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SymbolsSymbols
XA
Z
Na23
11
Chemical BondsChemical Bonds The forces that hold atoms together.The forces that hold atoms together. Covalent bonding - sharing electrons.Covalent bonding - sharing electrons. Makes molecules.Makes molecules. Chemical formula- the number and type of Chemical formula- the number and type of
atoms in a molecule. atoms in a molecule. CC22HH66 - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms,
Structural formula shows the connections, Structural formula shows the connections, but not necessarily the shape.but not necessarily the shape.
H
H
H H
H
HC C
There are also other model that attempt to There are also other model that attempt to show three dimensional shape.show three dimensional shape.
Ball and stick.Ball and stick.
IonsIons Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge.Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge. Cations- positive ions - get by losing Cations- positive ions - get by losing
electrons(s).electrons(s). Anions- negative ions - get by gaining Anions- negative ions - get by gaining
electron(s).electron(s). Ionic bonding- held together by the Ionic bonding- held together by the
opposite charges.opposite charges. Ionic solids are called salts.Ionic solids are called salts.
Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions Groups of atoms that have a charge.Groups of atoms that have a charge. Yes, you have to memorize them.Yes, you have to memorize them. List on page 221List on page 221
Periodic TablePeriodic Table
MetalsMetals ConductorsConductors Lose electronsLose electrons Malleable and ductileMalleable and ductile
NonmetalsNonmetals BrittleBrittle Gain electronsGain electrons Covalent bondsCovalent bonds
Semi-metals or MetalloidsSemi-metals or Metalloids
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Writing FormulasWriting Formulas Two sets of rules, ionic and covalentTwo sets of rules, ionic and covalent To decide which to use, decide what the To decide which to use, decide what the
first word is.first word is. If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic.If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic. If it is a non-metal use covalent.If it is a non-metal use covalent.
Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Charges must add up to zero.Charges must add up to zero. Get charges from table, name of metal ion, Get charges from table, name of metal ion,
or memorized from the list.or memorized from the list. Use parenthesis to indicate multiple Use parenthesis to indicate multiple
polyatomics.polyatomics.
Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the nitride - ide tells you it comes from the
tabletable nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3
Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 Nitride - ide tells you it comes from the Nitride - ide tells you it comes from the
tabletable nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 Doesn’t add up to zero.Doesn’t add up to zero.
Na+1 N-3
Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the tablenitride - ide tells you it comes from the table nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 Doesn’t add up to zeroDoesn’t add up to zero Need 3 NaNeed 3 Na
Na+1 N-3 Na3N
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Sodium sulfiteSodium sulfite calcium iodidecalcium iodide Lead (II) oxide Lead (II) oxide Lead (IV) oxideLead (IV) oxide Mercury (I) sulfideMercury (I) sulfide Barium chromateBarium chromate Aluminum hydrogen sulfateAluminum hydrogen sulfate Cerium (IV) nitriteCerium (IV) nitrite
Naming compoundsNaming compounds Two typesTwo types IonicIonic - metal and non metal or polyatomics. - metal and non metal or polyatomics. CovalentCovalent- we will just learn the rules for 2 - we will just learn the rules for 2
non-metals.non-metals.
Naming Ionic compoundsNaming Ionic compounds If the cation is monoatomic- Name the If the cation is monoatomic- Name the
metal (cation) just write the name.metal (cation) just write the name. If the cation is polyatomic- name it.If the cation is polyatomic- name it. If the anion is monoatomic- name it but If the anion is monoatomic- name it but
change the ending to change the ending to –ide.–ide. If the anion is poly atomic- just name itIf the anion is poly atomic- just name it Practice.Practice.
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Have to know what ions they formHave to know what ions they form
off table, polyatomic, or figure it outoff table, polyatomic, or figure it out CaSCaS KK22SS
AlPOAlPO44
KK22SOSO44
FeSFeS CoICoI33
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Fe(CFe(C22OO44))
MgOMgO MnOMnO
KMnOKMnO44
NHNH44NONO33
HgHg22ClCl22
CrCr22OO33
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds KClOKClO44
NaClONaClO33
YBrOYBrO22
Cr(ClO)Cr(ClO)66