary and vens

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Diagnostic and therapeutic branches A diagnostic radiographer is required to explain procedures to the patients, help prepare them for the tests, operate and maintain equipment and records. Their assistance is required by physicians in performing procedures such as myelograms (examinations to detect injuries, cysts or tumors’ in the spinal cord) and also by surgeons in the operating room, usually with portable X-ray

or fluoroscopic machines. Therapeutic radiography, also referred to as radiotherapy is used in treatment and diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, tumors’ and ulcers. Here radiation is used in controlled conditions as an exact amount of radiation would help shrink the tumor size. Their work is closely associated with doctors, nurses, physicists and others from oncology teams in treating patients with cancer. A radiotherapy radiographer’s role in caring for a cancer patient has a broad range, from the initial referral stage, giving pre-treatment information, planning process, treatment and follow-up, post-treatment. Courses and eligibility. “This field comes under the umbrella of paramedical studies. Typically, aspirants must have a strong inclination towards science subjects like biology, physiology and anatomy,” Clinical exposure, hands-on experience with patients and equipment in the hospital setup, is a must during your course, which includes certificate and diploma programmers, graduate and postgraduate degrees

i. Graduate level: You can pursue a course at the graduate level such as B.Sc. in Radiography or B.Sc. (Hons) in Medical Technology in Radiography. You mast have completed 10+2, with mathematics, physics and chemistry. A degree course would offer you better chances for growth than a certificate or diploma course.

ii. Certificate/diploma courses: The institutes Two and Three years conduct diploma courses in diagnostic radiography and radiotherapy. The duration of course varies between depending on programme of choice. The National Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) Jaipur offers diploma courses in Medical Records Technology, Intensive Care Technology and Operation Theatre in collaboration with NIMS University. You must have completed Class 12 in science, to be eligible.

iii. Postgraduate level: Usually, people in this field complete a degree but it is not uncommon to pursue further education such as a Master’s degree and PhD. You must have a degree in radiography to be eligible. NIMS University offers an M. Sc in Medical Technology in Radiology (also other branches such as pathology, microbiology, Immunology, Ophthalmology, Operation Telerate Technology and Blood Transfusion). You need to participate in continuous education programmers throughout your career to survive in this field.

& venules 6 Angiography: Used to investigate blood vessels

Imaging technology used by diagnostic radiographers

1 Projection radiography: Creating

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Money talk Typically, the radiology department is the busiest department in the hospital, after emergency and OPD. Fresher’s with a degree can expect to earn between Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 15,000, in a good hospital. It would be less if it’s a smaller setup. But a good radiographer can expect Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 60,000 within a year of two of practice. You need to prove your expertise throughout to keep rising in the profession. If you have completed a certificate course/diploma, you could start as an assistant or aide to the radiographer/ radiologist, at a lower salary ranging from Rs. 3,000 to Rs. 6,000, largely depending on the setup you join. A postgraduate would obviously earn in the higher bracket, Rs. 20,000 plus can be expected with no work experience. With work experience, the salary would obviously be higher. Many opt to get into research and teaching. NIMS University, Jaipur offer certificate/diploma/degree related to the field of radiography. Lecturers are required and are paid as per the government norms; usually you can expect Rs. 25,000 + other allowances. Research is also a crucial aspect, big industries and companies require the expertise of radiographers to conduct their work. The salaries would vary depending on the company, your area of expertise and work experience.

How you can grow “Radiographers are in demand, both in India and globally. Health care services and facilities are forever growing, especially in our country A large number of radiographers are required in private nursing homes, hospitals, diagnostic centers and, of course, the ever growing super specialty hospitals The broad areas that a radiographer’s world comprises are medicine, research and teaching. In addition, the fields of nuclear medicine and photography can also be explored; these avenues are open to X-ray technicians and radiographers. The work spaces that radiographers occupy include diagnostic imaging department, intensive care unit, operating theatre and as a team with doctors and other hospital staff. Radiographers can undertake most investigations but generally specialize in one particular area. Thus, creating a niche space to prove their worth and expertise, and also personal career growth plan. Diagnostic radiography is a continually changing profession, and long-term career prospects include management, research, clinical work and teaching. With fixed working hours, it’s a great job for all, irrespective of gender.

Radiation matters Exposure to radiation is a given, but the amount of radiation is closely monitored. There are machines that measure the radiation levels present in enclosed areas. Along with patient’s safety, the health of radiographers based on their exposure levels is closely watched. “Most private hospitals are very

images through exposure of object to X-rays or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and capturing the resultant remnant beam or ‘shadow’ as latent image. Bone and some organs like lungs 2 Dental radiography: The process involves a small radiation dose with high penetration in order to view teeth, which are dense in nature. Tooth and gums 3 Mammography: Involves X-ray examination of breasts and other soft tissues. Soft tissues 4 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: Bone densitometry or DEXA is used for osteoporosis tests. Bones, calculated as T-score

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particular about the frequency of check-ups of their staff that are at risk of over exposure to radiation,” says a radiographic technician.

Qualities to succeed Team work and patience are a must in this service-oriented field. Often your patient may be in very poor health, but you must be able to stay sensitive yet detached from the situation, in order to do your job, right. You must also be able to relate to people of every age group.” For instance, an elderly person or someone with a heart condition would need extra care during a CT scan. They could feel claustrophobic during the procedure. Be sensitive to the fears of the patient, and help boost their willpower and confidence.

Getting the technical edge keeping abreast of new technology and processes is also vital. You must be adaptable, and upgrade your skills, constantly. And you must also be very observant, have a sharp memory and be very accurate, as the diagnosis will be based on the information provided by you. Remember, as a radiographer, you will be part of that process that helps to save human lives!

Prospects:

• Diagnostic Radiographer are employed in hospitals in the NHS and private and increasingly within local community healthcare settings.

• Radiographers are now expanding their roles in a range of advanced practice and consultant position with responsibility for patient management and image interpretation.

• Potential career routes include Accident and Emergency. General Radiography interventional Imaging, Pediatrics and image reporting as well as specialist imaging modalities such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, and Radionuclide imaging.

ATTENDANCE

• Every candidate should have attended at least 75% of the total number of classes conducted in a calendar year from the date of commencement of the term to the last working day as notified by the University in each of the subjects prescribed for that year separately in Theory and Practical. Only such candidates are eligible to appear for the University Examinations in their first attempt. Special classes conducted for any purpose shall not be considered for the calculation of percentage of attendance for eligibility. A Candidate lacking in prescribed percentage of attendance in anyone or more subjects either in Theory or Practical in the first appearance will not be eligible to appear for the University Examination either in one or more subjects. Failed Candidates should have attended at least 75% of the total number of classes conducted in that term in individual subjects separately in Theory and Practical to become eligible to appear for the University

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Examination in that subject in the Supplementary or subsequent Examination. However, this is not applicable in case of carryover subjects.

B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging

(Three years Course)

CONTENTS

First Year

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology 2. Communication & Computer Skills 3. Biochemistry, Pathology & Microbiology 4. Concept of Physics related Mechanism 5. Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique 6. Radiography and Photography and Dark Room Technique • Practical 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology. 2. Biochemistry, Pathology & Microbiology 3. Concept of Physics related Mechanism 4.Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique 5. Radiography and Photography and Dark Room Technique

Second Year

1. Entrepreneurship & Professional Management 2. Environmental & Bio Waste Management 3. Patient care relevant to Diagnostic Radiology 4. Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology 5. Ration Hazards and Control and Safety 6. General Principles of Hospital Practice and Patient Care • Practical

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1. Patient care relevant to Diagnostic Radiology 2. Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology

3. Ration Hazards and Control and Safety. 4. General Principles of Hospital Practice and Patient Care

Third Year

1. Applied Imaging Technology I & II 2. Advanced Diagnostic Technique and Radiation Hazard and Safety 3. Ultrasound and Computerized Tomography 4. Image production and Evaluation 5. Bio Statics and lab Management 6. Special Investigation Technique • Practical 1. Applied Imaging Technology I & II 2. Advanced Diagnostic Tech. & Radiation Hazard 3.

Ultrasound and Computerize Tomography (CT) 4. Image Production and Evaluation 5. Special Instigation Tech.

B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL IMAGING FIRST YEAR

Subjects Hrs. Per Week Theory Paper

Exam Hrs.

Maximum Marks

B.Sc. radiography and medical imaging First Year

L T P I.A. Exam Total

Human Anatomy & Physiology

2 1 - T 3 A B TOTAL B TOTAL 100 15 15 30 35 35 70

Communication &Computer Skills

2 1 - T 3 15 15 30 35 35 70 100

Biochemistry &,Pathology ,Microbiology

5 1 - T 3 15 15 30 35 35 70 100

Concept of Physics related Mechanism

3 2 - T 3 30

70

100

Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique

3 2 - T 3 30

70

100

Radiography and Photography and Dark Room Technique

3 2 - T 3 30 70 100

Practical

B.Sc. radiography and medical Hrs Per Practical Exam Hrs. Maximum Marks

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All theory paper carries a maximum of 100 marks out of which 30 marks are for internal Assessment and 70 is for University exam. All practical paper carries a maximum of 50 marks out of which 15 is for internal Assessment and 35 is for University Exam. And hospital training in Radio diagnostic & imaging Technology Department 100 hundred marks Each Years.

B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging

(Three years Course)

PAPER-1 A (ANATOMY) , B (PHYSIOLOGY) I. The human body as a whole Definitions, Subdivisions of Anatomy, Terms of locations and position, Fundamental Planes, Vertebrate structure of man, organization of the Body Cells and Tissues.

II. Locomotion and support. The Skeletal system: Types of bones, structures and growth of bones, Divisions of the skeleton, Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton, Bones of Upper Limb – Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna Lower Limb – Femur, Hipbone, Sacrum Tibia, Fibula Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, joint-classification, types of movements with examples.

III. Anatomy of the nervous system. Central nervous system: Spinal Cord Anatomy, functions, reflex- arc, Meninges, The Brain- Hind Brain, Midbrain, Forebrain: Cerebrum, Cerebellum Brain Stem: Brief structure, location, functions, and Peripheral nervous system (structure of neuron)

IV. Anatomy of circulatory system: Heart size, location, coverings, chambers & valves of heart, Blood supply, Nerve Supply, blood vessels, General plan of circulation, pulmonary circulation, Names of major arteries and veins and their positions, lymphatic system: general plan.

imaging First Year Week Paper IA Exam Total Human Anatomy & Physiology

2

P

3

A B TOTAL A B TOTAL

50 8 7 15 18 17 35

Biochemistry &Pathology ,Microbiology

2

P

3

8 7 15 18 17 35 50

Concept of Physics related Mechanism

2 P 3 15 35 50

Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique

3 P 3 15 35 50

Radiography and Dark Room Technique

3 P 3 15 35 50

45 days Training in Radiodignostic Department

100 100

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V. Anatomy of the respiratory system: Organs of Respiratory System, Conducting portion, Nose: nasal cavity, Para nasal air sinuses, Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree. Respiratory portion: Pleurae and lungs, Brief knowledge of parts and position.

