Overview
Goal, Context and Workflow
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Christoph Reinhart [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
Goal
To develop an urban modeling platform to design and improve new and existing neighborhoods regarding multiple
measures of urban sustainability including operational energy use, daylighting, outdoor comfort and sustainable
transportation.
This effort is currently
supported by
NSF EFRI Grant (with Harvard and Penn State) US DOE (Pennsylvania HUB)
MIT Energy Initiative United Technology Corporation Transsolar Climate Engineering
Context
1989 SimCity by W Wright – Computer Game based on System Theory
Context
2013 SimCity 5 by Maxis
Build Destroy
2013 SimCity 5 by Maxis
“I don’t want to enforce sustainable design principles in the game — I want them to emerge as natural consequences of your interaction with the simulation. [...] If
you don’t deal with your sewage, with traffic congestion, with walkability and transit, with ground and air pollution — your city will reflect that!”
Dan Moskowitz (creative director SimCity 5)
Context
CityEngine by Efri:3D urban scenes based on two dimensional geographic information system (GIS) databases
Context
Paper Robinson D, N Campbell, W Gaiser, K Kabel, A Le-Mouel, N Morel, J Page, S Stankovic and A Stone, SUNtool - A new modelling paradigm for simulating and optimising urban sustainability, Solar Energy 81:1196-1211, 2007
SUNtool (Darren Robinson): Strong Building Physics; no public release
Context
Paper C F Reinhart T Dogan, J A Jakubiec, T Rakha, A and A Sang, “umi – An urban simulation environment for building energy use, daylighting and walkability”, Building Simulation 2013, Chambery, France, August 2013.
Plug-in for NURBS Modeler Rhinoceros 5
www.urbanmodeling.net/
Workflow
Massing Model
Manipulating
Climate Files
Climate Change Urban Heat Island
Paper Jentsch MF, Bahaj AS, James PAB. Climate change future proofing of buildings - Generation and assessment of building simulation weather files. Energy and Buildings 2008; 40 (12): 2148-2168. Paper B Bueno, L Norford, J Hidalgo and G Pigeon, "The urban weather generator", Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2012
CCWorldWeatherGen (Excel) University of Southampton
Urban Weather Generator (MATLAB) MIT
Operational Energy
An Introduction to Citywide Energy Modeling
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
J. Alstan Jakubiec [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
How Does it Work? User Perspective
1. Design a building form 2. Assign energy templates and fenestration information
3. Simulation model constructed
2/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
Energy Plus A validated thermal simulation engine
• Building construction information. • Building use information. • Building geometry with automatic thermal zoning. • Surrounding urban context.
• Whole building energy simulation engine. • Produced by the US Department of Energy. • Validated by ASHRAE 865, ASHRAE 1052, ANSI 140-2011, and IEA BESTEST. • One of the tools used modeling energy consumption for LEED compliance.
3/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
Automated Model Creation Automatically Fed to EnergyPlus
Wall materials
Natural ventilation Photovoltaic panels Daylighting systems and controls
Shading devices Window materials
Perimeter +
core thermal
zones
Ceiling material
Urban context
Occupancy, loads
and
HVAC information
+ :
4/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
Results Viewer
Results Scale
Scatter plot organized by building type
Average monthly loads by building type
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Setting up an
Entire City Model
All buildings use ASHRAE-90.1 standard materials and loads, but have different window-to-wall ratios, and urban contexts.
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Visualizing umi-Thermal
Simulation Results
Export and simulation time: ~20 minutes with parallel processing (8 GHz-hours).
7/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
In this model, only 31% of the variation in EUI can be explained by the WWR alone.
Shading and Adjacency in the urban context make a difference
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Normalized WWR
EUI = 63.644 * WWR + 118.76 R² = 0.3086
8/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
Such results allow utility companies or district heating and cooling providers to investigate ways of predicting and reducing peak loads.
Whole city electricity, gas and
carbon emissions.
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What can be done about the worst performers? A pair of L-shaped office buildings with 75% glazed area.
