Syndactylies 2008 Chirurgie de La Main

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Irtcmkh arcocjik

]yjdimtykchs]yjdimtyky

^. ]igsaj i,*,`, @. ]ikizird i

i Cjstctut dh ki gicj ht du ghg`rh supãrchur, mkcjcquh Gajtcmhkkc, 22, ruh du Maggijdijt-Pakkijd, 9=>>2 Girshckkh, Erijmh` ]hrvcmh dh mbcruroch pkistcquh pãdcitrcquh, bôpctik d–hjeijts dh ki Tcgajh, ivhjuh Lhij-Gaukcj, 9=>>8 Girshckkh, Erijmh

Pãsugã

Khs syjdimtykchs sajt k–ujh dhs pkus erãquhjths ijagikchs majoãjctikhs dh ki gicj. Hkkhs sajt dh sãvãrctã virci`kh ht phuvhjt ìtrh csakãhs auissamcãhs î d–iutrhs ijagikchs dijs kh midrh dh syjdraghs gikeargitces. Khur tricthghjt mbcrurocmik hst bi`ctuhkkhghjt heehmtuã hjtrh khs àohs dhscx ht 92 gacs. Ki gãtbadh dh rãeãrhjmh dhpucs pkuschurs dãmhjjchs issamch ujh rhmajstrumtcaj maggcssurikh pir kig`hiux î ujh mauvhrturh dhseimhs kitãrikhs dhs dacots pir orheehs dh phiu tatikh. Khs cjmajvãjchjts hstbãtcquhs dhs orheehs mutijãhs ajt majduct dhpucs quhkquhs ijjãhs î thjthrdh tricthr khs syjdimtykchs sijs orheeh, hj utckcsijt dhs kig`hiux dh dhsscj igãkcarã ht hj pritcquijt uj dãoricssioh ãthjdu dhs dacots. Mhsthmbjcquhs sijs orheeh ajt d–iàrd ãtã prapasãhs dijs kh tricthghjt dhs syjdimtykchs pirtchkkhs, pucs dijs mhkuc dhs earghs magpkâths. Mhphjdijt,karsquh kh mipctik mutijã hst kcgctã, ht jatigghjt hj mis dh syjdimtykch magpkhxh au taumbijt pkuschurs riyajs idlimhjts, kh rhmaurs î dhs orheehsmutijãhs rhsth utckh. Khs rãsuktits hstbãtcquhs ht eajmtcajjhks sajt bi`ctuhkkhghjt hxmhkkhjts dijs khs earghs scgpkhs. Dijs khs earghs magpkhxhsm–hst ki sãvãrctã dhs ijagikchs asshushs, irtcmukicrhs ht thjdcjhushs quc dãthrgcjh kh prajastcm eajmtcajjhk.# 0>>2 û`kcã pir Hkshvchr Gissaj ]I].

I`strimt

]yjdimtyky cs ajh ae tbh gast maggaj majohjctik ijagikchs ae tbh bijd. Ct mij `h csakithd ar issamcithd wctb systhgcm syjdraghs. ]urocmiktrhitghjt cs phrearghd `htwhhj tbh iohs ae scx ijd 92 gajtbs dhphjdcjo aj tbh typh ijd hxthjt ae tbh gikeargitcaj. Maggcssurh majstrumtcaj csimbchvhd uscjo kamik ffips. Dcrhmt mkasurh ae tbh kithrik scdhs ae tbh dcocts cs passc`kh cj gijy mishs. Cj magpkhx mishs, ijd/ar wbhj idlimhjt wh`spimhs irh cjvakvhd, eukk-tbcmfjhss sfcj oriets rhgicj usheuk. Eujmtcajik ijd masghtcm rhsukts irh usuikky hxmhkkhjt cj scgpkh mishs. Cj magpkhxmishs, pastaphritcvh praojascs dhphjds aj tbh shvhrcty ae àjh, lacjt ijd thjdajs i`jargikctchs.# 0>>2 û`kcã pir Hkshvchr Gissaj ]I].

Gats mkãs < ]yjdimtykch 6 Mbcruroch

Fhywards< ]yjdimtyky6 ]urohry

Ki syjdimtykch sh dãjct maggh ki euscaj pkus au gacjsmagpkâth dh dacots idlimhjts. ]aus mh thrgh sajt rhoraupãhsdhs ijagikchs dh sãvãrctã trâs virci`kh, cjtãrhssijt î dcvhrsdhorãs kh rhvìthghjt mutijã, kh squhkhtth, khs thjdajs ht khspãdcmukhs vismukajhrvhux. Hkkh hst kh pkus sauvhjt csakãh,gics phut iussc s–cjsmrcrh dijs kh midrh dhs syjdraghsgikeargitces.

9. Cjmcdhjmh ht bãrãdctã

Ki syjdimtykch hst, ivhm ki pakydimtykch, k–ujh dhs ijagikchsmajoãjctikhs dh ki gicj khs pkus erãquhjths V9W. ]aj cjmcdhjmhhst dh k–ardrh dh 9/0>>> jicssijmhs. Hkkh hst pkus erãquhjth dijskh shxh gismukcj ht k–itthcjth hst `ckitãrikh dijs ki gactcãdhs mis.

Ki syjdimtykch csakãh hst kh pkus sauvhjt eigckcikh, dhtrijsgcsscaj iutasagcquh dagcjijth î pãjãtrijmh ht hxprhssc-vctã virci`khs. Mhtth virci`ckctã rhjd dcemckh k–ãvikuitcaj dh kierãquhjmh dhs mis sparidcquhs vrics. Ki syjdimtykch typh

bttp<//erijmh.hkshvchr.mag/dcrhmt/MBCGIC/

Dcspajc`kh hj kcojh sur www.smchjmhdcrhmt.mag

Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994

* Iuthur marrhspajdijt. Idrhssh h-gick < pbckcpph.sigsajNwijidaa.er (^. ]igsaj).

903?-=0>=/$ ” shh erajt gitthr # 0>>2 û`kcã pir Hkshvchr Gissaj ]I].

dac<9>.9>95/l.gicj.0>>2.>?.>03

mailto:[email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2008.07.029

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2008.07.029

mailto:[email protected]



Mhjijc-Khjz hst pirtcmukcârh dh pir saj gadh dh trijsgcsscajiutasagcquh rãmhssce.

Khs syjdimtykchs syjdragcquhs phuvhjt ìtrh sparidcquhs aueigckcikhs (vacr kh mbipctrh < Gikeargitcajs majoãjctikhs dh ki

gicj ht oãjãtcquh).

0. Mkisscmitcaj

Ki syjdimtykch hst mkissãh pirgc khs dãeiuts dh dceeãrhjtci-tcaj (orauph CC) dijs ki mkisscmitcaj dh k–CjthrjitcajikEhdhritcaj ae ]amchtchs ear ]urohry ae tbh Bijd (CE]]B) V0W.K–a`shrvitcaj d–issamcitcajs erãquhjths hjtrh syjdimtykch,pakydimtykch ht gicj hj eaurmbh i majduct ki Lipijhsh ]amchtyear ]urohry ae tbh Bijd (L]]B) î prapashr hj 0>>> ujhgadcmitcaj î ki mkisscmitcaj dh k–CE]]B < ujh jauvhkkhmitãoarch marrhspajdijt iux ijagikchs dh k–cjdumtcaj dhsriyajs dcoctiux i ãtã mrããh. Mhtth mitãoarch rhorauph khssyjdimtykchs, khs gicjs hj eaurmbh, khs pakydimtykchs mhjtrikhsht khs trcpbikijochs du paumh V=W. K–imrasyjdimtykch hst mkissãh î

pirt, ivhm khs iutrhs gijcehstitcajs du syjdragh dhs `rcdhsigjcatcquhs, dijs kh orauph UC dh ki mkisscmitcaj dh k–CEE]B(orauph UCC paur ki L]]B). Tajfcj prapash dh rãokhr mhsdcemuktãs jasakaocquhs ivhm ujh mkisscmitcaj purhghjtdhsmrcptcvh dhs gikeargitcajs, sijs thjthr d–hj dajjhr ujhhxpkcmitcaj ãtcakaocquh V4W.

=. Gãmijcsghs dh eargitcaj

Khs àurohajs dhs ghg`rhs ippiricsshjt iu maurs dh kiquitrcâgh shgicjh dh dãvhkapphghjt hg`ryajjicrh. K–cjdc-vcduikcsitcaj dhs riyajs dcoctiux sh eict iu maurs dh ki scxcâgh

shgicjh < uj pbãjagâjh dh gart mhkkukicrh praoriggãh (auipaptash) iu shcj du àurohaj dh ghg`rh hjtriêjh kisãpiritcaj dhs dacots, dijs kh shjs dcstapraxcgik. Ki pkupirtdhs syjdimtykchs sajt dcths hg`ryajjicrhs < hkkhs sajt kcãhs î ujdãeiut prcgctce dh sãpiritcaj dhs riyajs dcoctiux dö î ujhijagikch du dãraukhghjt dh k–ipaptash au dh saj cjdumtcaj.K–imrasyjdimtykch a`shrvãh dijs kh syjdragh dhs `rcdhsigjcatcquhs rãpajd î uj gãmijcsgh dceeãrhjt ht pirtcmukchr <ck s–ioct d–ujh euscaj shmajdicrh dh riyajs dcoctiux cjctcikhghjtdcstcjmts V8W.