VI. Anatomy of the digestive system: Components of Digestive system, alimentary tube, Anatomy of organs of digestive tube, mouth, salivary glands, stomach, intestine, liver, Billary apparatus, pancreas, Names and positions and brief functions,

VII. Anatomy of excretory system and reproductive system. Kidneys: location, gross structure & function structure of nephron, excretory ducts, ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra gross structure & function. Male Reproductive System: Testis, Duct system. Female Reproductive System:

VIII. Anatomy of the endocrine system. Name of all endocrine glands their positions, Hormones and their functions- Pituitary, Thyriod, parathyroid, Adrenal glands, Gonads & Islets of pancreas.

IX. Histology-Epithelium, connective tissue, gland.

Anatomy Practical:

• Demonstration of bones identification and side determination upper limb-clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, lower limb-temur, Hip bone, Tibia, Fibula, Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, Sacrum

• Demonstration of heart. • Demonstration of different parts of respiratory system and normal X-rays- lungs. • Demonstration of the part of digestive system and normal X-rays- stomach, small intestine, large

intestine, liver. • Embalming of human cadavers for teaching purposes & social/ funeral embalming. • Surface anatomy on cadaver. • Demonstration of major vessels of the body-Aorta, subclavian, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral,

renal. • Demonstration of major muscles of the body-limbs • Demonstration of other organs—spleen, testis, uterus.

(B) PHYSIOLOGY

General Physiology: Cell: Structure and function of a cell, Transport across the cell membrane Active transport, Passive Transport: Diffusion & Osmosis, Tissues: Definition, types, Nerve Body water and body fluids: Distribution and Ionic composition of body fluids The Membrane Potentials: Resting membrane potentials and Action Potential

Blood: Composition and functions of blood, Blood Cells: RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin, Coagulation of blood (Clotting factors), Blood groups, Immunity,: Anaemia, Jaundice, Hemophilia

Gastrointestinal Tract: Structure and Functions Oral Cavity: Composition and functions of saliva, Mastication (chewing), Swallowing Stomach: Structure and Functions, Gastric juice, Gastric motility and emptying Pancreas: Structure and Functions, Composition and functions of pancreatic juice Liver: Structure and

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Functions Gall Bladder: Functions of gall bladder Bile: Composition and functions Intestine: Intestine juice and movements Balanced diet Applied aspect

Respiratory System: Air Passages: Function and structure, Functions of respiratory system, Mechanism of respiration (Inspiration and Expiration), Lung volumes and capacities Alveolar Ventilation, Dead space (Anatomical and Physiological) Transport of gases: Oxygen transport [Carriage of oxygen in blood; Dissolved form & combined with hemoglobin], Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve, Carbon-di-oxide transport [Carriage of Carbon-di-oxide in blood]. Regulation of respiration: Nervous Regulation [Automatic control via Medullary and Pontine centers, Voluntary control of respiration], Chemical Regulation of respiration [Peripheral chemoreceptors (Carotid bodies and Aortic bodies) and Central (Medullary) chemoreceptors]. Hypoxia (Types of hypoxia), Dyspnea

Cardiovascular System: Properties of Cardiac Muscle Physiological structure and function of CVS (Valves, Pacemaker tissue,Heart sounds) Cardiac Cycle Heart rate Electrocardiography, Cardiac Output Arterial blood pressure Regulation of cardiovascular system

Excretory System: Nephrons: Cortical and medullary Urine formation Micturition Functions of kidney: Endocrine functions, Water balance, Acid-base balance

Endocrine System: Definitions and properties of hormones Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary – Six Hormones (GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH) Growth Hormone (GH): Action and control, Applied (Dwarfism and Acromegaly) Prolactin (PRL): Action and control Posterior Pituitary ADH (Anti diuretic hormone): Action and control, Applied Oxytocin: Action and Control Thyroid Gland: Types of hormones (T3 and T4), Regulation of hormone secretion, Actions of thyroid hormone: On carbohydrate metabolism, On lipid metabolism, On growth and development, Effect on nervous system, Applied (Goiter, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism) Parathyroid, Calcitonin and Vitamin-D: Role of calcium in physiological processes, Hormones regulating calcium metabolism (Vitamin-D, PTH, Calcitonin), Applied: Rickets Adrenal Cortex: Actions of glucocorticoids, : Actions of Mineralocorticoids, Applied: Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, Sex hormones Adrenal Medulla: Actions of catecholamines, Pancreas: Hormones: Glucagon and Insulin, Applied: Diabetes Mellitus

Reproductive System Sex determination, Sex differentiation and Puberty Male Reproductive System: Testis: Structure and functions, Spermatogenesis, Structure of the sperm, Seminal fluid (semen), Endocrine functions (Testosterone) Female Reproductive System.Structure and functions, Ovary, Ovarian hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone) Menstrual cycle: Menopause Contraceptive measures

Central Nervous System Organization and functions of nervous system Brain: Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus Brain stem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum Spinal Cord: Structure and functions Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) Cerebrospinal Fluid

Special Senses: The Smell: Olfactory receptors, Olfactory pathway The Taste: Taste Receptors (Taste buds), Taste Pathway The Ear: External ear, Middle Ear, Internal ear (Cochlea), Mechanism of hearing, Applied (deafness) The Eye: Parts of eye: Sclera, Choroid, Retina, Crystalline lens, photoreceptors (Rods and cones), Visual Pathway, Image formation, Accommodation, Lacrimal gland, Applied (Cataract, Glaucoma, Blindness)

Skin and Temperature: Structure and function of skin Temperature Regulation

Practical:

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• Collection of blood

• Study of haemocytometer. Haemoglobinometry white blood cell count, red blood cell count,

• Determination of blood groups.

• Leishman's staining and differentiate WBC counts.

• Determination of packed cell value

• Calculation of blood indices, fragility test for R.B.C.

• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

• Determination of bleeding time.

• Determination of clotting time

• Blood pressure recording auscultation for heart sounds, artificial respiration determination of vital capacity.

Recommended Books: 1. Text books of Physiology. Author: Guyton (Arthor C). Prism publishers Bangalore. 2. Human Physiology. Author : Chaterjee (cc). Medical allied agency 3. Concise Medical physiology. Author : Choudhary (Sujit km.). New central books Kolkata. 4. Review Medical physiology. Author : Ganang. Application and Lange. 5. Human physiology. Author : Pro. A.K. Jain. Avichal Publishing Company. 6. 6. Practical Physiology : Author : Prof. A.K. Jain, Arya Publishers.

PAPER- 2–COMUNICATIONS & COMPUTER SKILLS (A)- COMMUNICATION SKILL COURSE OUTLINE COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to help the student acquire a Good command and comprehension of the English language through individual Papers and conferences. BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: The student at the end of training is able to 1. Read and comprehend English language 2. Speak and write grammatically correct English 3. Appreciates the value of English literature in personal and professional life. INTRODUCTION: Study Techniques Organization of effective note taking and logical processes of Analysis and synthesis Use of the dictionary

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Enlargement of vocabulary Effective diction

Unit -1

1. Parts of Speech (Definition of all the sight parts along with examples and their use in language ) Articles : Definite and indefinite Articles (a. an and the ) Definition and its uses along with examples and personal, Reflexive, Emphatic , Demonstrative, Relative, indefinite, Interrogative and distributive pronouns

2. The Noun (Defining Noun along with types and categories): Gender; Number Case, The Adjective: Comparison, adjective used as nouns, positions of the adjective and its correct use of adjectives. The Verb Definition. Its forms, Verbs of Incomplete Predication.

3. Phrases (Defining it along with examples): Adjective, Adverb and Noun Phrase and Clauses (defining it along with examples): Adverb, Adjective and Noun Clauses.

4. The Sentence and its types, Simple, Compound and Complex , Subject and Predicate (Parts of a sentence ), Transformation of sentences : Active and Passive Voice, Mood and Narration (Direct and indirect Speeches)

Unit-II

1. Words and Phrases: Word Formation (Perfix, Suffix), Idioms, Synonyms and Antonyms 2. Phonetics: Speech Sound, the phoneme, the syllable and IPA transcription

Business Correspondence

Unit -1

1. Paragraph Writing: Introductory Remarks, Principals, the Writing of Single Paragraphs and Precis Writing.

2. Letter Writing, Quotations, Orders and Tenders: Inviting and sending quotations, placing orders and inviting tenders.

Unit –II

1. Notices , Agenda and Minutes 2. Application Letter: Importance and function, drafting the application, elements structure, preparing CVs.

UNIT -III: APPLIED GRAMMAR: 3. Correct usage 4. The structure of sentences 5. The structure of paragraphs 6. Enlargements of Vocabulary

UNIT - IV: WRITTEN COMPOSITION: Precise writing and summarizing Writing of bibliography Enlargement of Vocabulary

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Suggested Reading: English Grammar and Composition Wren and Martin. S. Chand & Company Ltd.

(B) Computer skill

1. Computer Application. Characteristic of computers. a. Input, output, storage unites. b. CPU, Computer system.

2. Computers Organization. a. Central Processing Unit. b. Control Unit. c. Arithmetic Unit. d. Instruction Set. e. Register. f. Processor Speed.

2.2 Memory a. Main Memory. b. Storage Evaluation Criteria. c. Memory Organization. d. Memory Capacity. e. Random Access Memories. F. Read Storage Devices.

i. Magnetic Disk ii. Floppy and Hard Disk. iii. Optical Disks CD-ROM iv. Mass Storage

2.3 Input Devices. a. Keyboard. b. Mouse. c. Trackball. d. Joystick e. Scanner f. Optical Mark Reader g. Bar-Code Reader

h. Magnetic ink character reader. i. Digitizer. ii. Card reader.

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iii. Voice recognition. iv. Web cam. v. Video Cameras.

2.4 Output Devices. a. Monitors. b. Printers.

i.Dot Matrix Printers. iiInkjet Printers. iiiLaser Printers.

c. Plotters. d. Computers Output Micro Files (Com). e. Multimedia Projector.