Revisiting the simulation results
10/14 Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013
EUI: ~145 kWh/m2-yr
Revisiting the simulation results 1. Simply require better glazing materials
Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013 11/14
EUI: ~140 kWh/m2-yr
Revisiting the simulation results 2. Add photovoltaic panels (roof&wall-mounted)
Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013 12/14
EUI: ~128 kWh/m2-yr
Revisiting the simulation results 3. Reduce WWR in less-desirable orientations.
Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013 13/14
All of these measures can be implemented as a rule-based system using umi’s templates and building setup tools.
Revisiting the simulation results Before and after comparison
Before (~180 kWh/m2-yr) After (~128 kWh/m2-yr)
Alstan Jakubiec – umi Operational Energy - May 6th 2013 14/14
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Tarek Rakha [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
Accessibility
Evaluating the Walkability of Cities
Energy
Source: EIA
41%
≈%70
Modeling on the
Building Scale
Modeling on the
Urban Scale
2/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
What is Walkability?
“The design of built environments
that welcome and support active
(human powered) transportation”
Portland, OR
3/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Why Walkable Cities?
-Health
-Energy
-Emissions
-Pollution
-Economics
-Livability
-Social
Cairo, 1948
4/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Walkability is linked to the density of
amenities, number of intersections and
block lengths.
Walkscore
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6/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
PassivHaus Neighborhood
Paper Rakha, T. and Reinhart, C F., 2013. “A carbon impact simulation-based framework for land use planning and non-motorized travel behavior interactions,” accepted in Building Simulation 2013, 25 -28 August, Chambery: France.
Walkscore in umi
7/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Walkscore in umi
Paper Rakha, T. and Reinhart, C F., 2013. “A carbon impact simulation-based framework for land use planning and non-motorized travel behavior interactions,” accepted in Building Simulation 2013, 25 -28 August, Chambery: France.
8/11
A lot of activities eg: 4 Cafes within walking distance
No activities eg: 1 Grocery within 2.5 miles
Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Paper Rakha, T. and Reinhart, C F., 2013. “A carbon impact simulation-based framework for land use planning and non-motorized travel behavior interactions,” accepted in Building Simulation 2013, 25 -28 August, Chambery: France.
Walkscore in umi
9/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Moving Forward
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Tota
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Temperature (F)
Temperature
10/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Moving Forward
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Rainfall (mm)
Rain Fall
11/11 Tarek Rakha – umi Accessibility - May 6th 2013
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Timur Dogan [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
Outdoor Comfort
Outdoor Comfort
Central Park NYC Seagram Building Plaza
Fast & simple spatial mapping of comfort: -> interesting for alternative modes of transportation
-> allocating/evaluating potentials for urban functions
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 2/14
Outdoor Comfort
-> Daysim/Radiance -> E+ Weather File
Hourly Solar Radiation: Hourly Outdoor Air Temperature
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 3/14
Huang, Jianxiang, Microclimate, Thermal Comfort, and Urban Form: Towards a Simulation Method for Design
Temperature dependent
sunny hours
* Assumptions based on “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” by William Whyte ** Design by Sakamoto Architects
Tmin = 18C Tmax = 25C *
Neighborhood Kindergarten
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 4/14
Outdoor Comfort
Tair > 28 °C & dir solar Tair < 5 °C & without dir solar
hours / yr hours / yr
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 5/14
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Timur Dogan [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
Daylight
Motivation
Office lighting - Zumtobel, CH Southwest facing balconies - Paris 2009
Energy Quality of Space
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 7/14
Motivation
Quality Example -> spaces with daylight access
New York City apartment spaces with daylight access
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 8/14
uses IES standard metrics
Continuous Daylight Autonomy = cDA* Spatial Daylight Autonomy = sDA**