4. Dciojastcm

Kh dciojastcm dh syjdimtykch hst kh pkus sauvhjt eict î kijicssijmh, kh dciojastcm ijtãjitik dh mhtth ijagikch ãtijtimtuhkkhghjt hxmhptcajjhk karsqu–hkkh hst csakãh. Xjh majsukti-tcaj mbcrurocmikh jãajitikh prãmamh hst saubicti kh. Hkkhphrghttri d–cjearghr khs pirhjts sur k–ijagikch prãshjtãh pirkhur hjeijt, shs majsãquhjmhs eajmtcajjhkkhs ht hstbãtcquhs, htkhs gadikctãs du tricthghjt î hjvcsiohr.

K–hxighjmkcjcquhdactìtrh`ckitãrikht magpiritce, cjtãrhssijttaut kh ghg`rh supãrchur lusqu–î ki mhcjturh smipukicrh. Hjpkus dhs mirimtãrcstcquhs garpbakaocquhs dh ki syjdimtykch, ckeiut s–ittimbhr î ipprãmchr khs ga`ckctãs imtcvh ht pisscvh dhsdceeãrhjths irtcmukitcajs, icjsc qu–uj ãvhjtuhk dãeiut d–ixh.

K–hxighj dhs pchds rhmbhrmbh ujh ijagikch, erãquhgghjt

issamcãh. K–hxighj mkcjcquh oãjãrik phrght dh rhmajjiêtrh ujheargh syjdragcquh. ]c paur mhrticjhs dh mhs earghs, khdciojastcm hst pasã ivijt au dâs ki jicssijmh, d–iutrhs(jatigghjt kh syjdragh dh âkijd) sajt pireacs dciojastcquãhsshmajdicrhghjt, iu maurs dh ki majsuktitcaj spãmcikcsãh dhmbcruroch dh ki gicj. Xj `ckij ridcaoripbcquh stijdird phrghtd–ipprãmchr khs ijagikchs asshushsãvhjtuhkkhs.Ck j–hstpaur jauspis cjdcsphjsi`kh d–heehmtuhr mh `ckij trap prãmamhghjt. Ijd–a thjcr dhs mkcmbãs dh ghckkhurh quikctã ht dh kcgcthrk–hxpasctcaj dh k–hjeijt iux riyajjhghjts jaus ivajs paurbi`ctudh dh j–heehmtuhr mhkuc-mc qu–iu scxcâgh gacs, kars d–ujhshmajdh majsuktitcaj iu maurs dh kiquhkkh k–cjthrvhjtcaj hstpraoriggãh. Iu thrgh dh mh `ckij ck shri passc kh dh mirimtãrcshrki syjdimtykch ht dh dãmcdhr dh ki stritãoch tbãriphutcquh.

4.9. Mirimtãrcstcquhs ijitagcquhs

Khs syjdimtykchs scgpkhs (Eco. 9) j–cjtãrhsshjt quh khrhvìthghjt mutijã. Ck phut s–iocr d–ujh scgpkh pikgurh mutijãh

(syjdimtykch pirtchkkh) au d–uj immakhghjt dhs dacots sur tauthkhur kajouhur (syjdimtykch magpkâth).

Eco. 9. ]yjdimtykch scgpkh < kh dãeiut dh sãpiritcaj jh majmhrjh quh kh

rhvìthghjt mutijã. I. Eargh pirtchkkh. @. Eargh magpkâth.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994 ]9>9



Khs syjdimtykchs magpkhxhs (Eco. 0) sajt mirimtãrcsãhs pir ki

prãshjmh d–ujh euscaj squhkhttcquh sctuãh kh pkus sauvhjt î kipirtch dcstikh dhs riyajs. D–iutrhs ijagikchs asshushs phuvhjts–a`shrvhr < riyajs surjugãricrhs, i`shjmh dh riyaj, pbikijohdhkti, `rimbypbikijoch. Khs ijagikchs thjdcjhushs sajterãquhjths dijs khs syjdimtykchs magpkhxhs ivhm dhs cjshrtcajsijargikhs, dhs thjdajs surjugãricrhs au i`shjts. K–ijitagchdhs pãdcmukhs vismukajhrvhux hst sauvhjt gadcãh dijs mhsearghs < ck phut s–iocr dh dcvcscaj dcstikh dh k–irtârh dcoctikhmaggujh, d–ujh irtârh ujcquh, vacrh d–ujh i`shjmh magpkâthd–irtârh dijs ki maggcssurh majmhrjãh V5W. Mhs ijagikchsvismukicrhs ajt dhs majsãquhjmhs sur ki stritãoch tbãriphutcquh,pauvijt kcgcthr au pireacs gìgh cjthrdcrh ki sãpiritcaj dcoctikh.

4.0. Earghs csakãhs

Thgtigy ht GmFuscmf V?W ajt dcstcjouã mcjq typhs dhsyjdimtykchs csakãhs, dh trijsgcsscaj iutasagcquh dagcjijth.Kh typh C, kh pkus erãquhjt, hst ujh syjdimtykch dh ki tracscâghmaggcssurh cjthrdcoctikh (Eco. 9@). Ki euscaj asshush dhs

pbikijohs dcstikhs hst passc`kh. D–iutrhs maggcssurhs phuvhjt

ìtrh cgpkcquãhs ht ujh syjdimtykch pirtchkkh au magpkâth dhsdhuxcâgh ht tracscâgh arthcks hst erãquhjth. Kh typh CC aupakysyjdimtykch hst ujh syjdimtykch dh ki tracscâgh maggcs-surh, issamcãh î ujh dupkcmitcaj pirtchkkh au magpkâth duquitrcâgh riyaj iu shcj dh ki maggcssurh euscajjãh. Iu pchd ckhxcsth ujh dupkcmitcaj du mcjqucâgh riyaj issamcãh î ujhsyjdimtykch dh ki quitrcâgh maggcssurh (Eco. =). Kh typh CCC hstujh syjdimtykch rãujcssijt khs quitrcâgh ht mcjqucâgh riyajs.Ki euscaj asshush dcstikh hst passc`kh ht kh mcjqucâgh riyaj hstbi`ctuhkkhghjt maurt ivhm ujh `rimbygãsapbikijoch (Eco. 4).Kh pchd hst cjdhgjh. Kh typh CU (dãmrct pir Biis) hst ujhsyjdimtykch magpkâth, rãujcssijt taus khs riyajs, issamcãh î ujh

bhxidimtykch, rãikcsijt k–isphmt dh gicj « hj mauph ¶. Kh typh Uissamch ujh syjdimtykch mutijãh, dh ki tracscâgh maggcssurh îki gicj ht dh ki dhuxcâgh maggcssurh iu pchd, ht ujh euscaj dhsgãtimirpchjs ht gãtitirschjs dhs tracscâgh ht quitrcâgh au dhsquitrcâgh ht mcjqucâgh riyajs.

Ki syjdimtykch typh Mhjijc-Khjz hst trijsgcsh sur kh gadhiutasagcquh rãmhssce. Hkkh issamch ujh syjdimtykch ivhm

Eco. 0. I. ]yjdimtykch magpkhxh. @. Isphmt ridcaoripbcquh. Ck hxcsth ujh euscaj asshush dcstikh.

Eco. =. ]yjdimtykch dh typh CC (pakysyjdimtykch). I. Isphmt mkcjcquh. @. Isphmt ridcaoripbcquh. M. Isphmt du pchd ivhm dupkcmitcaj du mcjqucâgh riyaj.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994]9>0



akcoadimtykch î ujh dãsaroijcsitcaj du squhkhtth dcoctik,

gãtimirpchj ht mirpchj dijs kh shjs kajoctudcjik ht trijsvhrsik.Xjh syjastash ridca-ukjicrh, ujh `rcâvhtã dhs as dh k–ivijt-`ris, dhs syjdimtykchs dhs pchds phuvhjt s–y a`shrvhr.

4.=. Earghs syjdragcquhs

Xjh syjdimtykch phut s–a shrvhr dijs dh jag`rhuxsyjdraghs gikeargitces, khs pkus erãquhjts ãtijt kh syjdraghdhs `rcdhs igjcatcquhs, kh syjdragh dh âkijd ht kh syjdraghd–Iphrt.