3. Operating System. a. Microsoft.

i. An overview of different version of windows. ii. Basic windows elements. iii. File management through windows. iv. Using essential accessories: System took Disk cleanup. Disk defragmenter,

Entertainment, Games, Calculator. Imaging - Fax, Notepad, paint, WordPad. Recycle Bin, Windows Explorer, Creating Folders, Icons.

4. Word Processing:– a. Word processing concepts. b. Saving, closing, opening an existing document. c. Selecting text, editing text. d. Finding and replacing text. e. Printing documents. f. Creating and printing merged documents, Mail merge. g. Character and paragraph formatting, page design and layout. h. Editing and proofing tools; checking and correcting spelling. i. Handing graphics. j. Creating tables and charts. k. Documents templates and wizards.

5. Presentation Package:

a. Creating opening and saving presentations. b. Creating the look of your presentation. c. Working in different views, working with slides. d. Adding and formatting text, formatting paragraphs.

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e. Checking spelling and correcting typing mistakes. f. Making notes pages and handouts. g. Drawing and working with objects. h. Adding clip art and other pictures. i. Designing slides shows. j. Running and controlling a slide shows. k. Printing Presentations.

Unit-1 : Use at Internet and E-mail : 1. Internet. 2. Websites (Internet sites). 3. The Mail Protocol site.

Unit-2 : Hospital Management System : Types and Uses. 1. Hospital Management and System Package. REFERENCE BOOKS : 1. Foundations of computing first edition, 2002. Author : P.K. Sinha and P. Sinha. 2. Microsoft office 2000 for windows, second Indian pint, person education. Author : S. Sagman. Paper 3 (A) Biochemistry , Pathology &Microbiology

1) Acids and Bases. Definition. definition of pH and its interpretation.

2) Water and Solutions. Osmosis, Molarity, Molality, Normality. Buffer solution and their importance. pKa of buffer solution.

3) Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Definition, Classification, Structural Isomerism, Optical isomerism. reactions.

4) Chemistry of Proteins and Amino Acids: Definition, Structure and classification of Amino Acids. Essential amino acids. Definition, Structure of proteins, Functional classification of proteins.

5) Chemistry of Lipids: Definition of lipids, Classification of lipids, Phospholipids, Gangliosides, Cerebrosides, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins (definition, classification and functions) Chemical reactions of Lipids.

6) Chemistry of Nucleic acids: Structure of DNA, RNA classification and structure of the various types of RNA.

7) Nutrition and Basal metabolism: BMI and its calculation, Specific dynamic action (SDA) , Nutritional requirements and their calculations. Protein energy malnutrition.

8) Vitamins: definition, Classification, Uses in the body and deficiency diseases.

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9) Clinical biochemistry:(for MLT course only) a) Photometry: Laws of Photometry, absorbance, transmittance, Structure and components of a photometer. Types of photometry: colorimetry, spectrophotometry, flurometry. Choice of filters etc. b)Electrophoresis Principal types and applications.

Practical:

• Introduction to apparatus, instruments and uses of chemical balance. • Preparation of solutions, calculation of molecular weights and Equivalent weights preparation of normal

solution, molar solutions, percent solution and reagents Dilution techniques. • Measurements of hydrogen ion concentration qualitative Analysis. Identification of carbohydrates,

proteins and substances of biochemical Importance. • Demonstration of colorimeter, spectrophotometer, perimeter, single pan balance. • Disposal regulations, workplace hazardous. • Specimen collection, identification, transport, delivery and preservation. • Patient preparation for tests. • Anticoagulants and preservatives • Regulations and precautions regarding transport of biological specimens • Preparation of high quality water • pH determination • Preparation of buffers and determination of pH • Measurement of radioactivity • Practical related to solvent extraction, Partition coefficient, Dialysis, Concentration, • Desalting and Ultracentrifugation. • Calibration of equipments and laboratory wares. • Familiarization and usage of Colorimetry, specterophotometry, fluorimetry, • flame photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, nephelometry, osmometry, • Chemiluminesence ,ion selective electrodes, flowcytometry. • Chromatography : - Paper, Thin layer, Gel filtration, Ion exchange, HPLC, GLC, • Separation of various sugars, amino acids, lipids, drugs toxins etc. Urine aminogram.

( B ) Pathology& Microbiology 70 HRS

UNIT 1 The Cell in health and disease 10 HRS a. Introduction of pathology b. Cellular structure and metabolism c. Inflammation – Acute and Chronic d. Derangement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes • Types of shocks • Ischaemia • Infection

UNIT 2 Body Fluid 20 HRS

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a) Urine : • Method of Collection • Normal Constitutents • Physical Examination • Chemical Examination b) Stool Examination : • Method of Collection • Normal Constituents and appearance • Abnormal Constituents (Ova, Cyst) c) C.S.F. Examination • Physical Examination • Chemical Examination • Microscopy • Celll Count • Staining d) Semen Analysis • Collection • Examination

• Special Tests

Human blood group antigens and antibodies b) ABO Blood group systems • Sub. – group • Source of antigens and types of antibodies c) Rh Blood group System • Types of Antigen • Mode of Inheritance • Types of Antibodies d) Other Blood grup Antigens e) Blood Collection • Selection and screening of donor • Collection of blood • Various anticoagulants • Sotrage of Blood.

• Changes in Blood on Sotrage

UNIT 3 HISTOPATHOLOGY 25 HRS a) Fixation of tissues

• Classification of Fixatives

b) Tissue Processing

• Collection • Steps of fixation

c) Section Cutting

• Microtome and Knives • Techniques of Section Cutting • Mounting of Sections • Frozen Sections

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d) Decalcification

• Fixation • Declacification • End Point

e) Staining Dyes and their properties, H & E Stain, Special Stains

Histo Pathology ,Clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood Banking

HistoPathology - Theory

- Introduction to Histo Pathology

- Receiving of Specimen in the laboratory

- Grossing Techniques

- Mounting Techniques – various Mountants

- Maintenance of records and filing of the slides.

- Use & care of Microscope

- Various Fixatives, Mode of action, Preparation and Indication.

- Bio-Medical waste management

- Section Cutting

- Tissue processing for routine paraffin sections

- Decalcification of Tissues.

- Staining of tissues - H& E Staining

- Bio-Medical waste management

Clinical Pathology – Theory

- Introduction to Clinical Pathology

- Collection, Transport, Preservation, and Processing of various clinical

Specimens

- Urine Examination – Collection and Preservation of urine.

Physical, chemical, Microscopic Examination

- Examination of body fluids.

- Examination of cerebro spinal fluid (CSF)

- Sputum Examination.

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- Examination of feces

Haematology – Theory

- Introduction to Haematology

- Normal constituents of Blood, their structure and function.

- Collection of Blood samples

- Various Anticoagulants used in Haematology

- Various instruments and glassware used in Haematology, Preparation and use

of glassware

- Laboratory safety guidelines

- SI units and conventional units in Hospital Laboratory

- Hb,PCV

- ESR

- Normal Haemostasis

Bleeding Time, Clotting Time, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin

Time.

Blood Bank

Introduction

Blood grouping and Rh Types

Cross matching

Practical:

Introduction: Aim, basis, interpretation, safety in clinical pathology laboratory. 2. Laboratory organisation : Instruments, glassware’s, sample collection and specimen labeling, routine test,

anticoagulants, reagents, cleaning of glassware, isotonic solution, standardization of methods, preparation of solution and interpretation of result, normal values.

3. Basic requirements for hematology laboratory. 5. Complete Blood Counts. 6. Determination of Hemoglobin. 7. TRBC Count by Hemocytometers. 8. TLC by Hemocytometer. 9. Differential Leukocyte count. 10. Determination of Platelet count.

21

11. Determination of ESR by wintrobes. 12. Determination of ESR by Westergerent’s method. 13. Determination of PCV by Wintrobes. 14. Erythrocyte Indices – MCV, MCH, MCHC. 15. Reticulocyte count. 16. Absolute Eosinophil count. 17. Morphology of Red Blood Cells. 18. BT and CT, PT (prothrombin) time. 19. Demonstration of (MP), malaria parasite. 20. Bone marrow smears preparation and staining procedure – Demonstration. 21. ABO Blood grouping, RH typing and cross match. 22. Performance of direct and indirect combs test, red cell agglutination test (screening Paul bunnel test). 23. Blood donor selection and screening. 24. Blood collection and preservation, principal of clearing and preparing transfusion bottle and tubing sets –

preparation and Transfusion reaction and their investigations. PRACTICAL BLOOD BANK 1. Blood Bank Administration

a) Record Keeping b) Computerization in blood transfusion services. c) Blood grouping ABO d) PH typing various techniques.

2. Cross Matching a) Tube test b) Slide Test c) DU Test d) Sub Grouping Test

3. Comb’s Test a) Direct comb’s test b) Indirect comb’s test

4. Compatibility Testing for blood transfusion cross matching test. a) 5% cell suspension and 10% cell suspensions. b) HIV and AIDS demonstration.

Clinical Pathology Introduction: Aim, basis, interpretation, safety in clinical pathology laboratory. Laboratory organization : Instruments, glassware, sample collection and specimen labeling, routine test,

anticoagulants, reagents, cleaning of glassware, isotonic solution, standardization of methods, preparation of solution and interpretation of result, normal values.

Urine routine examination normal / abnormal constituents of urine.

22

C.S.F. and other body fluid examination. Semen Analysis.

• Sputum test. • Different types blood test. • Stool routine examination.

Recommended text books and reference books (Latest Edition) 1. Hand book of Blood Transfusion Therapy. Author : J.A.F. Napier. Publisher : John Wiley & Sons,

Chichester, England 2. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Basic Principles practice. Author : Christopher D., Hill Yeretal.

Publishers : Churchile Livingstone, Philadelphia. 3. Test book of Blood Transfusion Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Author : Sallyv. Rhdman. Publisher :

W.B. Sauders Company, Philadelphia. 4. Practical Haematology. Author : Sir John Dalie. Publisher : Churevill, London. 5. Test Book of Medical Laboratory Technology. Author : Praful Godkar & Ramnik Sood. Publisher : Bhaliani

Publication House, Mumbai. 6. Test books of laboratory technology. Author : Praful Godkar. 7. Todd and Sanford Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. Author : Johan Bernard Henry. 8. Practical Pathology. Author : Harsh Mohan. 9. Medical laboratory technology a procedure normal for routine. Author : Ramnik Sood.

