Symbiotic Relationships

This wonderful underwater scene was captured at Bunaken in the Philippines.

This Magnificent Sea Anemone has commensal fish, crabs and shrimps associated with it - like many anthozoans serving as a partner in symbiotic relationships with other reef organisms. In this picture a Pink Anemonefish

(Amphiprion perideraion) can be seen nestling in its tentacles

Clown fish and Anemone

Bee and Flower

Remora fish have a symbiotic relationship with

sharks and other larger sea animals

Ant /plant interaction

• The plant offers nesting spaM space and nectar for the an ant. The ant cleans the

• plant.

• Maculinea larvae dropped from their host plants after a certain age and were picked up by and brought to the nests of Myrmica ant species where they subsequently fed on ant larvae. Although all species of Myrmica will pick up Maculinea larvae indiscriminately - larvae produce sugar to attract ants and then use tactile signals and acquired scents to mimic ant larvae - larval survival is increased substantially in the nests of Myrmica sabuleti. Survival in an ants' nest depends on the nest being of sufficient size to support a hungry Maculinea to maturity and a larva being able to continually dupe the host ants into accepting it, which is easier with some ant species than others.

Cycad root nodules

Cleaner shrimp cleaning a zebra moray eel. Mutualistic relationships such as these promote the well-being of the

host fishes and provide food for those that do the cleaning.

Parasitic wasp laying eggs on in a caterpillar

Lichen

Lichen diagram

Tiger and golden Jackal

• Jackal is kicked out of pack will follow tiger and finish off kills.

Egret and Cattle

• Egret eats bugs stirred up by grazing cattle.

The shoot grows upwards until it touches the stem of another plant. When this

contact has been made, the stem of the dodder continues to grow upwards by spiralling around the host's stem. Special root-like structures grow from the

stem of the dodder into the stem of the host. The root-like structures penetrate the host's tissues until they reach the vessels which carry the sugars through

the host plant.

Mistletoe

Tape worm life cycle

Plasmodium/ malaria life cycle

Borrelia burgdorferi  This bacterial species can reside in the stomach of Deer ticks. It is

transmitted through the blood and is the cause of Lyme's disease. The two species have a mutualistic relationship.

Vibrio fischeri

Mutualism in squid

• During the day the bobtailed squid, Euprymna scolopes, remains buried in the sand of shallow reef flats. As the sun sets, the nocturnal animal emerges from its safe hiding place and searches for food. In the moonlit night, the squid would appear as a dark silhouette when it swims through the water and would be easily detected by preditory fish from below. It is thought that the squid camouflages itself by projecting light downward from its light organ. Inside the light organ are luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, that produce the light.

Parasitism in humans

• Most disease causing strains are associated with gastroenteritis but can also infect open wounds and cause septicemia

Mycobacterium leprae

• M. leprae causes leprosy (Hansen's disease). It is an intracellular parasite, taking up residence in Schwann cells where, in due course, it triggers an autoimmune attack on them that leads to their destruction. The resulting loss of sensation makes it difficult to avoid injury to the extremities