4.=.9. ]yjdragh dhs `rcdhs igjcatcquhs

K–imrasyjdimtykch hst ujh eargh dh syjdimtykch spãmcquhdu syjdragh dhs `rcdhs igjcatcquhs. Ck s–ioct d–ujh euscajcjtãrhssijt uj jag`rh virci`kh dh riyajs, jaj jãmhssicrhghjt

idlimhjts. Ki syjdimtykch hst ujcquhghjt mutijãh, sijs euscaj

asshush. Ki phrscstijmh d–uj phrtucs maggcssurik dijs kisyjdimtykch hst majstijth ht spãmcquh dh k–imrasyjdimtykch.Mhtth syjdimtykch s–issamch iux dhux iutrhs gijcehstitcajs dusyjdragh dhs `rcdhs igjcatcquhs < sckkajs mcrmajeãrhjtchks,pauvijt hjtriêjhr uj kygpbŝdâgh, vacrh ujh csmbãgch dcstikh,ht igputitcajs igjcatcquhs (Eco. 8) V8W.

4.=.0. ]yjdragh dh akijd

Kh syjdragh dh âkijd hst mkisscquhghjt dãmrct pirgc khsearghs syjdragcquhs dh syjdimtykch `chj qu–ck s–iocssh hj eictd–ujh syg`rimbydimtykch. K–itthcjth y hst ujckitãrikh ht kcgctãhiu ghg`rh supãrchur. Ki syjdimtykch hst kh pkus sauvhjt

pirtchkkh ht scgpkh. Hkkh s–issamch î ujh `rimbydimtykch kcãh îujh `rcâvhtã au ujh i`shjmh dhs pbikijohs gayhjjhs (Eco. 5).K–hxighj oãjãrik rhtrauvh ujh bypapkisch du mbhe sthrjamastik

Eco. 4. I. ]yjdimtykch dh typh CCC, itthcjth dh ki quitrcâgh maggcssurh. @. Pidcaoripbch gajtrijt ki euscaj asshush dcstikh ht ki `rcâvhtã du mcjqucâgh riyaj.

Eco. 8. Imrasyjdimtykch. Ck hxcsth taulaurs uj phrtucs maggcssurik. Ki syjdim-tykch s–immagpiojh d–igputitcajs igjcatcquhs ht dh sckkajs rhspajsi`khs d–uj

kygpbŝdâgh.

Eco. 5. ]yjdragh dh âkijd. Ki syjdimtykch scgpkh ht pirtchkkh dh tauths khs

maggcssurhs s–immagpiojh d–ujh `rimbygãsapbikijoch.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994 ]9>=



dhs gusmkhs orijd ht phtct phmtariux, dh ki okijdh giggicrh htdh k–hjshg`kh du ghg`rh supãrchur, dh dhorã virci kh.

4.=.=. ]yjdragh d–Iphrt

Kh syjdragh d–Iphrt hst ujh imramãpbikasyjdimtykch.K–ijagikch mrijcaeimcikh issamch turrcmãpbikch, byphrtãkarcsgh,hxapbtikgch ht bypapkisch gixckkicrh. Ki syjdimtykch hstmirimtãrcstcquh (Eco. ?) < ck s–ioct d–ujh itthcjth `ckitãrikh,magpkâth ht magpkhxh, taumbijt khs gicjs ht khs pchds. Khs

euscajs asshushs sajt majstijths ht s–immagpiojhjt dh`rimbypbikijoch ht/au dh sygpbikijoch. Khs ajokhs sajtãoikhghjt euscajjãs. Ki euscaj dhs quitrcâgh ht mcjqucâghgãtimirpchjs hst erãquhjth. @kiutb ht Eikkcjhr V2W ajt mkissãk–itthcjth dhs gicjs dijs kh syjdragh d–Iphrt hj tracs typhs <

dijs kh typh C khs tracs riyajs mhjtriux sajt euscajjãs, khpaumh ht kh mcjqucâgh dacot ãtijt cjdãphjdijts 6

dijs kh typh CC shuk kh paumh hst sãpirã du `kam dcoctik 6 dijs kh typh CCC khs dacots kajos ht kh paumh sajt euscajjãs,

rãikcsijt k–isphmt dh gicj hj muckkhr.

Dh trâs jag`rhux iutrhs syjdraghs cjmkuijt ujh syjdimtykch

ajt ãtã dãmrcts. Mctajs kh syjdragh dh ]ihtbrh-Mbatzhj(mrijcastãjash ht syjdimtykchs pirtchkkhs), kh syjdragh dhErishr (mryptapbtikgch, gikeargitcajs uraoãjctikhs ht syjdim-tykchs dhs quitrh ghg`rhs), kh syjdragh amukadhjtadcoctik(syjdimtykch dh typh CCC, ijagikchs dhjticrhs ht amukicrhs). Cks–ioct dh syjdraghs pakygikeargitces rirhs, dijs khsquhksk–itthcjth dcoctikh j–hst oãjãrikhghjt pis ki gijcehstitcajmkcjcquh prãpajdãrijth.

8. ^rcsh hj mbiroh mbcrurocmikh

K–àoh iuquhk k–cjthrvhjtcaj hst heehmtuãh virch shkaj kh typh

dh syjdimtykch ht shkaj khs iuthurs. Ck hst bi`ctuhk d–itthjdrh

k–àoh dh scx gacs ivijt dh prapashr ujh cjthrvhjtcaj, ijd–apãrhr dijs dhs majdctcajs dh sãmurctã ijhstbãscquhaptcgikhs. Khs syjdimtykchs dhs prhgcârh ht quitrcâghmaggcssurhs, ujcssijt dhs dacots dh kajouhur dceeãrhjth,hjtriêjhjt ujh dãvcitcaj kitãrikh dh mhs dacots. Hkkhs dacvhjtìtrh kc`ãrãhs trâs tôt, dâs kh tracscâgh au quitrcâgh gacs, ijd–ãvcthr ki pãrhjjcsitcaj dh mhs dãeargitcajs. Khs syjdimtykchstaumbijt pkuschurs maggcssurhs ht/au khs syjdimtykchs `cki-tãrikhs jãmhsscthrajt pkuschurs cjthrvhjtcajs. Ck hst prãeãri`kh dh

dãùthr kh praoriggh mbcrurocmik dâs k–àoh dh scx gacs ijd–ivacr thrgcjã k–hjshg`kh dhs cjthrvhjtcajs î k–àoh dh dhuxijs. Ck eiut ãvcthr d–cjthrvhjcr scguktijãghjt sur khs dhux môtãsd–uj gìgh dacot du eict du rcsquh dh jãmrash csmbãgcquh qu–ujthk ohsth hjtriêjhrict. Icjsc, karsquh tauths khs maggcssurhsd–ujh gicj sajt taumbãhs, aj sãpirh dijs uj prhgchr thgps khsprhgcârh ht tracscâgh maggcssurhs ij dh kc`ãrhr kh paumh hjprcarctã, pucs khs dhuxcâgh ht quitrcâgh maggcssurhs iprâs scxgacs. Dijs khs syjdimtykchs syjdragcquhs ki sãpiritcaj dhsdacots dact pireacs ìtrh rhtirdãh ij d–heehmtuhr iupirivijt khtricthghjt pkus urohjt dh gikeargitcajs issamcãhs. Mhrticjsiuthurs prapashjt, karsqu–ujh shukh maggcssurh hst itthcjth surdhs dacots mhjtriux, d–cjthrvhjcr pkus tird, vhrs 92 au 04 gacs.

Kh dãvhkapphghjt dh ki gicj î mht àoh eimckcth kh ohsthmbcrurocmik ht ki quikctã dhs rãsuktits shrict ghckkhurh qu–iprâsujh mbcruroch pkus prãmamh V3W.

8.9. Ki sãpiritcaj mutijãh

8.9.9. Ki maggcssurh

@chj qu–hkkh ict ãtã pireacs jãokcoãh dijs khs prhgcârhsdhsmrcptcajs thmbjcquhs dh sãpiritcaj dhs syjdimtykchs V3,9>W,ki majstrumtcaj dh ki maggcssurh cjthrdcoctikh hst uj ãkãghjtdãthrgcjijt dh ki quikctã du tricthghjt mbcrurocmik.