Microbiology

Theory

Unit I

General microbiology 4 hrs

• Introduction & history of microbiology • Morphology and physiology of bacteria • Sterilization and disinfection

Unit II

Immunology 5 hrs

• Antigen and antibodies • Antigen – antibody reactions • Structure and functions of immune system • Immune response • Hypersensitivity

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Unit III

Systemic bacteriology 15 hrs

• Staphylococcus • Streptococcus • Pneumococcus • Corynebacterium • Neisseria • Clostridium • Enterobacteriaceae : Escherechia ,Kleibsella, Proteus • Salmonella • Shigella • Pseudomonas • Vibrio • Mycobacterium • Spirochete

Unit IV

Virology 11 hrs

• Morphology and Replication of viruses • Physiochemical characteristics of the viruses • Classification of virus • Laboratory diagnosis of viral infection • Herpesvirus and adenovirus • Picorna Virus- Polio • Myxovirus- Influenza • Arbovirus- Chickengunia & Dengue • Hepatitis virus • Rhabdovirus • HIV

Unit V

Mycology 6 hrs

• Morphology and structure of fungi • Classification of fungi and Cultivation of fungi • Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection

Fungal infections

• Superficial mycosis

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• Subcutaneous mycosis • Systemic mycosis • Opportunistic fungal infection

Unit VI

Parasitology 9 hrs

• Introduction to parasitology with their classification

Protozoa

• Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • Leishmania donovani (kala azar)

Helminthes

Cestodes

• Tenia solium & Tenia saginata • Echhinococcus granulosus

Nematodes

• Ascaris lumbricoides • Ancylostoma duodenale • Wucheria bancrofti • Enterobius vermicularis & Trichuris trichuria

Practical

Bacteriology 17 hrs

• Universal precautions • Collection and transport of clinical specimen • Compound microscope ( care and operation) • Demonstration of sterilization of equipments- Hot air oven, bacterial filters • Preparation of bacterial smear and staining- Gram’s, Acid- fast, Staining of bacterial spores, flagella

capsule, Albert stain, spirochaetes • Preparation of commonly used culture media, nutrient broth, nutrient agar, blood agar, Chocolate agar,

Mac conkey medium, LJ medium,SDA, Robertson cooked meat media, • . study of clony charecters ,biochemical test for identification of bacteria, preservation of stock culture of

bacteria • Antibiotic susceptibility test – different in vitro methods for antibiotic sensitivity testing • Visit to hospital for demonstration of biomedical waste management

25

• Anaerobic culture methods, • Quality control of media and reagents etc.

Parasitology

Practical parasitology 4 hrs

• Examination of stool for parasites • Examination of blood & bone marrow for parasites

Serological diagnostic methods, Skin test.

Immunology practical 6 hrs

• Collection of blood by venepuncture, separation of serum and preservation of serum for short and long periods.

• Performances of serological tests a) Bacterial slide agglutination b) WIDAL,VDRL,CRP c) Pregnancy test d) ASLO, CRP and RF e) ELISA

• Skin test a) MT Test

Mycology practical 3 hrs

• KOH and LPCB preparation • Staining techniques • Culture of fungi • Slide culture

Total theory hours 50 hrs

Total practical hours 40 hrs

Paper 4- CONCEPT OF PHYSICS RELATED TO MECHAMISM

(BASIC PHYSICS & RADIATION PHYSICS)

Unit I Dosimeter and Radiation Biology

26

Radiation units:- Exposure Colombs/kg. Air Kerma-gray absorbed dose-gray, equivalent dose-sievert, Effective

dose-sievert.

Interaction mechanisms. Lionization excitation free radicals. Introduction to concept of linear energy transfer

(LET)

Unit II Interactions

Interactions of charged particles interaction of electromagnetic radiation Neutron interactions. Introduction to

thermography and microwave equipment and interactions. Optical interaction ultra sound interactions.

Unit III Basic concepts of electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic waves Relationship between frequency and wavelength The electromagnetic spectrum sources of

Electromagnetic radiation. Risks from occupational exposure-public, occupational exposure of pregnant women.

Diagnostic reference levels (DRL)

Unit V Basics of NMR and MRI

Basic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) nuclear magnetic moments effect of external magnetic field. Nuclear

precession. Equilibrium magnetization significance of Radio frequency (RF) pulse OIMR) and microwave (EPR)

Equipment. Resonance and larmor frequency. Free induction Decay (FID)

Unit V

Radiation detectors: Radiation protection-biological aspects. Measurement of detriment. ICRP frame work of

radiological protection.

Unit I

Nuclear medicine;-

In vitro and in vivo testing gamma rays for imaging radio pharmaceuticals:-

Preparation and quality control chemistry and radio pharmacology of radionuclide’s gamma

Camera SPECT PET.

Unit II

Ultrasound in medicine:-

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Ultrasound imaging generation and detection of ultrasound ultrasound propagation choice of frequency A-scan B-

scan M-mode imaging and echo cardiographs Use of Doppler techniques for blood flow etc.

BASIC PHYSICS & RADIATION PHYSICS

This syllabus should be augmented by as much of practical and demonstration classes as possible. Suggested number of minimum teaching hours: 120

Basic concepts: Units and measurements-Force work power and energy Temperature and heat SI Units of above parameter. Atomic structure atom model Nucleus-electronic configuration-periodic table Isotopes-Ionization-excitation-Binding energy electron volt Electromagnetic radiation-Quantum nature of radiation-mass energy equivalence-Fluorescent-electromagnetic spectrum.

Electricity and magnetism: Electric charges, Coulomb’s law-Unit of charge-Electric potential unit of potential-Electric induction capacitance and capacitors series and parallel connection-electric current unit resistance ohm’s law, electric power Joule’s law

Magnetism: Magnetic induction-magnetic properties-Hysteresis-magnetic effect of current-Electrical instruments. Galvanometer, voltmeter ammeter and multimeter.

Electromagnetic Induction: Induced electro motive force-Faradays experiments-law of electromagnetic induction-Self and mutual induction-Alternation current –Ac generator Peak and RMS values-Ac circuits with resistance capacitance and inductance Choke coil-eddy current . Transformer-theory design losses-auto transformer-high voltage transformer-electric power transmission.

X-rays: Discovery of x-rays-properties-production –x-ray spectrum-bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays tube: Coolidge tube design, line focus principle-space charge effect tube cooling Modern x-ray tubes, stationary anode, rotating anode, grid controlled x-ray tubes heel effect of focus radiation tube insert and housing-Tube rating-Quality and intensity of x-rays factors influencing them.

X-ray generator circuits :Vacuum tube diodes-semi conductor diodes-transistor-rectification half and full wave self rectification X-ray generator filament circuit kilo voltage circuit single phase generator three phase generator constant potential generator Fuses switches and interlocks Exposure switching and timers-HT cables-ear thing.

Radioactivity : Discovery of radioactivity natural radioactivity activity units radium thorium and uranium series alpha beta decay and gamma rays radioactive disintegration exponential decay half life period decay constant Artificial radioactivity production of radioisotopes cyclotron neutron fission and fusion chain reaction atom bomb nuclear reactor.

Interaction of X and gamma rays : Transmission through matter law of exponential attenuation half value layer linear attenuation coefficient coherent scattering photoelectric effect Compton scattering pair production photonuclear disintegration-Particle interactions. Interactions of x and gamma rays in the body fat soft issue bone contrast media total attenuation coefficient relative clinical importance.

Radiation quantities and units : Radiation immensity exposure roentgen its limitations kerma and absorbed does electronic equilibrium rad gray conversion factor for roentgen to rad RBD-LET quality factor dose equivalent-rem, sievert.

28

Radiation detection and measurements: Principle of radiation detection Ionization chamber proportional counter-GM tubes scintillation detectors semiconductor detector Gamma ray spectrometer. Measuring system free ionization chamber thimble ion chamber condenser chamber victoreen electrometer secondary standard dosimeter film dosimeter chemical dosimeter thermoluminecent dosimeter Pocket dosimeter. Radiation survey meter zone monitor contamination monitors their function use and maintenance.

Practical concerning with radiation physics

Practical knowledge of x-ray tube, anode, cathode, rotor, filter, generators, USG modes transducers , charts diagrams, three phase, single phase Control panel switches and functions, cassettes, film hangers, intensifying screens Cones, Congruency of radiation and optical field, radiation leakage measurements Practical knowledge of x-ray tube, anode, cathode, rotor, filter, generators, Tube rating charts, Grids and function of Potter Bucky USG modes transducers, charts diagrams Equipment knowledge of NMR, Gamma rays, radio pharmaceuticals application .

Recommended Books

1. First year Physics for Radiographer-Hay & Hughes. 2. Fundamental of X-ray and Radium Physics-Joseph Selman 3. Basic Medical Radiation Physics-Stanton 4. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology-Christensen. Paper 5 Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique Absorption of radiation: The exponential attenuation linear & as attenuation co-efficient half value layer energy transfer and energy absorption coefficient total absorption coefficient relative importance of different types of absorption. Interaction of radiation : Introduction photo electric effect Compton scattering Thomason scattering and pair production . Energy distribution and relative importance of the different attenuation processes. Measuring Instrument : Dose build uup and electronic Bragg Gray Cavity theory determination of dose in an extended medium by ionization chamber measurement Directs measurement of absorbed close Relation among exposure dose and KERMA. Measuring instruments : Ionization chamber proportional counter GM counter scintillation detector semi conductor detector film dosimeter system chemical dosimeter system, TLD calibration measurement techniques and protocols of radiation dissymmetric system. Radiation protection : Unit and quantities, does limits for personal and public Recommendations of various advisory groups and regulatory bodies i.e. Protection of patient staff and public various Safety measure devices and ALARA principles including radiological installation planning . Quality Assurance & Quality control : Related to radiography/fluoroscopy x-ray unit CT, MRI, US and DSA units :

29

Modern Imaging Techniques Radiographic techniques of whole upper limb & shoulder girdle Radiographic technique of whole lower limb and pelvic girdle Radiographic techniques of whole vertebral column skull cranial bones and facial bones. Dental radiology intra oral extra oral as occlusal radiography. Radiography technique of whole thorax including lung mediastinal heart ribs diaphragms SPECIAL PROCEDURE FOR for liver pancreas spleen, biliary system GI tract and genitor urinary tract. Radiographic technique for obstetrics and gynecology studies Radiographic techniques for cardio vascular system Radiographic technique for lymphatic system. 1. Radiography : Primary radiological image produced by contrast media Attenuation Linear and mass

attenuation coefficient Factors affecting attenuation application in radiology Filters inherent and added filters-Heavy metal filters-X-ray beam restrictor aperture diaphragm cones and cylinder collimators function of restrictors

2. Scattered radiation : significance of scatter Grid principle design and type evaluation of grid performance lead content Grid cut off moving grids Grid selection air gap technique

3. Fluoroscopy : Direct fluoroscope Image intensifier design brightness gain Imaging characteristics multi field image intensifiers Close circuit television scanning television image quality Fluoroscopic image recorder TV image records.