* Reinhart, Mardaljevic, Rogers, Dynamic Daylight Performance Metrics for Sustainable Building Design, Leukos Vol3 #1, July 2006, pages 7 – 3 1: www.iesna.org ** Approved Method: IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), ISBN: 978-0-87995-272-3
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 9/14
For the urban scale we need an accelerated approach
* Using Daysim/Radiance ** Dogan, Reinhart, Michalatos, URBAN DAYLIGHT SIMULATION CALCULATING THE DAYLIT AREA OF URBAN DESIGNS, SimBuild 2012
Hourly Exterior Solar Radiation* Interior light solver **
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 10/14
umi Example / Maximum Daylight Potential computed in less than 30 min (including model setup)
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 11/14
Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013 12/14
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Timur Dogan [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Architecture
Building Technology Program
Sustainable Design Lab
Finance
14/14 Timur Dogan – umi Daylight - May 6th 2013
Embodied Energy
Symposium on Sustainable Urban Design
Case Studies and Design Workflows
Carlos Cerezo [email protected]
Harvard University
Graduate School of Design
Energy and Environments
Embodied Energy of
Construction Materials
Source: G Hammond, C Jones, 2008. “Inventory of Carbon and energy (ICE)” v1.6a, University of Bath, UK
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STRUCTURAL STEEL FIBERGLASSINSULATION
SAWN SOFTWOOD REINFORCEDCONCRETE
2/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
LCA Techniques for Long
Term Energy Goals
Material Manufacture
Material Transport
Construction
Operation of HVAC, Hot Water Supply,
Appliances and Lighting
Building Demolition
Disposal/Recycle
Retrofit
Material Extraction Pre Use
Use
End Life
LIFE CYCLE STAGES INPUTS IMPACTS
PR
IMA
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ENER
GY
CA
RB
ON
EM
ISSI
ON
S
3/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Operation Energy VS
Embodied Energy
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CUMULATIVE EMBODIED ENERGY Discontinuous input through time
CUMULATIVE OPERATION ENERGY Continuous input through time
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years
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4/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Operation Energy VS
Embodied Energy
The Embodied Energy component in a 50 years lifecycle represents 5 to 45% of the Total Primary Energy consumption of a building,
depending on its performance efficiency.
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BY CODE LOW ENERGY PASSIVE HAUS NET ZERO
EMBODIED OPERATION
Paper I Sartori, A. Hestnes, “Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: A review article”, Energy and Buildings 39 (2007) 249–257
5/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Current LCA Limitations for
Urban Modeling
1. MATERIAL DATABASES UNCERTAINTY
2. SOFTWARE WORKFLOW LIMITATIONS
- Lack or reliable project specific data - Limited customization and connectivity
- No connection to CAD or parametric tools - No multiple building analysis - No scenario modeling capabilities
SOLVED
6/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Embodied Energy CAD
Workflow Proposal
Material Entry Class
CAD Geometry
Building Class Geometry interpretation and accounting
Const. Assembly Class
Results Visualization
Material Database
Rhino3d Grasshopper
Online Database
Glazing Ratio Structure Ratio Partitions Ratio
umi incorporates a simplified BIM structure at the urban level to connect CAD geometry with Embodied Energy databases
Paper C Cerezo, C Reinhart, “Urban energy lifecycle: An analytical framework to evaluate the embodied energy use of urban developments”, Building Simulation 2013, Chambery, France, August 2013
7/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Embodied Energy CAD
Accounting Model
MASSING 3D MODEL
MATERIAL ref
MAT NAME DENSITY EENERGY ECARBON
“XXXXXXXX” XXX kg/m3 XXX MJ XXX Ton
“XXXXXXXX” XXX kg/m3 XXX MJ XXX Ton
“XXXXXXXX” XXX kg/m3 XXX MJ XXX Ton
“XXXXXXXX” XXX kg/m3 XXX MJ XXX Ton
[…]
FAC MAT XX
AREA XX
WIN MAT XX AREA XX
INT MAT XX AREA XX
ACCOUNTING MODEL
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EENERGY LCA VISUALIZATION
YEAR
MATERIALS DATABASE
8/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Embodied Energy
Visualization Component
BUILDING EMB ENERGY BY BUILDING
FAÇADE EMB ENERGY BY BUILDING
1829 3721 MJ/m2
14417 70663 MJ BUILDING EMBODIED ENERGY BY SQUARE METER
1.8E6
9/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
Online Material Database
Infrastructure
Online Material Database
Local Material Database
LOCAL MANAGER
User A User B User C
REQUEST / ANSWER SERVER
Web Site
CAD tool
10/10 Carlos Cerezo – umi Embodied Energy - May 6th 2013
39 70 100 7.1 1.3
Scorecard
Cash Flow/
Construction {%]