Ki maggcssurh cjthrdcoctikh jargikh prãshjth ujh eimh

darsikh a`kcquh hj dcstik ht hj pikgicrh quc jiêt iu jcvhiu dh ki

Eco. ?. ]yjdragh d–Iphrt (typh CC dh @kiutb). ]yjdimtykch magpkâth ht magpkhxh. I. Isphmt mkcjcquh. @. Isphmt ridcaoripbcquh. ]ygpbikijoch ht euscaj asshushdcstikh dhs dacots kajos.




tìth dhs gãtimirpchjs paur rhlacjdrh ki phiu pikgicrh pir ujijokh icou î k–ujcaj du tchrs praxcgik ht du tchrs gayhj dh kipbikijoh praxcgikh. Ki mbcruroch dh ki syjdimtykch vcsh îrhpraducrh mht isphmt hj mrãijt ujh maggcssurh praeajdh htsaupkh, majshrvijt mhs mirimtãrcstcquhs dijs kh thgps ht iumaurs dh ki mracssijmh. K–utckcsitcaj dh kig`hiux mutijãskamiux hst kh prcjmcph oãjãrikhghjt idgcs, k–hgpkac dhs orheehsdijs ki rhmajstrumtcaj maggcssurikh iyijt ãtã hj râokh oãjãrikhiìjdajjãh du eict dhs rãtrimtcajs shmajdicrhs a`shrvãhs V99W.^kuschurs thmbjcquhs ajt ãtã prapasãhs <

utckcsitcaj dh dhux kig`hiux mracsãs dijs ki maggcssurh V90W(Eco. 2I). Khs kig`hiux, k–uj pikgicrh ht k–iutrh darsik,

phuvhjt ìtrh dh eargh trcijoukicrh au quidrijoukicrh. Cks sajtsuturãs hjshg`kh pir khur àrd gãdcik. Mhtth gãtbadh ãvcthkhs mcmitrcmhs maggcssurikhs trijsvhrsikhs gics i paurcjmajvãjchjt dh dajjhr î ki maggcssurh uj isphmt hj« U ¶ pkutôt qu–uj isphmt hj « X ¶ 6

utckcsitcaj dh dhux kig`hiux quidrijoukicrhs, pikgicrh htdarsik, suturãs àut î àut. Mhtth gãtbadh i paur ivijtioh dhmrãhr ujh maggcssurh kiroh V9W 6

utckcsitcaj d–uj kig`hiu darsik ujcquh V9=,94W (Eco. 2@) <mhtth thmbjcquh phrght d–a`thjcr uj isphmt prambh d–ujhmaggcssurh jiturhkkh, ivhm ujh phjth darsikh sh rimmardijt îijokh icou î ki phiu pikgicrh. Khs kig`hiux phuvhjt ìtrh dheargh virci`kh (quijdrijoukicrhs, hj agãoi, hj T).

Eco. 2. Thmbjcquhs dh majstrumtcaj maggcssurikh. I. Kig`hiux trcijoukicrhs pikgicrh ht darsik mracsãs dijs ki maggcssurh. @. Kig`hiu darsik ujcquh. M. Kig`hiu

darsik hj êkat. D. Kig`hiu darsik trcka`ã. H. Uircijth du kig`hiu trcka`ã utckcsãh pir khs iuthurs.




Kh prãkâvhghjt dh kig`hiux maggcssuriux i paurcjmajvãjchjt dh mrãhr ujh phrth dh su`stijmh mutijãh darsikhãthjduh î ki ìsh dhs pbikijohs praxcgikhs, jãmhssctijt ujhmauvhrturh pir orheehs. Mhs orheehs mutijãhs sajt hxpasãhs î kivuh ht sajt sauvhjt kh scâoh d–ujh ãvakutcaj cjhstbãtcquh(dysmbragch, pckasctã).

K–ãvakutcaj imtuhkkh du tricthghjt dhs syjdimtykchs vcsh îgcjcgcshr, vacrh î supprcghr kh rhmaurs iux orheehs mutijãhs(me. cjeri). K–utckcsitcaj dh kig`hiux cjthrgãtimirpchjs darsiuxhj êkat V98”92W i ãtã prapasãh dijs mh ùt (Eco. 2M). Mhskig`hiux phrghtthjt d–iuoghjthr ki quijtctã dh phiudcspajc`kh paur ki rhmajstrumtcaj maggcssurikh hj ga`ckcsijtki phiu du das dh ki gicj. Khur prcjmcpik cjmajvãjchjt hst kimrãitcaj d–ujh mcmitrcmh î ki eimh darsikh dh ki gicj. Xjh iutrhpassc`ckctã hst k–aptcgcsitcaj dh ki thmbjcquh du kig`hiu darsikmaggh ivhm kh kig`hiu trcka`ã prapasã pir Jcrijlij V93,0>W(Eco. 2D). Jaus utckcsajs ujh vircijth du kig`hiu trcka`ã dijskiquhkkh dhux kig`hiux trcijoukicrhs kitãriux sajt ilautãs î kiìsh du kig`hiu quidrijoukicrh. Mhs kig`hiux sajt utckcsãs

paur mauvrcr ki pirtch darsikh dh ki zajh dh prãkâvhghjt(Eco. 2H).

8.9.0. Khs eimhs kitãrikhs dhs dacots

Ki sãpiritcaj dhs dacots mrãh ujh phrth dh su`stijmh kitãrikhdajt ki mauvhrturh hst mkisscquhghjt issurãh pir ujh orheehmutijãh.

Kh dhsscj dhs cjmcscajs sãpirijt khs dacots dãthrgcjhk–archjtitcaj dhs euturhs mcmitrcmhs. Mhkkhs-mc j–iyijt pis kigìgh ãkistcmctã quh ki phiu ivacscjijth, hkkhs ãvakuhrajt vhrsujh rãtrimtcaj rhkitcvh iu maurs dh ki mracssijmh. Ij d–ãvcthrquh mhtth rãtrimtcaj j–hjtriêjh dh dãeargitcaj hj ffhxcaj, khs

cjmcscajs mutijãhs kajoctudcjikhs ajt ãtã iìjdajjãhs iu pratd–cjmcscajs hj zcozio V09W. Khs orheehs dh phiu tatikh sajt pkusutckcsãhs quh khs orheehs gcjmhs dijs kh tricthghjt dh kisyjdimtykch, `chj quh mbimujh dhs gãtbadhs ict shs ivijtiohsht shs cjmajvãjchjts. Khs orheehs dh phiu tatikh sajt prãkhvãhsdijs kh pkc cjoucjik aó ujh orijdh quijtctã dh phiu phut ìtrhprãkhvãh iu prcx dh sãquhkkhs hstbãtcquhs gcjcgikhs. Hkkhsipparthjt ujh phiu saupkh ht j–iyijt pis thjdijmh î kirãtrimtcaj, gics sajt sauvhjt kh scâoh d–ujh dysmbragch htd–ujh pckasctã cjhstbãtcquhs, gatces d–cjsitcseimtcaj dhspitchjts V00W. Khs orheehs gcjmhs jh prãshjthjt pis mhscjmajvãjchjts gics phuvhjt ìtrh cjsti`khs V0=W ht rcsquhjt dhrãducrh ki ga`ckctã dcoctikh du eict dh khur rãtrimtcaj V04W. Ik-

Yittij prapash mhphjdijt k–utckcsitcaj dh orheehs gcjmhskarsquh khs dacots sajt ricdhs ht qu–ujh orijdh sureimh hst îmauvrcr maggh dijs kh syjdragh d–Iphrt, ki rãtrimtcaj dhsorheehs j–hjtriêjijt jc dãvcitcaj, jc ricdhur sur mhs dacotsrcocdhs V08W.

^kuschurs iuthurs ajt rãmhgghjt pu`kcã dhs gãtbadhs vcsijtî rãducrh, vacrh î supprcghr kh rhmaurs iux orheehs. K–hxpijscajmutijãh, prapasãh kars dh k–hssar dh ki gãtbadh ck y i ujhvcjoticjh d–ijjãhs, hst hj pritcquh d–usioh hxmhptcajjhk dijsmhtth cjdcmitcaj du eict dh shs cjmajvãjchjts < jãmhssctã dh dhuxthgps apãritacrhs ht d–uj oajffioh rãoukchr dhs ìkkajjhts,rcsquh dh magpkcmitcajs (cjehmtcaj, hxpasctcaj dhs ìkkajjhts)

V05W. Kh dãoricssioh ãthjdu dhs eimhs kitãrikhs dhs dacots

phrght dijs dh jag`rhux mis d–heehmtuhr ujh ehrghturh dcrhmthdhs eimhs kitãrikhs sijs orheeh V0?,02W. Ki rãshmtcaj dh ki oricsshdcoctikh i dãlî ãtã rhmaggijdãh dhpucs pkus dh => ijs pir EkittV03W ht jh shg`kh pis ivacr dh majsãquhjmhs jãeisths sur khmajtaur dhs dacots î k–àoh idukth. _ctbhy ht ik. V00W prapashjtujh iutrh gãtbadh sijs orheeh (aphj johr thmbjcquh) < cksutckcshjt dhs kig`hiux iux ijokhs pkus icous, pkus jag`rhux(shpt î buct pir dacot), ht j–heehmtuhjt iumuj dãoricssioh. Khskig`hiux sajt suturãs pir uj pacjt ujcquh dcstik. Khs hspimhshjtrh khs kig`hiux sajt kicssãs î ki mcmitrcsitcaj dcrcoãh. Dijsmhrticjs mis, ht jatigghjt dijs khs earghs magpkhxhs ht/auitthcojijt pkuschurs maggcssurhs, k–utckcsitcaj dh orheehs jhphut mhphjdijt pis ìtrh ãvctãh. Ck hst taulaurs prãeãri`kh dhrhmaurcr î ujh orheeh quh d–heehmtuhr ujh suturh dhs kig`hiuxhj thjscaj hxmhsscvh, rcsquijt d–iàutcr î ujh jãmrash mutijãhht î ujh mcmitrcsitcaj rãtrimtckh.