4. Radiographic Image : Image clarity contract factor affecting contrast Image quality mottle sharpness and resolution Line spread function Modulation transfer function Noise and wiener spectrum. Magnification distortion penumbra un sharpness inverse square law evaluation of resolution quantum mottle patient exposure.

5. Body section radiography : Basic method of tomography terminology blurring section thickness narrow and wild angle tomography circular tomography topographic motions phantom image tompgraihc angel determination plantomogroahy

6. Mammography : Technical aspects of Mammography generator x-ray tubes Accessories Resolutions quality control Application and role in medicine .

7. Ultrasound : Physical characteristics of sound transducer characteristics of ultrasound beam interaction of ultrasound and matter quarter wave matching ultrasonic display imaging principles Doppler technique real the ultrasound instrumentation bio effect and safety consideration

Practical Radiation Physic and Modern Imaging Technique Practical of measuring instruments, ionisation chamber, TLD measuring technique

Focal spot measurement, KV measurement, linearity of mA station, Tube centring,

Radiographic tech. of whole body, all sp. Investigations imaging, etc. Radiographic

tech. of whole body, all sp. Investigations imaging, etc. , table top dose measurement

in fluoroscopy, image distortion of IITV, leakage of radiation through lead flaps,

radiation level measurement during tube above table and below table, removal of

grids

Paper-6. RADIOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHY AND DARK ROOM TECHNIQUE

30

X-ray materials: Types of emulsion-characteristic and control screen and non-screen films dental films X-ray paper under and over exposure speed contrast. Intensifying screens : Fluorescence application of fluorescence in Radiography type of intensifying screens intensifying factors cleaning and general care of screen after glow. X-ray cassettes : Testing and proving good screen contract general care. X-ray developers : Characteristics details and contrast freedom from chemical fog and staining function and constituent of developer standardization by time and temperature exhaustion of developer replenishes. Types: Powder and liquid solution medium and high contrast developer ultra rapid development methods automatic processing. X-ray fixers and fixing : Fixing agents acid and preservative in fixer inclusion of hardener time of fixation silver recovery. Rinsing washing and drying : Object methods employed method of drying films. Processing : Preparation of solution suitable water supply nature of mixing vessels order missing solutions filtrations making of stock solutions storage of dry chemical storage of solution. Processing apparatus : Processing units hangers care of hangers refrigeration and use of ice. Operation theatre processing : Dish units. Technical and processing faults : Chemical reduction. Chemistry and characteristics of Farmer’s reducer, local and general application. X-ray Dark Room : Size light proof entrance hatches construction of walls for protection against chemicals and radiation ceiling color schemes water proofing of floors loading bench designing disposition of processing and necessary equipment for efficient working arrangement of drying cabinets in dark room or in adjacent rooms dark room illumination and testing for safety ventilation. The Radiographic Image:- Radiographic factors affecting image contrast and sharpens variation in exposure time in accordance with quality of radiation filters distance intensifying screens grids film speed developer and development. Presentation of Radiograph: Identification of film aspect for direct and stereo (univeraprimatic) viewing mounting dental films. Accessories: Viewing boxes spot light illuminator projectors and viewing screens for miniature and cine radiography magnifiers film identification lead letter number actinic marker embossing machine film trimmers corner cutters dental mounts and cutter filling units. Practical

Dark room procedures technique

31

Dark room adaptation techniques , safe light test, preparation of developer, fixer

And its chemistry, design and planning of dark room, processing of exposed films, care of

intensifying screens, storage of unexposed films, Accessories of dark room , AFP tech.

dry camera and presentation of films etc. Chemistry for processing of exposed films

manual and automatic processing, care of intensifying screens, storage of unexposed

films, AFP tech. and presentation of films etc.

45 Days Hospital Training after Final Examination.

32

Second year

(B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging)

EXAMINATION SCHEME FOR B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL IMAGING SECOND YEARS (3 YEARS COURSE)

Subjects Hrs. Per Week Theory Exam Maximum Marks

33

B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL IMAGING 2ND YEAR

L T P Paper Hrs. I.A. Exam Total

Entrepreneurship & Professional Management

2 1 - T 3 30 70 100

Environmental & Bio Medical Waste Management.

2 1 - T 3 30 70 100

Patient care relevant to Diagnostic Radiology

4 2 - T 3 30 70 100

Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology

4 1 - T 3 30 70 100

Ration Hazards and Control and Safety

3 1 - T 3 30 70 100

General Principles of Hospital Practice and Patient Care

2 1 - T 3 30 70 100

Practical

Paper I Entrepreneurship & Professional Management

Subject Hrs Per Week

Practical Paper Exam Hrs. Maximum Marks IA Exam Total

Patient care relevant to Diagnostic Radiology

3 P 3 15 35 50

Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology

3 P 3 15 35 50

Ration Hazards and Control and Safety

3 P 3 15 35 50

General Principles of Hospital Practice and Patient Care

3 P 3 15 35 50

45 days Training in Radiodignostic Department

100 100

34

PAPER- V ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT

Common to All Branches of Para-Medical programmers

As the opportunities for wage employment are reducing day by day, Govt. of India and State Govt. directed to develop entrepreneurship among the students. Entrepreneurship training is essential to make aware the students of different branches of diploma courses about the scope of employment outside the Govt. Sector. It will equip them the necessary skills and training for setting up a small scale enterprises. To achieve the target and goals in an organization, it is essential to- ordinate the entire system. For this, the knowledge of principles of management, personnel management and financial management is required. CONTENTS 1. Entrepreneurship:

a. Definition, basic concept, need, scope and characteristics of entrepreneurship. b. Woman entrepreneurship. c. Assistance to small scale from enterprises national level organizations like SIDO, NSIC, NRDC,

KVIC. d. Assistance to small scale enterprises from State level organizations like DOL, DIG, RFC, SISI,

RHDC, Pollution Control Board, Rajasthan khadi & Village Industries Board, banks etc. e. Facilities to women entrepreneurs.

2. Emerging Areas in Entrepreneurship: a. Innovation & Creativity. b. Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) & Parents. c. National Knowledge Commission: basic concept need and scope. d. Service sector: scope future trends. e. Energy and Auditing.

3. Project Formulation process: a. Steps in planning a small scale enterprise. b. Structure of project report. c. Analysis of sample, project reports d. Preparation of project reports. e. Techno-economic and feasibility of the project.

4. Financial sources for SSI Loan: a. State Govt. RFC, Credit facility by banks.

5. Rules and Regulations: a. Licensing and registration procedure. b. Important provisions of Factory act. c. Shop & Commercial Establishment Act. d. Sales of Goods Act. e. Partnership Act. f. Value Added tax (VAT). g. Service tax.

35

h. Professional tax. i. Income tax. j. Sales tax and excise rules. k. Municipal bye laws and insurance coverage.

6. Meaning and Scope of Business: a. Definition of profession, trade and Industry. b. Objective of business and profession. c. Types of business organization. d. Brief description, advantage disadvantage of individual – partnership – cooperative private and

public limited organizations. e. Characteristics of small business, business ethics, organization chars.

7. Management Techniques: a. Leadership, authority, responsibility. b. Functions of Management.

8. Quality Control: a. Meaning, importance of keeping standard. b. Factor responsible for deviation from standards. c. ISO and ISO-9000 to 9006. d. Total quality management.

9. Financial Management: a. Sources of Finance. b. Brief idea of cash and credit, Cheque, draft, bill of exchanges, promissory note.

10. Marketing: a. Basic concept. b. Market promotion, market promotion. c. Branding, packaging, planning development. d. Advertisement media and effectiveness. e. Sales forecasting, marketing fix – pricing policy, sales promotion and salesmanship. f. After sales services, complaints and their re-dressal.

11. Human Relations : a. Motivating the employees. b. Inter personnel relations. c. Grievances and their handing. d. Staff requirement, training and monitoring.

12. Foreign Trade: a. Export procedure. b. Channels of distribution in expert trade. c. Export Promotion. d. Registration of firm/factory in R.B.I. AEPC or others.

36

Note: Entrepreneurial awareness camp should be arranged for 3 to 4 day at a stretch. No question will be asked in the examination from the topics under Entrepreneurship awareness camp.

Entrepreneurial Awareness Camp:

Topics to be covered in the camp : 1) Who is an entrepreneur? 2) Need for entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial career and wage employment. 3) Scenario of development of small scale enterprises in India. 4) Entrepreneurial history in India, Indian values and entrepreneurship. 5) Assistance from District Industries Center. Commercial banks. State financial Corporation. Small

Industries service Institutes. Research and development laboratories and other financial and development corporations.

6) Considerations for product selection. 7) Opportunities for business, service and entrepreneurship ventures. 8) Learning from Indian experiences in entrepreneurship (Interaction with successful entrepreneurs should

be arranged). The camp can be arranged by the institution itself with the help of other agencies such as RIICO, DIC,

Science and Technology department, Rajcon, Deptt. of Industries, SISI, E.D. Cells etc. NO Practical Examination

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Hand book of small scale Industry. Author : P.M. Bhandari. 2. Hand book of entrepreneurship development. Author : O.P. Harkut. 3. Entrepreneurship development. Author : S.S. Khanka. 4. Statistical quality control. Author : Manohar Mahajan. 5. ISO : 9000 quality system - 2000. Author : S. Dalela. 6. ISO : 14000. 7. Organization and Management of small scale industries. Author : Desai J.V. Himalayaya, Bombay, 1985. 8. Management of small scale industries. Author : 3rd Himalaya, Bombay, 1986. 9. The story of an entrepreneurship. Author : M. Nath, IMT Monograph. 10. Small industry entrepreneurs hand book Mohan international. Author : K.R. Bombay productivity

services. 11. Hand book of entrepreneurship. Author : Rao and Pareek, New Delhi learning system, 1978.

PAPER 2-ENVIRONMENTAL & BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES OF PARA-MEDICAL PROGRAMMERS’

Environmental study is a subject as per directions of Supreme Court/Govt. of India. Under Act. 51A(g) of our constitution it is our fundamental duty to protect our environment.

A diploma holder must have knowledge of different types of pollution and health hazards so that he/she may help in balancing the eco-system and controlling pollution by pollution control measures. He/She should also be aware of environmental laws related to the control of pollution in general and bio-medical waste in particular.

37

1.(A) General :

a. Biotic and biotic environment b. Adverse effects of Environmental Pollution c. Control Strategies d. Various Acts and Regulations

(B) Water Pollution: a. Water Quality Standards for potable water b. Surface and underground water sources c. Impurities in water and their removal d. De-fluoridation e. Adverse effects of domestic waste water and industrial effluent to surface water sources f. Eutrophication of lakes g. Self purification of streams

(C) Air Pollution: a. Sources of air contaminants b. Adverse effects on human health c. Measurement of air quality standards and their permissible limits d. Measures to check air pollution e. Greenhouse effect g. Ozone depletion

2(A). Bio Medical Waste Management a. Introduction to bio-medical Waste b. Types of bio-medical waste c. Collection of bio-medical waste d. Treatment and safe disposal of bio-medical waste

1. Ethics of Bio-Safety. 2. Code of good and safe laboratory practice for support staff and responsibilities of the workers regarding

Bio-safety. 3. Rules for laboratory medicine. 4. Set up of a laboratory o the basis of safety priority and Laboratory Bio-safety Guidelines. 5. Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria (BSL-1-4). 6. Handling, transfer and shipment of specimen. Decontamination and disposal. Treatment and disposal

technologies for health-care waste. 7. Wastes management, life cycle of bio-medical wastes. 8. Reduce recycle and reuse of wasters, technology used for bio-medical wastes treatment and disposal. 9. Chemical, electrical, fire and radiation safety. Safety organization. 10. General safety checklist. 11. Hazardous properties of instruments and Laboratory chemicals. Laboratory first-aid measures and Kit. 12. Safety equipments. Safety signs.

38

(B) Solid Waste Management a. Introduction to solid waste b. Its collection and disposal c. Recovery of resources d. Sanitary land-filling e. Vermin-composting f. Hazardous waste management

3(A). Land Pollution a. Soil conservation b. Land erosion c. Aforestation

(B) Ecology a. Busies of species b. Biodiversity c. Population dynamics d. Energy flow e. Ecosystems

4(A). Social Issues and the Environment a. Sustainable development and life style b. Urban problems related to energy c. Resettlement and rehabilitating of people d. Environmental ethics e. Consumerism and waste products

(B) Water Harvesting and Rural Sanitation a. Water harvesting techniques b. Different schemes of Rural Water Supply in Rajasthan c. Rural Sanitation d. Septic Tank e. Collection and disposal of wastes f. Bio-gas g. Community Awareness and participation

5. (A) Miscellaneous a. Non-Conventional (Renewable) sources of energy b. Solar energy, Wind energy, Bio-mass energy, Hydrogen energy

PRACTICAL: 1. Visit to local air polluted site.

39

2. Visit to local water polluted site 3. Visit to local area to document environmental assets-mountain/desert/river/forest. 4. Study of local birds, plants, insects. 5. Plantation work 6. Environmental awareness campaign through exhibitions REFERENCE BOOKS : 1. Paryavaran Shiksha. Author : Dr. A.N. Mathur, Dr. N.S. Rathore, Dr. V.K. Vijay. 2. Paryavaran Adhyayan. Author : Dr. Ram Kumar Gujar, Dr. B.C. Jat 3. Parayavaran Avabodh. Author : Dr. D.D. Ojha. 4. Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control. Author : S.S. Dora 5. Ecology concepts and application. Author : Manuel C. Muller. 6. Environmental Protection. Author : Emil T. Chanlett. 7. Environmental Science. Author : Cumingham Saigo. 8. Solid waste management. Author : C.I. Mantell. 9. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Author : Gilbert M. Masters Prentice Hall of

India. 10. Concept of Ecology, 1991. Author : Edward J. Kormondy. 11. Ecology 1975. Author : Odum. 12. Environmental Engineering. Author : Pavy, Rowe, Tehobaniglum. 13. Environmental Impact Assessment. Author : McGraw Hill, New York, 1977. 14. Environmental Technologies. Author : Dr. Upendra Pandel, Dr. M.P. Poonia. 15. Environmental Pollution and Management. Author : V.K. Kohli and Vikas Kohli. 16. Panda, New Letter. Author : WWF. India, New Delhi.

Recommended faculty for teaching the subject : Faculty of Civil engineering of M.Sc. in Environment or PG Diploma in Environment and Sustainable Development.

Paper -3. PATIENT CARE RELEVANT TO DIAGNOSITIC RADIOLOGY (Suggested number of teaching hours 100, including tutorial and demonstrations)

The aim of this subject is primarily to develop and ensure the successful interaction and manipulation of caring and communication skill which radiographers need to practice on a daily basis. This subject provides the students with a clear understanding of their role and responsibilities relevant to special diagnostic procedures how the hospital organization exists to serve the patient. It deals with the preparation of the patient before during the after various diagnostic procedures. It also deals with various contrast agents used for different radiological procedure, their side effects and resuscitation are dealt here with.

40

Preparation of patients for general radiological procedures: Departmental instruction to out patients or ward staff use of aperients enemas and colonic irrigations flatulence and flatus causes and methods of relief principles of catheterization and intubation pre medication its uses and methods anaesthetized patients nursing care before and after special x-ray examination (for example in neurological vascular and respiratory conditions) diabetic patient special attention to food hazards of trauma.

Radiological contrast agents: Opaque agents and gases. Relationship of x-ray transmission to density and atomic number of the elements of contrast medium. Type of Barium sulphate solution concentration and its particular uses flavoring agents.

lodine preparation: Organic compounds water soluble group significance of iodine content proprietary preparations iodized oil. Application of various systems of human body Volume Contra indications methods of administration and route.

Sensitivity test side effects and management elimination from the body.

Gases Air Oxygen and carbon dioxide application and dangers.

Emergencies in the x-ray department and management :External defibrillation direct cardiac massage internal defibrillation complications cardiac arrest respiratory arrest bronchography local anesthetics reactions treatment.

Special Procedures in diagnosis Radiology: a) The Gastro intestinal tract: Barium meal, Barium swallow Small bowel enema. Barium enema. The renal tract: Intravenous urogrophy, Intravenous cholangiography operative and post operative cholangiography perctunaous transhepatic cholangiography.

The respiratory tract Bronchography Gynecology Hysterosalpingography Cardio vascular system Angiography aortography cerebral angiography Splenoportovenography, The Lymphatic system Lymphangiography Central nervous system Myelography Sialography Ultrasound +Guided procedures. General preparation care and CT scan guided procedures safety measures MRI.

Practical

Practical knowledge of patient care

Measuring of pulse, measuring of BP, preparation for radiological investigations

Contrast media application, reaction management, allergy test care of Anaesthetic. Patient knowledge of catheterization, oxygen administration, biopsy Method, sympathetically and behavioural treatment, care of abulatory patients Care of pregnant patient, non cooperating child dignity of patient etc.

.

Recommended Books

Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography Chesney & Chesney (Blackwell Scientific)

Chesney’s Care of the patent in Diagnostic Radiography Pauline J clumer (Black well Scientific)

41

Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting Marjorie Hougton (Bacilliere)

First Aid Haugher & Gardner (Hamlyn)

Practical nursing and first aid Ross and Wilson (Livingstone)

Paper- 4: QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DIAGNOSITIC RADIOLOGY

(Suggested No of teaching hours 100 including tutorial and practical’s)

The provision of high quality health care in the goal of all medical service. Diagnostic radiology provides a valuable input into health care delivery system. Efficient utilization of the technology can be assured only through planned systematic and organized quality assurance pr0ocedures Good diagnostic image would lead to accurate diagnosis and better management of health problem.

Objectives Improve the quality of imagine thereby increasing the diagnostic value; To reduce the radiation exposure Reeducation of film wastage and repeat examination; To maintain the various diagnostic and imagine units at their optimal performance.

QA activities. Equipment selection phase; Equipment installation and acceptance phase; Operational phase; Preventive maintenance

QA programme at radiological faculty level: Responsibility; Purchase; Specifications; Acceptance’s Routine testing: Evaluation of results of routine testing; Record keeping Quality assurance practical exercise in the X ray generator and tube; Image receptors from processing ;Radiographs equipments Fluoroscopic equipments; Mammographic equipments :Conventional tomography; Computed tomography; Film processing manual and automatic consideration for storage of film and chemicals; Faults tracing Accuracy of imaging image distortion for digital imaging devices.

QA Programmed test : Light beam alignment: X-ray out-put and beam quality check KVp check; Focal spot size and angle measurement: Timer check; MAs test; Grid alignment test; High and low contrast resolutions Mechanical and electrical checks; test; Field alignment test for fluoroscopic device; Resolution test; Phantom measurements-CT, US and MRI

QA OF film and image recording devices: Sensitomerty: Characteristic curve; Film latitude: Film contrast: Film speed Resolution distortion, artifacts of films and image recording.

Maintenance care of equipment Safe operation of equipment-

Routine cleaning of equipment and instruments-Cassette screen maintenance of automatic processor and manual processing units Routine maintenance of equipments records keeping and log book maintenance: Reject analysis and objective of reject analysis programme.

Practical of QA & QC

Knowledge of QA & QC test equipment s

42

Various parameters of acceptance test of machine—KV, MA , time, x-ray out put

Etc. inventory of machines, x – ray tubes, cassettes, films etc. AMC/ CMC records

and review, performance of machines as far as image quality.

Grid test, fluoroscopy device test, phantom test, sensitivity test ,LBD test etc.

Resolution test of CT, MRI and USG. Use of sensitometer and densitometer.

Recommended Books

Quality assurance in Diagnostic Radiology” By J.M. Mcolemore (Year book of Medical Publishers)

Quality Control in diagnostic imagine” By J.E. Gray (University Park Press)

Processing and Quality Control “ By: William E.J. Mckinney (J.B. Lippincott Company)

Concepts in Medical Radiographic imagine” By: Marianne Tortoic (W.B. Saunders Company)

Quality assurance Management “ By: G.E. Hayes(Charger production)

Diagnostic Imaging :Quality Assurance By: M.M.Rehani (Jaypee Bros Medical Publishers)

Paper-5: RADIATION HAZARDS CONTROL & SAFETY

(Suggested number of teaching hours 80 Including tutorials and demonstrations)

Radiation protection: principles, history & development-National & international agencies, AERB, BARC, ICRP, WHO,IAEA and their role. Equivalent dose- effective dose sievert-rem. Sources of radiation-natural man made & internal exposures.