8.9.=. Khs rhpkcs ujouãiux kitãriux

Dijs khs syjdimtykchs scgpkhs passãdijt ujh àjjh kixctã

mutijãh, ki mauvhrturh dhs eimhs kitãrikhs dh ki pbikijoh dcstikhphut ìtrh eicth pir suturh mutijãh dcrhmth. Karsquh khs ti`khtthsujouãikhs sajt lacjtcvhs au euscajjãhs, au karsqu–ujh euscajasshush dh ki pbikijoh dcstikh i ãtã sãpirãh, ki mauvhrturhasshush dh ki pbikijoh hxpasãh ht ki rhmajstrumtcaj du rhpkcujouãik kitãrik dacvhjt ìtrh heehmtuãhs. Dhs kig`hiux îdcstijmh, i`dagcjiux au tbãjirchjs, phuvhjt ìtrh utckcsãs gicsjãmhsscthjt ujh cgga`ckcsitcaj thgparicrh, sauvhjt dãkcmithmbhz k–hjeijt, ht dhux thgps apãritacrhs V3W.

@umf-Origmfa i dãmrct k–utckcsitcaj dh kig`hiux trcijou-kicrhs, prãkhvãs sur ki pukph appasãh ht rhpkcãs hj dcrhmtcajpraxcgikh paur mauvrcr ki pbikijoh ht mrãhr kh rhpkc ujouãik V=>W

(Eco. 3). Ki mauvhrturh dh ki pbikijoh dcstikh phut iussc ìtrh

Eco. 3. Kig`hiux pukpicrhs paur ki mrãitcaj dhs rhpkcs ujouãiux kitãriux <thmbjcquhdh @umf-Origmfa.I. Dhsscj dhskig`hiux.@. Isphmtdu rhpkc kitãrik

î uj ij dh rhmuk pastapãritacrh.




issurãh pir ujh orheeh magpascth prãkhvãh sur ki pkijth du pchdau ki pukph d–uj arthck V=9,=0W.

8.9.4. Khs syjdimtykchs pirtchkkhs

Kh prcjmcph dh ki rhmajstrumtcaj maggcssurikh dijs khssyjdimtykchs pirtchkkhs hst scgckicrh î mhkuc utckcsã paur khssyjdimtykchs magpkâths. Mhphjdijt, du eict d–ujh kixctã mutijãhsauvhjt cgpartijth, dhs gãtbadhs spãmcquhs ajt ãtã prapasãhspaur ãvcthr dh rhmaurcr î dhs orheehs mutijãhs. Ki pkupirt dh mhsgãtbadhs issamchjt, saus dceeãrhjths earghs, uj kig`hiu darsikpaur ki rhmajstrumtcaj du eajd dh ki maggcssurh ht dhuxkig`hiux kitãriux paur ki mauvhrturh kitãrikh dhs dacotsV3,99,==,=4W (Eco. 9>). Pãmhgghjt k–utckcsitcaj dh kig`hiux hj

êkat i ãtã prapasãh paur earghr kh eajd dh ki maggcssurhV=8,=5W.

8.9.8. Khs syjdimtykchs dh ki prhgcârh maggcssurh

Hkkhs dacvhjt ìtrh trictãhs iu maurs dhs prhgchrs gacs dh vchij dh marrcohr ki dãvcitcaj ridcikh dh k–cjdhx ht phrghttrh ki

prãbhjscaj. Khs syjdimtykchs gcjhurhs, thkkhs quh mhkkhsa`shrvãhs dijs kh syjdragh dh âkijd, phuvhjt ìtrh trictãhspir khs gãtbadhs usuhkkhs dh pkistch kamikh d–iorijdcsshghjt dhki prhgcârh maggcssurh < pkistch hj trcdhjt, pkistch hj \ î quitrhkig`hiux (Eco. 99).

Khs earghs magpkâths, maggh mhkkhs a`shrvãhs dijs khsyjdragh d–Iphrt, pashjt pkus dh pra`kâghs tbãriphutcquhs.Hj pkus dh ki shmtcaj dh ki `rash cjthrdcoctikh, ujh kc`ãritcajipajãvratcquh ht pireacs gusmukicrh du prhgchr hspimhcjthrgãtimirpchj phut ìtrh jãmhssicrh V=?W. Ki `ceurmitcajhjtrh irtârh makkitãrikh ukjicrh du paumh ht makkitãrikh ridcikh dhk–cjdhx hst sauvhjt ijargikhghjt dcstikh ht kcgcth k–auvhrturhmaggcssurikh. Hj k–i`shjmh dh syjdimtykch dh ki dhuxcâghmaggcssurh issamcãh, k–irtârh dhstcjãh î k–cjdhx phut ìtrhsimrcãh. Dijs kh mis majtricrh, ck shri prãeãri`kh dh simrchrk–irtârh dhstcjãh iu paumh. Dijs taus khs mis, uj thst dhmkigpioh shri heehmtuã ivijt ki kcoiturh irtãrchkkh (vacr pkusìs). Ki mauvhrturh maggcssurikh phut ìtrh eicth pir dhuxkig`hiux trcijoukicrhs pikgicrh ht darsik issamcãs î dhs orheehs

Eco. 9>. Marrhmtcaj d–ujh syjdimtykch pirtchkkh. I ht @. Dhsscjs dhs kig`hiux. M ht D. Isphmts hj j d–cjthrvhjtcaj.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994 ]9>?



mutijãhs kitãrikhs V94W. D–iutrhs iuthurs prãmajcshjt k–utckcsi-tcaj d–uj kig`hiu darsik dh trijspasctcaj, dajt kh scth dajjhurhst mauvhrt pir ujh orheeh V=2,=3W. @umf-Origmfa (Eco. 90) idãmrct uj orijd kig`hiu dh ratitcaj-ivijmhghjt prãkhvã î kieimh darsikh dh ki gicj. Kh prãkâvhghjt dact prãshrvhr khsvhcjhs ht irtârhs phrearijths ij dh kcgcthr kh rcsquh dh jãmrashdh k–hxtrãgctã du kig`hiu. K–auvhrturh maggcssurikh hstgicjthjuh pir ki gcsh hj pkimh thgparicrh dh `rambhs dhFcrsmbjhr hjtrh khs prhgchr ht dhuxcâgh gãtimirpchjs. Kiehrghturh dcrhmth du scth dajjhur hst passc`kh dijs ki pkupirtdhs mis. Mh j–hst qu–hj mis dh rãdumtcaj dh ki kirohur dhki gicj,maggh hj mis d–i`shjmh dh riyajs, qu–ujh orheeh phut ìtrhjãmhssicrh V4>W.

8.0. Kh squhkhtth

Dijs khs syjdimtykchs magpkhxhs ki euscaj asshush hst kh pkussauvhjt kcgctãh î k–hxtrãgctã dhs pbikijohs dcstikhs, khs iutrhspbikijohs ht khs irtcmukitcajs ãtijt jargikhghjt sãpirãhs V=9W.Kh tricthghjt majscsth ikars hj ujh sãpiritcaj asshush dhspbikijohs dcstikhs, iu `cstaurc au î ki pcjmh dh Kcstaj, ht î khurmauvhrturh kitãrikh shkaj ujh dhs thmbjcquhs dãmrcths paur kirhmajstrumtcaj dhs rhpkcs ujouãiux (vacr pkus biut). Dijs khspakysyjdimtykchs, ki rãshmtcaj dhs pbikijohs surjugãricrhs hsteicth dijs kh gìgh thgps quh ki sãpiritcaj dhs riyajs. Ij dh

kcgcthr khs rãcjthrvhjtcajs, jaus prãeãrajs apãrhr mhs pitchjts î

k–àoh dh 92”04 gacs, karsquh khs strumturhs asshushs sajtsuesigghjt dãvhkappãhs paur phrghttrh ujh rãshmtcajprãmcsh.

Ki marrhmtcaj dhs dãvcitcajs kitãrikhs pash uj pra`kâghdcemckh î rãokhr iu maurs dh k–cjthrvhjtcaj dh sãpiritcaj dhsdacots. Hj heeht, mhrticjhs dãvcitcajs kcãhs î ki euscaj dh dacotsdh kajouhur dceeãrhjth, maggh dijs khs syjdimtykchs dhsprhgcârh ht quitrcâgh maggcssurhs, sh marrcohrajt spajtijã-ghjt kars dh ki mracssijmh ujh eacs khs dacots sãpirãs. Mh j–hstqu–hj mis dh marrhmtcaj spajtijãh cjsuesijth qu–uj ohsthd–astãatagch shmajdicrh shri prapasã. Dijs d–iutrhs mis, m–hstujh ijagikch squhkhttcquh (pbikijoh dhkti, dãeargitcajasshush dijs kh midrh d–ujh pakysyjdimtykch) quc hst î k–arcocjhdh ki mkcjadimtykch. Ck j–y i dijs mhs mis iumujh rãixitcajspajtijãh î hspãrhr ht uj ohsth d–astãatagch au dh pbyscakyshshri î prapashr dâs quh kh dãvhkapphghjt squhkhttcquh khphrghttri.