Biological effects of radiation; effects on cell-stochastic & deterministic effects-radiation risk-tissues at risk-genetic, somatic& fetus risk-risk at other industries. Does equivalent limits philosophy-ICRP(60) AERB guidelines.

Planning of radiation installation-protection primary, leakage and scattered radiation. Concepts of workload use factor occupancy factor & distance. Barrier design barrier materials-concrete brick & lead. Primary & secondary barrier design calculations. Design of doors. Control of radiation-effects of time distance and shielding.

Personnel monitoring systems : Principle and objective-film badge-guidelines for use thermo luminescent dosimeter badge-pocket dosimeter. Area monitoring and radiation survey practical use of survey meter, zone monitors and phantoms. Survey in x-ray, fluoroscopy and CT scan units.

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AERB safety code and ethics: Built in safety specification for diagnostic x-ray, fluoroscopy and CT units, Specification for radiation protection devices-room layout. Operational safety-Radiation protection programme-Personnel requirements and responsibilities-regulatory controls.

Patient protection-Safe work practice in diagnostic radiology-Radiation absorbed dose from general dental fluoroscopy x-ray and CT examinations-X-ray examinations during pregnancy x-ray examinations associated with illness, not associated with illness-medico-legal or insurance purpose x-ray examination-medical research x-ray avoidance of unnecessary radiation dose.

Radiation emergencies-situation preparedness, safety and prevention-legal requirements recent developments in radiation safety related topics.

Practical based on Radiation Hazards & control safety

Knowledge of all hazards, education of gen. Public by posters and seminars

Safety of women and children , pregnant women, safty of patient attendants,

non radiation workers hospital staff, checking of lead aprons, leakage radiation f

rom tube head, radiation survey in and around X – ray installation.

Use of TLD film badges and use of protective devices etc. Keeping of dose

records of radiation workers, steps after high exposure report and investigations.

Recommended Books

Radiation Protection in Hospital. Richard F. Mould

Reference book

Basic radiological physics. Jaypee bothers pvt. Ltd New Delhi

An Introduction to Radiation Protection Allen Martin “& Samuel

Radiation safety in Medical practice. M.M. Rechami

Radiation Protection. Ronald L. Kathren

Paper- 6: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL PRACTICE AND PATIENT CARE

Suggested number of teaching hours 100 including tutorial and demonstrations. This section is intended to emphasis to the student technologist the importance of patient welfare. Many of the points included in this section may be considered during the teaching of other subjects also but it is strongly urged specific teaching and as much practical demonstrating and instruction as possible should be given in this section.

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Modern hospital treatment is based on team work, it is essential that the student should appreciate the technologist role and that the importance of co-operation with wards and other departments.

The students should be attached to wards or the accident and emergency department for a definite training period the length of time being suited to the individual hospital.

Hospital procedure :Hospital staffing and organization records relating to patients and departmental statistic professional attitude of the technologist to patient and other members of the staff medico legal aspects accident in the department appointment organization minimizing waiting time out patient and follow up clinics stock taking and stock keeping.

Care of the patient First contact with patients in the department management of chair and stretcher patients and aids for this management for the unconscious patient elementary hygiene personal cleanliness hygiene in relation to patient (for example clean linen and receptacles nursing care temperature pulse and respiration essential care of the patient who has a tracheotomy essential care of the patient who has a colostomy bedpans and urinals simple application of a sterile dressing.

First aid : Aims and objective of first aids wounds and bleeding dressing and bandages pressure and splints supports etc Shock insensibility asphyxia convulsions resuscitation use of suction apparatus drug reactions prophylactic measure administration of oxygen electric shock burns scalds hemorrhage pressure points compression band Fracture splints bandaging dressing foreign bodies poisons.

Infection: Bacteria their nature and appearance spread of infections auto infection or cross infection the inflammatory process local tissue reaction general body reaction ulceration aspects and antisepsis.

Principles of asepsis Sterilization methods of sterilization use of central sterile supply department care of identification of instruments surgical dressings in common use including filament swabs, elementary operating theatre procedure setting of trays and trolleys in the radiotherapy department (for study by radiotherapy students only)

Departmental procedures : Department staffing and organization records relating to patients and departmental statistic professional attitude of the technologist to patient and other members of the staff medico legal aspects accident in the department appointment organization minimizing waiting time out patient and follow up clinic stock taking and stock keeping.

Drugs in the department: Storage classification labeling and checking regulations regarding dangerous and other drugs units of measurement special drugs ant depressive antihypertensive etc.

Recommended Books Deeley-A guide to Radiotherapy nursing Living stone Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography Chesney & Chesney Chesney’s Care of the patient in Diagnostic Radiography Pauline J.Culmer. Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting Marjorie Hougton First Aid-Haugher & Gardner Hospital Training 45 days after Final Examination

.

45

Third year

46

B.Sc. Radiography and medical Imaging EXAMINATION SCHEME FOR B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL IMAGING Third YEARS (3 YEARS COURSE)

Subjects Hrs. Per Week Theory Paper

Exam Hrs.

Maximum Marks B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL IMAGING 3rd YEAR

L T P I.A. Exam Total

Applied Imaging Technology I & II

3 3 - T 3 30 70 100

Advanced Diagnostic Technique and Radiation Hazard and Safety

3

3

- T

3

30

70

\100

Ultrasound and Computerized Tomography

3 3 - T 3 30 70 100

Image production and Evaluation

2 1 - T 3 30 70 100

Bio Statics & lab Management

2 1 - T 3 A B Total A B Total 100 15 15 30 35 35 70

Special Investigation Technique

3 2 - T 3 30 70 100

Practical Hrs Per

Week Practical Paper Exam Hrs. Maximum Marks

IA Exam Total Applied Imaging

Technology I & II

3 P 3 15 35 50

Advanced Diagnostic

Tech. & Radiation Hazard

3 P 3 15 35 50

Ultrasound and

Computerize Tomography

3 P 3 15 35 50

Image Production and Evaluation

1 P 3 15 35 50

Special Instigation Tech 45 days Training in Radiodignostic Department 100 100

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Paper- I: Applied Imaging Technology I & II (Physics of Diagnostic Tools-X-Ray)

Unit I

Introduction to diagnostic radiology I and II. Introduction to diagnostic Radiology III Digital Radiology I . Digital radiology II and III

Unit II Production of X-ray

Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation The x-ray spectrum. The intensity of X-ray Beams X-ray tubes

X-ray generators. Transformers X-ray Generator Types Effect of waveform on Radiation output. Exposure switches and Timings.

Unit III Interactions between X-ray and Matter

Attenuation interaction process. Relative importance of different types of interactions. Scatter radiation Contrast media Filtration Grids and Air gap technique.

Unit IV Screen /Film systems:

Luminescent screens General Principles Absorption of quantum Physical characteristics of X-ray film and film processing. Structure of X-ray film. Latent image formation by light (or) X-rays Automatic film processing.

Unit V Image quality in Radiology

Radiographic (or) image contrast Radiographic Mottle (noise) Blur Modulation

Transfer function Geometry of the Radiographic Image. Mammography an introduction and description.

Unit VI Basic Concepts :

Introduction to MRI and NMR . Physics of proton NMR. Probing chemical structure chemical shielding (NMR) the g-value (EPR) through bond J coupling and through space dipole-dipole coupling (NMR)

Unit VII NMR

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Chemical shift Relaxation general mechanism Longitudinal (Tr) relaxation time. Transverse (T2) relaxation time effect of filed in homogeneities .T 2 Standard sequence ultra fast sequences.

Pulse sequence. Inversion recovery and STIR. Spin echo Gradient sequences; MR Angiography.

Unit VIII MRI

Fields. The Fourier transform and The FID 2D-Fourier transform reconstruction methods. Imaging Technique Gradient Magnetic Inter leaved Multi Imaging. 3D Fourier Transform reconstruction methods

Unit IX MRI 2-

Imaging Quality Effects of flow Instrumentation. Safety and contraindication. MRI in practice. One-dimensional imaging: frequency encoding using magnetic field gradient two dimensional imaging: phase encoding slice selection (3D to 2D) gradient echoes.

Unit V

Introduction to in Vivo/MR-Spectroscopy, Single-Voxel MRS Introduced to spectroscopic Imaging (CSI) Processing MRS data Flow and Angiography Advanced pulse sequences and techniques. Clinical

PRACTICAL

Particles based theory part of Applied imaging Technology

Use of x-ray tube generator, High frequency generator. Selection of screen cassette,

AFP, I P, application of mammography, MRI planning, safety of patients in MRI. .

Paper -2: Advanced Diagnostic Technique and Radiation Hazards:

Ultrasound Scanning

Principles

Display of Image Modes

Doppler Ultrasound

Duplex Ultrasound

Endosonography

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Mammography

Equipment

Positioning & Projections

Xero-Radiography

Scintigraphy

Radio nuclides

Equipment

Examination Procedure

Patient Preparation and Position

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Principles

Equipment

MR Signal

Image Characteristics

Pulse Sequence

Advantage & Precautions

The imaging technology detailed knowledge of ultra sonography colour Doppler different types of transducers.

CT Scan conventional spinal (Helical)Multi slice

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Spectroscopy

Computerized radiography

Digital Radiography

DSA

Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS)

Mammography

Orthopanitomography

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Position emission Tomography

Different type of Cameras e.g. laser photography etc.

Liner accelerators & branchy therapy

Contrast media: Type of contrast media ionic & non-ionic knowledge of their chemistry. Use of contrast and handling of its reaction and drug reaction of contrast media. Preparation of emergency kit.

Radiation Hazards Control & Safety

1. Radiation protection : principle history & development –National & international agencies AERB BARDC ICRP WHO IAEA and their role Equivalent dose-effective dose sievert rem. Sources of radiation natural man made & internal exposures.

2. Biological effects of radiation : effect on cell stochastic & deterministic effects radiation risk tissues at risk genetic somatic & fetus risk risk at other industries. Dose equivalent limits philosophy ICRP (60) concepts-AERB guidelines.

3. Planning of radiation installation protection from primary leakage and scattered radiation. Concepts of workload use factor occupancy factor & distance. Barrier design barrier material-concrete bricks & lead. Primary & secondary barrier design calculations. Design of doors . Control of radiation-effect of time distance and shielding.

4. Personnel monitoring system principles and objective film badge guideline for use thermoluminecent dosimeter badge pocket dosimeter. Area monitoring and radiation survey practical use of survey meter zone monitor and phantoms. Survey in x-ray fluoroscopy and Ct scan units

5. AERB safety code and ethic: Built in safety specification for diagnostic x-ray fluoroscopy and CT unit specification for radiation protection devices room layout Operational safety Radiation protection programme Personnel requirement and responsibilities regulatory controls.