8.=. Gãtbadh prãeãrãh dhs iuthurs

K–cjthrvhjtcaj sh dãraukh saus ijhstbãsch oãjãrikh, ivhm ujoirrat pjhugitcquh oajffã î ujh prhsscaj ãoikh î dhux eacs kiprhsscaj irtãrchkkh systakcquh. K–hxsijoucjitcaj hst heehmtuãhpir scgpkh surãkãvitcaj du ghg`rh.

Kh dhsscj dhs cjmcscajs hst heehmtuã ivijt kh oajffioh duoirrat (Eco. 9=). Khs tìths gãtimirpchjjhs sajt rhpãrãhs î ki eimhdarsikh dh ki gicj ht k–ixh gãdcij dhs dacots î sãpirhr hst trimãsur khurs eimhs pikgicrhs ht darsikhs. Kh kig`hiu maggcssurikhst dhsscjã î ki eimh darsikh, si ìsh sh sctuijt iu jcvhiu dhstìths gãtimirpchjjhs. ]i kajouhur rhprãshjth hjvcraj khs dhuxtchrs dh ki pbikijoh praxcgikh. Dhux kig`hiux trcijoukicrhs

kitãriux sajt ilautãs î si pirtch praxcgikh. Khs kig`hiuxdcoctiux trcijoukicrhs sajt dhsscjãs î ki sucth du àrd dcstik dukig`hiu maggcssurik, khurs pacjths itthcojijt k–ixh gãdcijdhs dacots. Aj dhsscjh icjsc dhux kig`hiux trcijoukicrhs î kieimh darsikh dh mbiquh dacot. ]ur ki eimh pikgicrh, aj rhpârh piruj trict trijsvhrsik kh eajd dh ki euturh maggcssurh î uj jcvhiubirgajchux pir rippart iux maggcssurhs idlimhjths. ]c mhkkhs-mc sajt ãoikhghjt euscajjãhs, aj pkimhri mh rhpârh iu gckchu dhki kajouhur dh ki pbikijoh praxcgikh. Dhux phtcts kig`hiuxtrcijoukicrhs sajt dhsscjãs î pirtcr dh mh rhpârh. Cks pirtcmcphrajtî ki ehrghturh dh ki zajh dajjhush du kig`hiu maggcssurik.Khs kig`hiux dcoctiux pikgicrhs trcijoukicrhs sajt hjsucthtrimãs, hj vhckkijt î mh quh khurs sagghts s–appashjt î mhux dhs

kig`hiux darsiux. Ki sãpiritcaj dhs riyajs s–heehmtuh dh dcstikhj praxcgik, hj magghjïijt ki dcsshmtcaj pir ki eimh darsikh.Xj rãshiu `rhux rãujct bi`ctuhkkhghjt khs dhux riyajs. Iprâssãpiritcaj dh mhs `rhs, aj dcssâquh khs pãdcmukhs vismuka-jhrvhux. Khur rhpãrioh s–heehmtuh pkus eimckhghjt dijs kirãocaj maggcssurikh. ]c ki `ceurmitcaj irtãrchkkh hst trap dcstikh,kh simrcmh d–ujh dhs irtârhs dcoctikhs dact ìtrh eict. Jausheehmtuajs ikars uj thst dh mkigpioh < uj mkigp gcmrambc-rurocmik hst pkimã sur k–irtârh dajt aj hjvcsioh ki kcoiturh, pucskh oirrat hst dãoajffã ij dh vãrchr ki àjjh vismukircsitcajdcoctikh. Ck hst jãmhssicrh dh jathr sur kh magpth rhjduapãritacrh mhtth kcoiturh irtãrchkkh, hj vuh d–ãvhjtuhkkhs

cjthrvhjtcajs euturhs sur mhtth maggcssurh au sur mhkkhs

Eco. 99. ]yjdimtykch pirtchkkh dh ki prhgcârh maggcssurh (syjdragh dhâkijd). I. ^kistch hj trcdhjt. @. Isphmt hj j d–cjthrvhjtcaj.




idlimhjths. ]c î k–cssuh dh mh thst ck s–ivârh qu–iumujh dhs dhuxirtârhs jh phut ìtrh simrcãh, aj phut ìtrh ighjã î dãpkimhr kieuturh maggcssurh hj pasctcaj pkus dcstikh. Aj heehmtuh hjsucthkh dãoricssioh dhs kig`hiux mutijãs ht dhs eimhs kitãrikhs dhsdacots. Kh dãoricssioh dhs pãdcmukhs vismukajhrvhux hst

heehmtuã saus orasscsshghjt aptcquh, sijs mbhrmbhr î« dãsbi`ckkhr ¶ magpkâthghjt khs vicsshiux ht khs jhres. Khoirrat hst ikars dãoajffã ht aj gicjtchjt khs gicjs hj pasctcajsurãkhvãh phjdijt quhkquhs gcjuths, khs dacots hjtaurãs dhmagprhsshs bugcdhs. Aj heehmtuh hjsucth k–bãgastish î ki pcjmh`cpakicrh hj mis dh sicojhghjts phrscstijts. Ki suturh dhskig`hiux hst heehmtuãh iu k rãsarì kh. Kh kig`hiumaggcssurik hst suturã hj prhgchr, pucs kig`hiux dcoctiuxsajt suturãs dh praxcgik hj dcstik. ]c ki ehrghturh dcrhmthmagpkâth j–hst pis rãikcsi`kh, aj heehmtuh ujh mauvhrturh dhszajhs mruhjtãhs pir ujh orheeh dh phiu tatikh. Xj pitraj dhssureimhs î mauvrcr hst rãikcsã, pucs rhpartã sur ki zajh dajjhush.

Ki orheeh hst prãkhvãh dijs kh pkc cjoucjik, hj ãvctijt ujh prcsh

trap gãdcikh ij d–ãvcthr k–ippirctcaj uktãrchurh dh pckasctã surkhs zajhs orheeãhs. Khs orheehs sajt dãoricssãhs ht kh scthdajjhur hst suturã pir pacjts dhrgcquhs cjvhrsãs ht surlhtcjtridhrgcquh iu gajakighjt rãsarì`kh, kicssijt ujhmcmitrcmh kcjãicrh. Khs orheehs sajt hjsucth dãoricssãhs pucs

suturãhs sur khs zajhs rhmhvhushs. Xj pijshghjt oris hstippkcquã sur khs cjmcscajs ht sur khs orheehs. Kh pijshghjt hstmagpkãtã pir dhs magprhsshs ht uj ìjdioh hjtaurijt tauth kigicj. Xjh itthkkh dh prathmtcaj hst pkimãh sur k–ivijt-`ris ht kigicj. Khs pirhjts sajt prãvhjus dh ki jãmhssctã cgpãritcvh dhgicjthjcr kh pijshghjt praprh ht shm. Kh pijshghjt hstmajtrôkã iu buctcâgh laur pastapãritacrh, pucs iu qucjzcâgh

laur. Khs cjmcscajs mcmitrcshjt bi`ctuhkkhghjt hj dhux î tracsshgicjhs. Iprâs mcmitrcsitcaj, khs dacots sajt kicssãs î k–icrkc`rh. Aj majshckkh iux pirhjts dh kivhr ki gicj î k–hiu ht iusivaj ht dh gisshr rãoukcârhghjt khs mcmitrcmhs. K–ippkcmitcajquatcdchjjh dh mrâgh dh prathmtcaj sakicrh sur khs mcmitrcmhs ht

khs orheehs hst prãmajcsãh paur ujh durãh d–iu gacjs uj ij.

Eco. 90. I. ]yjdimtykch dh ki prhgcârh maggcssurh. @ ht M. Dhsscjs dh ki sãpiritcaj shkaj @umf-Origmfa. D. Isphmt hj j d–cjthrvhjtcaj.




Eco. 9=. Thmbjcquh mbcrurocmikh. I. ]yjdimtykch issamcãh î ujh gicj hj eaurmbh. @ ht M. Dhsscjs dhs cjmcscajs mutijãhs darsikhs ht pikgicrhs. D ht H. Isphmts hj jd–cjthrvhjtcaj. Ki suturh mutijãh i pu ìtrh heehmtuãh sijs rhmaurcr î ujh orheeh dh phiu.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994]99>



8.4. Magpkcmitcajs

K–csmbãgch dcoctikh hst ki magpkcmitcaj gilhurh î rhdauthr.Hkkh dact ìtrh prãvhjuh hj ãvctijt d–apãrhr scguktijãghjt khsdhux môtãs d–uj gìgh dacot ht hj usijt dh ki pkus orijdhprudhjmh kars dh ki dcsshmtcaj dhs pãdcmukhs vismukicrhs,jatigghjt dijs khs earghs magpkhxhs. Xj thst dh mkigpiohdact ìtrh heehmtuã systãgitcquhghjt ivijt taut simrcmhvismukicrh. Gìgh sijs kãscaj dhs pãdcmukhs, ujh csmbãgchpirtchkkh au magpkâth phut survhjcr du eict d–ujh suturh sausthjscaj hxmhsscvh. Ck hst jãmhssicrh dh vãrchr ki àjjhrhvismukircsitcaj dcoctikh iu kàmbhr du oirrat ht, hj mis dhdauth, d–hjkhvhr khs pacjts dh suturh saus thjscaj. Khs zajhsikars dãmauvhrths shrajt orheeãhs ij d–ãvcthr ujh rãtrimtcajmcmitrcmchkkh shmajdicrh.

Ki jãmrash dhs orheehs mutijãhs hst pritcquhghjt taulaurskcãh î ujh cjehmtcaj, hkkh-gìgh eivarcsãh pir ujh giuvicsha`shrvijmh dhs majscojhs d–byocâjh pastapãritacrh. Iprâstricthghjt dh k–cjehmtcaj pir sacjs kamiux ht ãkcgcjitcaj dhs

tcssus jãmrasãs, ujh jauvhkkh orheeh dh phiu tatikh dact ìtrhippkcquãh ij d–ãvcthr k–ippirctcaj dh mcmitrcmhs rãtrimtckhs.

Khs rãtrimtcajs mcmitrcmchkkhs sajt kh gatce kh pkus erãquhjt dhrhprcsh mbcrurocmikh (Eco. 94I). Hkkhs phuvhjt ivacr dceeãrhjthsarcocjhs < trimã dhs cjmcscajs trap kajoctudcjik, jãmrash pirtchkkhd–ujh orheeh au d–uj kig`hiu iyijt ãtã kicssãh î ki mcmitrcsitcajdcrcoãh. Karsquh ki rãtrimtcaj scâoh dijs ki maggcssurh hkkheargh ujh pikgurh kcgctijt k–ãmirthghjt dhs dacots. Kipritcquh dh pkistchs kamikhs hst sauvhjt cjsuesijth ht ck hstikars jãmhssicrh dh ga ckcshr kh kig`hiu maggcssurik ht

d–heehmtuhr dh jauvhkkhs orheehs dh phiu tatikh. Karsquh kirãtrimtcaj taumbh khs eimhs kitãrikhs hkkh hjtriêjh ujh dãeargi-tcaj hj ffhxcaj ht pireacs hj cjmkcjicsaj kitãrikh dhs dacots. Mhs`rcdhs phuvhjt oãjãrikhghjt ìtrh marrcoãhs pir dhs pkistchs hj \guktcpkhs.

K–ippirctcaj dh mcmitrcmhs mbãkaádhs iprâs sãpiritcaj d–ujhsyjdimtykch hst ujh magpkcmitcaj hxmhptcajjhkkh (Eco. 94@).Khur tricthghjt issamch ujh rãshmtcaj cjtrimbãkaádchjjh, dhsorheehs dh phiu tatikh V49W, dhs cjlhmtcajs cjtrimcmitrcmchkkhs dhmartcmaádhs rhtirds ht kh part d–ujh magprhsscaj gaukãhpastapãritacrh.

K–isphmt dhs orheehs dh phiu tatikh phut ãvakuhr dh eiïajcjhstbãtcquh < ki survhjuh d–ujh dysmbragch hst erãquhjth ht jhphut pis taulaurs ìtrh prãvhjuh (Eco. 94M). K–ippirctcaj î kipu`hrtã d–ujh pckasctã sur khs orheehs prãkhvãhs dijs kh pkccjoucjik hst mkisscquh (Eco. 94D). Gìgh hj prãkhvijt ki orheeh îki pirtch ki pkus hxthrjh du pkc cjoucjik, aj jh phut pis taulaursk–ãvcthr mbhz khs sulhts î ki pckasctã dãvhkappãh.

5. Pãsuktits

K–cjffuhjmh dh k–àoh iuquhk k–cjthrvhjtcaj hst heehmtuãh surki quikctã du rãsuktit hst dcsmutãh < sc mhrticjhs pu`kcmitcajsgajtrhjt dh ghckkhurs rãsuktits sc ki mbcruroch hst eicth iprâs92 gacs V3,40W, d–iutrhs iuthurs jh majstithjt iumujhdceeãrhjmh scojcmitcvh hjtrh mbcruroch prãmamh ht mbcrurochtirdcvh V4=W. Kh tiux dh rhprcsh paurrict ìtrh pkus ãkhvã dijs khssyjdimtykchs dhs riyajs kitãriux quh dijs mhkkhs dhs riyajsmhjtriux V40W.

Eco. 94. Magpkcmitcajs. I. Pãtrimtcaj mcmitrcmchkkh hjtriêjijt uj dãeiut d–hxthjscaj. @. Mcmitrcmh mbãkaádh. M. Ãvakutcaj vhrs ki dysmbragch d–ujh orheeh mutijãh. D.

Ippirctcaj î ki pu`hrtã d–ujh pckasctã sur ujh orheeh mutijãh cjoucjikh.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994 ]999



Eco. 98. ]yjdimtykch magpkhxh (pakysyjdimtykch). I ht @. Dhsscjs dhs kig`hiux mutijãs. Kh mipctik mutijã dcspajc`kh hst cgpartijt du eict dh ki pakydimtykch. M.Isphmt ridcaoripbcquh. âkydimtykch mhjtrikh, euscajjãh iu tracscâgh riyaj hj praxcgik ht iu quitrcâgh riyaj hj dcstik. D. Uuh phrapãritacrh. H ht E. Isphmt î uj ijdh rhmuk pastapãritacrh.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994]990



Hj k–i shjmh dh magpkcmitcaj, kh prajastcm eajmtcajjhk d–ujhsyjdimtykch scgpkh hst hxmhkkhjt. Ki jargikctã dhs strumturhsastãa-irtcmukicrhs ht gusmukathjdcjhushs dijs mhs earghsiutarcsh ujh rhprcsh cggãdcith ht spajtijãh dh ki ga`ckctãimtcvh hj pastapãritacrh, y magprcs hj mh quc majmhrjhk–auvhrturh maggcssurikh lusquh-kî cgpassc`kh.

Kh prajastcm eajmtcajjhk dhs earghs magpkhxhs hst virci`kh.Karsquh khs ijagikchs squhkhttcquhs sh kcgcthjt î ujh euscaj dhki pbikijoh dcstikh, kh rãsuktit sh ripprambh dh mhkuc dhs earghsscgpkhs. Dijs khs earghs pkus sãvârhs, mh sajt khs ijagikchssquhkhttcquhs, irtcmukicrhs ht gusmukathjdcjhushs quc eajt khprajastcm. Ki eajmtcaj pastapãritacrh hst àjjh karsquh khsdacots sajt saupkhs ht ki ga`ckctã imtcvh prãapãritacrh

sitcseicsijth (Eco. 98). Hj rhvijmbh, dijs khs earghs aó ckhxcsth ujh ricdhur prãapãritacrh kh prajastcm hst gacjs àj. Mhsricdhurs sajt oãjãrikhghjt pkurceimtarchkkhs ht khs ijagikchsirtcmukicrhs ht thjdcjhushs phuvhjt hjtrivhr ki ga`ckctã imtcvh,gìgh ujh eacs khs dacots sãpirãs (Eco. 95).

Pãeãrhjmhs

V9W Gioikaj O. Khs syjdimtykchs majoãjctikhs. Cj< Mibchr d–hjshcojhghjt dhki ]amcãtã erijïicsh dh mbcruroch dh ki gicj ja 90. îrcs< Hkshvchr6 0>>>. p.3=”9>4.

V0W ]wijsaj I@. I mkisscmitcaj ear majohjctik kcg` gikeargitcajs. L Bijd]uro VIgW 93?569<2”00.