6. Patient protection : Safe work practice in diagnostic radiology Radiation absorbed dose form general dental fluoroscopy x-ray and CT Examination X-ray examination during pregnancy x-ray examination associated with illness not associated with illness medico legal or insurance purpose x-ray examination medical research x-ray avoidance of unnecessary radiation dose/

Radiation emergencies situation preparedness safety and prevention legal requirements. Recent development in radiation safety related topics.

PRACTICAL

Practical on advanced diagnostic tech. & radiation hazards

Use of USG, Doppler, CT Spiral, MDCT, DSA, PACS, ,OPG, CR and DR and cameras

Practical for radiation safety of patient and worker etc.

Paper- 3: ULTRA SOUND AND COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

51

Recent development in x-ray technology

Advancements in H.T. generators

Measure to control scatter radiation including: beam centering devices collimator cone diaphragms and grids

Fluoroscopy and IITV systems including cine radiography with various recording devices

Tomography principles, various types and its applications

Computerized tomography

Principle data acquisition concepts image reconstruction instrumentation image manipulation historical development various generator spiral helical single. Multi slice CT electron beam CT mobile CT advance in volume scanning continuous sub second scanning Real time CT fluoroscopy interventional guidance tool 3D CT angiography virtual reality imaging including image quality and quality control in CT scanners.

Computer tomography various imaging protocols and technique

Basic principles of US various types of transducer mechanism of image formations of Abdominal organ and pelvic organ (Aorta IV C Liver Gall bladder pancreas Spleen kidney ureters urinary bladder etc) various advancement including Doppler and image artifacts

Physical aspects of ultra sonography including Doppler color Doppler flow imaging power Doppler. Clinical application of U.S. including use of contrast media in U.S.

PRACTICAL

Practical on USG & CT

Principal and application of different type of CT, different CT protocols, Topogramm

and selection of anatomical area for scan as per prescription, patient and attendant

Care in CT, image processing, patient setup on CT table,

Application of sonography, care of transducers, preparation of patient, patient privacy

handling of machine, Colour Doppler and clinical application of US.

Paper- 4: Image Production and Evaluation

IMAGE PRODUCTION & EVALUTION (SUGGESTED TEACHING HOURS 60) UNIT 1 • Review factors affecting recorded detail, density, distortion and contrast.

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• Discuss the relationship among density, distortion, contrast, and recorded detail. • Review factors that govern the selection of films, screens and grids. • Discuss the relationship between films and screens. • Review the effect of factors influencing exposure control such as the nature of the radiographic

procedure; films, screens, and grids selected; power setting used; and beam limitation and scatter.

• Perform exposure calculations for various radiographic procedures. • Describe the advantages and disadvantage associated with automatic exposure control.

UNIT 2 • Discuss factor affecting the decision to use automatic exposure controls. • Given a simulated radiographic procedure, use technique charts to select exposure factors. • Review film storage Considerations. • Review radiographic identification procedures. • Discuss the daily and periodic maintenance for automatic film processors. • Discuss the procedures for loading and unloading. • Discuss the exposure of computed radiography systems.

UNIT III • Describe the effects the effects of frequency, contract, and noise on digital image quality.

• Discuss the function of digital image window level and width controls. • Describe picture archival and communication systems ( PACS). • Discuss film archival. • Discuss the criteria used to evaluate the diagnostic quality of radiographs. • List the possible causes of poor radiograph quality. PRACTICAL

Practical of image production Evaluation

Practical on manual and automatic film/ image processing, dark room quality

assurance, clean and safe work practice in dark room, humidity, temp, safe ligh care

in dark room, Use of dry chemistry, periodic maintenance of equipment

Use of CR and DR and PACS,

PAPER- 5: BIO-STATICS, LAB MANAGEMENT

Paper A and B Biostatistics & Lab Management

Introduction to Biostatistics provides an introduction to selected important topics in biostatistical concepts and reasoning. This course represents an introduction to the field and provides a survey of data and data types. Specific topics include tools for describing central tendency and variability in data; methods for performing inference on population means and proportions via sample data; statistical hypothesis testing and its application to group comparisons; issues of power and sample size in study designs; and random sample and other study types. While there are some formulae and computational elements to the course, the emphasis is on interpretation and concepts.

53

Course Objectives Introduction to Biostatistics Upon completion of the course, students are able to:

• Recognize and give examples of different types of data arising in public health and clinical studies • Interpret differences in data distributions via visual displays • Calculate standard normal scores and resulting probabilities • Calculate and interpret confidence intervals for population means and proportions • Interpret and explain a p-value • Perform a two-sample t-test and interpret the results; calculate a 95% confidence interval for difference

in population means • Select an appropriate test for comparing two populations on a continuous measure, when two sample t-

test is not appropriate • Understand and interpret results from Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a technique used to compare

means amongst more than two independent populations • Choose an appropriate method for comparing proportions between two groups; construct a 95%

confidence interval for the difference in population proportions • Understand and interpret relative risks and odds ratios when comparing two populations • Understand why survival (timed to event) data requires its own type of analysis techniques • Construct a Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival function that describes the “survival experience” of a

cohort of subjects • Interpret the result of a log-rank test in the context of comparing the “survival experience” of multiple

cohorts • Describe different kinds of studies • Understand confounding and interaction in studies • Use SPSS/STATA package to

o Perform two sample comparisons of means and create confidence intervals for the population mean differences

o Compare proportions amongst two independent populations o Interpret output from the statistical software package STATA related to the various estimation

and hypothesis testing procedures covered in the course

Lab Management 1. Quality Control of the product, chemicals, reagent. 2. Good, reliable, authentic report. 3. Total quality management framework of laboratory. 4. Essential elements of Quality Assurance Programme. 5. Internal Quality control: control of pre-analytical variables, control of analytical variables, laboratory

precision, accuracy & sensitivity, validation of methods. 6. Reference materials and calibrating definitive methods. 7. Sources of variation in laboratory test results. Systemic and random erros. 8. Quality control charts: Levy-Jenning chart, Cusum chart and Gaussian curve. 9. Internal and external factors for quality control assurance. 10. Reference values. 11. Various types of laboratories.

54

12. Standard Bio-Medical Laboratory set up. 13. Management to the client, patient, physician, administrative authority. 14. Marketing management and economics related to Bio-medical laboratory science. 15. Management by objectives-Cost benefit analysis, cost effective analysis, cost accounting, input-output,

analysis, system analysis, network analysis in cluding PERT (Programme evaluation and review techniques) and CPM (Critical path method), PPBS (Planning programme budgeting system), work sampling, decision monitoring.

16. Cost of conformance & non-conformance. 17. Principles of management of employee’s relations. 18. Good laboratory management practices. 19. Improvement of laboratory operation. 20. Signage system in laboratory and hospital.

Ethics & Bio-safety 1. Co-operation and working relationship with other health professionals. 2. Confidentiality of patient information and test result. 3. Dignity and privacy of patient. 4. Responsibility from acquisition of the specimen to the production of data. 5. Accountability for quality and integrity of clinical laboratory services. 6. Institutional ethical committee and its role. 7. Health & Medical surveillance. 8. Laboratory ethics of Bio-Safety. 9. Code of good and safe laboratory practice for support staff and responsibilities of the workers regarding

Bio-safety. 10. Rules for laboratory medicine. 11. Set up of a laboratory o the basis of safety priority and Laboratory Bio-safety Guidelines. 12. Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria (BSL-1-4). 13. Handling, transfer and shipment of specimen. Decontamination and disposal. Treatment and disposal

technologies for health-care waste. 14. Wastes management, life cycle of bio-medical wastes. 15. Reduce recycle and reuse of wasters, technology used for bio-medical wastes treatment and disposal. 16. Chemical, electrical, fire and radiation safety. Safety organization. 17. General safety checklist. 18. Hazardous properties of instruments and Laboratory chemicals. Laboratory first-aid measures and Kit. 19. Safety equipments. Safety signs.

TEXT BOOKS : 1. B.K. Mahajan. Publisher : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers P. Ltd. B-3 Emca house 22/23B, Ansari

Road duryangbaj post box 7193 New Delhi-110002 2. Theodore Colton. Publisher : Dartmouth Medical school hanover, new Hampshine.

No practical Examination

Paper- 6: Special Investigation Radiology

General pathology in radiation therapy:

55

Pathology Definition cell growth-cell deformities-cell damage defence mechanism cell repair Neoplasia: Benign & malignant including its mode of growth and metastasis Causes of Disease

Congenital—traumatic metabolic and deficiency-infection immunization

Blood disease

Leukemia’s Anemia’s

Radiotherapy

Radiation treatment method external radiation use and application of radiation

Radiotherapy technique for

Skin disease in system respiratory alimentary urinary reproductive (including Breast, endocrine, nervous)

Special procedural and related contrast media, Contrast Media,

Emergencies in radiology department

Urinary tract I.V.P. Retograde pyelography-cystourtherography

Billiary tract:

Oral cheloecystograph hepatic percutaneous cholangiography pre-operative cholangiography, T-tube cholangiography E.R.C.P.

Gastrointestinal tract

Ba----swallow---Ba---meal, upper GIT Ba. Meal following through B.A. enema Ba double contrast enema

Female genital tract:

Hystro salpinography and pelivmetry

Angiography:

Carotid angiography femoral artteriogrpahy aortography selective angiography cardiac catherization.

CNS

Ventriculography Myelography Pheumoencephalography & Shuntography

Tomography:

Principle Equipment and types of movement in tomography

56

Venography

Splenoprotovenography & Superior venography Lymphanhgiography

Mammography

Radioculography Dacrocystography Sialography Sinography Nasopharyngography Laryngography Bronchography Arthography Disography

Introduction to Ultrasongraphy Computerized tomography scanning and magnetic resonance Imaging Radiography special investigatin & Radiography

Practical

Radiography Special investigation & radiotheraphy: Radiography in various positions for all the special radiological procedures using cantrast media as per the syllabus. Position and treatment of various Cancer patient using Prescribed filter/Wedges Protecting various organs Preparation of Radium/Cobalt applicator/mould etc. Practical Practical on sp. Investigation Special radiological investigation like IVP, Retrograde pyelography, cysto urothrography, PTC, ERCP, Ba. Swallow, Meal ,enema HSG, angiography, cath lab procederes, DSA, DEXA, CT & MRI protocolas etc.

Hospital Training 45 days after final examination

57