V=W Dh ]ghtK. Mkisscmitcaj ear majohjctikijagikchs ae tbh bijd< tbh CE]]Bmkisscmitcaj ijd tbh L]]B gadcmitcaj. Ohjht Maujs 0>>069=<==9”2.V4W Tajfcj GI. Dhsmrcptcaj ae majohjctik bijd ijagikchs>56=9<423”3?.V8W Ock`hrt I, ]igsaj . Ki gikidch igjcatcquh. Cj< Tu`ciji P, hdctar. Trictã

dh mbcruroch dh ki gicj. Tagh 5. îrcs< Gissaj6 9333. p. 4=9”2.V5W Gijthra P, Ehrrirc OK, Obcokcizzi O@, Iuxckci H. Khs syjdimtykchs <

rhmbhrmbhs ijocaoripbcquhs. Ijj Mbcr Gicj 932=60<50”8.V?W Thgtigy ]I, GmFuscmf UI. Tbh ohjhtcms ae bijd gikeargitcajs. Jhw

Sarf< Ikij P. Kcss6 93?2.V2W @kiutb _, Eikkcjhr I. Iphrt syjdragh. Cj< @umf-Origmfa D, hdctar.

Majohjctik gikeargitcajs ae tbh bijd ijd earhirg. Kajdaj< MburmbckkKcvcjostajh6 9332. p. 983”52.

V3W Ohr H. ]yjdimtyky. Cj< @umf-Origmfa D, hdctar. Majohjctik gikeargi-tcajs ae tbh bijd ijd earhirg. Kajdaj< Mburmbckk Kcvcjostajh6 9332. p.

9=9”4>.

V9>W Karhi , Masshjs @M. Hvakutcaj ae surocmik thmbjcquhs ear sfcj rhkhishs cjtbh trhitghjt ae scgpkh majohjctik syjdimtyky>9604<0?8”29.

V99W Okcmhjsthcj L. Khs syjdimtykchs. Cj< Gioikaj O, Mbijmbakkh I, hdctars.Mbcruroch pkistcquh dh k–hjeijt. Pippart du RRRCCh majorâs dh ki ]amcãtãerijïicsh dh mbcruroch pkistcquh rhmajstrumtrcmh ht hstbãtcquh. Girshckkh<DODK6 932?. p. 05=”?5.

V90W Gikhf P. ]yjdimtykchs majoãjctikhs. Cj< Tu`ciji P, hdctar. Trictã dhmbcruroch dh ki gicj. Tagh 8. îrcs< Gissaj6 9332. p. =05”=2.

V9=W @iuhr T@, Tajdri LG, Truskhr BG. Thmbjcmik gadcmitcaj cj rhpicr ae syjdimtykcsg. ^kist Phmajstr ]uro 938569?<=28”30.

V94W Okcmhjsthcj L. Khs syjdimtykchs majoãjctikhs. Cj< Mibchr d–hjshcojhghjtdh ki ]amcãtã erijïicsh dh mbcruroch dh ki gicj vak. 0. îrcs < Hxpijscaj]mchjtcquh Erijïicsh6 933>. p. 38”999.

V98W Makvckkh L. ]yjdimtyky marrhmtcaj. @r L ^kist ]uro 9323640<90”5.V95W Thab KM, Khh LS. Darsik phjtioajik cskijd ffip>463<048”80.

V9?W ]bhrce GG.U-S darsik ghtimirpik ffip9<9259”5.

V92W Iydcj I, Azdhj @M. Darsik ghtimirpik cskijd ffip cj syjdimtyky trhit-ghjt. Ijj ^kist ]uro 0>>4680<4=”2.

V93W Jcrijlij J], Izid ]G, Ekhgcjo IJ, Kchw ]B. Kajo-thrg rhsukts ae prcgiry syjdimtyky marrhmtcaj `y tbh trcka`hd ffip thmbjcquh. @r L ^kist]uro 0>>8682<94”09.

V0>W Jcrijlij J], Dh Mirphjtchr L. I jhw thmbjcquh ear tbh dcvcscaj ae syjdimtyky. Hur L ^kist ]uro 933>69=<9>9”4.

V09W Mrajcj TD. ]yjdimtykcsg< rhsukts ae zcozio cjmcscaj ta prhvhjt past-aphritcvh majtrimturh. ^kist Phmajstr ]uro 9385692<45>”2 V9345W.

V00W _ctbhy ]L, Fijohsu T, Mirvhr J, ]agghrkid @M. Tbh aphj johr

thmbjcquh ear tbh rhkhish ae syjdimtyky. L Bijd ]uro V@rW 0>>9605<4”?.V0=W Dhujf L, Jcmakic L^, Bigùro ]G. Kajo-thrg rhsukts ae syjdimtykymarrhmtcaj< eukk-tbcmfjhss vhrsus spkct-tbcmfjhss sfcj oriets. L Bijd ]uroV@rW 0>>=602<908”=>.

V04W Takhda KM, Ohr H. Hvikuitcaj ae tbh aphritcvh trhitghjt ae syjdimtyky.L Bijd ]uro VIgW 93?364<885”54.

V08W Ik-Yittij GG. Tbh ush ae spkct tbcmfjhss sfcj oriets cj tbh marrhmtcaj ae Iphrt–s syjdimtyky. L Bijd ]uro V@rW 0>>9605<2”9>.

V05W Iu`hrt L , îukbh , Gioikaj O. K–hxpijscaj mutijãh iu ghg`rhsupãrchur. Ijj Mbcr ^kist Hstbht 933=6=4”4>.

V0?W Orhush G, Mahsshjs @M. Majohjctik syjdimtyky< dheittcjo eimckctithsmkasurh wctbaut sfcj oriet. L Bijd ]uro VIgW 0>>9605<823”34.

V02W Hfhrat K. ]yjdimtyky marrhmtcaj wctbaut sfcj-orietcjo. L Bijd ]uro V@rW9335609<==>”?.

V03W Ekitt IH. Tbh mirh ae majohjctik bijd ijagikchs. ]t. Kaucs< MU Gas`y6

93??.

Eco. 95. I. ]yjdimtykch magpkhxh. @. Khs ijagikchs squhkhttcquhs sãvârhs kcgcthjt ki eajmtcaj.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994 ]99=



V=>W Oakisb I, _itsaj L]. Jick eakd mrhitcaj cj magpkhth syjdimtyky uscjo@umf-Origmfa pukp ffips. L Bijd ]uro V@rW 0>>>608<99”4.

V=9W Hzifc G. ]yjdimtyky. Cj< Orhhj D, Batmbfcss P, ^hdhrsaj _, hdctars.Orhhj–s aphritcvh bijd surohry. Jhw Sarf< Mburmbckk Kcvcjostajh6 9333.p. 494”03.

V=0W ]agghrfigp TO, Hzifc G, Mirthr ^P, Bhjtz UP. Tbh pukp pkisty< imagpascth oriet ear magpkhth syjdimtyky johrtcp shpiritcajs. L Bijd]uro VIgW 933069?<98”0>.

V==W Astrawsfc DG, Ehiocj MI, Oaukd L]. I tbrhh-ffip wh`-pkisty ear rhkhishae sbart majohjctik syjdimtyky ijd darsik iddumtcaj majtrimturh. L Bijd]uro VIgW 9339695<5=4”49.

V=4W @ijdab S, Sijic I, ]hja B. Tbh tbrhh-squirh-ffip ghtbad ear rhmaj-strumtcaj ae gcjar syjdimtyky. L Bijd ]uro VIgW 933?600<52>”4.

V=8W Sia LG, ]bajo LK, ]uj B, Ru LB, Sh ^. Phpicr ae cjmagpkhth scgpkhsyjdimtyky `y i wh` ffip aj i su`mutijhaus tcssuh phdcmkh. ^kist Phmajstr]uro 933?633<0>?3”29.

V=5W @rhjjhj GD, Eaoirty @L. Cskijd ffip rhmajstrumtcaj ae tbh wh` spimh cjmajohjctik cjmagpkhth syjdimtyky. L Bijd ]uro V@rW 0>>4603<=??”2>.

V=?W Uhrdij M. Tbh tbug` cj syjdimtyky. Ijj Mbcr Gicj 932069<03”=3.V=2W Tilcgi T. Mkisscmitcaj ae tbug` bypapkisci. Bijd Mkcj 932869<8??”34.V=3W Erchdgij P, _aad UH. Tbh darsik trijspasctcaj ffip ear majohjctik

majtrimturhs ae tbh rst wh` spimh-yhir hxphrchjmh. L Bijd ]uroVIgW 933?6554”?>.

V4>W @umf-Origmfa D. ]yjdimtyky `htwhhj tbh tbug` ijd cjdhx johr. Cj<

@umf-Origmfa D, hdctar. Majohjctik gikeargitcajs ae tbh bijd ijdearhirg. Kajdaj< Mburmbckk Kcvcjostajh6 9332. p. 949”?.

V49W _aadUH. Fhkacd eargitcajcj i scgpkh syjdimtykyrhkhish.

V40W âsmb LK, dhki Mruz-]idduk EI, âsmb LKL, Girmatth DP, Mkar OI.Majohjctik syjdimtykcsg ae johrs cj 050 mishs. Artbap Phv 932960=”=0.

V4=W ^hrmcvik JL, ]yfhs ^L. ]yjdimtyky>.

. ]igsaj, @. ]ikizird / Mbcruroch dh ki gicj 0?] (0>>2) ]9>>”]994]994

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